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GIS spatial model based for DAM reservoir on dry Wadis

Conference Paper · October 2015

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Rashash Ali, A., Mohamed, E.S., Belal, A., El­Shirbeny, M.
GIS spatial model based for DAM reservoir on dry Wadis
(2015) ACRS 2015 ­ 36th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing: Fostering Resilient Growth in Asia, Proceedings, . 

Document Type: Conference Paper
Source: Scopus

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Scopus® is a registered
trademark of Elsevier B.V.
 GIS SPATIAL MODEL BASED FOR DAM RESERVOIR ON DRY WADIS.

Abdelnasser Rashash Ali.*, Mohamed E.S., Belal A., El-Shirbeny M.

.-Aziz Bell
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
Mail: 23 Joseph Tito Street, El-Nozha El-Gedida (P.O. Box : 1564 Alf Maskan)
*Email; rahash.gis@gmail.com

Abstract;
In this study, remote sensing was combined with GIS environment for modeling and control
of water rain resources. Reconnaissance and semi detailed field surveys were carried out for
collecting information required to produce various thematic maps; such as land use, Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) and drainage system, A geographical database was stored as
attributes for the investigated area. GIS and Multi-criteria Analysis were applied to
determine the best site for building up dams in Wadi Al-kheir area in west north of Egypt
to get the benefit for agricultural development, which suffering of dry season in summer and
flashfloods in winter that impact the agricultural system as well as natural disasters in terms
of human hardships and economic losses. The results illustrated that 26 dam have been
selected which located in down steam basin with gentle slope that, have been divided to
two class; main dams for reservoir water and secondary dams; which it will increase the
potentiality of agricultural development in the study area.

Keywords: Water resources, Dams, GIS and RS , Egypt

1- Introduction
Water resources management issues in Egypt are complex issue, straddling the needs of
supplying a growing population in semi-arid region, within a diverse and complex
physiographic environment. Considering their increasing growth of population and
economy in Egypt in the near future, the water demand will rise to an unimaginable amount.
on the other hand the potential evaporation exceeds the annual rainfall in Egypt. Thus, the
natural water resources are limited and the water shortage has always been one of the
restricting factors for the socio-economic development in Egypt. The sustainable
development aims at maintaining the equilibrium between the human needs and economic
developments within the parameters of environmental conservation through efficient use of
natural resources to ensure trade-off between desired productions consumption levels
(Yousif, et al., 2013). The northern coast of Egypt is considered an agricultural promising
region in Egypt. Generally, on a longer timescale, years of significantly below-normal
precipitation intensify the on-going competition between the agricultural, industrial, and
domestic users of the scare water resources at the northern coast and precipitation mainly in
winter (November to March). The largest precipitation amounts (annual total larger than
250mm) were found in Alexandria and Matruh during the last four decades. The northern
coastal region has experienced widely varying annual precipitation (Hafez and Hasanean,
2000). Droughts and other type of disasters put pressure in the resources that, in North West
coast of Egypt build up dams and reservoirs, and to meet the demands of human needs. In
dry areas more rainwater will be available to the crops when water harvesting is used. It
increases the volume of water per unit cropped area, reduces dry effect and increases the
productivity of rainwater, (Oweis and Hachum, 2003). Hydrological models require a large
amount of geographical and time series data. Models for simulating of water balance for an
area take into account detailed physical and hydraulic relationships with respect to data
availability, knowledge, computer capacity and available time. In the past the spatial
reference of the time series data has been modeled in a simplified way by reference
algorithms and statistical interpolation methods (Wolf-Schumann and Vallant,
1996).Remote sensing techniques and more detailed climatologically and process models
now available provide new possibilities for detailed modeling of small reservoirs in order to
capture their surface areas for estimating their storage capacities to have a clear picture of
available water resources (Sawunyama, 2005). Salih et al., (2012) is used the GIS data,
digital elevation model, topographic maps of different scales, satellite images and GPS were
used to analyze the geometrical relations, bathometric properties and shape form of selected
depressions on Al-Jirnaf valley and GIS was used to suggest a suitable location for water
storage. Geospatial techniques such as Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote
Sensing (RS) have pulled out significant attention for locating the suitable water
recharging/harvesting sites in the recent history (Ahmad and Lakhan, 2012). Remote
Sensing technique gives us directly the water spread area of the reservoir at a particular
elevation on the date of pass of the satellite (Narasayya, et al., 2012). Al-Suhaili and
Hassan, (2014), studied of GIS to investigate the potential of having enough runoff in the
five selected sites to establish water harvesting dams based on rainfall, evaporation data and
catchments’ areas for the selected sites. The aim of this paper was to develop spatial GIS
modeling for suitable site selection for Dam and locating of reservoirs water supply in dry
wadi based on the integration between remote sensing and GIS.

2- Material and Methods

2.1. Location of the study area

Wadi Al-kheir area lies in The North Western Coast of Egypt extending along the
Mediterranean Sea. It occupies an area of about 135.2 km2, and located between latitudes
31º 01'00 - 32º 21' 22 N and longitudes 27º 59' 00- 27º 11' 50 E. Elevation varies from 0 -
200 m above sea level, the general slope decreases from South to North. Its micro-relief
varies considerably from almost flat to undulating with scattered escarpments and isolated
mounds located in north-eastern and western directions of the region (Figure 1).
 Fig. (1): Landsat 8 image composite (bands 7, 5 and 3) showing the location of the study
area.

2.2. Climatic condition

Wadi Al-kheir is a part of climate of North Western Coast of Egypt; it’s characterized by
semi-arid (Mediterranean climate); in general, mild, rainy in winter and a long warm in
summer. Meteorological data of Marsa Matrouh station, from 1961to 2010 were used due to
Mars Matrouh meteorological station is the nearest metrological station about 30 km from
the studied area. The average temperature around 28.5° C in the summer and 10°C in
winter, the wind speed doesn’t exceed 10 m/sec, over almost 95% of the year and the
average relative humidity is between 62% and 74 % throughout the year. The average
annual rainfall ranges from 110 mm/yr to 230 mm/yr . Most of the rain occurs during winter
season from November to April, summer seasons are virtually very dry. Figure 2 and table 1
shown the mean of Meteorological data for the studied area from 1961 to 2010.
 Fig. (2): Mean variation of rain amount monthly in the studied area from 1961 to 2010

Table (1): Oscillation of monthly rain amount in the studied area

Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au
Dec Jan Sep Oct Nov
b r r y n l g
21. 11.
Mean 30.9 35.4 3.9 1.9 1.8 0 0.5 2.4 20.6 19.3
6 2
Std.
19. 10. 0.
Deviatio 27.3 30.0 7.6 4.3 4.2 2.9 5.9 31.8 19.9
3 4 0
n
Minimu 0.
0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
m 0
Maximu 121. 125. 70. 30. 16. 22. 59. 0. 17. 30. 146. 103.
m 8 1 3 5 2 5 5 0 3 5 8 5
Source: Mean Meteorological data of Marsa Matrouh station from 1961to 2010

2.3. Geology

Wadi Al-kheir area is characteristics by following geological deposits (Figure 3) ; The

Quaternary deposited formation dominate in study area north area and Marmarica
Formation dominate in south wadi as a part of spread in plateau, also El-hajer formation
spread within Marmarica Formation(reference) .
2.4. Water resources of Wadi Alhier
Water resources in Wadi Al-kheir area are limited in magnitude as it originates from the
rainfall of the winter season. In the extreme southern portion of the area, where the
landscape is elevated but almost flat in topography, water of the rainfall is partially lost
through evaporation and the rest infiltrates into the shallow soil where it may subsequently
either be lost by evaporation or utilized by some native vegetation. Ongoing northward, the
landscape shows some wadis catchments areas. Runoff is possible after rather heavy rains,
and a considerable amount of water may percolate to deeper soil layers. People store the
surface running water in underground tanks (Roman reservoirs), 36 of which still exist in
the area. The storable volume of drinking water is estimated to be 10,000 m3/year (Pacer,
1986). on the other hand groundwater at the northwestern coast lies under phreatic
conditions in the form of thin lenses floating over saline water and rainwater. (Yousif,. and
Bubenzer, 2012).

Fig. (3) Geology of the studied area after UNESCO, (1988).

2.5. Landsat 8 images

The Landsat8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
instruments in 2013, The spatial resolution of this sensor is 30 m (except thermal band10
and band 11 of 100 m resolution). Landsat 8 image (path 177/rows 39) was acquired at 4-5-
2013. Data were merged using multi-spectral bands (30 m) as a low spatial resolution with
band 8.0 as a high spatial resolution (15 m) (USGS Fact Sheet, 2013).The image was
calibrated to radiance, then it stretched using linear 2%, smoothly filtered (Lillesand and
Kiefer, 2007). The images were rectified using ENVI 5 software. Satellite images were
draped over a DEM for 3D terrain analyses.

2.6. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area (Figure 6) was extracted from the
SRTM data (30 m resolution) using Envi 5 software. DEM was employed to offer varieties
of data that assist in produced landforms map and hydrology information. Drainage
networks and sub-catchment boundary of the studied areas were extracting from DEM .

2.7. GIS Hydrological modeling

Hydrological modeling for this study utilized terrain processing tools of the ArcHydro
module (Harrower,2010 & ESRI, 2012), This studied used Strahler methods to determine
the stream orders. The Arc Hydro Data Model can be defined as a geographic database
containing a GIS representation of a Hydrological Information System under a case-specific
database. Arc hydro model depends mainly upon Digital Terrain Model (DTM) to extract
the required parameters of flow direction, basins, flow length and flow accumulation
(Guido, 2005).

Flow direction; the basic of D8 algorithm is probably the most popular method for
automated drainage recognition and catchment area determinations (Jones, 2002).

Flow accumulation might determine how much rain has fallen within a given watershed.
The output of Flow Accumulation would then represent the amount of rain that would flow
through each cell. Regarding to the none-porous basement rocks of the southern plateau
Wadi Al-kheir area is assumed that all the results of Flow Accumulation can be used to
create a stream network by applying a threshold value to select cells with a high
accumulated flow (Tarboton et al, 1991 and Guido, 2005).

Drainage basins were delineated within the analysis by identifying ridge lines between
basins. Basin analyzes the flow direction raster to find all sets of connected cells that belong
 to the same drainage basin. The drainage basins were created by locating the pour points at
the edges of the analysis window, where water would pour out of the raster, as well as sinks,
then identifying the contributing area above each pour point(Ricardo Obregón, 2008).
2.8.Dam Site selection Criteria;

A site selection model is a decision making tool for identifying locations in a landscape
where multiple criteria overlap in geographic space (Wilson, 2008). The essential
hydrological conditions and factors such as available storage volume, geology, stream order,
slope, drainage density and rain accumulated characteristics of the site (figure 5) , to
determine the purpose and select the best site dams reservoir . However the following
parameters have taken in consideration for selecting the optimum dam sites of the study:

1. Dam site shall be located downstream of the dam site

2. Digital Elevation Model: The most suitable locations for dams have a slope gradient
between 1 to 5 percent.
3. Geology: can give information about riverbeds and the material within the catchment area.
4. Steam orders and lengths are effective factors for selecting the location of dam.
5. Drainage Density
Drainage density is very important factor related with the geomorphology and hydrology,
it reflects the flow method of surface water which effected by geology, gradient, plant
cover, quantity and intensity of precipitation (Salih,S.A, Al-Tarif,A.M., 2012).
Drainage density for a basin or sub-basin is calculated using the following:
 Drainage Density = total length channels (m) / basin area (km),
 Longitudinal Drainage Density (LDD); It is the ratio between the summation of the
valleys lengths in the basin (SL) to the area of the basin (Ab),

LDD = SL / Ab
 Fig 5 flow chart of best site dams

3.Results and Discussion

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) offers a wide range of opportunities for examining
irrigation and agriculture development, where the results indicated that elevations of the
study area ranged between 0 to 230 m above Sea level, coastal plain zone elevation is
ranged between 0 and 80 m, the plateau elevation ranges between 80 and 230 m, the plateau
is characterized by three steps varying in elevation between 80- 120 zone 1, 120- 150m
(zone 2) and 150 – 230 m zone3 , .The surface water seeps with the slopes towards the low
area to the north east in general (Fig 6).

Drainage basins have been determined where, the results illustrated that
the study area contains 26 basins with area 132.28 Km, those basins areas are ranged
between 0.12 km2 and 17.5 km2 (figure.9).

The stream order of basins is very important to study the amount of water discharge of all
valleys. The stream order of basins reflects the ability of erosion and sedimentation to avoid
the effect of erosion on the land, as well as the effect of flooding.. The maximum stream
order of the study area is 4 orders (figure 8). on the other hand the result illustrated that
longitudinal drainage density of the study area reached 1.55 km/km2 as shown in table (2)

Fig 6 Topography (SRTM DEM) of the Study area

Fig 7 Sub-basins of study area

 Fig 8 Stream order Drainage according Strahler method

Table 2 character of Sub wadi and type of dams proposed

ID Area of Stream Drainage Stream Type
Wadi Wadi (km) length Density Order of Dams
2 1.21 1.52 1.25 4 Main Dam
3 2.36 2.99 1.27 4 Main Dam
7 17.58 15.92 0.91 4 Main Dam
9 11.63 12.13 1.04 3 Main Dam
18 7.83 7.21 0.92 3 Main Dam
4 0.20 0.69 3.51 3 Secondary Dam
6 0.25 0.47 1.89 3 Secondary Dam
13 1.10 1.50 1.37 3 Secondary Dam
15 1.81 0.91 0.51 3 Secondary Dam
19 0.12 0.55 4.72 3 Secondary Dam
22 0.18 0.77 4.33 3 Secondary Dam
8 0.53 1.25 2.34 2 Secondary Dam
10 8.59 8.90 1.04 2 Secondary Dam
11 5.00 6.93 1.38 2 Secondary Dam
14 5.15 6.11 1.19 2 Secondary Dam
25 11.87 14.04 1.18 2 Secondary Dam
1 9.27 12.38 1.34 1 Secondary Dam
5 3.93 5.37 1.36 1 Secondary Dam
12 5.90 8.83 1.50 1 Secondary Dam
16 5.30 5.68 1.07 1 Secondary Dam
 17 4.36 3.51 0.80 1 Secondary Dam
20 4.15 3.85 0.93 1 Secondary Dam
21 4.82 5.12 1.06 1 Secondary Dam
23 4.59 4.81 1.05 1 Secondary Dam
24 6.95 9.47 1.36 1 Secondary Dam
26 7.60 8.01 1.05 1 Secondary Dam

3.1.Dam Site selection of wadi El-khier

Dams Site selection is a drainage point at the most downstream point in the catchment it's
located at center of a grid cell with the largest value in the flow accumulation grid for that
catchment (Esri, 2012) also, the topography should be defined by steep slopes adjacent to
the stream and the dam should be located in an area with stable rock foundation. The best
site dam for agriculture was proposed to verify the criteria of less dam length, less amount
of earth works and higher storage volume with a minimum ratio of surface area to the
storage volume. However the results of site selection model illustrated that 26 dam have
been selected in down steam basin with gentle slope, and divided to two classes; main dams
for reservoir water and secondary dams. which it will increase the potentiality of
agricultural development in the study area as shown in figure 10.
The proposed location of dams have been validated where compared the suggested dams
with some actual dams in downstream drainage of wadi El-Khier,.The results of valedation
indecated that the suggested dams were matched with actual dams by accuracy 90% .

Fig 9 The proposed Dams in study area

 Fig 10 Sample of real and propose dams in wadi El-Khier in study area (Google earth image).
4. Conclusion and Recommendations:
Wadi Al-kheir is an important and sensitive ecological system. Studied area consists of 26
basins, with areas ranged between 0.12 km2 and 17.5 km2. Within this basins flow drainage
that consist of 4 stream order with accumulated length more than 148.9 km. This study
suggests 26 dam, selected in down steam basin with gentle slope, and divided to two class;
main dams (concrete dams) for reservoir water and secondary dams (masonry); which it will
increase the potentiality of agricultural development in the study area.
The integration of remotely sensing data into GIS can be a powerful tool in planning,
managing a research work and spatial data analysis to develop a decision-support system; to
build and consulted for proper decisions in the agriculture, grazing and continues
development.
Study area suffers from long dry season and insufficiency of the water resources; the study
presented here is to calculate the catchment areas of stream and identify optimal site of
Dams and agriculture continuous development. Water harvesting applications is very useful
to store rainwater during the wet season for use at dry season, especially for agricultural and
domestic water supply in study area. This research use GIS capabilities with digital data to
control and harvesting water in Wadi Al-kheir area.
The field study showed that there’s no role for the government to supervise or to help in
building dams. So, there’s a need for governmental cooperation. The study recommends
building centralized geo data base for wadis and climatic characteristics.
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