GIS-BASED ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK AND VULNERABILITY OF

COMMUNITIES ALONG OTAMIRI RIVER

submitted by

PATRICK FAVOUR CHINAZA

20171028874

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)
IN SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS

SUPERVISOR: DR AHUCHAOGU EMMANUEL

AUGUST, 2023

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 CERTIFICATION
I PATRICK FAVOUR CHINAZA with registration number 20171028874 hereby certify that

I am responsible for the work submitted in this proposal and that this is an original work

which has not been submitted to this university or any other institution for the award of a

degree or Diploma.

…………………………… …………………………

SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE DATE

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 APPROVAL

This proposal written by PATRICK FAVOUR CHINAZA has been examined and approved

for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Surveying and Geoinformatics, Federal

University of Technology, Owerri.

…………………………… …………………………

SURV. DR. E. U. AHUCHAOGU DATE

SUPERVISOR

…………………………… …………………………

VEN. DR. A.C. CHUKWUOCHA DATE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

…………………………… …………………………

PROF. M.N. ONO DATE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

…………………………… …………………………

PROF. J.D. NJOKU DATE

DEAN OF SOES

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 DEDICATION

This proposal is dedicated to almighty God and to my family and friends who have been of
great support.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for everything, especially giving me the

strength, resources and patience to commence this work.I am grateful to my supervisor Surv.

Dr. E. U. Ahuchaogu for his guidance, suggestions and support during the course of this

program. I would like to extend my appreciation to my colleague Mr Agu Anderson for his

cooperation and contribution. I also do appreciate my class adviser Mr Franklin E.

Onyeagoro for his incessant encouragement, guidance and support so far in my course of

study. My gratitude also goes to all my lecturers and other staff of the department of

Surveying and Geoinformatics, Surv. DR. R. E. Njoku, Surv. I. D. Arungwa, Dr. Mrs. C. N.

Baywood, Mr Babatunde to name a few, for their contributions and support.Lastly I want to

express my gratefulness to my parents late Mr & Mrs Patrick Olewe, my siblings and my

acting parents for their love, support and prayers.

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 ABSTRACT

Flooding refers to the overflow of water onto land that is normally dry. It can cause severe

damage to homes, infrastructure, and entire communities, as well as posing a risk to human

life, property, and safety. This study was aimed at assessing flood vulnerability of

communities along Otamiri river within Owerri west, using Remote sensing and GIS

techniques. Five flood causation factors were considered, they include slope, elevation,

drainage density, proximity to the river and land use. Shuttle Radar Topographic Misssion

(SRTM) and Landsat (bands 3,4 and 5) Imageries were acquired for the study. The data was

processed in the ArcGis environment, the AHP evaluation was executed in Excel to assign

weights on factors based on how much they contribute to flooding. Flood risk and

vulnerability maps were created based on each factor and an overall risk map was produced.

The result shows that the vulnerability of Nekede, Ihiagwa, Eziobodo, and Obinze are high,

based on the slope. The result shows that, based on proximity, only the Umu oma community

fell within 800m from the river which made it highly vulnerable, other communities have

low vulnerability to flooding as they fell within 2000m and above from the river. The study

area was classified into 3 categories based on their vulnerability, which are low, moderate

and high communities such as Amaeze, Ihiagwa, Okuku, Umuguma are at highly vulnerable

areas, Obinze is situated at a moderately vulnerable area, Imeabiam and Umu Ekwune

Ekwuoke are located are lowly vulnerable areas.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION 1
APPROVAL 2
DEDICATION 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4
ABSTRACT 5
TABLE OF CONTENT 6
LIST OF FIGURES 9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 3
1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES 4
1.3.1 AIM 4
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES: 4
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY & LIMITATIONS 4
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 4
1.6 STUDY AREA 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 7
2.1.2 FORMS OF FLOODING IN NIGERIA 7
2.1.3 CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF FLOODING IN NIGERIA 8
2.1.5 BACKGROUND STUDY OF FLOOD OCCURRING IN OWERRI 10
2.1.6 FLOOD RISK AND FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 11
2.1.7 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE
SENSINGTECHNIQUES 12
2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 13
CHAPTER THREE 16
METHODOLOGY 16
3.1 INTRODUCTION 16
3.2 DATA AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 17

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 3.3HARDWARE COMPONENTS 17
3.4PERSONNELS INVOLVED 17
3.5 DATA ACQUISITION 17
CHAPTER FOUR 20
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION 20
4.1 BRIEF INTODUCTION 20
4.2 INVESTIGATING FACTORS AFFECTING FLOOD FREQUENCY IN THE STUDY
AREA 20
4.2.1 SLOPE 20
4.2.1.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED SLOPE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA 22
4.2.2 DRAINAGE DENSITY 24
4.2.2.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA 26
4.2.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER 28
4.2.3.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED LANDUSE OF THE STUDY AREA 30
4.2.4 ELEVATION 32
4.2.4.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED ELEVATION PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA 34
4.2.5 PROXIMITY TO RIVER 36
4.2.5.1 WEIGHTS FOR PROXIMITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO RIVER AND
RECLASSIFICATION 38
4.3 WEIGHTED ANALYSIS 40
4.4 FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF OWERRI WEST, IMO STATE. 41
CHAPTER FIVE 43
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 43
5.1 CONCLUSION 43
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 43
5.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE 43
REFERENCES 44

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 AHP scale of slope classes.....................................................................................23

Table 2 AHP scale of drainage density.................................................................................27
Table 3 showing the statistical analysis of Land use/Land cover of Owerri west LGA, Imo
State..................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 4 AHP scale of elevation.............................................................................................36
Table 5 AHP scale of proximity from the river.......................................................................40
Table 6 Evaluation of factors................................................................................................42
Table 7 weights and comparison of factors against one another..........................................43

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Adedeji T. (2021) shows a picture of flooding in Owerri metropolis........................3

Figure 2 Map of Nigeria showing Imo State, Map of Imo State..............................................5
figure 3 Satellite imagery showing a section of River Otamiri in Owerri West downloaded
from Goggle earth.................................................................................................................. 6
figure 4 Anolu V. (2019) photograph of flooding in Owerri community..................................10
figure 5 methodology flowchart.............................................................................................17
figure 6 slope map of Owerri west........................................................................................22
figure 7 flood risk and vulnerability map based on slope......................................................24
figure 8 drainage density map of owerri west.......................................................................26
figure 9 flood risk and vulnerability map based on drainage density.....................................28
figure 10 land use map of Owerri west.................................................................................31
figure 11 flood risk and vulnerability map based on landuse.................................................33
figure 12 elevation map of Owerri west................................................................................35
figure 13 flood risk and vulnerability map based on elevation...............................................37
figure 14 buffering of Otamiri river........................................................................................39
figure 15 flood risk and vulnerability map based on proximity...............................................41
figure 16 flood risk and vulnerability map of Owerri west......................................................45

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AHP Analytic Hierarchical Process

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DTM Digital Terrain Model

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

LGA Local Government Area

RS Remote Sensing

SPOT Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (Satellite for Observation of Earth)

SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission

TM Thematic Mapper

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

Flooding has become an increasingly popular issue in recent times. Nigeria has seen a lot of

floods in general, and the effect of floods has also increased as a result of population growth

and development etc. According to Rozalis et al (2010) floods are among the most shocking

events and can cause irreversible harm. Flooding is one of the most common natural

disasters, often with disastrous consequences, affecting 170 million people worldwide each

year (Mezgebedingil and Suryahagavan 2018).

The likelihood of flooding is influenced by the presence of a river in an area. It can occur in

many ways, including river overflow, heavy rainfall, and breaches in the flood protection

system. Flood stands out as one of the major disadvantages to communities situated close to

rivers. These communities do not just face the overflow of water on land, as floodwaters

spread, they can threaten lives, properties and businesses, destroy belongings, damage vital

infrastructure and prevent access to essential public services. Often the effects of the flood

are long-term and can be very costly, disruptive and distressing for communities involved.

Flood risk includes both the chance of an event taking place and its potential impact.

The consequences of a flood depend upon how exposed a community is to flooding and how

vulnerable its people, property and infrastructures are to the flood's impacts. Flood risk will

be greater with time if not attended to. some Communities located nearby rivers are

responsible for increasing their vulnerability to flooding risk through activities such as

Improper agricultural practices, Inadequate maintenance of drainage facilities which might

have been inadequately designed in the first place, construction of settlements in flood plains

etc.

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Overall implications of Imo flood prevalence degrees from ravaging human activities,

inflicting damages to goods, properties, farmland, animals, disorder spreads and infection of

the water deliver ensuing to giant social, economic, and environmental impacts. Hence, the

want for correct control and manage of flood risk and vulnerability are important significance

for bringing normalcy to the land in which sustainable improvement goals may be actualized

even as boosting the economic system of the state. However, this can't be technically

accomplished without powerful flood vulnerability evaluation mapping.In the past few years,

GIS emerged as a powerful risk assessment tool and is being put to use to assess risk (Ajay

Lavakare 2010). Managing risks from floods may involve altering the chance of flooding

affecting a community or reducing the impacts of flooding by reducing the community’s

vulnerability and exposure to flooding. The risk posed by natural disasters such as floods, is

location dependent, and if reliable historical and location-specific data are available, it can be

assessed within a reasonable range of uncertainty. With GIS analysis and visual

representation for identifying and analyzing risky areas is possible. Flood risk zones can be

identified, assessed, and understood, minimizing the damage to buildings and saving lives. It

is necessary to prioritize the potential vulnerability and it hazard of regions to flooding. Also,

detailed flood risk mapping is necessary to reduce the hazards of flooding, which can be

generated using GIS as a tool.

GIS is an effective tool in flood modeling. It has been used for describing, analyzing,

modeling and integrating forecasted flood levels with other related information such as

topographic, thematic and attribute information. In this study, flood vulnerability analysis of

Owerri west will be mapped using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing

techniques.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In Nigeria, at least 20% of the population is at the risk of one form of flooding or another

(Hula and Udoh, 2015). The menace of flooding ravaging different areas of Imo state Nigeria

has been a recurrent phenomenon in recent years (Chibo C. N. et al 2014). In Owerri, there is

a risk of river flooding which may arise from heavy rainfall and when the water level of

Otamiri River rises and overflows into the neighboring communities. Anthropogenic factors

(such as improper disposal of wastes and other materials, dredging done along river banks,

constructions located near the river etc) are significantly variable and exacerbate floods

(Agbola B. S. et al 2013). Not to obliviate the hazardous and irreversible effects flooding has

to human lives and properties like disrupting business activities, lowering the income of the

poor, destroying homes, and other facilities, and affecting education. Hence it is not absurd to

imagine flooding occurring in relation to Otamiri River and therefore the need to assess the

risk of flooding in areas prone to flooding.

Figure 1 Adedeji T. (2021) shows a picture of flooding in Owerri metropolis.

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1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is GIS based assessment of flood risk potential and vulnerability of

communities along Otamiri River.

1.3.2 Objectives:

i. To generate land use map of the study area

ii. To create the Digital Elevation Models, elevation and slope map of the study area

iii. To generate drainage map of the study area

iv. To produce flood risk map based on each of these factors

v. To generate final flood risk map by combining these factors

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY & LIMITATIONS

This study focuses on identification of flood vulnerable areas and the areas at risk through the

integration of Remote sensing and GIS. Assessment of only five flood causation factors such

as slope, drainage network, elevation and land use, integrating the maps of these factors for

flood risk and vulnerability mapping within the study area. This study will only cover a

section of Owerri where the Otamiri River is situated.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Assessing flood risk and vulnerability is crucial to protecting lives, activities, properties and

planning future development using the information as a guide for land use decisions. Floods

can be deadly and assessing flood risk helps in identifying areas and population and facilities

exposed to flood risk. This information can be very useful in protecting lives and properties

against the impact of flooding. Application of spatial analysis with GIS allows for the

integration and analysis of multiple data sets to create comprehensive picture or visualization

of flood vulnerability. This enables more accurate and efficient identification of areas that are

most vulnerable to flooding.

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1.6 STUDY AREA
The study area, Otamiri River is one of the major rivers in Imo state, Nigeria. . The river runs

south from Egbu past Owerri and through Nekede, Ihiagwa, Eziobodo. Olokwu Umuisi,

Mgbirichi and Umuagwo to Ozuzu in Etche, in the River state, from where it flows to the

Atlantic Ocean. It is located at 5°22'26.9"N 6°58'40.2"E in Owerri West. Owerri West is a

Local Government Area in Imo state. It is situated within Owerri Municipal Council and is

bordered by other LGAs such as Owerri North, Owerri Municipal, Ngor Okpala.

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Figure 2 Map of Nigeria showing Imo State, Map of Imo State

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figure 3 Satellite imagery showing a section of River Otamiri in Owerri West downloaded from Goggle
earth.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Flooding refers to the overflow of water onto land that is normally dry. It can occur due to

various reasons such as melting of snow, hurricanes, storm surges or even human activities

such as dam failures. Flooding can cause significant damage to infrastructures, homes, and

properties, as well as pose a threat to human life and safety.

Flooding can also have environmental impacts, such as soil erosion and contamination of

water sources. The severity of flooding depends on various factor, including the amount and

intensity of rainfall or snowmelt, the topography of the area, the condition of waterways and

drainage systems, and the level of human development and preparedness.

2.1.2 FORMS OF FLOODING IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is a country that experiences different forms of flooding. Some of the most common

forms of flooding in Nigeria include:

i. River flooding: This occurs when a river overflows its banks due to heavy rainfall or

other factors. River flooding is common in Nigeria during the rainy season,

particularly in areas close to major rivers such as the Niger and Benue rivers.

ii. Flash flooding: This occurs when heavy rainfall or other factors cause water to

accumulate rapidly in low-lying areas, leading to sudden and unexpected flooding.

Flash flooding can occur in both urban and rural areas and is particularly dangerous

because it can occur without warning.

iii. Coastal flooding: This occurs when high tides, storm surges, or other factors cause

seawater to overflow into coastal areas. Coastal flooding is common in Nigeria's

coastal areas, particularly during the rainy season and during periods of high tidal

activity.

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 iv. Urban flooding: This occurs when water accumulates in urban areas due to poor

drainage systems, high levels of impervious surfaces such as concrete and asphalt, and

other factors. Urban flooding is a common problem in many Nigerian cities,

particularly during the rainy season.

v. Dam or levee failures: This occurs when a dam or levee fails or breaches, leading to

flooding downstream. This type of flooding can be particularly dangerous because it

can occur rapidly and without warning, and can lead to significant loss of life and

property.

2.1.3 CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF FLOODING IN NIGERIA

Flooding in Nigeria can be caused by a variety of factors, including meteorological,

hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. Here are some examples of each:

i. Meteorological factors: Nigeria's climate is characterized by two distinct seasons:

the rainy season and the dry season. During the rainy season, which typically runs

from May to October, heavy rainfall can lead to flooding. This can be exacerbated by

extreme weather events such as tropical storms or hurricanes. Additionally, climate

change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events,

which could lead to more frequent flooding in Nigeria.

ii. Hydrological factors: Nigeria is home to several large rivers, including the Niger and

Benue Rivers. When these rivers overflow their banks, they can cause flooding in

nearby communities. Additionally, dam releases can contribute to flooding

downstream.

iii. Anthropogenic factors: Human activities can also contribute to flooding in Nigeria.

For example, urbanization and land-use change can lead to the construction of

buildings and roads that disrupt natural drainage patterns. Additionally, improper

waste disposal and dumping of trash can clog drainage systems, leading to localized

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 flooding. Agricultural practices such as irrigation and land-use change can also

contribute to soil erosion and increased runoff, which can lead to flooding.

Overall, flooding in Nigeria is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to

address. This includes improving infrastructure such as drainage systems, promoting

sustainable land-use practices, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the impacts

of climate change.

figure 4 Anolu V. (2019) photograph of flooding in Owerri community.

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2.1.5 BACKGROUND STUDY OF FLOOD OCCURRING IN OWERRI

Floods have been a recurring problem in Owerri, the capital city of Imo State in Nigeria, for

many years. The city's location in the Niger Delta region, combined with its low-lying

topography and heavy rainfall during the rainy season, makes it vulnerable to flooding. The

following is a background study of flood occurrences in Owerri:

In September 2010, heavy rainfall caused flooding in Owerri, resulting in the displacement of

over 5,000 people and destruction of property worth millions of naira. The floodwaters also

disrupted business activities and caused traffic gridlocks in the city.

In August 2018, Owerri experienced another flood, which was triggered by heavy rainfall

that lasted for several hours. The floodwaters caused significant damage to property and

infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings. The flood also resulted in the loss of

lives, with some residents swept away by the floodwaters.

In July 2019, Owerri was hit by another flood, which was caused by a combination of heavy

rainfall and poor drainage systems. The floodwaters affected several parts of the city,

including major roads and residential areas, causing damage to property and displacement of

residents.

In September 2020, Owerri experienced another round of flooding, which was caused by

heavy rainfall that lasted for several hours. The floodwaters submerged several parts of the

city, making it difficult for residents to move around. The flood also caused significant

damage to property and infrastructure, including roads and bridges.

Floods have become a recurring problem in Owerri, with heavy rainfall and poor drainage

systems being the primary causes. The floods have caused significant damage to property and

infrastructure and have also resulted in the displacement of residents and loss of lives.

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2.1.6 FLOOD RISK AND FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Flood risk assessment and flood vulnerability assessment are important tools for

understanding the potential impacts of flooding on a given area and developing effective

strategies for reducing risk and enhancing resilience. They are two complementary

approaches used to understand the potential impacts of flooding on a given area.

i. FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT: Flood risk assessment involves the quantitative

analysis of the likelihood and consequences of flooding. The key components of a

flood risk assessment include:

a) Hazard mapping: identifying areas that are susceptible to flooding due to natural or

human-made factors.

b) Exposure mapping: identifying the buildings, infrastructure, and people that are at

risk of flooding within the hazard area.

c) Vulnerability assessment: determining the degree to which the exposed elements are

susceptible to damage or disruption as a result of flooding.

d) Risk characterization: combining the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability

assessments to estimate the overall level of risk to the area.

The output of a flood risk assessment is a set of risk maps that can be used to prioritize

interventions to reduce flood risk and to inform emergency response plans.

ii. FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT: Flood vulnerability assessment

focuses on the social, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to the

resilience of a community in the face of flooding. This approach considers the

capacity of individuals, households, and communities to prepare for and recover from

flooding. Key components of a flood vulnerability assessment include:

a) Social vulnerability analysis: identifying groups that are particularly vulnerable to

the impacts of flooding, such as low-income households, elderly people, or people

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 with disabilities Livelihood analysis: assessing the economic impacts of flooding on

different sectors of the local economy, such as agriculture or tourism

b) Environmental vulnerability analysis: evaluating the ecological impacts of flooding

on local ecosystems and biodiversity

The output of a flood vulnerability assessment is a set of recommendations for improving the

resilience of the community to future flooding events, such as improving early warning

systems, enhancing social safety nets, and investing in natural infrastructure.

2.1.7 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE

SENSINGTECHNIQUES
GIS (Geographic Information System) and remote sensing are two important technologies

used for collecting, processing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data. These technologies are

used in a wide range of fields, including environmental management, urban planning, natural

resource management, and disaster management.

GIS technology involves the use of computer software to capture, store, manipulate, and

analyze geographic data. GIS systems allow users to view and analyze different layers of

data, including maps, satellite images, and other spatial information. GIS can also be used to

create custom maps, conduct spatial analysis, and generate reports that help decision-makers

understand the spatial relationships between different variables.

Remote sensing, on the other hand, involves the use of aerial and satellite imagery to gather

data about the earth's surface. Remote sensing data can be used to create maps and models of

various features on the earth's surface, including land cover, vegetation, water bodies, and

topography. Remote sensing is often used in conjunction with GIS technology to create

detailed maps and models that provide a comprehensive view of the spatial relationships

between different variables.

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GIS and RS are often used together to improve the accuracy and reliability of spatial data.

For example, GIS can be used to integrate and analyze different types of data, while remote

sensing can be used to collect high-resolution imagery that provides detailed information

about the earth's surface. Together, these technologies can help decision-makers better

understand and manage complex spatial problems, such as natural resource management,

urban planning, and disaster management.

2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

ONUIGBO I.C. (2017):.applied GIS and RS techniques in producing flood vulnerability

map of Lokoja metropolis. He delineated the flood extent using SPOT satellite data as a

yardstick of validating the vulnerability map .He was able to show vulnerability levels at

various locations within his study area using slope, elevation nearness to drainage land use

etc. as elemental factors flood risk identification.

ANDINET W. M. (2022), conducted flood inundation and risk mapping of Ethiopia using

GIS approach. Some of the factors he used included rainfall and flood depth. He was able to

categorize the study area into flood vulnerability levels and predicted the return period of

flood of certain magnitudes as a tool for mitigating the impact of flood in his study area

ISHAYA S. et al (2009) exploited the integration approach of remote sensing and GIS

techniques in flood management in mapping out areas that are vulnerable to flood hazards in

Gwagwalanda urban areas. He determined the area’s most vulnerable to flood hazards and

areas free from flood threats. His results showed the area’s most vulnerable to flood hazards

and those free form the hazards. He also recommended removal of structures from areas with

the most flood vulnerability to reduce the vulnerability.

IKUSEMORAN M. et al (2013) carried out a GIS based assessment of flood risk and

vulnerability of communities in the Benue flood plains in Adamawa state. The communities

14
were linked to a generated digital map of river Benue valley using ArcGIS software to assess

each of the communities for the flood vulnerability. The vulnerability was classified into 4

categories highly vulnerable, vulnerable, marginally vulnerable and not vulnerable. He

identified escape routes and good sites for refugee camps during the flooding. He

recommended that settlements that were highly vulnerable be relocated to higher grounds

with higher elevation to prevent future reoccurrence and should employ the use of GIS for

effective planning and proper early warning systems.

ODEYEMI C. A. et al (2017) assessed the extent and magnitude of flooding and the

settlements at risk with data generated from structured questionnaires and discussions carried

out with some people living in Ado Ekiti, and data from Google Earth. He administered

questionnaire to respondents who seemed literate enough. He modeled flood hazards using

flood depths, duration and frequency. His flood map showed the percentage of households

unaware of the flooding in that area before moving in and those who had experienced

flooding more than once. It was revealed that some of the household believed that flood

occurrence in the areas have some impacts on their properties and expenditures. It was

concluded that the flooding in the study area was caused by excessive flooding and poor

drainage management by residents, uncontrolled development, and lack of adequate land use

planning.

AWODUMI O. E. (2020), was able to deduce the magnitude of the risk of flooding using the

distance from the river and elevation of the area. He showed that the areas of Kosofe local

government along the Aboyi River (Lagos state) is located on near uniform lowlands with the

vulnerable zones located on the lowest part of the plain, responsible for the high flood

vulnerability experienced in the area. His dataset included spatial and non-spatial data.

Attribute data of buildings and extent of the river. The DTM was used to show the drainage

pattern and terrain of the study area which showed that there were no way buildings 30m

15
along the river channel can escape from flood. He recommended that there be an enforcement

of relevant laws and planning that prohibit erection of structures along the flood plains.

EJIKEME et al (2015)analyze the risks and impact of flooding using satellite remote

sensing of the Anambra river basin, South-eastern Nigeria by classification of Landsat image

and resampling of SRTM to generate DEM. The results showed different areas of flood risk

and the percentage of the areas occupied. He showed the areas the high risk, moderate risk

and low risk occupied. The different categories of flood risk inundation level were integrated

with the feature classes in order to analyze the impact of the frisk level on the feature classes.

OKORE O. O. et al, (2021) examined the flood prone areas in Imo state, south eastern

Nigeria using GIS classified flood vulnerability assessment map based on various elevation

of the area and the locations and their classes to be affected were also summarized. He used

ESRI ArcGIS 10.2, Global mapper and Google Earth Pro software in his study. The results

shows that the variations in heights above sea level for the study area range from 1-408m

which implies that after a heavy and prolonged rainfall that naturally the runoff generated

will flow in response to gravity.

The review of the above studies shows that GIS and Remote sensing Techniques

have be applied in analyzing flooding, its effects and management, both in Nigeria and

Other countries in the world. This study in particular will contribute to the Literature by

focusing on the areas along Otamiri River in Imo state (Owerri West precisely) using GIS

and Remote Sensing techniques extensively to assess the vulnerability of communities and

also the potential risk of the flooding of the River by integrating terrain analysis,

hydrological analysis and the different land covers and uses in the study area.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the date sources, acquisition and data processing of flood related

factors, as well as the methods employed for result production. Overall, this chapter provides

a detailed account of the research processes used to evaluate flood risk potential and

community vulnerability.

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

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 DATA ACQUISITION

SATELLITE IMAGERY SRTM

DATA CLIPPING
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

VOID FILLING
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

HYDRLOGICAL SURFACE
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
LANDUSE MAP

DRAINAGE RIVER ELEVATION SLOPE

DENISITY BUFFE MAP MAP
MAP R

ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY
PROCESS

OVERLAY ANALYSIS

RISK AND VULNERABILITY MAP

figure 5 methodology flowchart

3.2 DATA AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

i. SRTM covering the study area

ii. Satellite imagery (Landsat Imagery covering the study area with a spatial resolution of

30m)

iii. Micro soft excel

iv. Microsoft word

v. ArcGis software

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3.3HARDWARE COMPONENTS
These are the physical equipment’s that will be used to execute this research and they

include:

i. HP ProBook 450m G1 Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4200M CPU @ 2.50GHz laptop

ii. HP external mouse

3.4PERSONNELS INVOLVED
The personnel involved in this study include:

i. Patrick Favour Chinaza

ii. Agu Anderson Chukwuemeka

3.5 DATA ACQUISITION

Land sat imagery of band 3, 4 and 5 were downloaded as well as SRTM data covering the

study area was acquired from USAS website. The study area was visited for validation of

results.

.3.6 DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURE

i. Image Enhancement: Image enhancing techniques was carried out to improve the

visual quality of the satellite imagery, making it more suitable for this assessment (the

enhancement improved the appearance of the image and a new enhanced image will

be produced which will be easier to interpret than the original image).

ii. Data Clipping: This procedure will be used to exclude unwanted areas and features

within the remote sensed data to prioritize specific areas for further analysis. This was

to ensure that the boundary limit is maintained through out the study.

iii. Void Filling: Void filling of the SRTM data will be done to fill missing or erroneous

elevation values within the dataset to create a continuous and reliable surface. Filling

is important to ensure accurate terrain analysis mapping.

iv. Land use and land cover classification mapping

19
 Image Classification: This technique involves categorizing pixels and objects in the

imagery into different classes based on their spectral characteristics. The classification

will be applied to the entire image to classify each pixel to specific land cover classes

including buildings, roads and vegetation.

the area of interest was clipped out of the satellite imagery using the shapefile of the

study area. supervised classification was carried out to generate five classes i.e

waterbody, built-up, bare surfaces and vegetation.

v. Creation of slope and elevation map

Surface Analysis: This process was carried out to assess flow patterns and

topographic factors that contribute to flood risk and vulnerability. The output of this

process is the slope map and elevation map of the study area.

The digital elevation model (DEM) was created in the ArcGis environment from the

SRTM covering the study area. the spatial analysis tool was used to produce the slope

and elevation map from the DEM in ArcGis.

vi. Creation of drainage density

Hydrological Analysis: This analysis was carried out on the SRTM data to simulate

the flow of water and identify areas prone to flooding.

the drainage density of the study area was created using the DEM of the study area.

the following procedures were taken in the spatial analyst tool in the Arctool box:

hydrology > fill >flow direction > flow accumulation. The stream raster was then

generated using the raster calculator.

vii. Creation of buffer zones: Buffer zones were created along the river by these

procedures: arc tool box > analysis tools > proximity > multiple ring buffer. Distances

used were 800m, 1600m and 2400m.

20
viii. Reclassification: this process was used to reassign values to each criteria based on

how much they contribute to flooding..

ix. Analytic hierarchical process: this is a decision making process, it was used to

prioritize and evaluate the factors. It was carried out in Excel and weights were

assigned.

x. Overlay Analysis: it was used in the GIS based assessments of flood vulnerability to

integrate the various spatial data layers. Overlay analysis involves combining data

layers. In the weighted overlay section in the arc tool box, the raster of all 5 factors

were added and assigned the weights generated in the AHP.

xi. Risk and Vulnerability Mapping: By combining these factors through ,overlay

analysis techniques in GIS, flood risk and vulnerability map was produced.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION

4.1 BRIEF INTODUCTION

In order to access the risk and vulnerability of flooding in Owerri west, we evaluated the

area based on five factors contributing to flooding which are elevation, slope, drainage

density and proximity to Otamiri river. This chapter includes the discussion and presentation

of results in maps and tables that illustrate the distribution of these factors.

4.2 INVESTIGATING FACTORS AFFECTING FLOOD FREQUENCY IN THE

STUDY AREA

4.2.1 SLOPE

Slope is a crucial factor in GIS-based assessments of flood vulnerability due to its significant

influence on the movement and accumulation of water. It affects the speed and direction of

water runoff during flooding events or rainfall. The slope map generated from SRTM DEM

to analyse and visualize the slope.

The figure 6 below shows the slope of the study area. The area was categorized into 3 based

on their slope, near flat, gentle slope and steep slope. The map shows that the study area

generally has near flat and gentle slopes. Flat and gentle areas with lower slope are more

vulnerable to flooding since water accumulates easily on such surfaces while high run-offs

and little water accumulation occurs on areas with steep slopes.

22
figure 6 slope map of Owerri west

23
4.2.1.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED SLOPE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA

The reclassification was done based on the slope pattern of the study area. The AHP scale or

Saaty scale comparison was based on the idea that the likelihood of water accumulation on

the surfaces with flat or gentle slope angle is more hence an increase in the chance of

flooding, and the opposite is also true. The weights that were determined from the saaty scale

for each of the three classes are shown in the table below.

Table 1 AHP scale of slope classes

SLOPE 240,000- 280,000- WEIGHT CR CLASS

0-230,000
270,000 3,400,000
0-230,000 1 3 4 61.4% 0.07 Near Flat
240,000- 1/3 1 3 Gentle
26.8%
270,000
280,000- 1/4 1/3 1 Very steep
11.7%
3,400,000

The figure 7 below shows the reclassification of the slope map. The goal of reclassification is

to expose the slope pattern in the study area in all its clarity. Since the study area is mainly

near flat and gentle, there is great tendency for water to build, making communities there

susceptible to floods.

24
figure 7 flood risk and vulnerability map based on slope

25
4.2.2 DRAINAGE DENSITY

Drainage density refers to the measure of how concentrated the network of rivers, streams,

and channels is within an area. The SRTM DEM was used to generate the drainage density of

the study area. Higher drainage density indicates more flow pathways for water. During

heavy rainfall, areas with high drainage density can quickly accumulate and convey water,

potentially leading to flooding downstream. An efficient drainage network helps disperse

water effectively. Lower drainage density might result in poor water dispersal, causing water

to pool. The density of drainage channels influences the overall capacity of the drainage

system to handle excess water. High drainage density might lead to a higher capacity,

reducing the risk of flooding, while low density could mean limited capacity and increased

risk.

The figure 8 below shows the drainage density of the study area. By mapping and

analyzing drainage density, we identified areas where the existing drainage network might

not be capable of handling increased water flow such as the imeabiam community which falls

mainly within the range of 0-76. The drainage density of Eziobodo community mainly falls

within the range of 77-190 and Obinze between 200-430.

26
figure 8 drainage density map of owerri west

27
4.2.2.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE STUDY

AREA

The table below shows the comparison amongst classes and the results of the weights

generated from the saaty scale comparison for the three classes.

Table 2 AHP scale of drainage density

DRAINAGE 0-59 60-140 150-230 240-430 WEIGHT CR

DENSITY per
km

0-76 1 3 4 5 53,8% 0.04

77-190 1/3 1 2 4 24.3%

200-430 1/4 1/2 1 3 14.9%

The figure 9 below shows the drainage density of the study area. 3 classes were further

reclassified to better understand how drainage density can contribute to flooding in the study

area. areas with drainage density between 0-76 were classified as high, because they are more

vulnerable to flooding as a result of low drainage density, communities in this category

include Imeabiam and Okuku. Areas between 77-190 were reclassified as moderate, as they

are moderately vulnerable to flooding since the drainage density in this area is a little bit

greater than that of the high class. Communities found in this category include Nekedes.

Areas reclassified as low and very ow range between 200-430, communities in this category

are less vulnerable to flooding because of the higher density of drainage present and they

include Amaeze and Umu Oma.

28
figure 9 flood risk and vulnerability map based on drainage density

29
4.2.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER

Land use/land cover is crucial in flood vulnerability assessment as it provides valuable

information about the types of surfaces and activities present in an area. Different land uses

and land covers have varying levels of permeability, which affects how water infiltrates or

runs off the surface during heavy rainfall events.

Urban areas with impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt create higher runoff,

increasing flood risk. Natural areas with vegetation can absorb and slow down water,

reducing flood potential. The table shows the extent each type of land use cover and its area

percentage.

Table 3 below displays the result of the actual value of the land use research for the study

area, which indicates a bare surface of around 167.373m2 or roughly 55.1066% of the area. a

total of 76.6593 km2 or 25.239649% of the area is covered with vegetation. Only

18.330652% of the area is covered by settlements, which is around 55.6749km2. around

4.0185km2 of the surface are covered by waterbodies.

Table 3 showing the statistical analysis of Land use/Land cover of Owerri west LGA, Imo State.

S/N CLASSES AREA/Km2 AREA (%)

1 Water body 4.0185 1.323069

2 Settlement 55.6749 18.330652

3 Vegetation 76.6593 25.239649

4 Bare surface 167.373 55.106631

TOTAL 303.7257 100

The figure 10 above shows the land use map of the study area. The area was classified into 4

(based on the land use), exposed surfaces, settlements, vegetation and water body.

30
figure 10 land use map of Owerri west

31
4.2.3.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED LANDUSE OF THE STUDY AREA

To understand the influence of landuse as a flood causative factor in the study area, the four

classes ( waterbody, built-up, bare surface and vegetation) were further reclassified. The table

below displays the results of the weights produced from the Saaty scale comparison for the

four classes.

Table 4 AHP scale for Landuse

LAND USE WATER BUILT-UP BARE VEGETATION WEIGHT CR

BODY SURFACE
WATER BODY 1 3 4 5 52.9% 0.07
BUILT-UP 1/3 1 3 4 26.8%

BARE 1/4 1/3 1 3 13.4%

SURFACE
VEGETATION 1/5 1/4 1/3 1 6.8%

The figure 11 above displays the reclassification of the land use land cover map. Areas with

vegetation and permeable surfaces allow water to infiltrate, decreasing the volume of runoff

that contributes to flooding. Built-up areas such as Umu oma and Nekede, concentrate

populations and infrastructure, making them particularly vulnerable to flooding.

32
figure 11 flood risk and vulnerability map based on landuse

33
4.2.4 ELEVATION

Elevation determines an area's height above sea level. Low-lying areas are more susceptible

to flooding, Areas at or below the elevation of nearby water bodies are at risk of inundation

during floods. Rapid runoff from higher elevations can trigger flash floods downstream in

lower-lying areas. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to obtain the elevation of

the study area. The DEM indicates that the height of the study area lies between 33m to 110m

above sea level.

The figure 12 below shows the elevation of the study area. Nekede, Irete and Amaeze have

elevations that mostly fall between 69-110m, Eziobodo, Obinze and Ihiagwa have elevations

that mainly fall between 57-68, and Umu Ekwune Ekwuoke has elevations that mainly fall

within the range of 33-56m.

34
figure 12 elevation map of Owerri west.

35
4.2.4.1 WEIGHTS FOR RECLASSIFIED ELEVATION PATTERN OF THE STUDY

AREA

The comparison of AHP scale was based on the fact that floods are more likely to occur in

low-lying locations near rivers than in high-lying areas. The table below displays the results

of the weights produced from the Saaty scale comparison for the four classes.

Table 5 AHP scale of elevation

ELEVATION (m) 33-57 57-68 69-110 WEIGHT CR

33-57 1 3 4 61.4% 0.07
57-68 1/3 1 3 26.8%
69-110 1/4 1/3 1 11.7%

Figure 13 below displays the reclassification of the elevation map. Three classes were

selected to serve as the category of elevation within the study area for the purpose of

determining its impact on flood events in the study area: low, moderate and high. The

reclassification was made on the basis of elevation of the study area. The range of low

elevation was considered to be between 33-56m. Communities that fall in this category are

Nekede, Amaeze, Irete, Ubomiri Ubomini. These communities are considered generally to

have low elevations therefore are most vulnerable and are at higher risk to flooding. Areas

with elevation range of 57-68m were considered as moderately vulnerable. Communities that

fall in this category are include Ihiagwa, Obinze, Eziobodo and Okuku. The Umu Ekwune

Ekwuoke fell in the high category.This is due to the low elevation of area above the mean sea

level allows for water flow across it. which means that communities like the Umu Ekwune

Ekwuoke have a higher tendency to experience flooding because run-off is more difficult to

occur at lower elevations than it is at higher elevations, where it is to flow to the lower areas,

causing the area to flood during times of river over flow or heavy rain.

36
figure 13 flood risk and vulnerability map based on elevation

37
4.2.5 PROXIMITY TO RIVER

Areas located closer to a river are at higher risk to flooding due to their immediate exposure

to rising water levels. The likelihood and severity of flooding increase as you move closer to

the riverbanks. Areas close to the river are more likely to experience flooding during heavy

rainfall or river overflow. The Otamiri river was buffered with 800m, 1600m and 2400m. the

figure 14 below shows the buffered zones of Otamiri river.

38
figure 14 buffering of Otamiri river

39
4.2.5.1 WEIGHTS FOR PROXIMITY OF THE STUDY AREA TO RIVER AND

RECLASSIFICATION

The table below shows the comparison amongst classes and the results of the weights

generated from the Saaty scale comparison for the three classes.

Table 6 AHP scale of proximity from the river

PROXIMITY 800m 1600m 2400m WEIGHT CR

800m 1 3 5 63.7% 0.00
1600m 1/3 1 4 25.8%
2400m 1/5 1/3 1 10.5%

The figure below shows the reclassification of the proximity map. Areas such as the Umu

oma community that are within 0-800m are highly vulnerable to flooding, 500-1000m are

moderately vulnerable to flooding, 1600-2400m have low vulnerability.

40
figure 15 flood risk and vulnerability map based on proximity

41
4.3 WEIGHTED ANALYSIS

In order to assess flood vulnerability, a multi-criteria evaluation technique was used, which

essentially takes into account the roles that various factors play in the occurrence of floods.

Each component has a varied impact on the area because of how much it contributes. These

factors are land use/cover, slope, drainage density, proximity to the river, and elevation, were

assigned weights based on their relative relevance. In order to eliminate subjectivity and bias

in the weighting of the variables, the Analytical Hierarchy Process was employed to rank the

weights assigned to each criterion. The assigned weights were calculated and achieved using

AHP Excel.

Table 7 Evaluation of factors

S/N Parameters Class Reclassified Rating Position Weight

Rate Index (W)

1 Landuse/Land Waterbody 1 4 5th

cover Built-up 2 3 8.3

Vegetation 3 1

Bare surface 4 2

2 Slope 0-230,000 1 3 4th

240,000- 2 2
270,000 12.2
280,000- 3 1
3,400,000
3 Elevation 33-57 1 3 3rd

57-68 2 2 14.3

69-110 3 1

4 Drainage 0-76 1 3 2nd

density 29.7
77-190 2 2

42
 200-430 3 1

5 Proximity 800m 1 3 1st

1600m 2 2 35.5

2400m 3 1

TOTAL 100

4.4 FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF OWERRI WEST, IMO STATE.

Table 8 weights and comparison of factors against one another

FACTORS ELEVATION DRIANAGE WEIGHT CR

SLOPE PROXIMITY LULC
DENSITY
SLOPE 1 1/2 1/3 1/3 3 12.2% 0.08
ELEVATION 2 1 1/3 1/3 2 14.3%
DRIANAGE 3 3 1 1/2 4 29.7%
DENSITY
PROXIMITY 3 3 2 1 2 35.5%
LULC 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/2 1 8.3%

The study area was classified into 3 categories based on their vulnerability, which are low,

moderate and high. It shows that communities such as Amaeze, Ihiagwa, Okuku, Umuguma

are at highly vulnerable areas, Obinze is situated at a moderately vulnerable area, Imeabiam

and Umu Ekwune Ekwuoke are located are lowly vulnerable areas. The figure 16 below

displays the flood risk and vulnerability map.

43
figure 16 flood risk and vulnerability map of Owerri west

44
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The study analysed areas vulnerable to flood in Owerri west with the use of integrated

techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS. AHP method was applied to determine the weights

for each factor. The study revealed that proximity to the river ranked the highest among

factors contributing to the occurrence of flooding in the study area with a weight of 35.5%.

Drainage density, Elevation, slope and land use were ranked as 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th with

weights of 29.7%, 14.3%,12.2%, 8.3% respectively.

The result shows that communities that lie close to the river are all prone to flood hazard,

which implies that all populace, agricultural activities, buildings and other facilities that may

be present are at a great risk of flooding.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

 with related information, authorities should take appropriate measures to protect

lives by evacuating people situated at areas with high vulnerability..

 government should set up reliable coordinated system for managing floods and

responding to emergencies.

 Settlements situated within or adjacent to areas prone or vulnerable to flooding

should be relocated further away from the river.

 the government should ensure that the drains and gutters in the entire local
government are de-slited to allow for the free flow of run off and storm water.

5.3 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

Production of maps and information of areas at risk and vulnerable to flooding in the study
area through integrated techniques of GIS, Remote sensing and AHP.

45
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