Automatic Dry Recyclable Waste Sorter

with Level Monitoring System

A Thesis
Presented to the Department of Electronics Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

by
ThreeKings
McAldryc Rohner B. De Leon
Mark Jason G. Lastimosa
Romar Ray V. Mojado

August 2018
 Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled, “AUTOMATIC DRY RECYCLABLE WASTE SORTER WITH

LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM”, prepared and submitted by McAldryc Rohner B.
De Leon, Mark Jason G. Lastimosa, and Romar Ray V. Mojado in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING is hereby recommended for approval.

Engr. Susana A. Tan, PECE, MSManE

Adviser
Date:

Engr. Junard P. Kaquilala, RECE Engr. Lotis P. Patunob, PECE, MEngg

Member Member
Date: Date:

Engr. Jeziel C. Suniel, RECE

Member
Date:

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

Dr. Rachel M. Chong, ECE Engr. Susana A. Tan, PECE, MSManE

Thesis Instructor Chair, Department of Electronics Engineering
Date: Date:

Dr. Evangeline C. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:

ii
 Abstract

Waste generation is increasing rapidly; a simple solution to this problem is re-

cycling. However, there are different processes of restoring each type of recyclable
wastes. Manually sorting recyclable wastes before restoring it takes time; because
of this problem, this research aspires to create a system that will accept a dry
recyclable waste and automatically sort it into metal, plastic, and paper; and will
monitor waste level in the container.
The hardware is composed of two systems: the waste classifying and waste lev-
el monitoring system. The waste classifying system is composed of inductive prox-
imity sensors, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER),
and light dependent resistor (LDR). The waste level monitoring system is com-
posed of ultrasonic sensors. When the waste level in the container is nearly full, a
Light Emitting Diode (LED) will be turned on and a notification will be sent via text
message using Global System for Mobile Communication module (GSM).
The prototype was tested by feeding it with dry recyclable wastes and getting its
accuracy in classifying recyclable wastes. The designed system has a 92.5% accu-
racy in detecting plastic wastes, a 93.0% accuracy in detecting paper wastes, and
a 99.3% accuracy in detecting metal wastes. The system also eliminates manual
monitoring and scheduled collection of waste because of the waste level monitor-
ing and notification features of the system.

iii
 Acknowledgment

This thesis would not have been completed without the assistance and sup-
port of several people. We would like to give our immeasurable appreciation and
deepest gratitude for the help and support to the following persons who in have
contributed in making this project possible:
To our beloved parents, whose undying support, motivation, and unconditional
love were felt during the making of this project. We would not have been able to
achieve this without them.
To all our friends, for consistently showing the support and motivation during
the making of the project.
To the lab assistants, Mr. Jun Aguilar and Mr. Ildebrando Kwong, for letting us
borrow the necessary tools needed to nish the project.
To our research instructor and our research adviser, Dr. Rachel M. Chong and
Engr. Susana A. Tan, for their consistent guidance and consistent advices that
helped bring this study into success.
Lastly but not the least, to the Lord Almighty, for giving us strength, wisdom and
patience to complete the project. All these would have not been possible without
You.

iv
 Table of Contents
Page
Abstract iii
Acknowledgment iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Purpose of the Study 3
1.5 Definition of Terms 3
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4
2.1 Theories 4
2.1.1 Proximity Sensors 4
2.1.2 Arduino 9
2.1.3 Servomotors 11
2.1.4 Global System for Mobile Communication Module 12
2.2 Literature Review 13
2.2.1 Camera-Based Waste Detection and Classification 13
2.2.2 Sensor-Based Waste Detection and Classification 13
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
3.1 Proposed Method 15
3.1.1 System Block Diagram 15

v
 3.1.2 System Flowchart 17
3.1.3 System Schematic Diagram 23
3.1.4 System Design 23
3.2 Description of Experiments 26
3.2.1 Sensor Accuracy Test 26
3.2.2 Detection Test for Plastic Bottle Containing Liquid 27
3.2.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor Accuracy Test 28
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 29
4.1 Sensor Accuracy Test 29
4.2 Detection Test for Plastic Bottle Containing Liquid 30
4.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor Accuracy Test 30
Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31
5.1 Conclusions 31
5.2 Recommendations 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 32
Appendix A PRIOR ART SEARCH and ANALYSIS REPORT 36
Appendix B ADVISER’S ACCEPTANCE 52
Appendix C TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES 53
Appendix D RESEARCH BUDGET 55
Appendix E PLAGIARISM CHECK REPORT 57
Appendix F CURRICULUM VITAE 61

vi
 List of Tables
Page

4.1 Plastic waste detection accuracy. 29

4.2 Paper waste detection accuracy. 29
4.3 Metal waste detection accuracy. 30
4.4 System’s accuracy in detecting plastic bottle containing liquid. 30
4.5 Sensor’s accuracy per bin. 30

List of Figures
Page

2.1 Inductive Proximity Sensor Parts [14]. 4

2.2 Simple Oscillator Circuit [15]. 5
2.3 Operation of a throuogh-beam photoelectric sensor [19]. 9
2.4 Operation of a retro-reflective photoelectric sensor [19]. 9
2.5 Operation of a diffuse-reflective photoelectric sensor [19]. 9
2.6 Relationship between duty cycle and angle of rotation [31]. 12

3.1 Block diagram of the system. 16

3.2 System flow part 1. 18
3.3 System flow part 2. 19
3.4 System flow part 3. 20
3.5 System flow part 4. 21

vii
3.6 System flow part 5. 22
3.7 Schematic Diagram of the system. 24
3.8 Actual system design. 25

viii
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a background of the study and discusses its relevance,
objectives, and purpose. The definitions of important terms used in this study are
also given.

1.1 Background of the Study

As urbanization increases, global solid waste generation is accelerating. In

1900, the world had 220 million urban residents. They produced fewer than 300,000
tons of waste per day. By 2000, the 2.9 billion people living in cities (49% of the
world’s population) were creating more than 3 million tons of solid waste per day [1].
Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year. This
volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tons by 2025 [2].
A simple way to minimize the generation of waste is recycling. Recycling is
processing used materials or waste into new, useful products. This is done to
reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used [8]. Recycling basically
involves turning used materials that are labeled as recyclable over to your local
waste facility designated in a disposal container as recyclable materials to be taken
and reused as material for a new purpose. A recyclable product is turned back into
a raw form that can be used to create a new and different product. Studies have
shown that 24 trees are cut down to make one ton of paper, plastic which can
be recycled take over 500 years to decomposed,and one recycled tin can saves
enough energy to power a television for three hours [9].
Recyclable materials such as metal, papers, and plastics have different recy-
cling processes. Metal wastes are sorted into different properties using a special-

1
ized equipment. After the metal waste is sorted, metals with same properties will
be melted inside a furnace and will be manufactured into different kinds of metallic
products [10]. Paper wastes are washed with soapy water to remove inks, staples,
and glue. The washed paper is mixed with water to create a slurry. The slurry
is then added with different chemicals to create different kinds of papers, such as
cardboard, news prints or office papers [11]. Plastic wastes are washed to re-
move impurities or materials that are not made from plastic. The washed plastics
are resized by shredding or granulating and separated by their quality and class.
Once separated, it is melted into pellets and will manufactured into different plastic
products [12].

1.2 Problem Statement

Recyclable wastes such as metals, papers, and plastics are contained in a

single container. Human error in sorting these recyclable wastes is unavoidable.
Emptying of trash bins have a schedule but the amount of waste thrown into the
bin is unpredictable. Thus, resulting to the trash bin to be full before the scheduled
collection.

1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this research is develop a system that will sort dry recy-
clable waste, monitor the waste level inside the bin, and send an SMS for notifica-
tion when the bin is full. The specific objectives are as follows:

• design a system that will accept a dry recyclable waste one at a time and sort
it to its proper classification;

• design a monitoring system for trash bin waste level; and

• design a system that will send SMS for waste level notification.

2
1.4 Purpose of the Study

This study will mitigate errors in sorting of dry recyclable waste since the sys-
tem will automatically sort the dry recyclable wastes into its proper classification.
The collection of the waste would be dependent on the level of waste inside the
container, therefore eliminating scheduled monitoring and collection of recyclable
waste.

1.5 Definition of Terms

The following are the operational definition of words used within this research:

Container/Bin: the one containing the segregated waste

Dry recyclable waste: waste that can still be used such as aluminum cans,
dry news paper, and plastics

3
 Chapter 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the principle of operations of the components that were
used in this study and provides the review of related literature.

2.1 Theories

This section focuses on theories used in this study and shows the descriptions
of the components that were needed to develop the designed system.

2.1.1 Proximity Sensors

The proximity sensor is an electronic device that is capable of detecting an

object by having physical contact with it. It emits electromagnetic waves or a beam
from a light source such as light amplication by stimulated emission (LASER) or
infrared, and it then looks for a return signal or field [13].

1. Inductive Proximity Sensor

Inductive sensors are proximity sensors that are capable of ferrous and non-
ferrous objects [14].

Figure 2.1: Inductive Proximity Sensor Parts [14].

4
An inductive proximity sensor is composed of an inductive coil, an oscillator
circuit, a Schmitt trigger, and an output switching circuit as shown in Fig. 2.1.
An electromagnetic field is produced by the coil and oscillator circuit.

Figure 2.2: Simple Oscillator Circuit [15].

An oscillator circuit is a parallel connection of an inductor and a capacitor as

shown in Fig. 2.2. After the capacitor is charged, it will discharge through
the inductor; the inductor creates a magnetic field. Once the capacitor is
discharged, the inductor will charge the other plate of the capacitor. Once
the inductor field collapses, the capacitor is completely recharged but with
opposite polarity [16].

When a metal object is present in the area of the electromagnetic field some
energy of oscillation will be transferred to the metal object, therefore decreas-
ing the amplitude of the sensor’s oscillation. Eventually, the oscillation dimin-
ishes then a Schmitt trigger is activated. A Schmitt trigger is a comparator
with hysterisis implemented. It has a positive feedback which holds the out-
put level until the input signal is higher than the threshold [17]. When the
amplitude of oscillation exceeds the threshold, the metal object is detected.

5
2. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
Capacitive Sensors are similar to the inductive sensor, the only difference
being that the capacitive sensors use electrostatic field and the sensing sur-
face of the capacitive sensor is formed by two concentrically shaped metal
electrodes of an unwound capacitor.

When an object is near the electrostatic field, it changes the capacitance

in the circuit. When the object moves away from the sensing surface, the
capacitance and the amplitude of the oscillation decreases. The capacitance
of an object is calculated by the formula:

κε0 A
C= (2.1)
d

where:
C = capacitance (F)
κ = dielectric constant of the material
ε0 = permittivity constant (8.84 × 10−12 F/m)
A = area of the parallel plates (m2 ), and
d = distance between plates (m).

The capacitive sensor depends on the dielectric constant of the material tar-
get. The greater the dielectric constant the easier it is to detect. Capacitance
is directly proportional to the dielectric constant and inversely proportional to
distance as shown in eqn. (2.1).

6
3. Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors
Ultrasonic proximity sensor emits high frequency sound waves at regular in-
tervals. When the sound wave strikes an object it will be reflected back to the
receiver of the sensor. The sensor computes the distance to the object based
on the time-span between emitting the sound wave and receiving it [18]. The
distance is calculated by the formula:

TC
D= (2.2)
2

where:
D = distance (m)
T = time between emission and reception (s), and
C = speed of sound (344 m/s).

4. Photoelectric or Opto-electronic Sensors

A photoelectric sensor is composed of an emitter for emitting light and a re-
ceiver to receive light. When the light is interrupted or reflected by an object,
the amount of light that arrives at the receiver will change. When the receiver
detects this change, this will be converted to an electrical output [19]. The
emitter is usually a light emitting diode (LED), infrared or visible light spec-
trum and the receiver is usually a photodiode [20].

7
A photodiode is a kind of diode that converts light energy into current or
voltage. It is composed of an active P-N junction which operates in reverse
bias [21]. When the light hits the diode, an electron-hole pair is created in
the depletion layer. This phenomenon is called the photoelectric effect. This
phenomenon happens when an electrically charged particle is released from
or within a material [22]. Therefore, the created holes and electrons move to-
wards the anode and cathode respectively thus creating a photocurrent [23].

Types of Photoelectric sensor [20]:

(a) Through-Beam
Figure 2.3 shows the operation of a through-beam photoelectric sensor.
The emitter and receiver of this sensor are separated. The object pass-
ing the emitter and receiver interrupts the light which causes the sensor
to output a signal.

(b) Retro-reflective
Figure 2.4 shows the operation of a retro-reflective photoelectric sensor.
The sensor operates by detecting the light reflected from a target reflec-
tor. The object between the sensor and the target reflector interrupts
which causes the sensor to output a signal.

(c) Diffuse-Reflective
Figure 2.5 shows the operation of a diffuse-reflective photoelectric sen-
sor. The sensor detects the light reflected from the object itself.

8
 Figure 2.3: Operation of a throuogh-beam photoelectric sensor [19].

Figure 2.4: Operation of a retro-reflective photoelectric sensor [19].

Figure 2.5: Operation of a diffuse-reflective photoelectric sensor [19].

2.1.2 Arduino

Arduino is a physical programmable circuit where an individual can write and u-

pload computer codes with the use of an Integrated Development
Environment [24]. Arduino uses Harvard architecture. Harvard architecture is
a kind computer architecture where instructions and data are stored in separate
memory units of that are connected by different busses [25]. In this case, the
Arduino code is stored in the flash memory while the data is stored in the data
memory.
The common parts of an Arduino board [26]:

1. Power (USB/Barrel Jack)

2. Pins (5 Volts, 3.3 Volts, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

3. Reset button

9
4. Power LED indicator

5. TX and RX LEDs

6. Main IC

7. Voltage regulator

Common Arduino boards [27]:

• Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno uses an ATmega328P microcontroller. It has 14 digital In-
put/Output pins of which six are PWM outputs, six analog inputs,
and 16 MHz quartz crystal oscillator.

• Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano uses an ATmega328 microcontroller. It has 22 digital Input/Output
pins, six PWM outputs, eight analog inputs, and a 16 MHz quartz crystal os-
cillator.

• Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Leonardo uses an ATmega32u4 microcontroller. It has 20 digital
Input/Output pins of which seven are PWM outputs and 12 are analog inputs
and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator.

10
 • Arduino Micro
Arduino Micro was developed in conjunction with Adafruit. It has the same
features with the Arduino Leonardo but the only difference is that this uses a
MicroUSB connection.

• Arduino Mega
Arduino Mega uses an ATmega1280 microcontroller. It has 54 digital I/O pins
(of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, Four UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, and ICSP header and a reset button.

2.1.3 Servomotors

Servomotors are electric devices that rotate or push parts of a machine with
great precision. Servomotors are controlled by using pulses of variable width. Ro-
tating a servomotor is an application of PWM [28]. PWM is a way to generate ana-
log signals using a digital source. The two main components of a PWM is duty cy-
cle and frequency. Duty cycle is the period of time that a digital signal is HIGH (on)
or LOW (off). Frequency is the period of time which a PWM completes a cycle [29].
The angle of rotation of a servomotor depends on the duty cycle, as
shown Fig. 2.6. Every 20 ms, a typical servomotor expects to be updated with
pulses between 1 ms and 2 ms [30].

11
 Figure 2.6: Relationship between duty cycle and angle of rotation [31].

Types of Servomotor [32]:

1. Positional Rotation Servomotor

A positional rotation servomotor is only limited to rotate about half a circle or
180◦ .

2. Continuous Rotation Servomotor

A continuous rotation servomotor can turn in either direction indefinitely.

3. Linear Servomotor
The output shaft rotates at about 180◦ similar to a rotational servo motor but
it has an additional gear to convert rotational movement to linear.

2.1.4 Global System for Mobile Communication Module

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is used to transmit and re-
ceive mobile voice and data. GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
multiplexing technique [33].
The radio spectrum is divided into 200 kHz bands then it uses TDMA to put
eight voice or data into one channel. The frame is then transmitted using Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying (GSMK) at a rate of 270 kbits/s [3].

12
2.2 Literature Review

Innovations have been on many studies regarding the automation of waste seg-
regation. This review will focus on the previous and present studies related to it.

2.2.1 Camera-Based Waste Detection and Classification

The work in [4] uses a camera to capture an image of the waste. After the
image is captured, the image is then compared to the data sets saved in the mi-
croprocessor of the system. Classification of waste is done by selecting the data
set that closely resembles the image captured.

2.2.2 Sensor-Based Waste Detection and Classification

When detecting waste with the use of sensors, the most common components
that are used are inductive proximity sensors, capacitive sensors and Infrared (IR)
sensors. The work in [5] uses an infrared sensor to detect whenever there is a
waste inserted into the tray. If a waste is detected in the tray, the weight of the
waste is determined by the weight sensor. The glass and metal detectors would
be activated if the waste passes the weight required. If the waste did not pass the
weight requirement, a photoelectric sensor is used to separate paper and plastics.
The work in [6] is a system that segregates waste into metals, wet, and dry
wastes. The system used an infrared sensor to check the presence of waste that is
inserted into the system. An inductive coil is used to determine whether the waste
is metallic. When an alternating current is passed through the coil, it generates a
magnetic field. The parallel resonant impedance will decrease and the proximity
count value will increase if the waste is metallic. The classification of waste into
dry and wet is achieved by calculating the dielectric constant of the waste. Copper
plates were used to create a capacitor, where the waste is the dielectric materi-

13
al. The system then charges the capacitor and discharges it to get the dielectric
constant of the waste. When the waste is already classified, a DC geared motor
rotates to place the proper bin directly under the dropping flap. When the waste is
already dropped, it returns to its initial position.
The work in [7] is an automatic metal, glass, and plastic sorter. The system
uses an Arduino, a capacitive proximity sensor, and an inductive proximity sensor.
The waste is classified into metal, glass or plastic depending on the output of
the inductive and capacitive sensors. If the inductive sensor is low, the waste is
classified as metal, the capacitive is used to identify whether the waste is glass or
plastic. When the capacitive sensor is high meaning to say the waste is glass; if
the capacitive sensor is low this means that the waste is classified as plastic.

14
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the method on how the system was designed. Included
in this chapter are the system block diagram, the system flowchart, the schematic
diagram, the system design, and the description of experiments.

3.1 Proposed Method

3.1.1 System Block Diagram

The automatic dry recyclable waste sorter with level monitoring system, shown
in Fig. 3.1 is composed of a microcontroller, inductive proximity sensors, light
dependent resistors, ultrasonic sensors, a GSM module, LASER, servomotors,
and light emitting diodes. The inductive proximity sensors are used to detect the
presence of metallic wastes. The light dependent resistors are used as the receiver
of the optical sensor. The ultrasonic sensors are used to check the waste level in
each of the containers. The GSM module is used to send a message whenever
the bin is full. The LASER is used as the transmitter of the optical sensor. The
servomotors are used to open the trap doors to drop the waste to its corresponding
container. The light emitting diodes are used as indicators when a container is full.

15
16
Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system.
3.1.2 System Flowchart

Figures 3.2 to 3.6 illustrate the process flow of the system. When a recyclable
waste is inserted in to the system, the LDR at the entrance of the system will
change value. The system will check if the recyclable waste is metal. If the recy-
clable waste is metallic the servomotor responsible for opening the trap door to the
metallic waste bin will open. If the recyclable waste is not metallic, the LASER will
turn on. When the receiver of the LASER has an analog value 50 and above this
will be dropped in the plastic waste bin. If none of the tests is satisfied, then the
waste will be considered as a paper waste, and will be dropped in the paper waste
bin.
The waste level monitoring system will be activated once the waste is dropped
into its proper bin. An ultrasonic sensor will measure the distance from the sensor
itself to the waste, if the distance is less than or equal to 15 cm an LED correspond-
ing to the bin that is full will blink. An SMS will be sent when the container is full. A
two-minute countdown timer will activate after the SMS is sent. If the container is
not emptied before the timer reaches zero, another SMS will be sent and the timer
will restart.

17
Figure 3.2: System flow part 1.

18
Figure 3.3: System flow part 2.

19
Figure 3.4: System flow part 3.

20
Figure 3.5: System flow part 4.

21
Figure 3.6: System flow part 5.

22
3.1.3 System Schematic Diagram

Figure 3.7 illustrates the schematic diagram of of the system. Arduino Mega
is supplied with 12 volts DC. The components connected to the digital I/O pins
of the Arduino Mega are inductive proximity sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and light
emitting diodes. The light dependent resistors are connected to the analog inputs
of the Arduino Mega. Ultrasonic sensors, LEDs, and LDRs are all supplied with
5 volts DC while the inductive sensors are supplied with 12 volts DC.

3.1.4 System Design

Figure 3.8 shows the actual design of the system. One of the optical sensors
is placed right behind the entrance of the trash bin to detect if a waste is thrown.
The other optical sensor is attached at the roof of the system. There are three
trapdoors in the system. There is an inductive proximity sensor attached on each
trapdoor. A servomotor attached behind each trapdoor. The LED indicators are
attached at the front of the system.

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 5V 5V 12V 5V
12V 5V

ULTRASONIC 1 ULTRASONIC 2 ULTRASONIC 3

TestPin www.TheEngineeringProjects.com TestPin www.TheEngineeringProjects.com TestPin www.TheEngineeringProjects.com

Trigger
Trigger
Trigger

Echo
Echo
Echo

Gnd
Gnd
Gnd

+5V
+5V
+5V

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1
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AREF
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PA0/AD0
ON 23

PH1/TXD2
PH0/RXD2

PH6/OC2B
PH4/OC4B
PH3/OC4A
PA1/AD1

PH5/OC4C
PG5/OC0B
24
PA2/AD2

PD0/SCL/INT0
PD1/SDA/INT1

PE1/TXD0/PDO
25

PD3/TXD1/INT3

PE4/OC3B/INT4
PD2/RXD1/INT2

PE3/OC3A/AIN1
PE5/OC3C/INT5
PA3/AD3

PJ0/RXD3/PCINT9
26

PE0/RXD0/PCINT8

PB6/OC1B/PCINT6
PB5/OC1A/PCINT5
PB4/OC2A/PCINT4
TX2
RX2

PJ1/TXD3/PCINT10
PA4/AD4
27

SCL
SDA
PA5/AD5

TX0
TX1
RX1
28

PB7/OC0A/OC1C/PCINT7
PA6/AD6

RX0
RX3
ON 29 C1

TX3
PA7/AD7
30 1nF
ON PWM COMUNICATION PC7/A15
31
PC6/A14 +88.8
32
PC5/A13
33
PC4/A12
34
PC3/A11
35
PC2/A10
36

DIGITAL
PC1/A9
37
PC0/A8 C2
ATMEGA2560 38
PD7/T0
39 1nF
16AU 1126 PG2/ALE
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Reset BTN PG1/RD TestPin TestPin TestPin +88.8
41
PG0/WR Vcc OUT GND Vcc OUT GND Vcc OUT GND
42
PL7
43
PL6
44
PL5/OC5C
45
PL4/OC5B
ANALOG IN 46
PL3/OC5A
47
Arduino Mega 2560 PL2/T5
48
PL1/ICP5 C3
49
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com PL0/ICP4
50 1nF
PB3/MISO/PCINT3
51
PB2/MOSI/PCINT2 +88.8
52
PB1/SCK/PCINT1
53
PB0/SS/PCINT0

RESET
VCC
GND
PF0/ADC0
PF1/ADC1
PF2/ADC2
PF3/ADC3
PF7/ADC7/TDI
PF6/ADC6/TDO
PF5/ADC5/TMS
PF4/ADC4/TCK
PK0/ADC8/PCINT16
PK1/ADC9/PCINT17
PK2/ADC10/PCINT18
PK3/ADC11/PCINT19
PK4/ADC12/PCINT20
PK5/ADC13/PCINT21
PK6/ADC14/PCINT22
PK7/ADC15/PCINT23

A0
A1
A2
A3
A7
A6
A5
A4
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15

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www.TheEngineeringProjects.com www.TheEngineeringProjects.com www.TheEngineeringProjects.com

INDUCTIVE 3 INDUCTIVE 2 INDUCTIVE 1

Power BTN
NEXT www.TheEngineeringProjects.com
LASER 1
STATUS

ON SIM900D LDR1 R3
TXD

RXD R1
S2-1041Y-Z097C
LASER 2

CE0980
0.000000

SIM Card R4
LED 1
LDR2
R5
R2

LED 2
0.000000

R6

LED 3

R7

Figure 3.7: Schematic Diagram of the system.

Figure 3.8: Actual system design.

25
3.2 Description of Experiments

3.2.1 Sensor Accuracy Test

The objective of this experiment is to determine the accuracy of the sensors in

detecting metal, plastic, and paper wastes. The materials used in this experiment
are as follows:

• Inductive Proximity Sensor

• LASER

• LDR

• Arduino Mega 2560

• Recyclable wastes: Coca-Cola can, Red Horse can, 555 tuna can, colored
PET bottle, clear PET bottle, 1.5 L Sprite bottle, plastic bag, paper cup, news-
paper, and bondpaper

The procedures to be followed are:

1. Classify the recyclable wastes manually.

2. Feed the recyclable wastes into the automatic dry recyclable waste sorter
randomly.

3. Compare the classification of the recyclable waste on Step 1 and by the sys-
tem.

4. Take note if the classification is the same or different.

5. Repeat steps 2-4 100 times.

26
3.2.2 Detection Test for Plastic Bottle Containing Liquid

The objective of this experiment is to determine the accuracy of the system in

detecting plastic bottle containing liquid. The materials used in this experiment are
as follows:

• LASER

• LDR

• Arduino Mega 2560

• 500 mL plastic bottle

• Nestea powdered iced tea

The procedures to be followed are:

1. Fill the plastic bottle with 125 mL of water.

2. For 100 times, feed the plastic bottle containing water into the automatic dry
recyclable waste sorter and take note if the system classified it as plastic or
not.

3. Fill the plastic bottle again with 125 mL of water

4. Repeat step 2.

5. Remove 200 mL of water in the plastic bottle.

6. Add about a teaspoon of powdered iced tea into the water left inside the
plastic bottle.

8. For 100 times, feed the plastic bottle containing iced tea into the automatic
dry recyclable waste sorter and take note if the system classified it as plastic
or not.

27
3.2.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor Accuracy Test

The objective of this experiment is to determine the accuracy of the ultrasonic

proximity sensor in monitoring the waste level in each container. The materials
used in this experiment are as follows:

• Ultrasonic Sensor

• LED

• GSM module

• Arduino Mega 2560

• Cardboard

The procedure to be followed are:

1. Insert the cut cardboard inside the metal bin, place it 15 cm from the mouth
of the metal bin.

2. Place the metal bin inside the automatic dry recyclable waste sorter.

3. Take note if the LED indicator blinks and if a text message is received.

4. Do this for 100 times.

5. Do the same procedures for the plastic bin and the paper bin.

28
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter shows the data and results that gathered by the experiments. The
data are organized based on the order of the experiments.

4.1 Sensor Accuracy Test

Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 show the overall accuracies in detecting plastic, paper,
and metal wastes, respectively. The system can accurately detect transparent
bottles. The errors gathered in detecting metallic waste were due to the positioning
of the inductive proximity sensors.

Table 4.1: Plastic waste detection accuracy.

Name of Waste No. of Trials Accuracy (%)

Colored PET Bottle 100 85.0
Clear PET Bottle 100 97.0
1.5 L Sprite Bottle 100 100.0
Plastic Bag 100 88.0
Overall Accuracy: 92.5

Table 4.2: Paper waste detection accuracy.

Name of Waste No. of Trials Accuracy (%)

Paper cup 100 97.0
Newspaper 100 89.0
Bondpaper 100 93.0
Overall Accuracy: 93.0

29
 Table 4.3: Metal waste detection accuracy.

Name of Waste No. of Trials Accuracy (%)

Coca-Cola Can 100 99.0
Red Horse Can 100 99.0
555 Tuna Can 100 100.0
Overall Accuracy: 99.3

4.2 Detection Test for Plastic Bottle Containing Liquid

Table 4.4 shows the accuracy of the system in detecting plastic bottle containing
liquid. The results show that there are two factors that alter the accuracy of the
system. The two factors are the volume and color of the liquid inside the bottle.
The accuracy of the system drops with the increase in volume and with the color
of the liquid.

4.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor Accuracy Test

The results of the ultrasonic proximity sensor accuracy test are

shown in Table 4.5. The ultrasonic proximity sensor is accurate in monitoring waste
level in the bins at a percentage of 100%.

Table 4.4: System’s accuracy in detecting plastic bottle containing liquid.

Volume of liquid (mL) No. of Trials Accuracy (%)

125 of clear liquid 100 96.0
250 of clear liquid 100 94.0
50 of colored liquid 100 58.0

Table 4.5: Sensor’s accuracy per bin.

Container No. of Trials Accuracy (%)

Metal 100 100.0
Plastic 100 100.0
Paper 100 100.0

30
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researchers share their realizations regarding their research.
The discussions are organized on the order of the experiments made by the re-
searchers.

5.1 Conclusions

The designed system is an automatic dry recyclable waste sorter with a level
monitoring system. The results obtained from the experiments show that the de-
signed system can sort dry recyclable waste accurately at percentages of 92.5%
for plastic wastes, 93% for paper wastes, and 99.3% for metallic wastes. The sys-
tem is also capable of detecting and sorting plastic bottles containing clear and
colored liquids. The ultrasonic proximity sensor is accurate in monitoring waste
level in each of the containers.

5.2 Recommendations

The proposed design are only composed of inductive proximity sensors and
optical sensors. The researchers would like to recommend a system which is a
combination of item recognition with the use of sensors and waste identification
using other method of identification; and a waste crushing system to minimize the
space that the waste would occupy.

31
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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[3] L. F. Jr., Principles of electronic communication systems, Fourth. Mc-Graw

Hill, 2014.

[4] R. Rathore Heena & Rathore, “Solid waste identification and segregation
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[5] R. M. Hasan, C. M. Hasana, U. S. Naim, N. Ashif, and T. M. Masud, “Develop-

ment of automatic smart waste sorter machine,” in International Conference
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[6] A. Chandramohan, J. Mendonca, N. R. Shankar, N. U. Baheti, N. K. Krish-

nan, and M. S. Suma, “India Educators’ Conference (TIIEC), 2014 Texas
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and plastic waste sorter,” International Journal for Research in Applied Sci-
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waste-recycling/what-is-recycling.html.

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 [9] A. Schenker, Why is recycling so important, https://www.earthsfriends.
com/why-recycling-important/.

[10] C. M. I. inc., How scrap metal works, http://www.combinedmetal.com/how-

scrap-works/.

[11] How paper is recycled, http://www.recycling- guide.org.uk/science-

paper.html.

[12] How is plastic recycled, https : / / greentumble . com / how - is - plastic -

recycled-step-by-step/.

[13] Future Electronics, Proximity sensors, http : / / www . futureelectronics .

com/en/sensors/proximity.aspx.

[14] Henry Menke, Automation insights, https://automation-insights.blog/

2014/03/05/basic-operating-principle-of-an-inductive-proximity-
sensor/.

[15] Electronic hub, https://www.electronicshub.org/lc-oscillator-basics/.

[16] Marshall Brain, How oscillators work, https://electronics.howstuffworks.

com/oscillator2.htm.

[17] Schmitt trigger, http://ecetutorials.com/analog-electronics/schmitt-

trigger/.

[18] Ultrasonic principle, https://www.microsonic.de/en/support/ultrasonic-

technology/principle.htm.

[19] Photoelectric sensors, http : / / www . ia . omron . com / support / guide / 43 /

introduction.html.

[20] R. Ramsdale, Proximity sensors, http : / / www . engineershandbook . com /

Components/proximitysensors.htm.

33
[21] Gupta Himanshi, Analyseameter, https://analyseameter.com/2016/03/
photodiode-operation-modes-working-applications.html.

[22] Photoelectric effect, https://www.britannica.com/science/photoelectric-

effect.

[23] Tarun Agarwal, Photodiode working principle, characteristics and applica-

tions, https : / / www . elprocus . com / photodiode - working - principle -
applications/.

[24] S. D. of Education, What is an arduino? https : / / learn . sparkfun . com /

tutorials/what-is-an-arduino.

[25] Scott Thornton, What is the difference between Von - Neumann and Har-
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difference-between-von-neumann-and-harvard-architectures/.

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an-arduino/whats-on-the-board.

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[32] H. Eglowstein, Servomotor, http : / / www . sciencebuddies . org / science -
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35
 Appendix A

PRIOR ART SEARCH and ANALYSIS REPORT

Date of Search: April 4, 2017

Searcher’s Name: De Leon, McAldryc Rohner B.

Search String: Reflective sensor

IPC: B21B

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 889 5690 235350 0

Search String: Container Level Detection

IPC: G01F

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 884 1553119 5 0

Search String: Waste Segregation

IPC: B09B

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 27 23276 23 0

36
Documents Considered Relevant

No. Patent No. Title Date Filed

1 CN205748542 Non -contact level sensor Nov. 30, 2016

(U)

2 PL413240 (A1) Device for segregation of municipal Jan. 30, 2017

waste, preferably in multistorey build-
ing

3 CN105987737 Ultrasonic liquid level detector and Nov. 05, 2016

(A) detection method

4 IN2704DEN2015 Container fill level detection Sept. 04, 2015

(A)

5 US2016077002 Reflective material sensor Mar. 17, 2016

(A1)

Claims in Relevant Documents

1. Title: Non-contact level sensor

Inventors: Lin Zhen, Rong Shisen, and Wei Shenxing
Summary of Claims:

The utility model belongs to the technical field of the liquid level detec-
tion technique and specifically relates to a non-contact level sensor. It
includes the plastic shell, have pull-up output port and high-impedance
state input port’s micro-controller, encapsulate PCB drive plate in the
plastic shell, attached on the front surface of plastic shell and the pin
weld the influence electricity pole piece on the PCB drive plate and weld
on the PCB drive plate and expose in the adjustable potentiometer on
the surface of plastic shell, pull-up output port is connected through

37
 the adjustable potentiometer and the power pin electricity of influence
electricity pole piece, and the direct signal pin electricity with the influ-
ence electricity pole piece of high-impedance state input port is con-
nected. The utility model discloses a pull-up output port carries out the
charge-discharge to the influence electricity pole piece, and current po-
tential height through high-impedance state input port monitoring influ-
ence electricity pole piece utilizes the time-recorder among the micro-
controller to time to the time of charge-discharge to the liquid level of
calculating among the liquid container for the change of filling discharge
time through detecting the influence electricity pole piece just provides
basic condition.

2. Title: Device for segregation of municipal waste, preferably in multistorey

building
Inventors: Merkisz-Guranowska Agnieszka, Stoinska Agata, Stawecka Han-
na, Stawecki ukasz, and Orczyk Malgorzata
Summary of Claims:

An apparatus for waste segregation, particularly in multi-storey build-

ings, it contains a combination of a vertical chute with a diagonal relative
to the longitudinal axis of the collector chute (K), damping the angular
trough. At the edge of the passage vertical chute into a discharge chute
angle is pivotally mounted by means of a hinge, the closure flap. In the
end position of the upper closing flap adjacent to the leading edge to the
angular chute. In the bottom position the first closure flap adjacent to the
leading edge to the angular chute. The device has a lower supporting
structure on which is fixed the lower bearing in the form of an outer ring
gear. For the outer ring having the form of a gear of the lower bearing is

38
 fixed the lower part of the vertical chute consisting of an outlet collector
chute (K) with respect to which it is pivotally mounted. The teeth of the
gear engage with the lower wheel mounted on the axis of the hydraulic
motor attached to the lower support structure. An upper vertical chute is
mounted in the upper bearing mounted in the upper support structure.

3. Title: Ultrasonic liquid level detector and detection method

Inventors: Tian Jing, Cheng Xiaobin, Yang Jun, and Wang Xun
Summary of Claims:

The invention provides an ultrasonic liquid level detector and a detection

method. The detector comprises receiving and transmission combined
sensors and a processing module. The receiving and transmission com-
bined sensors transmit a first ultrasonic signal and a third ultrasonic sig-
nal, and receive a second ultrasonic signal and a fourth ultrasonic signal,
wherein the second ultrasonic signal and the fourth ultrasonic signal are
obtained after the first ultrasonic signal and the third ultrasonic signal are
reflected by the inner surface of a closed container; the processing mod-
ule obtains a first sound pressure reflecting ratio according to the first
ultrasonic signal and the second ultrasonic signal, and obtains a second
sound pressure reflecting ratio according to the second ultrasonic signal
and the fourth ultrasonic signal; the first sound pressure reflecting ra-
tio and the second sound pressure reflecting ratio are compared; when
a first result is higher than a first threshold value, it is determined that
the liquid level is located between a first position corresponding to the
first sensor and a second position corresponding to the second sensor.
Thus, according to the ultrasonic liquid level detector and the detection
method, the ultrasonic sensors are arranged on the side faces of a tank

39
 body, and thus it is avoided that the liquid level cannot be detected or
cannot be accurately detected due to the container structure and the
property of liquid.

4. Title: Container fill level detection

Inventors: Muller Martin, Bearden Lukas, and Donner-Rhem Andreas
Summary of Claims:

Systems and methods for determining different fill levels of objects in

the containers for disposable and consumable objects are disclosed. A
sensor unit can detect presence of an object passing into a waste con-
tainer and different levels of the objects in the waste container as the
objects fill the waste container. When the waste container is full , a
notification message may be generated to empty or replace the waste
container. The sensor unit can also detect different levels of objects in
a consumable container as the objects are removed from the consum-
able container. When the consumable container is empty , a notification
message may be generated to refill or replace the consumable contain-
er. In embodiments of the invention, a notification message may also be
generated for a predetermined level of objects in the container.

5. Title: Reflective material sensor

Inventors: Adler Jeffrey Scott and Baird Harold Russell
Summary of Claims:

Described herein is a sensor for sensing reflective material. The sensor

includes a housing with a transparent window and a sensor mount lo-
cated in the housing and angled away from a housing wall. A radiation
emitter is mounted in the sensor mount and emits radiation along an ax-
is through the transparent window which has an amount of the reflective

40
material located thereon. A radiation detector is mounted in the sensor
mount and located adjacent the radiation emitter. The radiation detector
is located to receive reflected radiation from the reflective material along
another axis. The first axis is angled towards the second axis.

41
Date of Search: Month 30, 2017
Searcher’s Name: Mark Jason G. Lastimosa

Search String: Metal Sensor

IPC: G01V 3/11

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 1,003 31,311 671 0

Search String: IR Sensor

IPC: H04N 5/3745

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 702 102,669 8011 0

Search String: Waste Samples

IPC: G09F 5/04

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 24 250,822 215 0

42
Documents Considered Relevant

No. Patent No. Title Date Filed

1 WO2017015998 Sensor, method for analysing mea- Feb. 02, 2017

(A1) surement signal of sensor, and
method for detecting object

2 WO2017002698 Metal detection sensor and metal de- Jan. 01, 2017
(A1) tection method using same

3 US2017003172 Infrared thermal sensor with beam May 01, 2017

(A1) without thermocouple

4 KR101226160 The disposal plant for organic waste Jan. 24, 2013
(B1) such as sludge, and waste

5 JP2013066890 Catalytic adsorbent obtained from April 18, 2013

(A) municipal sludge, industrial sludge,
compost and tobacco waste and pro-
cess for their production

Claims in Relevant Documents

1. Title: Sensor, method for analysing measurement signal of sensor, and method
for detecting object
Inventor: Jiang Hongzhou
Summary of Claims:

The metal sensor has at least one transmission coil and at least one
receiving coil system inductively coupled to each other, wherein the re-
ceiving coil system comprises at least one first receiving coil and at least
one second receiving coil located in a same plane, the transmission coil
forms a projection on the plane; an area formed by the first receiving coil

43
 on the plane contains the projection; and an area formed by the second
receiving coil on the plane is arranged around the projection. The re-
ceiving coils are arranged to have the same winding direction, produce
induction with a second magnetic field generated by a target metal ob-
ject, and generate induced voltages superimposed on one another on
the receiving coils. The present invention can improve the sensitivity to
a target object, and will not form a blind zone for measurement, which
significantly improves the measurement accuracy.

2. Title: Metal detection sensor and metal detection method using same
Inventors: Takashi Taro and Tada Mitsuo
Summary of Claims:

The metal detection sensor for detecting a metal included in an inspec-

tion object moving on a path, includes: magnets, which generate static
magnetic fields; and a coil which detects a magnetic field generated by
the metal. The magnets are positioned outside the coil relative to the
axial direction of the coil. The coil is positioned outside the magnets,
relative to the axial direction connecting the N pole and the S pole of
each of the magnets. The magnets are opposed to the coil 30.

3. Title: Infrared thermal sensor with beam without thermocouple

Inventors: Maes Ben, Van Buggenhout Carl, and Van Der Wiel Appolonius
Jacobus
Summary of Claims:

An infrared thermal sensor for sensing infrared radiation is disclosed.

The infrared thermal sensor comprises a substance and a cap structure
together forming a sealed cavity, a membrane arranged in said cavity
for receiving infrared radiation(IR) through a window and a plurality of

44
 beams for suspending the membrane. At least one beam has a thermo-
couple arranged therein for measuring a temperature difference(T) be-
tween the membrane and the substance, the plurality of beams. Thus,
at least one beam is mechanically supporting the membrane without a
thermocouple being present therein.

4. Title: The disposal plant for organic waste such as sludge, and waste
Inventor: Kim Sang Mook
Summary of Claims:

A disposal apparatus and method for pressurized thermal hydrolysis of

organic waste such as sludge and waste are provided to decrease the
energy dissipation of boiler when heating additionally by the supply of
vapor of high heat and pressure from the second reactor, and preheating
samples entered to the second reactor with vapor of high heat and pres-
sure ejected from the first reactor. A disposal apparatus and method for
pressurized thermal hydrolysis of organic comprise the following steps.
The first samples are added to the first reactor and the second reactor,
and the vapor from the steam generator is supplied to the first reactor
to heat. It is pressurized while heated. The reaction occurs with pres-
surization. After the reaction, thermal hydrolysis is processed during the
ejection of vapor. In the step of exhausting vapor of the process step
of the first reactor, vapor of high pressure of high heat is exhausted to
inflow vent from the first preheat while the first sample is putted into the
second reactor. Thereafter, the vapor of high heat and high pressure is
added to the second reactor through the steam generator.

5. Title: Catalytic adsorbent obtained from municipal sludge, industrial sludge,

compost and tobacco waste and process for their production

45
Inventor: Bandosz Tereza J
Summary of Claims:

The industrial waste derived adsorbents are obtained by pyrolysis of

sewage sludge, metal sludge, waste oil sludge and tobacco waste in
some combination. The materials are used as media to remove hydro-
gen sulfide at room temperature in the presence of moisture. The initial
and exhausted adsorbents after the breakthrough tests are character-
ized using sorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, XRD, ICP, and surface
pH measurements. Mixing tobacco and sludges result in a strong syn-
ergy enhancing the catalytic properties of adsorbents. During pyrolysis
new mineral phases are formed as a result of solid state reaction be-
tween the components of the sludges. High temperature of pyrolysis is
beneficial for the adsorbents due to the enhanced activation of carbona-
ceous phase and chemical stabilization of inorganic phase.

46
Date of Search: March 06, 2017
Searcher’s Name: Romar Ray V. Mojado

Search String: Capacitive Sensor

IPC: G06F3

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 5627 10349 0 13010

Search String: Inductive Sensor

IPC: G01R1

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 1593 3072 0 5255

Search String: Cellular Communication

IPC: H04L5

Database Espacenet Patentscope USPTO IPOPHL

No. of Results 237095 68619 5710 0

47
Documents Considered Relevant

No. Patent No. Title Date Filed

1 WO2016112781 Electronic device, and capacitive July 21, 2016

(A1) sensing system thereof, and detec-
tion method for capacitive sensing
system

2 WO2012093123 Sensor device and method for capac- July 12, 2012
(A1) itive approximation detection

3 US2017003237 Inductive conductivity sensor for January 5,

(A1) measuring the specific electrical con- 2017
ductivity of a medium

4 US9489018 Input detection system for a portable November 8,

(B2) detection device 2016

5 CN105306690 Method and apparatus for processing February 3,

(A) communication message 2016

Claims in Relevant Documents

1. Title: Electronic device, and capacitive sensing system thereof, and detection
method for capacitive sensing system
Inventor: Lui Xeunchun
Summary of Claims:

A capacitive detector circuit and a sensor plate are used for the sens-
ing system. A signal transmission end and ground ends are present
in the capacitance detector circuit. The capacitance detection circuit is
used to provide the first excitation signal to the sensor plate by means
of the signal transmission end to drive the sensor plate and to execute

48
 a sensing operation, while the ground end of the capacitance detection
circuit is used to load the first modulation signal. The first excitation sig-
nal is changing according to the changes in the first modulation signal.
The sensing operation is executed using the sensor plate for capacitive
coupling to the target object.

2. Title: Sensor device and method for capacitive approximation detection

Inventor: Burger Stefan
Summary of Claims:

The invention is related to a capacitive sensor device and also relates to

a method for the approximation detection of an object with a capacitive
sensor device. The same as an electrode system with a first transmitting
electrode and a first reception electrode. The first transmitting electrode
can be brought into capacitive coupling with the first reception electrode,
and a second transmitting electrode can be brought into capacitive cou-
pling with the second reception electrode. A signal generator for feed-
ing the first transmitting electrode with a first electric alternating signal
and the second transmitting electrode with a second electric alternating
signal, and a signal processing device, which is coupled with the first
reception electrode and with the second reception electrode, and which
is adapted to form a first measurement variable from the difference be-
tween a first electric value tapped at the first reception electrode and a
second electric value tapped at the second reception electrode.

49
3. Title: Inductive conductivity sensor for measuring the specific electrical con-
ductivity of a medium
Inventor: Pechstein Torsten
Summary of Claims:

The invention used a method for measuring the specific electrical con-
ductivity of a medium and inductive conductivity sensor that forms as a
transmitting coil that is fed by means of an input signal that is coupled
with a transmitting coil using a medium and a receiving coil which deliv-
ers an output signal that measures the conductivity of the medium. This
surrounds the transmitting coil and the receiving coil that acts as a hous-
ing that is intended for immersion in the medium and in at least one area,
and whose housing wall surrounds the transmitting coil and the receiving
coil. The housing section includes a first electrically conductive contact
that is intended for contact with the medium and a second electrically
conductive contact intended for contact with the medium. The conduc-
tivity sensor includes an electrically conductive conductor. The first con-
tact is connected with the second contact via the conductor, wherein the
conductor and the electrically conductive contacts are so embodied that
they form an ionic conduction path of the medium with a closed electrical
current path around the transmitting coil and the receiving coil.

4. Title: Input detection system for a portable detection device

Inventors: Gettemy Shawn R and Wong Yoon Kean
Summary of Claims:

The invention is a proximity input detection system for an electronic de-

vice. The invention utilizes an inductive field sensor to detect a change
in a magnetic field when an input device with a coil is within the thresh-

50
 old. The capacitive sensor can be used as a signal to activate the device
if a user picks it up and allows user inputs to be detected without actu-
ally touching the electronic device. The invention utilizes a capacitive
sensor which can locate the position of an electrically conductive object
which is within the threshold and it can also be used to detect input-
s through intervening non-metallic layers such as a protective cover or
another display of the device without using additional sensors.

5. Title: Method and apparatus for processing communication message

Inventors: Cui Yongbiao, Lui-Hua Yijun, and Chen Tao
Summary of Claims:

The invention shows a method and apparatus for processing a com-

munication message that is covered in computer technology field. The
method is the following steps: obtain a distance between a target ter-
minal and a bound wearable device when the distance between the tar-
get terminal and the wearable device exceeds the distance threshold;
switched the target terminal to an auto-reply mode; and when detected,
the communication message is received in a first application program
in the automatic reply mode; controlling the first application program to
send a preset reply message to an initiator of the communication mes-
sage.

51
 Appendix B

ADVISER’S ACCEPTANCE

52
 Appendix C

TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES

Month, S.Y. 2016 – 2017

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
task A
task B
task C
task D
task E
task F
task G

Month, S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Jun July Aug Sept Oct
task H
task I
task J
task K
task L
task M
task N

Month, S.Y. 2017 – 2018

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
task O
task P
task Q
task R
task S
task T

53
Task Task Description De Leon Lastimosa Mojado

A Research Possible Topics

B Planning for Research Topic

C Finalization and Approval of Research Topic

D Preliminary Documentation

E Determination of System Operation

F Determination of Components

G Preparation for Research Proposal

H Canvassing and Acquisition of Components

I Circuit Design

J Circuit Building

K System Coding

L Hardware Implementation

M Experiments

N Preparation for Experimentation Hearing

O Re-designing Project

P Design Finalization

Q Additional Experiments

R Final Testing

S Documentation

T Preparation for Final Hearing

54
 Appendix D

RESEARCH BUDGET

Qty Item Description Unit Price (Php) Cost Price (Php)

8 Servo Motor 396.00 3,168.00
3 Male-Male Wire 149.00 447.00
3 1000uF Capacitor 8.00 24.00
4 10k Resistor 0.50 2.00
5 LASER 20.00 100.00
2 Female-Header 16.00 32.00
1 Arduino Mega 1,095.00 1,095.00
1 Male-Female 149.00 149.00
1 Female-Female 149.00 149.00
1 LED (Red) 4.00 4.00
2 TxRx LED 29.00 58.00
4 1k Resistor 0.50 2.00
1 GSM Shield 1,356.00 1,356.00
3 Ultrasonic HC SR04 139.00 417.00
2 Proximity Inductive 329.00 658.00
6 LDR (5 mm) 20.00 120.00
1 Switch 10.00 10.00
1 Globe Sim Card 60.00 60.00
1 Globe Regular Load 23.00 23.00
6 1/2×1/2 Angle Bar 57.00 342.00
3 3/4×3/4 Angle Bar 106.00 319.00
100 Blind Rivets 0.70 70.00
1 Pioneer Non Sag Epoxy Pint 329.00 329.00
1 USB Cable 30.00 30.00
1 Lotus Blind Rivets 82.00 82.00
1 Glue Gun 190.00 190.00
2 Swivel Wheel 30.00 60.00
5 Hinges 6.50 32.50
1 GI Corr 174.00 174.00

55
Qty Item Description Unit Price (Php) Cost Price (Php)
1 PCB 20.00 20.00
1 Ferric Chloride 35.00 35.00
9 Stranded Wire 3.00 27.00
16 Hook-up Wire 5.00 80.00
2 Soldering Lead 20.00 40.00
4 1/4 W Resistor 0.50 2.00
1 Wood Glue 99.75 99.75
3 Tiles 13.80 41.40
1 Blind Rivets Hausmann 58.00 58.00
10 BC547 transistor 5.00 50.00
8 10 k resistor 0.50 4.00
1 Stranded wire 5.00 5.00
1 PCB (universal) 25.00 25.00
1/4 Paint (White) 45.00 45.00
1 Paint (Neon Green) 150.00 150.00
1 Paint roller 40.00 40.00
1/4 Coat saver red oxide 40.00 40.00
1 Blind Rivets 25.00 25.00
1 Aluminum Sheet 202.00 202.00
1 Plywood 225.00 225.00
1 Paint thinner 25.00 25.00
1 Mini paint roller 40.00 40.00
1 Blink Rivets 80.00 80.00
1 Glue Sticks 42.00 42.00
2 Spray Paint 165.75 233.00
4 Vinyl Tiles 13.80 55.20
1 Drill bit 41.75 41.75
4 Swivel Wheel 30.00 120.00
2 Blind Rivets 27.75 55.50
3 Lotus Spray Paint 99.00 297.00
3 Weber Spray Paint 81.20 243.60
2 Sand paper 15.00 30.00
1 Riveter 270.00 270.00
TOTAL COST 12,249.70

56
 Appendix E

PLAGIARISM CHECK REPORT

57
58
59
60
 Appendix F

CURRICULUM VITAE

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name: McAldryc Rohner B. De Leon

Address: RSBS Bldg. 5 Dr. 6, Mactan Airbase, Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines,

6015

Telephone Number: 063 - 238 - 3768

Cell Phone Number: 09950330269

Email: dryx6597@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: June 05, 1997

Place of Birth: Batangas City, Philippines
Citizenship: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College
Cebu Institute of Technology University
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
March 2018

High School
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
Address
March 2013

61
WORK EXPERIENCE

KAM Engineering & Electronic Works

# 43 Fairlane Village, Guadalupe, Cebu City, Philippines, 6000
On-The-Job-Trainee
Technical Support
April-June 2017

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION

Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP) CIT-U Chap-

ter
Member
2015-2018

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

Skills: Basic Soldering and PCB Designing, Electronic Circuit Troubleshoot-

ing, Assembly Programming

Software: Arduino, C++

Languages: Language 1 - Filipino, Language 2 - Cebuano, Language 3 -

English

62
CONTACT INFORMATION
Name: Mark Jason G. Lastimosa
Address: North Poblacion San Fernando, Cebu, Philippines, 6018
Telephone Number: 488-95-74
Cell Phone Number: 09052969659
Email: marklastimosa3@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: June 03, 1996
Place of Birth: Cebu City, Philippines
Citizenship: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College
Cebu Institute of Technology University
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
March 2018
High School
St. Catherine’s College
Carcar City, Cebu
March 2013

WORK EXPERIENCE
Taheio Cement Philippines Incorporated
South Poblacion, San Fernando, Cebu
On-The-Job-Trainee
Engineering Department Support
April-June 2017

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION
Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP) CIT-U Chap-
ter
Member
2015-2018

63
SKILLS AND INTERESTS

Skills: Basic Soldering, Electronic Circuit Troubleshooting

Languages: language 1 - Cebuano, Language 2 - Filipino, Language 3 -

English

64
CONTACT INFORMATION
Name: Romar Ray V. Mojado
Address: Laguna Drive Basak Pardo, Cebu City, Philippines, 6000
Cell Phone Number: 09260478864
Email: irayzion@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: February 14, 1995
Place of Birth: Villaba Leyte, Philippines
Citizenship: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College
Cebu Institute of Technology University
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
March 2013
High School
Eastern Bacoor National High School
Address
Queen’s Row Bacoor Cavite Month 2012

WORK EXPERIENCE
Oppo Electronics Corporation
P.Sulco, Mandaue City, Cebu
On-The-Job-Trainee
Technical Support
April-June 2017

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

Skills: Circuit Designing, Visual Arts and Designing, PCB Designing, Circuit
Designing, and Technical Electronics Skills
Software: Arduino IDE, MPLab IDE, and C++
Languages: Language 1 - Filipino, Language 2 - Cebuano, Language 3 -
English

65