WASTE SEGREGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO UNO R3

STACARLSONLAUS PEHUS

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 WASTE SEGREGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO UNO R3

STACARLSONLAUS PEHUS

This report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of Diploma of Electronics with Honours

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

JUNE 2022
 DECLARATION

I declare that this report entitled “𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑈𝑁𝑂 𝑅3” is

the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references.

Signature : …………………………………

Author : Stacarlsonlaus Pehus

Date : 24 JUNE 2022

 APPROVAL

I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms

of scope and quality for the award of Diploma of Electronics with Honours.

Signature : …………………………………

Supervisor Name : Ts. Azahari Bin Salleh

Date : 24 JUNE 2022

 DEDICATION

To my beloved Father and Mother

Pehus Bin Dolinting and Lenis Binti Bailun,

My dedicated lecturers,

And my supportive friends

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ABSTRACT

In today’s era of advanced technology and network connections, nowadays waste is a

common problem for everyone and needs to be sorted out to avoid certain circumstances from

occurring frequently. Therefore, the development of a system that can sort out waste is an

effective way of dealing with the problem being faced. Nowadays, waste are always getting

thrown into one big pile into one big bin and always being sorted out manually without the help

of a separating system in a common household. Therefore, in order to elevate this scenario of

piling up different waste of different kinds into one big compartment of a waste bin, is to create

a system that can help segregate waste automatically with the aid of microcontroller devices

and sensors. In order to create the certain system, the system is embedded with sensors that can

detect the type of waste that is being disposed such as wet, dry and metal based waste. After

sensors have detected on what type of waste, the microcontroller device will send a signal to

operate a servo motor that turns according to the degree it is programed and operates a platform

that has three waste bins on it. Therefore, this system is an effective way of sorting out waste

of different kinds to avoid common environmental pollution from happening.

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ABSTRAK

Dalam era teknologi canggih dan sambungan rangkaian hari ini, pada masa kini

pengurusan sisa pembuangan adalah masalah biasa bagi semua orang dan perlu diselesaikan

untuk mengelakkan keadaan tertentu daripada kerap berlaku. Oleh itu, pembinaan sistem

yang boleh menyelesaikan masalah sisa pembuangan adalah satu cara yang berkesan untuk

menangani masalah yang dihadapi. Pada masa kini, sisa sentiasa dibuang ke dalam satu

longgokan besar ke dalam satu tong besar dan sentiasa diasingkan secara manual tanpa

bantuan sistem pengasingan dalam rumah biasa. Oleh itu, untuk meningkatkan senario

pengumpulan sisa yang berbeza dari jenis yang berbeza ke dalam satu ruang besar tong

sampah, adalah untuk mewujudkan satu sistem yang boleh membantu mengasingkan sisa

secara automatik dengan bantuan peranti mikropengawal dan sensor. Bagi mewujudkan

sistem tertentu, sistem tersebut dilengkapi dengan penderia yang dapat mengesan jenis sisa

yang dibuang seperti sisa basah, kering dan berasaskan besi. Selepas penderia telah mengesan

jenis sisa, peranti mikropengawal akan menghantar isyarat untuk mengendalikan motor servo

yang berputar mengikut tahap ia diprogramkan dan mengendalikan platform yang mempunyai

tiga tong sampah di atasnya. Oleh itu, sistem ini adalah cara yang berkesan untuk
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mengasingkan sisa pelbagai jenis untuk mengelakkan pencemaran alam sekitar yang biasa

berlaku.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor, Ts. Azahari

Bin Salleh, for his reprimand, guidance and constant supervision on me which allows me to

complete my diploma project successfully where it has achieved the objective of the project.

He has always been open on sharing ideas relating to the project and giving information that

helped me through building progression on this project.

Next to him are my parents, whom I am greatly indebted for giving me an opportunity

to live and breathe in this beautiful world and also helped me shape my overall life and

personality with positive values. Nobody has been more important to me in the chase of

completing this project than my family members, they are my ultimate role models.

In addition, I would like to give millions of thanks to my friends for their support and

suggestions throughout completing this diploma project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration i

Approval i

Dedication i

Abstract ii

Abstrak ii-iv

Acknowledgements v

Table of Contents vi-viii

List of Figures ixx-x

List of Symbols and Abbreviations xi

List of Appendices xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2-3

1.3 Objectives 3
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1.4 Scope of Project 3

1.5 Chapter Outline 4

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND STUDY 5

2.1 Waste Segregation 6-7

2.2 Previous Studies on Waste Segregation comparison with Proposed Project 8-11

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 Project Overview 13

3.2 Arrangement of Circuit and Components 14

3.3 Preparation of Project 15

3.4 Components of Project 15-18

3.4.1 Arduino UNO 16

3.4.2 Servo Motor 17

3.4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor 18

3.4.4 Inductive Proximity Sensor 19

3.4.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 20

3.5 Components Placement and Hardware Troubleshooting 21

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3.5.1 Component Placement on Breadboard 21

3.5.2 Hardware Troubleshooting 22-23

3.6 PCB Layout and Fabrication 24-26

3.7 Project Working Procedure 27

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

4.1 Circuit Operation 29

4.1.1 Circuit connection for Waste Segregation System 29

4.2 Segregation System Functionality 30-31

4.3 Prototype 32

4.4 Discussion 32-33

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 34

5.1 Conclusion 31

5.2 Future Recommendations 32

REFERENCES 33-34

APPENDICES 35-37
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Project methodology on Project progress 13

Figure 3.2 Component arrangements 14

Figure 3.3 Arduino UNO 16

Figure 3.4 Servo Motor 16

Figure 3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor Figure 17

Figure 3.6 Inductive Proximity Sensor 18

Figure 3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 18

Figure 3.8 Components connection with Arduino UNO on Breadboard 19

Figure 3.9 Metal sensor test 20

Figure 3.10 Ultrasonic sensor test 21

Figure 3.11 Soil Moisture Sensor test 21

Figure 3.12 PCB Layout for printing Waste Segregation system 23

Figure 3.13 PCB layout design for the system 23

Figure 3.14 Finished Fabricated PCB 24

Figure 3.15 Flowchart of waste segregation system 25

Figure 4.2 Circuit Connection for the Waste Segregation System 27

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Figure 4.3 Turns 0 degree for Plastic Waste 28

Figure 4.4 Turns 90 degree for Wet Waste 29

Figure 4.5 Turns 180 degree for Metal Waste 29

Figure 4.6. Final Prototype 30

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

PCB : Printed Circuit Board

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Arduino Coding For Waste Segregation System 12

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In this era of modern technology and communications, the environment is easily polluted

with waste of different kinds, eventhough it is compiled into one spot, it is still a major problem

where mix of waste still can cause a lot of bad things. Therefore, a waste segregation system is

needed to sort out this types of problem. A waste segregation system is a system that can

separate waste automatically and easily into special compartments for each type of waste. As

an example, for this project, the waste will be separated into 3 types such as wet, plastic and

metal waste. This type of system can ease and increase awareness of consumers where it can

separate waste to its types.

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Moreover, common problems can be caused by mixing waste such as recyclable items are

mixed with non-recyclable items. If we mix these types of waste together, it is a burdensome

for labourers that collect the waste from homes, where they need to cut open the waste bag and

sort it out manually. In this case, it will take a lot of time and space to do these type of works.

Therefore, sorting waste must be done with the help of a segregator system.

In addition, other than mixing recyclable and non-recyclable waste, mixture of wet and dry,

metal waste can lead to some environmental pollution. When these pollution occurs, it can

bring disadvantage to the area that contains the waste. As an example, it can lead to land and

air pollution where landfills can be caused and foul smell emitted by the waste itself.

In conclusion, a waste segregation system is proposed in this project. This waste segregation

system can be a benefit on sorting out the scenarios given. This system is developed to be

sustainable and to sort out problems involving waste management in segregating waste.

1.2 Problem Statement

The main problem of certain areas such as a neighborhood is the waste materials

management. The system of waste management nowadays are quite inefficient due to lack of

waste sorting. For example, wet, dry and metal waste are mixed into one garbage bin and can

cause an overload which can give impact such as pollution, unhealthy environment and also

impact human health[7]. Otherwise, the normal or traditional way of waste sorting and

management acquires a lot of energy and time consumption and will also cost a ton.
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Moreover, continuing with the main problem, it can cause diseases such as diarrhea and

malaria. Where viruses can thrive and live in such conditions because it can live on surfaces

on a long duration

Thus, this problem can be sorted out by developing a system that can help on sorting and

separating waste to its type.

1.3 Objectives

This project has been proposed to achieve the following objectives:

i. To develop a prototype of a waste segregation system using Arduino UNO

microcontroller.

1.4 Scope of Project

(a)Waste Segregation System – Sorting and separating system of different waste types

to make recycling and proper disposal easier is known as waste segregation. Correct

waste sorting can help your business save money. The type of trash should be the basis

for waste segregation. the best possible handling and disposal.

(b) Hardware part – sensors used as input to detect waste of different kind and servo

motor to operate the system of a moving platform with waste bins. The sensors that are

embedded in the systems are, ultrasonic sensor, inductive proximity sensor and soil

moisture sensor. In order to get an input from the sensors, Arduino UNO R3 is

programmed to control the system and send and output to the servo motor.

(c)Software part – Program design using Arduino IDE, where to design a system for

the waste segregation system.

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1.5 Chapter Outline

Design and develop a waste segregation system using Arduino UNO R3

Microcontroller as a system to ease consumers from manually sorting waste by its type.

Chapter 1: This section will provide a brief overview of the project. Some explanations

on how an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller was used to construct a trash segregation

system. This chapter will clearly clarify the issue description, objectives, project scope,

and project outline for the entire project.

Chapter 2: This chapter will address relevant sources or articles for the project. Many

sources of research are used throughout the project, where research is done before,

during, and after the project is completed, and details about the project are known and

can be understood briefly.

Chapter 3: The steps involved in completing the project will be discussed in this

chapter. The design of a waste segregation system utilising Arduino UNO R3 involves

numerous steps. This section contains the project flowchart, methodology, and

hardware explanation for this project.

Chapter 4: This section will display the results that have been received throughout the

semester. This section will also cover the project's outcome, as well as the finished

prototype, based on the troubleshooting of the project on a breadboard.

Chapter 5: The final chapter summarises the entire project and the results collected.

Future enhancements that can be made to the project have been listed in order to address

the project's flaws and limits.

 CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND STUDY

This chapter will discuss on sources and articles that are related to the project. There

are many sources done before and from there, this project can be done and understood clearly

and briefly.
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2.1 Waste segregation

The process of sorting rubbish involves dividing it into many components. Waste can

be manually sorted at home and collected via curbside collection programmes, or it can be

automatically separated at facilities for materials recovery or mechanical biological treatment

systems. In the history of garbage sorting, hand sorting was the first technique adopted. In a

civic amenities site, waste can also be sorted.

To separate garbage into dry and wet components is to "segregate" it. Dry waste

consists of metals, glass, and wood-related materials. Wet waste generally refers to organic

garbage that is usually produced by restaurants and is heavy owing to moisture. Waste sorting

and waste segregation are distinct processes. The categorization of garbage into separate groups

is known as waste segregation. At the time of disposal or collection, each type of trash is placed

in its corresponding category; sorting, however, takes place afterwards. Waste separation

guarantees pure, high-quality materials. On the other side, sorting will result in the production

of inferior, impure materials.

Waste segregation is a crucial step in the waste management process because it enables

efficient Reuse, Recycling, and Recovery (RRR). Unfortunately, it has not received much

attention and is often used informally in poor nations (DC). It is also impacted by a lack of

understanding, lax enforcement of regulations, a lack of financial incentive, and low planning

priority. In the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam's Kimara Ward, this study was carried out. In

order to determine the potential for RRR as well as the underlying variables that are connected

to the community perspectives and strategies for enhancing RRR, it used interviews, home

surveys, and waste measurements. The generation rate was 0.53 kg/Cap, according to the
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results. Food waste made up more than 60% of the composition by weight on any given day.

The survey also showed that recycling and reuse of plastics, electronics, and metals are done

on a less formal basis, and that the selling chain is made up of households, waste collectors,

recycling facilities, and then companies. The likelihood of RRR was determined to be high, but

it is constrained by a lack of facilities, ineffective policy enforcement, a lack of awareness, and

a lack of methods for its promotion. The availability of trash segregation facilities and financial

benefits to the community from recycling businesses could promote RRR, according to

community perceptions of what should be done to improve segregation. Some of the suggested

policy solutions include the creation of formalisation and mainstreaming RRR into training

programmes and suitable enforcement mechanisms.

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2.2 Previous Studies on Waste Segregation comparison with Proposed Project

The collection of trash from homes, businesses, and other locations is done on a daily

basis, which is a poor management strategy. Garbage bins are not cleaned as necessary. In

India, approximately 1.3 pounds of trash are produced per person year, according to a recent

survey. More than 377 million people live in cities in developing nations. Each year, they

produce more than 62 million tonnes of municipal solid trash. The municipality only collects

43 million tonnes of garbage out of these totals. Due to poor garbage bin management, the

remainder of the rubbish is left lying around in the streets. The old-fashioned method of

manually keeping an eye on the trash cans requires more human labour, time, and money. The

current system lacks adequate planning for rubbish collection, which renders the city or town

unsanitary.

Moreover, there are also previous studies done on waste segregation in this country,

Malaysia. The amount of garbage generated globally was thought to have climbed alarmingly

between 1997 and 2007, growing from 5.6 million tonnes to 7.65 million tonnes, or 28 percent,

over those two years. Additionally, it is anticipated that it would increase even further, peaking

at 14 million tonnes by 2022 (Harian Metro, 2021). The evaluation found that 33 percent of the

total municipal solid garbage collected had been treated excessively inadvertently, leading to a

variety of environmental concerns (Struk, 2017). An analysis carried out by Daniel and Perinaz

\s(2012) revealed that the quantity of solid waste produced by nations in East Asia and the

\sPacific Region, such as Malaysia, amounts to roughly 270 million tonnes per year on average.

The amount of waste produced is anticipated to increase significantly over the coming

years along with the continuous growth in population and development. According to Moh and
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Abd Manaf (2017), Malaysians recycled just about 24.6% of their waste in 2017, which is less

than the average rate for the world.

There are many factors that can be compared on the existing system and proposed

system in this project. One of the factors are on attitudes and waste separation behaviours.

One's belief regarding whether a specific behaviour has an impact on his or her quality of life,

whether positively or negatively, is portrayed in the attitude when it comes to acts or

behavioural characteristics. Positive and negative attitudes can be used to categorise attitudes,

according to Ajzen (1991). It is first and foremost concerned with the individual's emotions,

followed by the individual's awareness of his or her own behaviour. It is crucial to take one's

attitude into account when assessing individual behaviour because the notion of compatibility

states that certain attitudes might have a positive influence on how a person performs the related

behaviour (Conner & Armitage, 1998). Understanding the concept of compatibility is required

in order to distinguish between attitudes and behaviour. Attitudes are better indicators of

behaviour when the measures of those attitudes are representative of the person's anticipated

behaviour. A person will have a strong desire to engage in the behaviour under discussion when

their attitude toward the behaviour and their subjective norms are both strong (Lam et al., 2003;

Oteng-Peprah et al., 2020). If a person wants to be devoted to their efforts, their attitude toward

pro-environmental behaviour, such as garbage separation, must be positive and supportive of

their efforts (Razali et al., 2020; Alhassanet al., 2020).

Moreover, are the subjective standards of the behavior, where everything that surrounds

a person is taken into account in the subjective norm element, including social norms, peer

pressure, cultural expectations, and group perspectives (Fornara et al.,2011). When people may

engage in inappropriate behaviour with the support of their social peers, social pressure is a
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factor that shapes behaviour. Below, this factor is discussed in more detail (Wang et al., 2014).

Social norms define a subjective norm as a social standard that takes into account general public

barriers including a lack of awareness, motivation, and influences in order to understand

municipal solid waste minimization through social norms (Maycox, 2003). The most important

people in a person's life, according to Ajzen (1991), are their family, friends, neighbours, and

other locals. In their lifetimes, these individuals have the most social impact. The usefulness of

subjective norms and their important connection to waste separation behaviour are investigated

in this study[11] where waste are not managed carefully and in the correct way in certain areas

such as common residential areas.

In addition, Yuan et al. (2016) found that social influences from powerful people can

encourage or discourage individual behaviour in a variety of situations. Subjective norms and

attitudes are the most significant predictors of recycling behaviour, according to numerous

research, including one by Ramayah et al. (2012) conducted in a low-resource waste

management location. The results of earlier research indicate that social norms, which are

established by how others perceive or act toward recycling behaviour, have a substantial impact

on an individual's recycling behaviour (Bortoleto et al., 2012; Mondejar-Jimenezet al., 2016;

Razali as al., 2020). As a result, the subjective norm directly affects and expands the practise

of waste separation among families; on the other hand, the social norm offers positive role

models and encouragement for the activity.

Therefore, the comparison of the proposed system of the existing waste segregation

system and the segregation system in this project can give benefits and increase the data on

waste separation statistically. Where, the existing waste segregation system mostly depends on

the behavioral characteristics of a person to separate waste accordingly in a manual way where
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it takes a lot of time and space for an individual to do. So to solve it, in this project, it can

change the behavioral characteristics a bit for an individual where they do not need to separate

waste manually with the help of an automated waste segregation system. Where this

segregation system is equipped with sensors to help detect the waste type and the system itself

will operate a platform of which to sort out the waste by turning and placing the waste

compartment in front of them after using the sensors. Therefore, this system is a best way to

innovate the previous system of waste segregation.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodologies and techniques that were used to create the

Waste Segregation system. Furthermore, the tools and components utilised in this project are

described in greater detail, including their roles, advantages, and downsides, in order to

complete the project effectively. In addition, the prototype design process is demonstrated.
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3.1 Project Overview

The Figure 3.1 shows the process on how this project is planned and built from start

to finish in the given timeline of this diploma project.

Figure 3.1 Project methodology on Project progress

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3.2 Arrangement of Circuit and the Components

To build the circuit for the project, ensure that the right tools and equipment are already

prepared. In addition, in order to complete the project, all functions and steps for component

installation must be discovered and learned as shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Component arrangements

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3.3 Preparation of Project

The task must be accomplished in a specific order. The first stage is a literature review,

in which researchers do literature searches and examine any available materials related to the

project's theme. The information came from papers and websites. As a result, my supervisor

and I came up with the name of "Waste Segregation System Using Arduino UNO" for my

project. Aside from that, as shown in the list of processes for finishing the project's

comprehensive system below.

Process in completing the full system of the project included in other subtopics and chapters:

a. Components selection

b. Circuit connection design (Chapter 4)

c. Components placement on Breadboard

d. PCB Layout design

e. PCB Fabrication

f. Final component placement on prototype(Chapter 4)

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3.4 Components of Project

3.4.1 Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board designed by Arduino.cc and

based on the Microchip ATmega328P microprocessor as shown in Figure 3.3. The board has a

number of digital and analogue input/output (I/O) pins that can be used to connect to different

expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. It has become a quite popular board in the

Arduino Family because it is easy to use, understand and great for simple applications.

Figure 3.3 Arduino UNO

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3.4.2 Servo Motor

A servo motor is a rotary or linear actuator that provides for accurate angular or linear

position, velocity, and acceleration control as shown in Figure 3.4. It is made comprised of an

appropriate motor and a position feedback sensor. Servo motors are utilised in robotics, CNC

machines, and automated manufacturing, among other uses. The motor is controlled by an

analogue or digital electrical signal that determines the amount of movement that indicates the

shaft's final commanded position. Encoders are a sort of sensor that provides feedback on speed

and location. This circuit is incorporated right into the motor casing, which usually includes a

gear system.

Figure 3.4 Servo Motor

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3.4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor

Sensors that assess volumetric water content are commonly referred to as soil moisture

sensors as shown in Figure 3.5. Tensiometers and gypsum blocks are examples of sensors that

measure another feature of moisture in soils called water potential. These sensors are

commonly referred to as soil water potential sensors. The amount of water in the soil is

measured or estimated using soil moisture sensors. These sensors might be fixed or portable,

like handheld probes. Portable soil moisture probes can test soil moisture at many sites, whereas

stationary sensors are put at predetermined locations and depths in the field.

Figure 3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor

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3.4.4 Metal Sensor (Inductive Proximity Sensor)

An inductive proximity sensor is a sensing device that identifies metal targets without

touching them using electromagnetic radiation as shown in Figure 3.6. An inductive proximity

sensor's sensing range varies depending on the type of metal detected. An inductive proximity

sensor can work in wet or unclean situations since non-metallic things like dirt and moisture

do not interfere with detection. To generate a detecting zone, an inductive proximity sensor

creates an electromagnetic field. When a metal object in the sensor's vicinity disturbs the field

and reaches the Operate Point, the sensor detects it and turns on. When the target moves away

from the sensor and reaches the Release Point, the sensor turns off.

Figure 3.6 Inductive Proximity Sensor

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3.4.5 Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that uses ultrasonic sound waves to detect

the distance between a target item and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal as

shown in Figure 3.7. Ultrasonic waves travel quicker than audible sound waves). The

transmitter that of which generates sound using piezoelectric crystals, and the receiver are the

two primary components of ultrasonic sensors that encounters the sound after it has travelled

to and from the target.

Figure 3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor

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3.5 Components Placement and Hardware Troubleshooting

3.5.1 Component Placement on Breadboard

On placing and connecting the components of the project, to ensure that it is

correct, the identification of the wires from the sensors, servo and LCD need to be

identified in order to avoid any rookie mistakes from happening such as a short-circuit

connection. After connecting the components to the Arduino UNO board, the program

coding can be uploaded and tested. The Figure 3.8 shows how the components are

placed and connected using the breadboard.

Figure 3.8 Components connection with Arduino UNO on Breadboard

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3.5.2 Hardware Troubleshooting

Before completing the final product for the project, testing and troubleshooting

is a must do procedure in order to avoid mistakes from happening such as sensors not

working, wrong turning degree for the servo motor and LCD not displaying information

on what type of waste is being sensed and needed to be disposed. Therefore, after

assembling the components on the breadboard, proceed in testing the circuit and

identifying what needs to be fixed or adjusted in order to get the result that is needed.

The figure (Figure 3.9 – 3.11) shows the result intended on the LCD with the sensors

involved.

Figure 3.9 Metal sensor test

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Figure 3.10 Ultrasonic sensor test

Figure 3.11 Soil Moisture Sensor test

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3.6 PCB Layout and Fabrication

In order to complete the comprehensive system of this project, there are a few stages

that must be followed. Before translating the full circuit into a copper clad board, first prepare

the artwork using the proteus software and construct the schematic and PCB layout there. This

step is necessary to ensure that the entire system functions as intended and that no problems

arise while conducting on copper covered board. Before moving on to the next step in proteus,

check and ensure that all of the connections are correct.

Moreover, ensure that no wires cross with other wires and that all components are

positioned in the correct sequence according to the schematic circuit while creating the PCB

layout or ARES. The next step is to transfer ARES to the prepared boards and place it on the

UV exposure machine. We must press a few buttons on the UV exposure unit to get the machine

to work and transfer all of the circuit to the board. We must be careful not to leave any

fingerprints or scratches on the board while conducting the board because this can damage it.

Finally, the etching process completes all of the previous procedures.

This is the layout (in Figure 3.12) that has been designed from the Proteus software and also

the copper tracks that are ready to be printed in Figure 3.13 on a glossy transparent plastic

paper before moving on to transfer the tracks onto a UV Board.

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Figure 3.12 PCB Layout for printing Waste Segregation system

Figure 3.13 PCB layout design for the system

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To etch the board, soak it in the chemical mixture for a few minutes, or until the circuit

flow is visible. The board must next be thoroughly cleaned before being fed into the final

machine for heating, rolling, and spraying, which will remove all of the board's layers and turn

it into a yellow-colored board. Repeat these steps for a few cycles to make the board appear

attractive. Install all of the components when the etching is finished before moving on to the

next step, soldering, to remove the remaining ferric chloride from the board.

Use appropriate clothing and personal protection equipment (PPE) such as gloves, an

apron, and a board when carrying out all of these processes to prevent any injuries. The final

step is the soldering procedure. Make sure that all of the parts are placed correctly before

beginning. All of the component polarities need to be placed correctly based on the PCB layout

that we developed earlier. The soldering process can then proceed as usual, and for the

outcome, the entire board needs to be tested with a power source.

Figure 3.14 Finished Fabricated PCB

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3.7 Project Working Procedure

Based on the figure 3.15, it shows the flow of how the project’s system will function.
After the system is turned on, the LCD will show that it is ready for the waste to be detected
by the sensors. The sensors are used to detect waste of its type where metal sensor for metal
waste, soil moisture sensor for wet waste and ultrasonic sensor for plastic or normal dry waste.

Figure 3.15 Flowchart of waste segregation system

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will discuss about the performance of the Waste Segregation System Using

Arduino UNO. Regarding the project title, the results discussed here will be focusing on how

the system works and what will the outcome be after testing the prototype of the system. The

result have been recorded in order to comply all of the objectives. All the figures is recorded

with some discussions.

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4.1 Circuit Operation

4.1.1 Circuit connection for Waste Segregation System

This is the circuit connection that has been designed using Proteus software, the

inputs of the system are shown in the Figure 4.2. The Soil Moisture sensor will be

connected to the Arduino UNO on the 7th Digital Pin, the Ultrasonic sensor will be

connected to the 6th for Trigger pin and 5th for the Echo pin. As for the output, the servo

motor will be connected to the 8th pin, the LCD with I2C module will be connected to

A5 and A4 pin and the buzzer will be connected to the 3rd pin. The inductive proximity

sensor is not included in the current Proteus Software that is being used.

Figure 4.2 Circuit Connection for the Waste Segregation System

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4.2 Waste segregator system functionality

The overall result for testing the system using Proteus software was not working well

because of inefficient components such as the inductive proximity sensor which was not

included in the Proteus library. However for the hardware testing, all went well and the system

function as expectation. The sensors in figure 4.2 represent the waste detector for the system

where we detect the type of waste that will be disposed.

For the result, when detecting the type of waste that will be disposed on one of the

sensors, the sensor will detect the type of waste and the buzzer will indicate that the sensor is

functioning well. After the buzzer indicates, at the same time the servo motor will rotate

accordingly to the degree of the 3 waste bins provided for wet, metal, and plastic waste . as

shown in figure 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4. The LCD will also show on what the type of waste is being

disposed of which are metal, wet and plastic waste.

Figure 4.2. Turns 0 degree for Plastic Waste

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Figure 4.3 Turns 90 degree for Wet Waste

Figure 4.4 Turns 180 degree for Metal Waste

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4.3 Prototype

This is the final prototype of the system built which is the “Waste Segregation System

Using Arduino UNO” as shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5 Final Prototype

4.4 Discussion

The results that have been collected through this diploma project indicates that this

waste segregation system is useful for waste management sectors where it can be a product that

can change attitudes of consumers towards waste segregation. Moreover, It can contribute to

increase the reduction of environmental pollution from occurring easily where waste can be

separated into their respective compartments. Besides that, this system is also tested multiple

times and proven working very well on separating waste with the help of the sensors.
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This waste segregation system using Arduino UNO brings benefits to users, where

according to previous studies it has shown that from the existing waste segregation system

where waste are separated manually brings a bad impression on individuals that does the work.

Therefore, by building this waste segregation system that works automatically on separating

waste can bring a good image and change the attitude of users towards waste separation.

Moreover, the other benefits are, it can reduce pollution on the environment from

happening frequently. Where, according to studies when waste is piled up and not managed it

can lead to landfills happening and that is bad for the environment. By using the system, it can

reduce the piling of waste in one big place or location, where it can be stored into respective

waste compartments for wet, plastic and metal waste in order to avoid bad scenarios from

happening.

Last but not least, this system is embedded with sensors that can help ease users to

separate waste of different types. By using sensors in the system, the detection on what type of

waste is more accurate and can help the system to operate the correct way.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

5.1 Conclusion

The system built is a waste segregation system using Arduino UNO where it is

an automated waste segregation system embedded with sensors as a effective way to

manage waste has been designed and built. The improvement of the current waste

separation system in the factories has been built into small prototypes for household

appliance, it allows waste segregation to be done not only in the factory which processes

waste and recycles it but can be done in the home. By using sensors, it allows the

detection of different types of waste that can be disposed into different bins

automatically. Other than that, it shows that the system is applicable to average house
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waste bins in many locations in the house. Therefore, the system serves a purpose

where, it can ease users to be more aware of waste separation where if mixing waste of

unknown substance sometimes can lead to pollution. Moreover, this system has been

proven functioning by testing and troubleshooting it multiple times.

5.2 Future Recommendations

Some recommendations for the future research were suggested to develop and

enhance the existing system further.

(a) The waste segregation system can be improved by implementing IoT for

observation purposes where to observe the levels of each waste bin and send

notification’s to the user’s by message or Blynk notification of the waste levels.

(b) Adding conveyor belt and attaching sensors and more servo motors on the conveyor

belt to allow automatic separation of waste.

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REFERENCES

[1] What is an Arduino? - learn.sparkfun.com. (2014). Learn.Sparkfun.Com.

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino

[2] Waste segregation and potential for recycling -A case study in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania.

(2021, 14). Taylor & Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com

[3] Soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling. (2019). UMN Extension.

https://extension.umn.edu/irrigation/soil-moisture-sensors-irrigation-scheduling

[4] Sabhadiya, J. (2022, April 19). What is Servo Motor?- Definition, Working And Types.

Engineering Choice. https://www.engineeringchoice.com/servo-motor/

[5] Soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling. (2019). UMN Extension.

https://extension.umn.edu/irrigation/soil-moisture-sensors-irrigation-scheduling

[6] Davies, R. (2021, September 15). The Importance of Waste Segregation | Axil-IS Blog.

Axil Integrated Services. https://axil-is.com/waste-segregation/

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[7] Fadhullah, W. (2022, January 5). Household solid waste management practices and

perceptions among residents in the East Coast of Malaysia - BMC Public Health.

BioMed Central. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-

021-12274-7

[8] McPike, N. (2021, June 22). A Brief History of Waste Management. Commercial Zone

Products. https://www.commercialzone.com/a-brief-history-of-waste-management/

[9] World Bank Group. (2022, May 31). Solid Waste Management. World Bank.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-

management

[10] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, June 13). Waste sorting. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_sorting

[11] A Study on The Factors Influencing Waste Separation Among Households in Malaysia.

(2021). International Journal of Business and Technology Management.

https://doi.org/10.55057/ijbtm.2021.3.4.3
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APPENDICES

Appendix A : Arduino Coding For Waste Segregation System

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