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N3110 3 PDF
N3110 3 PDF
Vector Analysis
Contents
3.1 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.1.1 Equality of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.1.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.1.3 Position and Distance Vectors . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.1.4 Vector Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.1.5 Scalar and Vector Triple Products . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.2.1 Cartesian Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
3.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.2.3 Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
3.3 Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
3.3.1 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformations . . . . 3-25
3.3.2 Cartesian to Spherical Transformations . . . . . 3-26
3.3.3 Cylindrical to Spherical Transformations . . . . 3-27
3.3.4 Distance Between Two Points . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
3.4 Gradient of a Scalar Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
3.4.1 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31
3-1
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
3-2
3.1. BASIC LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
3-3
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
3
2
1 zˆ
yˆ
y
1 1 2 3
2 xˆ
3
x
(a) Base vectors
Az
A
Az
Ay
y
Ax Ar
x
(b) Components of A
Figure 3.1:Figure
Expressing
3-2 the A in termssystem:
vectorcoordinate
Cartesian the Cartesian
(a) base unit vec-
tors. vectors x̂, ŷ, and ẑ, and (b) components of vector A.
3-4
3.1. BASIC LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
CDACB
D xO .Ax C Bx / C yO .Ay C By / C zO .Az C Bz /;
thus Cx D Ax C Bx , etc.
C A
A C
B B
(a) Parallelogram rule (b) Head-to-tail rule
DDA B
D xO .Ax Bx / C yO .Ay By / C zO .Az Bz /;
thus Dx D Ax Bx , etc.
3-5
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
z2
P1 = (x1, y1, z1)
R1 R2
y1 y2
O y
x1
x2
x
Figure 3.3: The notion of the position vector−− →a point, P , R , and
to
Figure 3-4 Distance vector R12 = P1 P2 = R2 − Ri 1 , i
distancewhere
between, Pi and
R and Pj , the
R are Rij position
are vectors.
vectors of points P
1 2 1
and P2 , respectively.
Formally a position vector starts at the origin, so we use the
notation
!
Ri D OPi D xO xi C yO yi C zO zi
where xi , yi , and zi correspond to the point Pi D .xi ; yi ; zi /
3-6
3.1. BASIC LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
– scalar vector:
B D kA D element-by-element multiply by k
A B D AB cos AB
A A D jAj2 D A2
p
A D jAj D A A
A A D Ax Bx C Ay By C Az Bz
O
A B D nAB sin AB
nˆ B
θAB
y
x A
(a) Cross product
A×B
A
(b) Right-hand rule
Figure 3.4: The
Figure 3-6 cross product
Cross AA
product B×
andB the right-hand
points in the rule.
direction n̂, which is perpendicular to the plane
– containing
The crossAproduct is anticommuntative
and B and defined by the right-hand rule.
ABD BA
3-8
3.1. BASIC LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
A .B C C/ D A B C A C
Note:
A .B C/ ¤ .A B/ C/
3-9
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
3-10
3.1. BASIC LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
3-11
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
3-12
3.2. ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
−→
Position vector OP1 = x̂x1 + ŷy1 + ẑz1 , r̂r1 + ẑz1 , R̂R1 ,
for P(x1 , y1 , z1 ) for P(r1 , φ1 , z1 ) for P(R1 , θ1 , φ1 )
Base vectors properties x̂ · x̂ = ŷ · ŷ = ẑ · ẑ = 1 r̂ · r̂ = φ̂φ · φ̂
φ = ẑ · ẑ = 1 R̂ · R̂ = θ̂θ · θ̂θ = φ̂φ · φ̂φ = 1
x̂ · ŷ = ŷ · ẑ = ẑ · x̂ = 0 r̂ · φ̂φ = φ̂φ · ẑ = ẑ · r̂ = 0 θ = θ̂θ · φ̂φ = φ̂φ · R̂ = 0
R̂ · θ̂
× ŷ = ẑ
x̂× r̂× × φ̂φ = ẑ R̂× × θ̂θ = φ̂φ
× ẑ = x̂
ŷ× φ̂φ × ẑ = r̂ θ̂θ × φ̂φ = R̂
× x̂ = ŷ
ẑ× ẑ× × r̂ = φ̂φ φ̂φ × R̂ = θ̂θ
Dot product A·B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz Ar Br + Aφ Bφ + Az Bz AR BR + Aθ Bθ + Aφ Bφ
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 x̂ ŷ ẑ 4 4 r̂ φ̂φ ẑ 44 4 R̂ θ̂ θ φ̂φ 44
4 4 4 4
Cross product ×B =
A× 4 Ax Ay Az 4 4 Ar Aφ Az 4 4 AR Aθ Aφ 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 Bx By Bz 4 4 Br Bφ Bz 4 4 BR Bθ Bφ 4
The three systems are needed to best fit the problem geometry
at hand
3-13
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Differential Length
d l D xO d lx C yO d ly C zO d lz D xO dx C yO dy C zO dz
Differential Area
d sx D xO d ly d lz D xO dy dz (y z-plane)
d sy D xO dx dz (x z-plane)
d sz D xO dx dy (x y-plane)
Differential Volume
d V D dx dy dz
3-14
3.2. ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
z dsz = zˆ dx dy
dy
dx
dsy = yˆ dx dz
dz
dz
dl dv = dx dy dz
dsx = xˆ dy dz
dy
y
dx
x
Figure3-8
Figure 3.8: Differential
Differential length,
length, area,
area, and
and volume.
volume in
Cartesian coordinates.
3.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates
The cylindrical system is used for problems involving cylindri-
cal symmetry
It is composed of: (1) the radial distance r 2 Œ0; 1/, (2) the
azimuthal angle, 2 Œ0; 2/, and z 2 . 1; 1/, which can
be thought of as height
O and zO are mutually
As in the case of the Cartesian system, rO ; ,
perpendicular or orthogonal to each other, e.g., rO O D 0, etc.
rO O D zO ; O zO D rO ; zO rO D O
3-15
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
z = z1 plane
R1
r = r1 cylinder
O y
φ1 r1 zˆ
ˆ
φ φ = φ1 plane
rˆ
x
O C zO Az
A D aO jAj D rO Ar C A
3-16
3.2. ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
dz dsz = zˆ r dr dφ
r dφ dr
dsφ = ϕˆ dr dz
dz dv = r dr dφ dz
dsr = rˆ r dφ dz
O y
φ
r
x r dφ
dr
d lr D dr; d l D rd; d lz D dz
In the end
O
d l D rO dr C rd C zO dz
3-17
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
d sr D rO r d dz . z cylindrical surface/
d s D O dr dz .r z plane/
d sz D zO dr d .r plane/
d V D r dr dz
P1 = (0, 0, h)
aˆ
A
O y
φ0 r 0
P2 = (r0, φ0, 0)
3-19
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
ˆ
R
φ̂
P = (R1, θ1, φ1)
R1 θˆ
θ = θ1
conical θ1
surface
y
φ1
ˆ
φ
x
Figure 3.12:
FigureThe spherical
3-13 coordinate system showing a point P1
Point P(R1 , θ1 , φ1 ) in spherical coordi-
O
nates.vector R1 .
and position
It is composed of: (1) the radial distance r 2 Œ0; 1/, (2) the
azimuthal angle (same as cylindrical), 2 Œ0; 2/, and the
zenith angle 2 Œ0; , which is measured from the positive
z-axis
3-20
3.2. ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
The cross product of the unit vectors produces the cyclical re-
sult
O O D ;
R O O
O O D R; O D O
O R
Differential Quantities
The differential quantities are different yet again from the Cat-
estian and the cylindrical systems
3-21
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
In the end
O
d l D Rdr O
C Rd O sin dz
C R
Again the differential area is likely the most familiar from cal-
culus
d V D R2 sin dR d d
z
R sin θ dφ
dν = R2 sin θ dR dθ dφ
dR R dθ
R
θ
dθ
y
φ
dφ
x
Figure 3.13:3-14
Figure The spherical coordinate differential volume.
Differential volume in spherical coordi-
3-22
nates.
3.2. ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
v D 4 cos2 .C/m3/
3-23
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
TableTable
3.2: Coordinate transformations.
3-2 Coordinate transformation relations.
3-24
3.3. COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
P(x, y, z)
z
y
3
φ r
2
x = r cos φ
1
123
y = r sin φ
x
Figure 3.14: Cartesian and cylindrical variable relationships.
Figure 3-16 Interrelationships between Cartesian
coordinates (x, y, z) and cylindrical coordinates (r, φ , z).
y
ϕ ϕ̂
r
yˆ
ϕ rˆ
−ϕˆ
xˆ
x
Figure 3.15: Cartesian and cylindrical unit vector relationships.
Figure 3-17 Interrelationships between base vectors
φ).
(x̂, ŷ) and (r̂, φ̂ 3-25
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
p !
p
1 x2 C y2
RD x 2 C y 2 C z 2; D tan
z
y
1
D tan (watch the quadrants)
x
x D R sin cos ; y D R sin sin
z D R cos
z
θ
zˆ
ˆ
R
(π/2 – θ)
R r̂
θ
z = R cos θ
y
φ x = r cos φ
r
φ̂
y = r sin φ
rˆ
x
Figure 3.16: Cartesian and spherical variable and unit vector rela-
Figure 3-18 Interrelationships between (x, y, z) and
tionships.
(R, θ , φ ).
3-26
3.3. COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
3-27
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
@T @T @T
rT D grad T D xO C yO C zO
@x @y @z
d T D rT d l
D rT xO dx C yO dy C zO dz
@T @T @T
D dx C dy C dz
@x @y @z
3-28
3.4. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FIELD
Directional Derivative
In calculus you learn about the directional derivative
dT
D rT aO l
dl
as the derivative of T along aO , which is the unit vector of the
differential distance d dl D aO l d l
rT D xO 2x C yO 2yz C zO y 2
3-29
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Note that
l D xO 2 C yO 3 zO 2;
so
xO 2 C yO 3 zO 2
aO l D p
17
The directional derivative is
O O O
dT x 2 C y 3 z 2
D xO 2x C yO 2yz C zO y 2
p
dl 17
2
4x C 6yz 2y
D p ;
17
At the point .1; 1; 2/ we finally have
ˇ
d T ˇˇ 10
D p D 0:588
d l ˇ.1; 1;2/ 17
dT/dl
The point
(1, -1, 2)
dT/dl
3-30
3.4. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FIELD
O @ C O 1 @ C O
rDR
1 @
@R R @ R sin @
3-31
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
rV .1; 1; 2/ D xO 3 yO C zO 4
3-32
3.5. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD
the heated region just like the electric field from the Cq
charge
n̂
+q
Imaginary
spherical
surface
E
Figure 3.18: The electric field flux lines due to a point charge Cq
Figure 3-20 Flux lines of the electric field E due to a
O centered on the charge.
are normal to a sphere (n)
positive charge q.
E ds
Flux density of E D D E nO
jd sj
3-33
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
E
n̂4
E
(x, y + Δy, z) Δx
Face 4
Δz
E
Face 1 Face 2
n̂1 n̂2
Δy (x, y, z)
(x + Δx, y, z)
Face 3
y
(x, y, z + Δz)
nˆ 3 x
z
Figure 3.19: Detailing divergence by considering the flux exiting the
Figure 3-21 Flux lines of a vector field E passing
six facesthrough
of a differential cube (parallelpiped).
a differential rectangular parallelepiped of
volume ∆v = ∆x ∆y ∆z.
In the end we have
@Ex @Ey @Ez
I
E ds D C C D divE V
S @x @y @z
3-34
3.5. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD
Divergence Theorem
Moving forward into Chapter 4 we will quickly bump into the
divergence theorem, which states that
Z I
r E dV D E ds
V S
@3x 2 @2z @x 2z
r ED C C
@x @y @z
D 6x C 0 C x 2 D x 2 C 6x
3-35
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Out[50]=
3-36
3.5. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD
3-37
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
a = 10
3.0
2.5
2.0
θ
Out[64]= 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Figure 3.21: 2D vector field plot for a D 10 in just the R and axes
making the negative divergence at .5; 0; / clear.
3-38
3.5. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD
3-40
3.6. CURL OF A VECTOR FIELD
y
a d
Contour C
Δx Δx
b c
B
x
(a) Uniform field
Figure 3.24: A uniform field, B D xO B0 with circulation over C zero.
z
3-41
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Current I
φ̂
Contour C
y
φ r
B
For other coordinate systems consult the back page of the text
Stoke’s Theorem
Stoke’s theorem converts a surface integral of the curl to a line
integral of a vector along a contour C bounding surface S
Z I
r B ds D B dl
S C
3-43
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR ANALYSIS
2 @2V @2 V @2V
r V D C 2 C 2
@x 2 @y @z
3-44