TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2000

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS UNITS PREFIXES

Name Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1u = 1.66 × 10 −27 kg
= 931 MeV/c 2
meter m 10 9 giga G
−27
Proton mass, m p = 1.67 × 10 kg kilogram kg 6
10 mega M
Neutron mass, mn = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg 3
second s 10 kilo k
Electron mass, me = 9.11 × 10 −31 kg
ampere A 10 −2 centi c
Magnitude of the electron charge, e = 1.60 × 10 −19 C
−3
Avogadro’s number, N0 = 6.02 × 10 23 mol −1 kelvin K 10 milli m

R = 8.31 J / (mol ⋅ K )
−6
Universal gas constant, mole mol 10 micro µ
−23
Boltzmann’s constant, k B = 1.38 × 10 J/K hertz Hz 10 −9 nano n
Speed of light, c = 3.00 × 10 8 m / s −12
newton N 10 pico p
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
pascal Pa
= 4.14 × 10 −15 eV ⋅ s VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
joule J FOR COMMON ANGLES
hc = 1.99 × 10 −25 J ⋅ m
watt W θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
= 1.24 × 10 3 eV ⋅ nm
coulomb C o
Vacuum permittivity, ⑀ 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12 C 2 / N ⋅ m 2
0 0 1 0
volt V
Coulomb’s law constant, k = 1 / 4π ⑀ 0 = 9.0 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 / C 2 30o 1/2 3 /2 3 /3
ohm Ω
Vacuum permeability, µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 (T ⋅ m ) / A
henry H
Magnetic constant, k
= µ 0 / 4π = 10 −7 (T ⋅ m ) / A 37o 3/5 4/5 3/4
farad F
Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10 −11
m / kg ⋅ s
3 2

tesla T 45o 2 /2 2 /2 1
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 m / s 2
degree
Celsius o
C 53o 4/5 3/5 4/3
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm = 1.0 × 10 N / m
5 2

= 1.0 × 10 5 Pa electron-
−19
volt eV 60o 3 /2 1/2 3
1 electron volt, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10 J

90o 1 0 ∞
The following conventions are used in this examination.

I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.

II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).

III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.

IV. The work done by a thermodynamic system is defined as a positive quantity.

 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

u = u0 + at a = acceleration 1 q1q2 A= area
F =
F= force 4 p⑀ 0 r 2 B= magnetic field
1 2
x = x0 + u 0 t + at f = frequency C= capacitance
2 F
h = height E = d = distance
q
u 2 = u 0 2 + 2 a x − x0 0 5 J =
K=
impulse
kinetic energy UE = qV =
1 q1q2
E=
e=
electric field
emf
k = spring constant 4 p⑀ 0 r F= force
∑ F = Fnet = ma l= length I = current
V
m= mass E avg = − l= length
d
F fric ≤ mN N= normal force P= power
∑ rii
1 q
P= power V = Q= charge
u2 4 p⑀ 0
ac = p = momentum i q = point charge
r
r = radius or distance R= resistance
Q
t = rF sin q s = displacement C = r = distance
V
T= period t = time
p = mv t = time ⑀0 A U= potential (stored) energy
C =
U= potential energy d V= electric potential or
J = FDt = Dp u= velocity or speed 1 1 potential difference
Uc = QV = CV 2
W= work 2 2 u = velocity or speed
1 x = position
DQ r = resistivity
K = mu 2
2 m= coefficient of friction I avg = fm = magnetic flux
Dt
q= angle
DUg = mgh t = torque R =
rl
A
W = F ⴢ s = Fs cos q
V = IR
W P = IV
Pavg =
Dt
Cp = ∑ Ci
P = Fu i

1 1
Fs = − k x = ∑
Cs i Ci

Us =
1 2
kx Rs = ∑ Ri
2 i

1 1
Ts = 2 p
m
Rp
= ∑ Ri
k i

l FB = qu B sin q
Tp = 2 p
g
FB = BIl sin q
1 m0 I
T = B =
f 2p r
Gm1m2 fm = B • A = BA cos q
FG = −
r2 Dfm
eavg = −
Dt
Gm1m2
UG = − e = Blu
r
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000

THERMAL PHYSICS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

D l = a l 0 DT A = area E = hf = pc E= energy
c = specific heat or molar f = frequency
Q = mL Kmax = hf − f
specific heat K= kinetic energy
Q = mcDT e = efficiency h m= mass
Kavg = average molecular l = p = momentum
p
p =
F kinetic energy l= wavelength
A L = heat of transformation DE = ( Dm) c 2 f= work function
pV = nRT l = length
M= molecular mass
3
Kavg = k T m = mass of sample
2 B n = number of moles
3 RT 3k B T p = pressure
urms = M
=
m Q = heat transferred
T = temperature
W = pDV U = internal energy
V = volume
Q = ncDT
urms = root-mean-square
DU = Q − W velocity
W = work done by system
DU = ncV DT a = coefficient of linear
Q − QC expansion
W
e = = H µ = mass of molecule
QH QH
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
T − TC
ec = H Rectangle A= area
TH
A = bh C= circumference
Triangle V= volume
WAVES AND OPTICS 1 S = surface area
A = bh
u = fl d = separation 2 b = base
f = frequency or focal Circle h = height
n =
c
length A = pr 2 l = length
u C = 2 pr w= width
h = height
n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2 L = distance Parallelepiped r = radius
M= magnification V = lwh
n2
sin qc = m = an integer Cylinder
n1 V = pr 2 l
n = index of refraction
1 1 1 R = radius of curvature S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
+ = Sphere
si s0 f s = distance
u = speed 4
V = pr 3
h s 3
x = position
M = i = − i l = wavelength S = 4 pr 2
h0 s0
q = angle Right Triangle
f =
R a 2 + b2 = c2 c a
2 a
sin q = q 90
d sin q = ml c
b
b
ml L cos q = c
xm ⬇
d a
tan q = b
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000

MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

u = u0 + at a = acceleration 1 q1q2 A= area
F =
1 F= force 4 p⑀ 0 r 2 B= magnetic field
x = x0 + u0 t + at 2
2 f = frequency F C= capacitance
u 2 = u0 2 + 2a x − x0 0 5 h = height
E =
q d = distance
∑ F = Fnet = ma I = rotational inertia Q E= electric field
养 E • dA = e=
J = impulse ⑀0 emf
dp
F = K= kinetic energy dV F= force
dt E = −
I
J = F dt = Dp
k =
l=
spring constant
length
dr I =
L=
current
inductance
4 p⑀ 0 ∑ ri
1 qi
p = mv L= angular momentum V = l= length
F fric ≤ mN
i
m= mass n = number of loops of wire
IF
1 q1q2
N= normal force UE = qV = per unit length
W = • ds P= power 4 p⑀ 0 r P = power
1 Q
K = mu 2 p = momentum C = Q = charge
2 r = radius or distance V q = point charge
P =
dW s = displacement k⑀0 A R = resistance
dt C =
T= period d r = distance
DUg = mgh t = time C p = ∑ Ci t = time
i
ac =
u 2 = w2r U= potential energy U = potential or stored energy
1 1
r u= velocity or speed = ∑ V = electric potential
t = r×F W= work
Cs i Ci u = velocity or speed
∑ t = t net = Ia x = position I =
dQ r = resistivity
I
I = r 2 dm = ∑ mr 2
m=
q=
coefficient of friction
angle
dt
1 1
Uc = QV = CV 2
fm = magnetic flux
k = dielectric constant
rcm = ∑ mr ∑ m t = torque 2 2
u = rw rl
w= angular speed R =
A
L = r × p = Iw a= angular acceleration
V = IR
1
K = Iw 2 Rs = ∑ Ri
2
w = w0 + at i
1 1
= ∑
q = q0 + w0 t + 12 at 2 Rp i
Ri

Fs = − kx P = IV
1
Us = kx 2 F M = qv × B
2
2p 1 养 B • d l = m0 I
T = =
w
m
f
F = I Id l × B
Ts = 2 p
k Bs = m0 nI
Tp = 2 p
l
g fm = IB • dA
dfm
FG = −
Gm1m2
r$ e = −
dt
r2
Gm1m2 e = − L dI
UG = − dt
r 1 2
U L = LI
2
 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle A= area
A = bh C= circumference
Triangle V= volume
1 S = surface area
A = bh
2 b = base
Circle
h = height
A = pr 2 l= length
C = 2 pr w= width
Parallelepiped r = radius
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2 c a
a
sin q = q 90
c
b
b
cos q =
c
a
tan q =
b

CALCULUS

df d f du
= •
dx du dx
d n
dx 2 7
x = nx
n −1

d x
dx 2 7
e = ex

d 1
(1n x) =
dx x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx
Ixn dx =
1 n +1
n +1
x , n ≠ −1
Iex dx = ex

I dx
x
= 1n x
I cos x dx = sin x
I sin x dx = − cos x