“HOW TO DESIGN AN AQUADUCT’

Aquaduct is a canal structure / water supply channels that can be set / Navigable, built with the
primary function to drain the water. In the Science of engineering modern, this term is used for a
wide range of pipe systems, ditches, canals, tunnels and other structures used for that purpose in
the use of narrower, aqueduct also called bridge this water drain water across the range specified
distance so as to face the water remains the same on both sides. Aquaducts were great and can be
controlled can be used as a transportation hub boat or raft. Aquaduct word derived from the Latin
aqua which means water and ducere which means directing.

Although often associated with Ancient Rome, the aqueduct has also been designed in advance
in the Near East and the Indian sub-continent, where people of Egypt and Harappa build
irrigation systems awesome. Roman-style aquaduct used at the beginning of the 7th century BC,
when the Assyrians build aqueducts along the 80 km of limestone / limestone, 10 meters high
and 300 m in width, carrying water across a valley to their capital, Nineveh.

In the New World, when the city of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital city is found in the second
millennium, the town is watered by two aquaduct.

Sub Continent India has some simple aqueduct, seen at the site of Hampi in the present. Massive
Aqueduct near Tungabhadra rivers supplying irrigation water along 15 miles (24 km).

In Persia built underground aquaduct system the name is Qanat, a kind of vertical divider walls
are arranged in series and connected by tunnels that sloped regularly. One of the advantages is
that it can drain the water to a distant place in the dry season without losing a lot of water due to
seepage and evaporation.

The Romans built aquaducts work in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa
and especially in the city of Rome totaling together entirely along 415 km. Aquaducts supply
water to major cities across the kingdom and create a technical standard that is not exceeded by
more than a thousand years.
Near the town of Peru in Nazca, ancient aquaducts System Pre-Colombian named Puiqos built
and is still used today. Puiqos made of stone arranged meander. The time construction is still
debated, but some evidence suggests the time is circa 540-552 AD, in response to the drought in
the region.

Modern aquaducts

Stone aquaducts Parakan-Canggal during Indies

Aquaducts in Semarang at the time of the Dutch East Indies

In the Modern Era, some large aquaduct ever built there in the United States, used to supply the
Cities of these countries. Aqueducts Catskill transport water to the city of New York exceed 120
miles (190) kilometers, but it becomes a dwarf when compared to the aqueduct Colorado River,
which is famous in the Far West, which supplies the Los Angeles area with water from the
Colorado River, which is nearly 400 km to the east, as well as the California aqueduct along
714.5 km that stretches from sacramento river delta-San Juan to Lake Perris.
Use of aqueducts

Agriculture Society has built aqueducts to irrigate the fields. Archimedes Screw has found water
to raise the water in the irrigation fields. Another use aqueducts is to supply cities with water.
Some Roman Aqeduct still supply water to Rome today. In California, the United States, three
giant aqueducts supply water over hundreds of thousands of miles to the Los Angeles area. Two
of the Owen River area and a third from the Colorado River.

At present, aqueducts used for transportation purposes, skip the ships traverse canyons and
valleys. During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, Aqueduct was built as part of the
avalanche control structures of materials in the construction of the canal.
In projects of modern civil engineering, analysis and thorough investigation of open channel
hydraulics generally needed in support of flood control, irrigation systems and large-scale water
supply systems when the aqueduct is the preferred solution than pipelines.

In the past, aqueducts channels often have land or other porous material, so that the water loss
that occurs is very significant. Along with the growing scarcity of water, canals lined with
impermeable material that is more like polymer concrete and impermeable soil. In some cases, a
new aqueduct was built next to the old because they can not be turned off during the construction
process.

flow rate

the flow velocity in the gutters higher than the normal speed of the flow in the channel but
should avoid the occurrence of super critical speed so that the flow tends to be unstable (number
frounde Fr <0.7)

hydraulic planning

wet pipe cross-sectional area planning Sipon using the formula:

A=Q/V

Where:
 Q = discharge m3 / sec
A = cross-sectional area in the wet, m2
V = velocity in the plan Sipon, m / sec

by taking the aquaduct in the design speed, the slope required can be calculated by the formula
Strickler:
control against the possibility of super critical speed with the formula:

the amount of high energy loss are:

lost sign :

loss due to friction :

losing out :

high total energy loss :

Where:

v1 = velocity of water canals, m / sec

va = velocity of flow in the aquaduct, m / sec
ha = depth of flow in the aquaduct, m
He = slope of the aquaduct
k = roughness coefficient Strickler, for concrete pipes k = 70 and steel k = 80
R = fingers hydraulic, m
L = length of aquaduct, m

= coefficient of energy loss due to the transition cross-sectional shape

cross section of aquaduct

Cross section of the building is determined by the value of the appeal b / h, where b is the

width of the building and h is the depth of the water. Values appeal ranges from 1 to 3 which

produces hydraulic cross section which is more economical.

The slope and speed

Speed inside the building is higher than the speed in piece regular channels. However, slope and

speed are chosen such that it will not happen speed supercritical or near-critical, because the flow

tends to be very unstable. For comparative value of the cross section, this gives the maximum

slope I = 0.002.