ISSN 03621197, Human Physiology, 2015, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 412–419. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2015.

Original Russian Text © N.A. Fudin, S.Ya. Klassina, S.N. Pigareva, 2015, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2015, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 82–90.

Relationship between the Parameters of Muscular

and Cardiovascular Systems in Graded Exercise Testing
in Subjects Doing Regular Exercises and Sports
N. A. Fudin, S. Ya. Klassina, and S. N. Pigareva
Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, 125315 Russia
email: klassina@mail.ru
Received September 8, 2014

Abstract—This paper studies the relationship between EMG and ECG parameters during intensified step
dosed physical exercises with the use of a bicycle ergometer in subjects doing regular exercises and sports. The
dynamics of changes in EMG and ECG parameters is observed in subjects during a stepdosed intensification
of exercises. Specifically, if physical activity is not intense, muscular effort is mainly due to an increase in the
heart rate; if it is highly intense, the electrophysiological processes of the whole myocardium are involved.
The interrelation of the parameters of the muscular and cardiovascular systems is shown to increase with the
intensity of physical activity.

Keywords: sports, physical activity, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, relationship between the parameters
of muscular and cardiovascular systems
DOI: 10.1134/S0362119715040088

During intense physical exercises, all functional
body systems start to support the high level of working
capacity; moreover, some systems increase their activ
ity, contributing to muscular work, and others, on the
contrary, decrease activity, releasing the body
resources to support the efficiency of a long work. In
this case, the cardiovascular system is given a particu
lar role, since it satisfies the oxygen demands of work
ing muscles and the total body.
According to the theory of functional systems, any
living organism can be regarded as an integrated func
tional system, for which a constitutional adaptive
result is a systemforming factor. Moreover, the orga
nization of functions must be such that all of them
are mutually contributive to the achievement of a
result [1].
There are a large number of studies that discuss the
problems of some physiological functions of the
human body during doing physical work to failure, but
there are almost no studies that permit one to judge on
the degree of their interconsistency. For example, Pri
imakov [2] has ascertained that, when athletes do
highpower physical exercises (300 W) to failure, the
activity and interrelation of the muscular system and
heart rate grow [2]. However, by recording the heart
rate (HR) response to physical exercises as an inte
grated parameter, it is impossible to definitely assert
whether it reflects the state of the executive organ (the
heart) or is due to the properties of the autonomic reg
ulation of muscular activity [3]. In our opinion, this
uncertainty is not immanent to electrocardiogram
parameters (ECG), whose changes are interpreted
unambiguously. We believe it necessary to analyze
ECG waves and segments that reflect the processes of
conduction of excitation in the myocardium along
with HR in order to search for the interrelation of
muscle work and heart function. The interrelation
between electrophysiological processes in the myocar
dium and electrophysiological parameters of muscles
makes it possible to reveal how these functions are
coordinated during physical exercises of different
intensity. In this connection, the goal of this study was
to estimate the interrelation of the electromyogram
(EMG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters
during intense physical activity in subjects doing regu
lar physical exercises and sports.
METHODS
The examination involved 16 male volunteers aged
19–32 years, who do physical exercises and sports.
Each of them was suggested to make exercise testing
with a bicycle ergometer to failure. The exercise test
ing was a series of exercise steps with a power growing
from 60 to 180 W with a growth step of 20 W. The time
of working at each exercise step was 2 min, and the
completion of work at each step was followed by recov
ery for 6 min.
This alternation of exercises and rest is caused by
the need of recovery of a tested subject after each exer

412
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS OF MUSCULAR
cise step in order to restore his functional status to the
initial level. The absence of recovery or incomplete
recovery after exercises would have led to the func
tional cumulation of muscular and cardiovascular sys
tem responses at a next exercise step, which would
have ultimately distorted the results of correlation
analysis between ECG and EMG parameters at each
exercise step.
Recovery is known to be a process that takes place
in the body upon termination of physical exercises and
is a gradual transition of an athlete’s functional status
to the initial level. It is evident that too short rest inter
vals cannot ensure a complete recovery, and too long
intervals may decrease the efficiency of the exercise
testing. In this connection, it is very important to
choose an optimal time of rest after exercises.
When the optimal time of recovery during a cyclic
work with the use of a bicycle ergometer was chosen,
we were guided by the experimental data obtained by
researchers earlier. An oxygen debt was shown to be
removed after intense physical exercises for 5–8 min.
In a trained athlete, HR returns to the norm for 3 min,
and in a practically healthy nonathlete, HR comes to
the initial state only within 5–10 min [4]. Thus, recov
ery intervals with durations of 3–8 min are recom
mended for cyclic sports [5]. That being said, we
believe that a 6min recovery interval after each exer
cise step will be optimal.
We chose an exercise testing protocol based on the
goals and tasks of our study. Specifically, during many
step exercise testing, physical work at each step can be
divided into two phases: the phase of warming and
phase of stable working capacity. Studying the heart
rate dynamics in athletes with a bicycle ergometer dur
ing their doing work with a regularly increased power
and constant pedal rotation speed (60 rpm), Sutula et
al. [6] showed that the phase of warming lasted about
1.5–2 min in athletes [6]. According to Tarasova et al.
[7], the dynamic characteristics of regulatory pro
cesses that are observed at the phase of warming in
many cases reflect the work of regulatory systems even
better than statistical characteristics at the phase of
stable working capacity; i.e., they are more informa
tive [7]. These regulatory processes reflect adaptive
processes in the human body in the case of changed
external conditions, such as transition from one step of
physical exercises to another in the process of exercise
testing. In other words, they reflect the transition of
the human body as an integrated system to a new level
of functioning. This being the case, the dynamics of
regulatory processes depends both on the properties of
exercise testing and on the functional status of an ath
lete’s body and the level of training. It is known that
most physiological functions are “switched on” in
response to intensified activity rapidly enough, and,
consequently, “…the predominantly aerobic (‘linear’)
range of metabolic support of muscular work can be
detected in the test with graded stepdosed exercises
with a duration of ‘steps’ from 2 to 3 min” [7, p. 72].
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Vol. 41 No. 4 2015
413
For example, it was shown that a protocol with graded
stepdosed exercises where each step lasted for 2 min
could be efficiently used to find the anaerobic thresh
old in boatracers based on the method of surface elec
tromyography [8]. Note that our protocol assigns the
alternation of 2min exercise steps and 6min rest,
which makes an athlete’s body to “switch on” and
“switch off” the mechanisms of the blood circulation
system many times. This working regime exerts a
training influence on the blood circulation system,
and, according to the results of other researchers, con
tributes to a decrease in the period of warming at sep
arate exercise steps. It was ascertained that not only
did an athlete’s body pass to a new level of working
capacity at the phase of warming, but the “coadjust
ment” of different functions also took place in it [9,
10]. This makes the phase of warming even more
informatively valuable to study regulatory processes
than the phase of stable working capacity.
Consequently, to study the interaction of the mus
cular system and heart function during physical exer
cises to failure, it was optimal to choose the protocol of
graded testing as a series of exercise steps with a power
increasing from 60 to 180 W (a growth step is 20 W).
The time of physical work at each exercise step was
chosen to be the shortest possible (2 min). Our choos
ing such a short time of exercises was caused by the
need to analyze the greatest possible steps in a subject’s
work to failure and, consequently, to have the largest
possible number of correlation pairs of ECG and
EMG parameters. The fact that ECG and EMG were
recorded at each exercise step for the last 30 s enabled
us to study the interrelation between the regulatory
mechanisms of the muscular system and heart func
tion at the moment of transition to the stable state, i.e.,
to assess the cooperation (“coadjustment”) of these
functions.
While the exercise testing was made, the tested sub
jects were in the following states:
—The initial or background state (2.5 min), when
a tested subject was calmly sitting in the saddle of the
bicycle ergometer without rotating pedals;
—The exercise testing to failure, where the pedal
rotation speed was constant at each exercise step and
was 60 rpm.
Before starting the testing, each subject was
informed of the goal of the examination, acquainted
with the examination protocol, being explained about
its final result. Physical work to failure was a final
result of the exercise testing, and physical work at each
exercise step at a constant pedal rotation speed was a
stage result. This purpose of achieving stage and final
results contributed to the system organization of func
tions at each exercise testing stage, where correlation
was a quantitative estimate of this system organization.
The exercise testing was made using a Sports Art
5005 bicycle ergometer, and the testing itself was car
ried out under the control of ECG (a PolySpecter8
414 FUDIN et al.
electrocardiograph, Neurosoft, Russia) and EMG
(a Synapse electromyograph, the Neurotech, Tagan
rog, Russia). The technical characteristics of the elec
tromyograph permit artifacts to be removed in the
EMG registration process [11].
The total surface EMG was recorded from the
muscle of the right hip. An analysis of EMG as a com
plex periodic curve was carried out based on the fol
lowing parameters: Aav (the average amplitude of total
EMG (mV); the number of phases (or the number of
intersections of EMG with the isoline) and their
amplitude (Aph) (the maximal range of neighboring
phases, mV); the number of turns (or the number of
the fluctuations in the EMG potential with an ampli
tude of more than 100 µV) and their current (At, mV)
and average (Atav, mV) amplitudes. The fact that the
number of turns and average EMG amplitude (Aav) are
determined by the value of muscular effort developed
at active phases of motion [12] makes the turn/Aav
ratio an informative parameter for the EMG analysis.
ECG was recorded from standard lead 1 and lead
V5. Based on the ECG analysis prior to the clinical
study and during physical exercises, HR and values of
ECG waves (P, Q, R, S, T) and segments (PQ, QRS,
ST) were estimated. Cardiac output was estimated by
calculation (CO, L/min) [13].
The ECG and EMG parameters were recorded at
each exercise step during the last 30 s of the exercise
trusting.
In addition, the rotation speed of bicycle ergometer
pedals was estimated (f, rpm) using a SIGMA bc509
device (Germany), whose sensor was attached to a
bicycle ergometer pedal, and blood pressure was mea
sured at the initial state and at each exercise step.
Upon recovery, subjective complaints were recorded.
The obtained data were statistically processed using
nonparametric statistical methods. The advantage of
these methods is that they do not require the normal
(Gaussian) distribution of experimental data, have a
wider application field, are less sensitive to “littering”
of statistical data, can be used for small samples and
even for qualitative parameters that do not have quan
titative nature, which is very important for studies in
medicine and biology. The significance of the differ
ence between the same parameters was estimated
using the Wilcoxon test, and the interrelation of the
EMG and ECG parameters was assessed by Spear
man’s rank correlation method [14].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the dynamics of the muscular and
cardiovascular system parameters has revealed that
they grow with the intensity of physical activity
(Figs. 1, 2).
Specifically, at the 80W exercise stage, the average
EMG amplitude is not high, although the number of
turns starts to significantly grow (p < 0.05), determin
ing a significant increase in the ratio parameter (p <
0.05) (Fig. 1). The ratio significantly grows from
2068 ± 111 to 2504 ± 120 1/mV (p < 0.05), reaching
maximum at the 100W stage. According to a number
of authors, the growth in the number of turns (p <
0.05) and EMG phases (p < 0.05) in the range of 80–
100 W may reflect the increased impulse rate of moto
neurons of already activated lowthreshold motor
units [15]. That being said, we can conclude that,
starting with the 100W step, the average EMG ampli
tude grows faster than the impulse rate of the moto
neurons does.
At the 100W step, against the background of per
sistence in the maximal level of the ratio and at HR =
130.7 ± 4.5 bpm, CO significantly grows (p < 0.05)
(Fig. 2), which, in our opinion, permits one to assert
the activation of tissue oxygen utilization, arguing for
the growth in the physical capability of tested subjects
[13]. Note that the trend towards growth in stroke vol
ume (SV) is marked in the 60–160 W exercise range,
meanwhile the change in the rate of growth in HR at
the 100W step, according to Seluyanov et al. [16],
suggest that the tested subjects overcame the aerobic
threshold at this exercise step. According to the data of
[17], an increase in SV must be accompanied by an
increased blood lactate concentration. However, in
the opinion of Seluyanov et al. [18], change in stroke
volume is due to change in the blood hydrogen ion
concentration rather than a lactate concentration.
The gas balance is disturbed under the effect of blood
hydrogen ions, and an excessive carbon dioxide con
centration is formed, which also leads to the activation
of the vitally important medullary centers (the respira
tory and vasomotor centers) [18]. Consequently, at the
100W step, the tested subjects enter the zone of exer
cises with a medium aerobic intensity, where the func
tional potential of their blood circulation system
grows, and their physical capability rises. In this zone,
muscular work is ensured by aerobic mechanisms; i.e.,
energy is produced in body due to the oxidation
reduction reactions against the background of a suffi
cient oxygen inflow.
It is necessary to emphasize that the activation of
the cardiovascular system in the zone of aerobic loads
(up to 120 W) is directly proportional to the increase in
the intensity of exercises. Meanwhile, HR and CO
grow, and the trends towards the depression of the ST
segment and deepening of the S wave are observed in
the ECG, the trend towards decrease in the amplitude
of the R wave is marked, and the trend towards
growth in A av and number of EMG turns is
observed (Figs. 1, 2).
In the range of 140–160 W, the tested subjects
changed their bioenergy characteristics. This is evi
denced by the facts, such that a significant growth in
HR (p < 0.05) is observed in the 140 W exercise step,
and there is a trend towards decrease in R wave and ST
segment against the background of deep S wave
(Fig. 2). Since the value of R wave is positively corre
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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS OF MUSCULAR 415

Aav, mV
2.0 Phases Aph, mV
1800 9
1.8 *
1600 * 8
1.6
1400 * 7
1.4 * 1200
* * 6
1.2 1000
* 5
800 *
1.0 4
600
0.8 * 3
400
0.6 200 2
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
N, W N, W
Phases Аph
Turns Аtav, mV
Ratio = turns (the number)/Aav (mV) 3500 1.3
2800 * 1.2
2600 3000 1.1
*
1.0
2400 2500 * 0.9
2200 * * 0.8
2000
2000 0.7
* * 0.6
1500
1800
0.5
1600 1000 0.4
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
N, W N, W
Turns Аtav

Fig. 1. Dynamics of the average electrocardiogram amplitude (Aav), number of phases (phases) and their amplitudes (Aph), the
number of turns (turns) and their average amplitudes (Atav), and ratio in proportion to the increase in power of exercises (N, W).
* p < 0.05 compared to the previous exercise step.

lated with the volume of the left ventricle [19], the
trend towards the decrease in R wave during intensify
ing an exercise power that we have discovered, also
makes one to think about a decrease in SV. The deep
ening of S wave together with the depression of ST seg
ment may speak for the origin of hypoxia in the tested
subjects [19]. The EMG is observed to have a well
marked growth in the number of turns (p < 0.05) and
the average EMG amplitude (Aav) (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1).
At the 160 W exercise step, the ratio significantly
fell against the background of the significant growth in
CO (p < 0.05). Having had a trend towards growth ear
lier, stroke volume reaches its maximum at the 160 W
step (SV = 77.1 ± 3.3 mL) and does not grow any more
during the subsequent increase in HR. Moreover, at
the 180 W step, the trend towards its decrease arises in
the SV dynamics (SV = 75.2 ± 4.9 mL), and, conse
quently, further growth of CO is due only to the
increased HR. The fact that stroke volume is limited
during intense physical activity by the volume of the
left ventricular leads to SV significantly decreasing
during highintensity physical activity against the
background of growth in HR, which aspires to its max
imal value. This is due to the fact that heart diastole
abruptly shortens at the high HR level, and the left
ventricular does not have time to be completely filled
[20]. In this connection, the tested subjects com
plained of short breath; they were observed to have
pronounced sweating. We believe that at the 140–
160 W step the aerobic energy supply mechanisms are
connected with the anaerobic mechanisms, when
energy is produced during the decomposition of
energy substances in oxygen shortage [10]. We believe
that at the exercise range of 140–160 W, the tested
subjects surpassed the anaerobic electromyographic
threshold (EMGT). According to literature data, the
EMGT is associated with the involvement of low
threshold muscular fibers in the work and the begin

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Vol. 41 No. 4 2015

416 FUDIN et al.

HR, bpm R, mV
190 1.9
*
* 1.8
170
* 1.7
150 1.6
* 1.5
130 *
* 1.4
110 1.3
1.2
90
1.1
70 1.0
Baseline 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Baseline 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
N, W N, W
ST, mV, S, mV –0.2 mV < ST < 0.2 mV CO, L/min
0.6 13
0.4 12
11 *
0.2
10
0
9
–0.2 8 *
–0.4 7
–0.6 6
–0.8 5
–1.0 4
Baseline 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Baseline 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
N, W N, W
S, mV ST, mV

Fig. 2. Dynamics of heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), amplitude of R ECG wave, amplitude of S ECG wave and ST ECG
segment in proportion to the increase in power of exercises (N, W). * p < 0.05 compared to the previous exercise step.

ning of the aerobicanaerobic energy supply transi
tion [21].
It is necessary to emphasize that the aerobic meta
bolic processes are the main source of muscle energy
supply during a moderateintensity physical activity
[22], and muscular fibers of the first type are involved
in the muscle contraction process (they are rich with
mitochondria and active oxidative enzymes). As the
intensity of activity grows, muscular fibers of the sec
ond type (they contain few mitochondria, are charac
terized by a lower activity of oxidative enzymes and
high activity of glucolytic enzymes), which are the so
called threshold motor units, are involved additionally
[23]. As a result, a moderate activity leads to the
exhaustion of glycogen in muscular fibers of the first
type, and an activity intensified to submaximal values
leads to its exhaustion in both types of fibers [7].
Resynthesis of ATP takes place in the highthreshold
fibers mainly due to the glycolysis reactions with the
formation of lactate and hydrogen ions [24]. Accord
ing to the data of [25], the concentration of these
products grows in both muscles and blood. At the same
time, hydrogen ions, getting into blood, irritate the
receptors of the medullary respiratory center and,
consequently, increase pulmonary ventilation [25].
Along with the growth in pulmonary ventilation, HR
and CO also rise; moreover, the latter parameter
reflects the level of tissue oxygen utilization [13].
All these findings permit us to judge on the dynam
ics of changes in the parameters of the muscular and
cardiovascular systems in proportion to the intensifi
cation of activity. However, a natural question arises as
to how the character of interrelation between the mus
cular and cardiovascular systems changes at each
power step of physical activity. To answer this ques
tion, we have made the correlation analysis of the
ECG and EMG parameters using Spearman’s method
of rank correlation at each exercise step (table). The
table shows that the significance levels (p levels) of cor
related parameter pairs are all lower than 0.05. This
means that the correlation of the presented ECG and
EMG parameters is statistically significant, and the
degree of this correlation is reflected in the value of
rank correlation coefficients.
At low powers of physical activity, the degree of cor
relation between the ECG and EMG parameters in
the tested subjects was either low (the 60W exercise
step) or did not exist at all (the 80W exercise step).
At the 100 W exercise step, the sympatic effect on
the heart significantly grew in the examined subjects,
which was reflected in a significant growth in the HR

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS OF MUSCULAR 417

Correlations of the electromyogram and electrocardiogram parameters in tested subjects depending on a power of physical
exercises (W) with the use of a bicycle ergometer (the significance level is p < 0.05)

Exercise Spearman's rank correlation

Correlated parameters t(N – 2) plevel
power, W coefficient, r

60 Aav ↔ HR 0.503 2.179 0.046

80 – – – –

Aav ↔ HR 0.726 3.950 0.001

100 Aph ↔ HR 0.650 3.204 0.006

At ↔ HR 0.647 3.179 0.006

Aav ↔ QRS –0.505 –2.190 0.045

120 At ↔ QRS –0.524 –2.306 0.036

Atav ↔ QRS –0.584 –2.695 0.017

Phases ↔ P 0.677 2.911 0.015

140 Turns ↔ P 0.761 3.720 0.003

Turns ↔ ST –0.601 –2.380 0.038

At ↔ S –0.644 –2.382 0.044

160
Aph ↔ S –0.656 –2.461 0.039

Aph ↔ P 0.778 2.771 0.039

180
At ↔ P 0.778 2.771 0.039

(p < 0.05) and CO (p < 0.05) parameters. It is at this
exercise step when motor units were activity involved
in muscle contraction, which increased muscular
effort. At the same time, correlation between the ECG
and EMG parameters grew, which was expressed in a
significant correlation between HR and average EMG
amplitude (Aav) (r = 0.726; p < 0.05), phase amplitude
(Aph) (r = 0.650; p < 0.05), and turn amplitude (At)
(r = 0.647; p < 0.05). All this indicates that HR is cor
related with the value of muscular effort during physi
cal activity.
The 120W exercise step demands of a tested subject
a large muscular effort and more evident changes in
the cardiovascular system. The correlation analysis of
the ECG and EMG parameters revealed a significant
negative correlation between the EMG parameters
and duration of the ventricular ECG complex. It fol
lows from here that the duration of QRS complex
shortened against the background of growth in the
EMG amplitudes (Aav, Aph, and At) (Fig. 1), which
could be explained as the acceleration of the intraven
tricular passage in the myocardium.
At the 140W exercise step, a positive correlation of
the number of turns and the number of phases with the
amplitude of P ECG wave and a negative correlation
with ST segment were observed. It is probable that at
this step of physical activity the impulse rate of moto
neurons is directly correlated with the impulse rate of
the sinus node, i.e., with HR. The negative correlation
of the number of turns with ST segment indicates
depression of ST in the ECG, which is usually
observed in the case of myocardial circulatory insuffi
ciency.
At the 160 W exercise step, a deep S wave arises in
the ECG. The amplitude of the S wave is negatively
correlated with the At and Aph parameters. It is proba
ble that this exercise step proved to be excessive in
power for our tested subjects, and the demand to sup
port a constant rotation speed (60 rpm) complicated
this task even more, which ultimately resulted in the
pronounced growth in HR and origin of deep breath,
which was due to increased pulmonary ventilation. It
is obvious that the diaphragm goes down during deep
breath, and the heart follows it, changing its position
in the chest. At the same time, the trend towards the

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Vol. 41 No. 4 2015

418 FUDIN et al.
deepening of S wave and decrease of R wave in lead V5
is observed in the ECG (Fig. 2), which is probably due
to the change in the electric cardiac axis. This conclu
sion is argued for by the results obtained by Kovalenko
[19] in studying ECG in athletes during maximal
physical activity.
At the 180W step, the subjects did not manage to
make the 2min exercise test during the work to fail
ure. A significant positive correlation between the
EMG amplitudes (Aph, At) and amplitude of P ECG
wave was observed at this exercise step. Knowing that
the amplitude of P ECG wave reflects the process of
atrium excitation, we can suppose that the impulse
rate of the sinus node strongly increased at this exer
cise step, which entailed the same abrupt growth in
HR. However, the potential of the sinus node is limited
in men, and, therefore, it is this exercise step, which
can be called the failure step.
CONCLUSIONS
The human body regularly responds to any external
impact, including physical activity. For example, as
physical activity is intensified, the muscular and car
diovascular systems are activated; this ensures oxygen
transport to tissues and is responsible for supporting
the necessary level of metabolic processes [26]. The
interaction of the muscular and cardiovascular sys
tems changes at different stages of physical activity.
Therefore, muscular effort during an insignificant
physical activity is sufficiently supported only by an
increase in heart rate, and a more intense activity
involves electrophysiological myocardial processes in
this process. Simultaneously, intraventricular conduc
tion grows, and the sinus node of the heart is activated.
During an excessively intense work to failure, the
depression of ST segment and change in the electric
cardiac axis are observed. As a result, the character of
the functioning of the cardiovascular system changes,
and the degree of its connection with the muscular sys
tem grows. The increased degree of correlation
between ECG and EMG parameters in the tested sub
jects indicates a growth of cooperation of these sys
tems aimed at achieving the result, i.e., the support of
physical work. However, this coordination of the mus
cular and cardiovascular systems has a functional
character, since it arises when a tested subject is doing
physical work, and disappears at the stage of recovery.
Summing up, we emphasize that a lowintensity
physical activity affects the EMG and HR parameters,
not changing ECG waves and segments. An intense
physical work to failure not only increases HR and
changes the values of ECG waves and segments, but
also raises their correlation with the EMG parameters.
We believe that the information we have obtained
on the degree of interconnection between the muscu
lar and cardiovascular systems during graded physical
exercises can be efficiently used in the scientifically
grounded organization of a largescale and highly
intense training process in cyclic sports.
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Translated by L. Solovyova