Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Roads
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
OCTOBER 2009
Construction of Choir-Sainshand Road Technical Specifications
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL
2. SITE CLEARANCE
7. RCC STRUCTURES
9. ROAD FURNITURE
10. DAYWORKS
Table of Contents
Construction of Choir-Sainshand Road Technical Specifications
100 – GENERAL
Works outside these hours, he shall obtain the written permission of the Engineer at
least one full working day in advance to enable the Engineer to make provision for
the supervision of such work.
109 PROJECT QUALITY CONTROL PLAN
The Contractor shall be held solely responsible for the quality of the whole of the
Works. The Contractor shall designate a responsible and qualified engineer in his
team , as agreed by the Engineer, as the Quality Control Manager in the Contract,
who shall be responsible, under the overall direction and control of the Contractor’s
Project Manager, for ensuring that the quality control procedures set out in the
Project Quality Control Plan are adhered to. The Quality Control Manager shall be
authorized to control and coordinate all quality control activities and shall be an
experienced professional reporting directly to the Contractor's Project Manager. The
Contractor shall employ only competent quality control technical staff to carry out
testing and other quality control procedures and any staff not meeting this
requirement, if so determined by the Engineer, shall be replaced with qualified staff
acceptable to the Engineer.
The Project Quality Control shall be developed by the Contractor in consultation with
and entirely to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Notwithstanding his approval of the
Project Quality Control Plan the full provisions of Sub-Clause 4.9 of the Conditions
of Contract shall remain in force and the Engineer shall have the right to direct the
Contractor to amend any part of the Project Quality Control Plan as and when he
deems this necessary to ensure that the quality of the Works is maintained in
compliance with this Specification.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer as in the contract a proposed Project
Quality Control Plan for review and approval by the Engineer. The final Project
Quality Control Plan shall be produced by the Contractor and in its final form shall
comprise a bound manual that defines in separate sections the procedures for the
quality control of materials, equipment and workmanship. The Contractor shall
supply the Engineer with 3 signed copies of the agreed document in its final form as
in the contract to commence the Works pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.1 of the Conditions
of Contract.
The Contractor's Proposed Project Quality Control Plan shall demonstrate his ability
in terms of resources and procedures to control the quality of the Works and shall
include but not be limited to:
x general quality control procedures,
x complete documentation to ensure that all materials that are to be brought to
Site comply with the requirements of this Specification and that such compliance
shall be maintained throughout the currency of the Contract,
x a complete schedule of sampling and testing procedures including test type,
frequency, timing, reporting and signing-off procedures,
x acceptance criteria for payment purposes and procedures in the event of
substandard or late test results,
x procedures for the checking, testing and approval of Temporary Works,
x testing, acceptance and monitoring of Contractor's methods and equipment,
x procedures for assurance of acceptable continuity in methodology and
workmanship quality correlated with levels of supervision including numbers and
type of Contractor's supervisory staff,
x standard report forms for timely submission to the Engineer.
The schedule of testing in the Project Quality Control Plan shall take cognizance of
the key stages of construction so that tests are timely, informative, relevant and do
not cause unnecessary delay. The purpose of the Project Quality Control Plan is for
the Contractor to provide records that demonstrate to the Engineer, in the fullness of
time, that all the requirements of this Specification have been met.
In preparing the Project Quality Control Plan the Contractor shall take into
consideration that:
(a) no operation shall be carried out without full and complete written notice having
been given to the Engineer by the Contractor sufficiently in advance of the time
of the operation to enable the Engineer to make such arrangements as he may
deem necessary for its inspection and checking,
(b) the Contractor shall give the Engineer not less than 48 hours notice in writing of
his intention to set out or give levels for any part of the Works in order that
arrangements may be made for checking.
110 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND ABBREVIATIONS
(a) Units of measurement
Symbols for units of measurement conform to the SI system as set out in BS
5775 (ISO 31/1), of which examples are given below, along with the usual
abbreviations.
Where reference is made in the documents to imperial units, the equivalent SI
units shall be substituted.
Pm micron = m x 10-6
mm millimetre
m metre
km kilometre
2
mm square millimetre
m2 square metre
2
km square kilometre
ha hectare
m3 cubic metre
l litre
rad radian
s second
°C degrees Celsius
kg kilogram
g gram = kg x 10-3
mg milligram = kg x 10-6
mg/l milligrams per liter
t tonne = kg x 103
kg/m³ kilogram per cubic metre
t/m³ tones per cubic metre
N Newton
N/m² Newton per square metre
Pa Pascal = 1 N/m²
MPa megaPascal = Pa x 106
J Joule
W Watt
Kw kilowatt
A Ampere
V Volt
b) Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used:
ACV Aggregate Crushing Value
ALD Average Least Dimension
BA Bitumen Affinity
CBR California Bearing Ratio
CR Crushing Ratio
CTB Cement Treated Base/Subbase
Fl Flakiness Index
HYSD High Yield Stress Deformed
LAA Los Angeles Abrasion Value
LL Liquid Limit
LS Linear Shrinkage
MC Moisture Content
MDD Maximum Dry Density
OMC Optimum Moisture Content
PI Plasticity Index
PL Plastic Limit
PM Plasticity Modulus, PI x (% passing 0.425 mm sieve)
PP Plasticity Product, PI x (% passing 0.075 mm sieve)
SE Sand Equivalent
SG Specific Gravity
SI International Standard Units of Measurements
SSS Sodium Sulphate Soundness Test, loss on 5-cycles
STV Standard Tar Viscosity
TFOT Thin Film Oven Test
TS Tensile Strength
UC Uniformity Coefficient
UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength
Specification:
AASHTO-04 Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials
Methods of Sampling and Testing Part 1A & 1B
Specifications
AASHTO-04 Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and
Methods of Sampling and Testing Part 2A & 2B Tests
AASHTO-04 Standard Specification for Highway Bridges
AASHTO M6-03 Fine Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete
AASHTO M31M-03 Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
AASHTO M33-99 (2003) Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete (Bituminous
Type)
AASHTO M43-88 (2003) Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
AASHTO M80-87 (2003) Coarse Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete
AASHTO M81-92 (2002) Cut-Back Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)
AASHTO M82-75 (2000) Cut-Back Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)
AASHTO M85-04 Portland Cement
AASHTO M111-04 Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel
Products
AASHTO M133-04 Preservatives and Pressure Treatment Process for Timber
AASHTO M140-03 Emulsified Asphalt
AASHTO M145-91(2000) Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for
Highway Construction Purposes
AASHTO M148-01 Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing
Concrete
AASHTO M153-98 (2002)Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint
Fillers for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction
AASHTO M154-00 Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
AASHTO M156-97 (2001) Requirements for Mixing Plants for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid
Bituminous Paving Mixtures
AASHTO M157-97 (2001)Ready-Mixed Concrete
AASHTO M160-04 General Requirements for Steel, Plates, Shapes, Sheet
Piling, and Bars for Structural Use
AASHTO M168-96 (2003)Wood Products
AASHTO M 170M-04 Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
(Metric)
AASHTO M171-00 Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
AASHTO M180-00 Corrugated Sheet Steel Beams for Highway Guardrail
AASHTO M194-00 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
AASHTO M208-01 Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
AASHTO M213-01 Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Mixtures
AASHTO T166-00 Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens
AASHTO T168-03 Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
AASHTO T176-02 Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by use of the
sand Equivalent Test
AASHTO T179-04 Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-Film Oven
test)
AASHTO T180-01 Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54 kg
Rammer and a 457 mm Drop
AASHTO T188-75 (1999) Evaluation by Freezing and Thawing of Air-Entraining
Additions to Portland Cement
AASHTO T191-02 Density of Soil In-Place by the Sand-Cone Method
AASHTO T193-99 The California Bearing Ratio
AASHTO T196-96 Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric
Method
AASHTO T197-00 Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration
Resistance
AASHTO T201-03 Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
AASHTO T202-03 Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
AASHTO T209-99 (2004) Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous
Paving Mixtures
AASHTO T218-86 (2000) Sampling Hydrated Lime
AASHTO T228-04 Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials
AASHTO T230-68 (2000) Determining Degree of Pavement Compaction of
Bituminous-Aggregate Mixtures
AASHTO T245-97 (2001) Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using
Marshall Apparatus
AASHTO T265-93 (2000) Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils
AASHTO T269-97 (2003) Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open
Bituminous Paving Mixtures
AASHTO T280 Concrete pipe, Manhole section or Tile
AASHTO T310-03 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-
Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM C 29-97 Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
ASTM C 227-97 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement
Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-bar Method)
ASTM C 289-02 Test Method for Potential Reactivity of Aggregates
(Chemical Method).
ASTM D 243-02 Residue of Specified Penetration
ASTM Volume 04.01-03 Cement Lime Gypsum
ASTM Volume 04.02-03 Concrete and Mineral Aggregate
articles supplied or installed by others and shall be held responsible for any loss or
damage thereto if caused by him, his employees or his Subcontractors.
113 TRANSPORT OF WORK FORCE
The Contractor shall include in his rates and prices for the transportation of all staff
and labour to and from the various parts of or in connection with the Works and all
costs incurred in securing, recruiting and transporting labour to and from the Site
including but not limited to any expatriate staff.
114 TEMPORARY WORKS
After the Contract is signed and before work commences the Contractor shall submit
to the Engineer detailed drawings showing his proposed arrangements in respect of
Temporary Works. The Contractor shall submit full supporting details including but
not limited to:
x calculations,
x diagrams,
x descriptions of how it is proposed to execute such Temporary Works,
x setting-out information,
x any other pertinent information.
All Temporary Works shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall demonstrate how such Temporary Works fit into his Program,
pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.3 of the Conditions of Contract, for the execution of the
whole of the Works. The liability for the whole of the Temporary Works in regard to
their construction, safety, maintenance and removal on completion and the
equipment and appliances used in their execution shall remain vested in the
Contractor. Any approval by the Engineer of the Contractor's or any of his
Subcontractors' proposals in respect of Temporary Works shall in no way relieve the
Contractor of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract.
115 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
115-1: GUIDELINES
The following general requirements shall apply:
(a) The Contractor shall provide adequate lighting whenever work is being executed
at night and shall provide and install any additional lighting that the Engineer
may require in order to gain access to watch and supervise the Works and carry
out any testing and examination of materials.
(b) Materials available on the Site or materials made available or supplied by the
Employer shall be used solely for the execution of the Works.
(c) The Contractor shall ensure that existing access to all properties adjacent to the
Site is maintained for the duration of the Contract.
(d) The Contractor shall comply with the current Government regulations in respect
of the transport, storage and use of explosives and radioactive materials.
(e) The Contractor shall avoid the pollution of lands, roads and other places on and
around the Site and shall take all necessary measures to limit any nuisance or
disturbance arising from the execution of the Works. Such measures shall
whenever practicable suppress the nuisance at source rather than alleviate the
nuisance once generated. The execution of the works and all associated
operations shall be carried out in conformity with all statutory and regulatory
(including environmental) requirements in force in Mongolia. No trees or other
vegetation shall be removed except to the extent necessary for the execution of
the Works, as agreed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall instruct the construction workers to protect natural
resources and fauna, including wild animals and aquatic life. Hunting and
unauthorized fishing should be prohibited and this should be ensured by the
Contractor.
(f) The Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions:
(i) in connection with any rivers, streams, waterways, drains, watercourses,
lakes and the like to prevent silting by providing silt fence using geo-
textile or other methods with approval of the Engineer, flooding, erosion
of beds and banks and pollution of water so as not to affect adversely the
quality or appearance thereof or cause injury or death to human, animal
or plant life,
(ii) in connection with underground water resources (including percolating
water) to prevent any interference with the supply to or abstraction from
such sources and to prevent any pollution of water such as would
adversely affect the quality thereof.
(g) If any spoil debris or silt arising from the execution of the Works should be
deposited on any adjacent land the Contractor shall expeditiously and at his own
expense remove such material to an approved spoil area and restore the
affected area to its original state all to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
(h) The Contractor shall provide, maintain and remove on completion of the Works,
settling lagoons and other facilities to minimize pollution due to the Contractor's
operations including but not limited to dust suppression, quarrying, aggregate
washing, concrete mixing and grouting. The Contractor's proposals in these
respects shall comply with the requirements of Clause 114 of this Specification.
All waste water and other liquid waste products shall be disposed of in a manner
that shall not cause nuisance or pollution. The Contractor shall not discharge or
deposit any matter arising from the execution of the Works into any waters
except with the written consent of the Engineer and the regulatory authorities
concerned. In particular, all vehicles used for hauling water shall be fitted with
effective drip trays that prevent the spillage of any fuel or lubricants.
(i) The Contractor shall adopt methods of working that minimize the occurrence of
dust or other air-borne or gaseous emissions. The Contractor shall employ
effective water sprays in those situations where dust creation is likely. The
Engineer may instruct that stockpiles of material or debris be dampened prior to
their movement. All materials that in the opinion of the Engineer are likely to
create dust shall be transported in vehicles with properly fitting side and tall
boards. Such materials shall be loaded no higher than side and tail boards and
shall be covered with a clean, properly secured tarpaulin in good condition that
extends at least 300 mm beyond the edges of the side and tail boards.
(j) All existing roads used by vehicles of the Contractor or any of his Subcontractors
or suppliers of materials or plant and similarly roads which are part of the Work
shall be kept clean of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by
such vehicles or their types.
(k) The fuel storage and vehicle cleaning areas shall be stationed at least 300 m
away from the nearest drain/water body.
(l) Hot asphalt mixing plant, concrete batching or mixing plant, stone crusher and
wet mix macadam mixing plant shall be located sufficiently away from the
habitation, agricultural operations and industrial establishment. Where possible
such plants shall be located at least 1.0 km away from the nearest habitation.
(m) The Contractor shall observe the environmental requirements in force in
Mongolia pertaining to noise emission during the planning and execution of the
Works. The Contractor shall maintain all silencing equipment in good condition
and take all necessary measures to minimize noise emission during the
performance of the Works.
(n) In addition to the requirement of Sub-Clause 1.4 of the Conditions of Contract,
the Contractor shall be deemed to be fully conversant with the requirements of
all current laws, statutes, ordinances, bye-laws, rules, regulations or other
instruments of legal force in Mongolia, including but not limited to those in
respect of:
• addendum to the Specifications,
• the environment,
• health and safety,
• employment including expatriate personnel,
• training,
• taxes, duties, royalties and other levies,
• buildings temporary and permanent,
• temporary camps,
• temporary camps,
• sanitation and water supply.
(o) All buildings erected by the Contractor upon the Site and camp sites, and the
layout of the buildings and the sites, shall comply with laws of Mongolia and all
local bye-laws in so far as they are applicable, including, but not limited to, those
in respect of health and sanitation.
(p) Each structure made available for occupancy shall be of sound construction,
shall assure adequate protection against weather, and shall include essential
facilities to permit maintenance in a clean and operable condition. Comfort and
safety of occupants shall be provided for by adequate heating, lighting,
ventilation or insulation when necessary.
(q) The construction camps shall be located at least 200 to 500 m away from
habitations. The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be
erected and maintained to standards and scales to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.
(r) All sites used for camps must not be subject to periodic flooding, nor located
within 75 m of swamps or other surface collections of water.
(s) The camps shall be located such that the drainage from and through the camps
will not endanger any domestic or public water supply.
(t) Except where otherwise specified, the Contractor shall be responsible for the
location of suitable sources of natural materials for the execution of the Works,
whether such sources are on the Site or not, and for obtaining all necessary
permissions, including certificates of occupancy, quarry licenses and water
rights.
(u) If the Contractor should provide a radio communications network, around the
Site, he shall allow the Engineer reasonable use of those facilities. The
requirements for the provision of communications facilities for the sole use of the
Engineer are stated in Clause 131 of this Specification.
(v) The Contractor shall provide, maintain and remove on completion of the Works,
all necessary fencing around the Site and provide appropriate security measures
but without prejudice to his other obligations including maintenance of free
access for the Employer, the Engineer, other contractors and any other persons
entitled to such access.
(w) The contractor shall be absolutely and solely responsible for the adequacy,
safety and security of Temporary Works and their removal when no longer
required, including, but not limited to:
• stores and yards,
• pilings,
• staging, gangways, ladders and scaffolding,
• formwork and falsework,
• dams, cofferdams and caissons,
• sheet piling, shoring and trenches,
• fencing,
• and other associated works,
and for the Contractor's equipment in connection therewith which may be
erected or provided for the carrying out of the Contact and for the execution of
the Works. This provision shall be applicable to all Temporary Works and
Contractor's equipment whenever provided and erected by the Contractor and/or
his Subcontractors for the purpose of the execution of or in connection with the
Works.
(x) Examination by the Engineer of the Contractor's and/or his Subcontractors'
Temporary Works or of the drawings connected therewith shall not absolve the
Contractor from any liabilities or obligations imposed upon him by the provisions
of the Contract.
(y) If the Contractor should temporarily close down his operation for seasonal or
other reasons he shall be responsible for maintaining all Site facilities throughout
the shutdown period such that they are ready for immediate use upon the
resumption of his operations. The Care of Works, pursuant to Sub-Clause 17.2
of the Conditions of Contract, shall remain vested in the Contractor during
shutdown periods.
(z) If fossils, coins, articles of archeological importance are found during the
Construction, then the Contractor shall immediately inform the Government of
Mongolia and the findings shall be the property of the Government of Mongolia
and shall be dealt with provisions of the relevant legislation. The Contractor shall
ensure that negative impacts are minimized to the cultural properties / religious
structures.
115-2: SETTING-OUT
(a) General
The Engineer shall provide sufficient survey information to enable the Contractor
to set out the Works and the Contractor shall be responsible for the setting-out
of all necessary reference points and for the maintenance thereof. Setting out
shall be considered as the essential work that follows the main works and
carried out at the Contractor’s expense and no separate payment shall be made.
The Contractor shall forthwith satisfy himself as to the accuracy in line, level and
dimension upon receipt of the basic survey information and any setting-out
details provided.
plotted. An original plot and one copy of those cross-sections shall be provided
free of charge by the Contractor to the Engineer.
Formation level is defined as the level of the interface between the top of the
non-frost subgrade and the bottom of the pavement layers. Before the finishing
of the formation layer and prior to the construction of pavement layers, the
Contractor shall establish steel pins at a constant offset to the edges of the
carriageway shoulders. The offset may be changed due to the conditions in cut
and fill areas, in which case pins will be established at the offset approved by the
Engineer. Height of the pin above the fill surface shall not be less than 1 m. The
steel pins shall be clearly and indelibly marked with all the relevant information
necessary to directly establish the centreline and level at any point across the
carriageway. The interval between pins shall be no greater than 20 m and the
pins shall be maintained by the Contractor until the Engineer no longer requires
them to check the work and authorizes their removal.
115-3 PASSAGE OF TRAFFIC
The project road alignment consist of new alignment sections, but in some stretches
it runs parallel to unformed tracks carrying traffic. All existing unformed tracks
carrying traffic (including deviations and branch roads) running parallel to or
interfering with project road and traffic of which may have impact on the construction
activities, shall be maintained at all times during the construction (including during
winter breaks in construction) in good trafficable condition allowing vehicles to travel
at minimum 50 km/hr speed in flat and steppe terrain and minimum 30 km/hr speed
in mountainous terrain. The locations of the existing road stretches are shown in the
Drawings.
From the date of commencement of the Contract to the date of issue of Taking-Over
Certificate for the whole of Works as provided in the Contract the Contractor shall
bear the full responsibility in maintaining the public and vehicular passage along the
Contract road.
Where public traffic using an existing unformed track is affected by the likely to be
subjected to obstruction or inconvenience due to improvement construction or
reconstruction or new construction of the road, and, where shown on the Drawings
or instructed by the Engineer to do so, the Contractor shall carry out necessary
measures in maintaining the traffickabilty and riding comfort of the tracks taking into
account the nature of the obstruction caused by construction activities.
Where traffic cannot be routed along a deviation due to local constraints (such as
steep mountains, water bodies adjoining the road etc.), the Engineer may allow the
Contractor to pass traffic through or over the Works, on being satisfied about the
necessity thereof and the Contractor’s arrangement for keeping the traffic flowing
without damaging the construction in progress. .
The Contractor shall also provide and maintain temporary signs, barriers and lights
along deviations and existing tracks adjacent to the works and shall ensure the safe
passage of traffic during the Contract.
The Contractor shall provide and maintain all access and haul roads and ensure
access to all parts of the site for his equipment labour and materials.
The Contractor shall protect the Works and adjacent public roads from the effects of
his own construction traffic.
i) Maintenance of Existing Roads/Tracks
The Contractor shall maintain the existing tracks within the limits of the Contract in a
safe and trafficable condition as instructed by the Engineer or shown on the
Drawings from the commencement of the Contract until the adjacent (parallel)
section of new road, or deviation where applicable, is opened to public traffic.
Existing tracks shall be maintained in a fair trafficable condition. to the same standard
as existed at the commencement of the Contract. Maintenance shall include, but not
be limited to:
x filling ruts and holes on earth truck,
x grading,
x watering,
x providing with access to project road if tracks are interfere with project
alignment,
x cutting, re-shaping and deepening side drains and mitre drains, ensuring the
unimpeded flow of water in drainage channels and watercourses,
x providing, erecting and maintaining temporary traffic signs, barriers and lights,
x assistance to public traffic.
ii) Construction of Deviations and Maintenance
(a) General
Where shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor
shall construct, operate and maintain deviations in accordance with this
Specification.
The existing road shall be used to provide passage to bypass public traffic
around the Works wherever to the extent and for the duration of time possible.
The Contractor shall construct deviations only along those parts of the existing
road under construction and closed to traffic for that reasons. Traffic shall pass
over the existing road in adjacent segments. Deviations in those areas where
construction has been completed shall be promptly reinstated.
Deviations shall follow the shortest practicable route, taking into consideration
gradients and obstructions, and their alignment shall be subject to the approval
of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall, in accordance with Clause 114 of this Specification, submit
to the Engineer detailed drawings showing his proposed arrangements in
respect of passing public traffic over and around the Works and the construction
of deviations. These proposals shall include but not be limited to details and
locations of:
x the extent and alignment of deviations,
x cross-overs,
x two-lane lane traffic operations,
x restricted widths,
x drainage channels,
x protection from snow and sand heaping
x culverts,
x gradients in excess of 7%,
x earthworks,
x surfacing,
The frequency and duration of delays to traffic whilst passing through, over or across
the Works, shall be kept to a minimum. Delays shall not exceed 30 minutes without
prior agreement of the Engineer and should normally be less than 5 minutes. If any
proposed method of working should require an anticipated road closure in excess of
30 minutes, the Contractor shall give the Engineer 48 hours prior written notice. In
default of such notice, the Engineer may refuse to allow such closure or may require
such closure to be rescheduled.
Where traffic passes through, over or across the Works, the Constructor shall ensure
that excavations and other hazards are protected with barriers and are clearly
illuminated at night.
Any damage caused to the Works by the passage of public traffic through, over or
across the Works shall be made good at the expense of the Contractor.
iv) Signs, Barriers and Lights
The Contractor shall provide, erect and maintain temporary signs, barriers, lights and
traffic lights along existing roads shown on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer and along deviations constructed.
The construction of all warning signs, regulatory signs, prohibitory signs, mandatory
signs and priority signs used for temporary signing shall comply with the
requirements of the Mongolian Standard MNS 4597-98 or as directed by the
Engineer.
All temporary signs shall be of a type approved by the Engineer. Signs shall be kept
clean and maintained in a good condition.
The Contractor shall prepare a traffic control plan at a suitable scale for the direction
and control of traffic. The plan shall be submitted to the Engineer for his approval at
least 14 days prior to the commencement of any Works affecting traffic. The plan
shall take into consideration the relocation and updating of traffic control measures as
construction progresses.
Where single lane traffic operation is necessary the Contractor shall provide maintain
and operate traffic lights. The use of "Stop" and "Go" boards provided, maintained
and operated by the Contractor shall be permitted between 06:30 hours and 18:30
hours in lieu of traffic lights. Traffic lights shall be used at all other hours. The use of
flags in lieu of either "Stop" and "Go" boards or traffic lights shall not be permitted.
Fences and barriers shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer and shall be
kept clean and maintained in good condition. Barriers shall be painted with in red and
white stripes and shall be provided with strips of retroreflective film or provided with
alternating red and white reflectors.
Barriers, other hazards and entrances to detours and deviations and single lane
traffic operations shall be illuminated throughout the night by red lamps or amber
flashing lights provided by the Contractor and supported at a height of between 0.7 m
and 1.35 m above the existing road surface. The Contractor shall provide night
watchmen at such locations to ensure the proper bright and continuous operations of
all such lights and deter interference to them by vandals or thieves.
v) Closure or Diversion of Existing Roads
Where, as a result of the Works, an existing tracks is to be permanently closed, or
temporarily diverted or re-opened to public traffic, the Contractor shall give the
Engineer at least 28 days written notice. The Engineer may negotiate with the
appropriate Authority or owner in respect the method, order and time for the
execution of the work and shall issue instructions to the Contractor accordingly.
Where the amount of work involved is small, the Engineer may instruct the
Contractor to make his own arrangements with the appropriate Authority or owner. In
all cases, the Contractor shall obtain the Engineer’s instructions and no road shall be
interfered with in any way until the appropriate Authority's or owner's consent to the
work has been obtained.
vi) Assistance To The Public
The Contractor shall render such assistance to the public as shall be necessary to
allow the safe and convenient passage of traffic at all times.
(a) Access to the Site
The Contractor shall be responsible for providing and maintaining, at his own
expense, access to all parts of the Site for his equipment, labour and materials
and local public traffic where no alternative access is available. Where there is
no existing access to or along the new alignment, the Contractor shall construct
and maintain his own access and haul roads as required, all at his own expense.
All such accesses shall be made available for the use of the Employer and the
Engineer.
(b) Public highways
Where the Contractor proposes to use an existing public highway as an access
to a borrow area or as a haulage road for the construction of the Works and his
anticipated construction traffic is such that may give rise to a subsequent claim
for damage caused by extraordinary traffic pursuant to Sub-Clause 4.15 of the
Conditions of Contract, the Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 28 days
notice of his intention to use such a road.
The Engineer may call for joint inspections of such roads by the appropriate
Highway Authority, the Contractor and the Engineer, to agree upon a statement
of the existing condition of the road prior to its use by the Contractor and to
determine the extent of any remedial works required upon completion of the
Works.
Where the existing highway is inadequate to withstand the volume and weight of
the Contractor's traffic, the Engineer may instruct the Contractor:
(i) to improve the road,
(ii) to construct a temporary road in lieu, or,
(iii) to use an alternative route.
(c) Private roads
Where the Contractor proposes to use a private road as an access or haul road
he shall comply with any conditions laid down by the owner. The Employer shall
not be held liable for and the Contractor shall indemnify the Employer against all
claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses arising from such
arrangements.
(d) New access roads
Access roads to quarries and stockpile, borrow and spoil areas shall follow the
shortest practicable routes between them and the nearest point on the new
alignment. The alignment of access roads shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer. Access road shall be provided with drainage channels and culverts of
adequate size and strength. The free drainage of existing water courses shall be
maintained.
The location and layout of junctions of access roads with existing roads shall be
to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor shall comply with the
effectively render the original ground free from water, snow or ice. The Contractor
shall at his own expense take all necessary precautions to prevent damage due
to erosion, siltation and protect the structures already constructed from being
heaped by sand during construction. Such precautions shall include, but not be
limited to, temporary drainage berms, scour checks, riprap and the like. Spoil
material or stockpile material shall be dumped so as not to interfere with streams,
watercourses or any of the drainage works detailed by the Engineer. Any damage to
the Works or to adjacent properties resulting from the Contractor's failure to take
such necessary precautions shall be made good at his own expense.
On cessation of the works each day the surface of each completed layer shall be
trimmed such that the potentiality for ponding and concentration of surface run-off is
eliminated. Should any water accumulate on any part of the Works either during
construction or thereafter until the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, giving
rise to soaking or eroding conditions, the Contractor shall remove and replace at the
Contractor’s expense, if so instructed by the Engineer, any material or Works that
have been so affected.
Trees shall be planted along the road in some stretches to protect it from snow and
sand.
Any Temporary Works proposed by the Contractor pursuant to this Clause shall be
subject to the provisions of Clause 114 of the Specification.
(p) In consultation with the appropriate public health authority, necessary measures
to be taken to control mosquitoes, flies, pests and vermin within the Site,
including labour lines and camp sites. Such measures shall include the
application of suitable pesticides and chemicals to infested area.
(q) Immediately notifying the Engineer of any serious accidents which result in
death, severe injury to or hospitalization of persons for a period exceeding three
days. Although such information may initially be conveyed orally the Contractor
shall submit a detailed written report within 24 hours of the event. The
Contractor shall comply with any requirements in respect of reporting such
serious accidents to the statutory authorities.
(r) Recording details of and reporting any other accident or incident concerning
health, safety and welfare or damage to property to the Engineer and to the
statutory authorities, as appropriate, as soon as possible after its occurrence in
such a format as the Engineer may require.
(s) If the Contractor should temporarily close down his operations for seasonal or
other reasons he shall ensure that the Works are left in a safe condition. He
shall appoint one member of his project management team, acceptable to the
Engineer, to be responsible for the safety of the works throughout the
shutdown period and shall notify the Engineer of the name and contact
telephone number of the responsible person.
(t) The Contractor, his employees, his Subcontractors, their employees and any
other persons authorized by him to be on the Site shall comply in every respect
with the provisions of any statutory requirements as may be applicable to the
Works in respect of health, safety and welfare.
(u) The provisions of this Clause shall apply to the Contractor and, with the
necessary changes, to his Subcontractors. The Contractor shall ensure that
these provisions are included in all subcontracts placed by him.
118 PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FENCES AND GATES
The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the safety of all persons and
property on the Site and for ensuring that livestock cannot stray as a result of his
work. When existing fences and gates have to be removed or altered for the proper
execution of the Works, the Contractor shall erect temporary fencing and gates and,
if required, provide watchmen to ensure that livestock cannot stray provided always
that such fences or gates have not been the subject of a negotiated agreement for
compensation whereby the owner or tenant has been made responsible for such
removal or alternation.
The Contractor shall discipline his employees to ensure that no fences or gates, with
the exception of those required to be removed or altered for the proper execution of
the Works, are damaged during the currency of the Contract and that no gates are
left open that may allow livestock to stray.
119 USE OF EXPLOSIVES
The Contractor shall keep in his site office the copies of State laws applying to the
supply, transportation, handling, storage and usage of explosives and shall supply
one copy of each of those State laws to the Engineer. The Contractor shall also
submit to the Engineer a copy of any instructions or notices that the Contractor may
issue to his staff or workers or post about the Site in compliance with such State
laws.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer details of the explosives that he
proposes to use and of his proposals for their storage on and transportation to the
Site.
Explosives shall be used in accordance with the related laws and regulations of
Mongolia.
The Contractor shall use explosives for blasting in connection with the Works only at
such times and places and in such a manner as the Engineer may approve and in
compliance with the License for blasting works always provided that such approval
shall not relieve the Contractor from his responsibility for injury, loss, inconvenience
and annoyance to persons, damage to the Works and adjoining or adjacent
structures, roads, places and things consequent on the use of such explosives.
The Contractor shall be entirely liable for any accident that may occur and shall save
the Employer harmless and indemnified from all claims arising there from. Where the
possibility exists of loss, inconvenience, injury or accident to persons, animals,
works, property, places or objects the Engineer shall have the authority to regulate or
proscribe the use of explosives and, in the event of such regulation or proscription
the Contractor shall have no claim against the Employer.
The Contractor shall give warning each time of his intention to blast and shall station
personnel on the roads and elsewhere with flags, horns and whistles and prevent
persons, animals and traffic entering or remaining within the danger zone. He shall
arrange for control of traffic on main roads by the local police and traffic police of
Mongolia during all blasting operations within 400 m of such main roads.
The Contractor’s supervisor in charge of blasting operations shall have a current
license held valid by the concerned Authorities of Mongolia for all types of blasting
required including restricted blasting, and the license shall be made available to the
Engineer for verification.
The Contractor shall provide proper buildings in suitable locations for the storage of
explosives to the satisfaction of the Engineer and any statutory regulations in force in
Mongolia. Such storage locations shall be clearly marked with “Danger Explosives”
sign in bold script in all languages normally spoken on Site.
The Contractor shall take all proper precautions and comply with all laws or other
statutory regulations governing the handling and use of explosives including the
display on Site of warning notices explaining the procedure to be used in blasting
operations, such notices to be displayed in all languages normally spoken by the
personnel working on Site.
The Contractor shall select the number, position, orientation, depth and spacing of
holes for blasting, the amount and type of explosive to be used per hole and the
number and sequence of delays such that fracturing or otherwise damaging the
ground below or beyond the required excavation limits is avoided. Final holes shall
stop short of the final limits of excavation by the amount required to ensure that, after
detonation and the removal of all loose material, the final surface is in the correct
position.
In areas where it is necessary to restrict blasting in order to protect installations of
significance or whenever he wishes to blast within 400 m of any public road, railway
line, overhead power line or telephone line, the contractor shall:
(a) inform the authority concerned of his intention to carry out blasting within the
vicinity of their property and ensure that all conditions imposed by them,
including attendance by the representatives of such authority, are met,
(b) provide cover to the area to be blasted or use other means, to the approval of
the Engineer and the authority concerned, to prevent damage by flying debris to
such services,
(c) ensure, by the use of controlled delayed detonations or by limiting the amount
of charge used at any blasting site, that the peak particle velocity at any existing
building, structure or service does not exceed 50 m/s,
(d) provide a suitable vibrometer and, whenever called upon to do so by the
Engineer, demonstrate by the use of this instrument that the charges he
proposes to use comply with this Specification.
Neither the Contractor’s compliance with these restrictions nor any approval given by
the Engineer shall relieve the Contractor of any of his liabilities or responsibilities in
respect of any damage to any building, structure or service resulting from his use of
explosives.
Notwithstanding all of the above, the Contractor shall cease blasting and continue
excavation in rock by barring, wedging or other approved methods, whenever called
upon to do so by the Engineer.
If firing is to be done electrically, all precautions shall be taken to prevent premature
detonations. If blasting is to be carried out in the vicinity of overhead electrical power
cables the licensed supervisor shall check for stray electric currents at the blasting
site prior to laying charges.
All personnel other than the licensed supervisor and one skilled person shall
withdraw to a safe distance before firing wires are connected to the firing cable. The
connection of the firing cable to the firing battery shall be the last operation. No
charging of firing shall be permitted when there are electrical storms or audible
thunder claps in the vicinity of the blasting site.
After blasting no person shall approach the danger zone until the blasting site has
been examined by the licensed supervisor or other responsible person and, in the
case of misfires, before the proper precautions have been taken.
The Contractor shall keep records of all blasting carried out showing the time and
location of each blast, the type and amount of explosives used and any other
relevant data. Copies of these records shall be sent to the Engineer weekly relating
to the previous week’s work.
The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his rates for items covering
excavation for the supply of all explosives including, but not limited to, their
transportation, storage, handling, supervision and compliance with requirements of
this Clause of the Specification.
120 PROTECTION OF EXISTING WORKS AND SERVICES
The Contractor shall be held responsible for any injury to existing works, utilities or
services (hereinafter referred to as services) , and shall indemnify the Employer
against any claims in this respect including consequential damages. The Contractor
shall be wholly responsible at his own cost for the reinstatement of any services so
affected.
Before commencing any excavation or other work in the vicinity of existing services
or likely to affect otherwise such services, the Contractor shall notify the concerned
authority owning and/or operating such services and shall obtain clearance from that
authority for the Contractor’s work plan for protection and/or reinstatement of such
services before proceeding with the works, under intimation to the Engineer.
The Contractor shall be responsible for identifying the precise location and pertinent
details of all existing services including but not limited to:
x sewers,
x surface water drains,
x cables for electricity telephone and lighting,
0 – 750 1m
750 – 38,000 1m
38,000 – 86,000 1.5 m
Where it is necessary for the Employer, in fulfilling his obligations, to acquire any land
during the Contract, the Contractor shall determine the ownership of and shall pay on
instruction from the Engineer, the cost of the land or rent, and/or compensation for
demolition or shifting of structures or assets or change in landuse required for the
Works as valued by the responsible local authorities. The Contractor’s obligations in
this respect are set out in detail in Clause 303 of this Specification. Although the
Contractor may, in the first instance, provide the money for the purchase of the land,
all such land shall be the property of the Employer. If the Contractor requires any
Governmental facilitation in this matter through the Employer, the requirement in this
regard shall be brought to the notice of the Engineer at least 28 days in advance.
In respect of all land required for borrow, stockpile and spoil areas, quarries, access
roads thereto, deviations outside the road reserve, the Site laboratories, the
Engineer’s offices, houses and Inspection huts and land required by the Contractor
for his own camps, offices, stores, workshops, houses, Temporary Works or any
other purposes, the Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with the
property owners concerned and pay all charges arising there from as per the local
laws and regulations. On or before completion of the Works and when so instructed
by the Engineer, the Contractor shall, insofar as in the opinion of the Engineer is
reasonable and practicable, restore all such land to the same condition that it was in
immediately prior to the occupation of that land by the Contractor to the satisfaction
of the Engineer.
Should the Contractor request the purchase of land for any purpose and this land is
subsequently not used, the Contractor shall be responsible for all costs associated
with the compensation, purchase and disposal of such land.
124 WATER SUPPLY
The Contractor shall provide a clean, sufficient and continuous supply of fresh water
both for construction of the Works and for all houses, offices, Site laboratories,
Inspection huts, stores, workshops and labour lines. He shall undertake all
arrangements including pipelines and meters for connecting to local water mains, the
provision of pumps, storage tanks and the means of water conveyance where
necessary, payment for all fees and water charges and the satisfactory removal of all
such arrangements and provisions on completion of the Works.
The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to local regulations in
force and to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the
said natural sources shall be dealt entirely by the Contractor. Where natural sources
of surface water are not available or not otherwise adequate for whatever reasons,
the Contractor shall make arrangements at his own cost for extraction of water from
underground sources subject to local regulations.
The water shall be clear of suspended solids and free from any matter in quantities
considered by the Engineer to be deleterious to the Works. Water supplied to all the
offices, houses, Site laboratories, Inspection huts, stores, workshops and labour lines
shall be wholesome and potable to the satisfaction of the Engineer and the public
health authorities in the area of the Site.
The drinking water system shall be monitored in accordance with the water quality
parameters as prescribed by the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism
(MONET).
Water wells and ancillary facilities including fencing and water delivery pipes shall be
provided to maintain the tree plantation.
125 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED ARTICLES
Materials to be incorporated in the Works shall fully comply with this Specification. If
the Contractor should prefer to supply material of an equal or higher standard under
an alternative specification he shall supply the Engineer with full details of
Specification fully supported by copies of the alternative specification of the material
proposed. Such materials shall be tested at and certified by a laboratory acceptable
to the Engineer and at the Contractor’s expense. Unless provided for elsewhere in
the Contract, all goods, materials, transportation, equipment and services for the
Works shall be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall be solely
responsible for the identification of sources of materials and their provision,
transportation and storage in accordance with the requirements of this Specification.
Before placing any order for materials and manufactured articles for incorporation in
the Works, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer the names of the firms from
whom he proposes to obtain such materials and manufactured articles to be supplied
their origin, the manufacturer’s specification, quality, weight, strength and any other
relevant details. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with samples of such
materials and manufactured articles and, where appropriate shall provide
manufacturer’s certificates of recent tests carried out on similar materials and
manufactured articles.
The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of all quotations and orders for
the supply of materials and manufactured articles required in connection with the
Works as the Engineer may require.
Should the Engineer at any time determine that any goods or materials intended for
use or already incorporated in the Permanent Works do not satisfy the applicable
specifications, he shall be empowered to reject such goods and materials and shall
instruct their replacement by others of acceptable quality. The costs of any
consequential additional or abortive work together with all costs arising from the
supply of replacement goods or materials shall be borne by the Contractor.
126 INFORMATION FROM EXPLORATORY BORING AND TEST PITS
Any information made available by the Engineer to prospective bidders, including the
Engineer’s report on materials, shall be deemed not to form part of the Contract. The
Contractor shall be held solely responsible for any conclusions that he may reach
from any information concerning exploratory borings, test pits and other
investigations that have been made by the Engineer on the Site of the Works.
The Engineer may adjust foundation levels and other levels for construction below
ground level, in the light of information that becomes available as general excavation
proceeds upon the Site.
The Contractor’s attention is drawn to his obligations in respect of the inspection and
examination of the Site as detailed in Sub-Clause 4.10 of the Conditions of Contract.
127 STORAGE OF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED ARTICLES
All materials and manufactured articles shall be stored on Site in a manner
acceptable to the Engineer. The Contractor shall securely store and protect all work,
materials and manufactured articles form the effects of the weather, flooding or
vermin.
128 TEST CERTIFICATES
When required by these Specifications or otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the
Contractor shall submit to him test certificates from the suppliers of materials and
manufactured articles to be incorporated in the Works. Such test certificates shall
certify that the materials and manufactured articles concerned have been tested in
accordance with the requirements of this Specification and shall give the results of all
the tests carried out. The Contractor shall provide adequate means of identifying the
materials and manufactured articles delivered to the Site with the corresponding test
certificates.
129 PROGRESS PHOTOGRAPHS
Progress photographs shall be taken by the Engineer with a camera provided by the
Contractor accordance with Sub-Clause 131 (b) of this Specification.
130 SIGNBOARDS
The Contractor shall provide, erect and maintain signboards to the layout, colours
and dimensions shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Signboards
shall be erected at locations to be instructed by the Engineer, and material of the
vertical member and horizontal board including the writings shall conform to the
requirements of Section 900 of this specification.
The signboards shall be erected within fifty six days of the date of the letter of
Acceptance or within 28 days after receiving the Notice to Proceed, whichever is
later. The Contractor shall remove the signboards at the end of the Defects Liability
Period.
131 GENERAL SITE FACILITIES
The Contractor shall newly construct or reconstruct existing buildings or hire for Site
Laboratories, Inspection huts, house and office for the Engineer and his staff, to
provide laboratory equipment, furniture and equipment for the Engineer and his staff
and maintain them at all times.
(a) SITE LABORATORIES AND OFFICE ACCOMMODATION
i) General
The Contractor shall provide, furnish, equip and maintain for the duration of
the Contract Site laboratories for the joint use of the Contractor and the
Engineer and offices for the sole use of the Engineer's supervisory staff.
The offices and laboratories shall be located adjacent to the Contractor’s
main site offices, as approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall provide the above services in suitable rented buildings
including necessary renovations to suit for Site laboratories and Engineer’s
offices in the nearest town approved by the Engineer.
The terms of any lease for such buildings shall be subject to the Engineer's
approval and, , shall contain provision for extension of the lease, on terms
agreed on beforehand, during any extended time for completion of the
Contract, as well as provision for the lease to be taken over by the Engineer
in the event of default by or insolvency of the Contractor. Notwithstanding
the Engineer’s approval of the conditions of the lease, the Contractor shall
be solely responsible for providing the accommodation for the full period
required and for suitable substitute accommodation should the leased
accommodation no longer be available or otherwise found unfit for use..
The Site laboratories and Engineer’s offices and their appurtenant services
shall be furnished in accordance with these specifications, also taking into
account national and local regulations and practices in Mongolia. The
Contractor shall prepare and submit for approval the detailed location
maps, building plans etc. of his proposals in respect of services for the Site
laboratories and Engineer’s offices in accordance with the guidelines
provided in this Specification.
The location and orientation of the Site laboratories and the Engineer’s
area of approximately 300 m2. This shall consist of 1 to 2 no. large rooms, 4
no. regular rooms, kitchen and 2 no. WC in a building plan or as directed by
the Engineer. Window space shall be a minimum of 15% of the floor area
of the office building. All rooms shall be provided with electric fluorescent
strip lighting of a minimum power rating of 240 W per room. 2 no. double
power points shall be provided in office and in the kitchen and 1 no. in the
corridor.
The Contractor shall provide and install adequate central heating and air
conditioning facilities such that ambient temperatures over the range of 18
to 20 °C can be continuously maintained inside the Engineer’s offices.
A piped potable water supply shall be provided to toilets, wash hand basins,
and to the kitchen which shall contain a sink with suitable built in cupboards
and working surfaces. A hot water supply shall be provided to both the
kitchen sink and toilet wash hand basins. If there is no existing waterborne
sewerage system, sewerage shall connect to a septic tank at least 30 m
from the building.
The store shall be fitted with shelving to the approval of the Engineer. Blinds
are to be provided for all office windows.
Each office shall be provided with a telephone with PABX facilities,
independent of the Contractor’s telephone, comprising two external lines,
switchboard and extensions to entire offices and the Site laboratory. The
Contractor shall be deemed to have allowed in his rates and prices for of all
telephone and facsimile charges.
The Engineer’s office building shall be equipped with the furniture and
fittings detailed specified in Sub-Clause 131 (b) of this Specification.
(iii) Site laboratories
The location of the laboratory shall be within the Engineer’s office complex,
or in another location if approved by the Engineer.
The Site laboratory, shall be in Choir/Airag, and shall have a internal floor
area of approximately 150 m2. Site laboratory shall consist of one office and
laboratory working area or as directed by the Engineer. Window space
shall be a minimum of 15% of the office floor areas. All rooms shall be
provided with electric fluorescent strip lighting of a minimum power rating of
160 W in the laboratory offices and 480 W in the laboratory working area.
One telephone shall be installed in one of the laboratory offices as an
extension to the telephone exchange located in the Engineer's office
building. A total of 12 no. double power points shall be provided, 2 no. in
each laboratory office and 8 no. in the laboratory working area.
The Contractor shall provide and install central heating and air conditioning
facilities to both offices and the working area within the each laboratory
building. These facilities shall be sufficient to continuously maintain ambient
temperatures inside the Site laboratory building over the range of 15 to 22
°C.
The floor of the each laboratory building shall be constructed of reinforced
concrete with a power floated U3 finish. A strengthened reinforced concrete
floor panel of size 1.5 m x 1.5 m and of total thickness 0.4 m for use as a
compaction area shall be provided. Reinforced concrete plinths are to be
provided for the concrete crushing machine, the CBR machine and the
Marshall test apparatus.
Sturdy metal surfaced benches with integral cupboards below and sturdy
shelving above shall be provided in the laboratory working area and the
laboratory store shall be fitted with suitable shelving all to the approval of
the Engineer.
Each laboratory building shall be provided with piped potable water and hot
water supplies and continuous 24 hour 220 V, 50 Hz AC electricity supply
for lighting and running the laboratory equipment.
Blinds are to be provided for all windows.
In addition to the each laboratory the Contractor shall provide a separate
but adjacent covered drying shed and soaking tank. The drying shed shall
have a minimum floor area of approximately 25 m2 constructed of raised
concrete floor and weatherproof roof but open on all sides. The soaking
tank shall be 3 m x 1 m x 0.3 m deep and constructed of water-tight
concrete or other materials approved by the Engineer.
The Site laboratories shall be equipped with the furniture and fittings
detailed specified in Sub-Clause 131 (b) of this Specification.
(iv) Inspection huts
The Contractor shall provide, furnish and maintain Inspection huts in 4
places for the duration of the working months only spread over the Contract
period for the sole use of the Engineer’s supervisory staff. The Inspection
huts shall be of such construction that may be dismantled and transported
to other locations and re-erected or they may be ‘Ger’ or equivalent. The
Inspection huts shall be erected on the Site of works or at material
processing Site. The sitting of the Inspection huts shall progressively shift
as the work Site shifts forward and the Contractor shall be required to
dismantle and re-erect these huts or transported them as such as
appropriate or as directed by the Engineer.
Each hut shall have a minimum internal floor area of 25 m2. These shall
have adequate windows, fly-proof net, and well fitted doors fitted with lock.
The arrangement shall be made so that ambient temperatures of 18 to 20
°C can be continuously maintained inside the huts in springs and autumns,
and electric power of 220V, 50 Hz is supplied for 24 hrs in a day to the huts.
Each hut shall be provided with an overhead tank, faucet and an enclosed
toilet and kitchen. Services shall include water supply and sewage disposal
system, adequate electric light, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Furniture shall include 1 no. office table 1.8 m x 0.9 m, 4 no. office chairs, 1
no. 4 drawer lockable steel filing cabinet, 1 no. stool together with an
electric kettle, a twin burner cooker, a kitchen table, utensils and crockery
for the kitchen attached to it, all as approved by the Engineer.
The responsibility for the care of such Inspection huts during shut down
periods shall be vested in the Contractor.
(v) Car ports and garages
Heated garages for Engineer’s cars shall be provided in Khutag Undur near
to Engineer’s houses, and shall be maintained for the full period of Contract
implementation. The design of such garages shall be subject to prior
approval of Engineer.
Car ports shall be so provided that vehicles parked under them shall at all
times are protected from the direct rays of the sun, rain or snow. They shall
have weatherproof roofs and be fully enclosed on three sides with the open
side for access. The configuration and layout of car ports to be provided
adjacent to the Site laboratories and Engineer's office buildings shall be
(B) The Contractor as asked for in the BoQ shall supply and maintain the
following new laboratory equipment and apparatus for the use of the
Engineer. Quantity shown is indicative and minimum. Further
augmentation required to match the magnitude of work as instructed by
the Engineer, shall have to be made by the Contractor for no additional
cost.
Sl
No.
1. Sampling and Riffle Boxes (max. particle size no. 3
Preparation range 25-75mm)
Porcelain Mortar and Pestle no. 3
Proctor/CBR/Marshall Extruder no. 3
Sl
No.
2. Moisture Content Speedy Moisture Tester no. 3
3. Soil Index Properties Casagrande Method AASHTO T89
Liquid Limit Device (motorized) no. 3
no. 6
Liquid Limit Device (hand-operated) no. 6
Casagrande Grooving tool
Plastic Limit AASHTO T90 no. 3
Plastic Limit Glass Plate no. 6
Evaporating Dish no. 6
Spatula no. 3
Gas Jar for Specific Gravity and no. 3
Density no. 6
Mechanical Shaker
Pycnometer
4. Particle Size Distribution Stirring Apparatus no. 3
Soil Dispersion Cup no. 3
Soil Hydrometer no. 3
Sedimentation Cylinder no. 6
Set of Woven Wire Mesh Sieves, set 6
Diameter 450 mm: 63, 50, 45, 37.5,
25, 19,16, 13.2, 9.5, 6.3, 4.75
including Lid and Receiver, and
Set of Woven Wire Mesh Sieves,
Frame
Diameter 200 mm: 4.75, 2.36, 2.00,
1.18 mm and 600, 425, 300, 212, no. 12
150 and 75 Pm including Lid and no. 6
Receiver no. 6
Sieve Brush (for both fine & coarse) no. 3
75 Pm Washing Sieve no. 3
Sieve Shaker (450 mm)
Sieve Shaker (200 mm) no. 3
Wet Sieving Attachment
Sand Equivalent Value AASHTO
T176
Sand Equivalent Apparatus
5. Compaction and CBR Compaction Mould AASHTO T180 no. 9
Compaction Rammer no. 6
Straightedge no. 6
Mixing Spoon no. 9
Mixing Trowel no. 6
Spatula no. 6
Sample Tray no. 12
Wash Bottle no. 6
Moisture Content Tin no. 150
CBR Test AASHTO T193
CBR Test Machine no. 3
Force Measurement
10 kN no. 3
50 kN no. 3
Sl
No.
CBR Mould Complete with Collar no. 36
and Perforated Base plate
CBR Spacing Disc no. 3
Filter Paper box 100
Surcharge Weight no. 36
Slotted Surcharge Weight no. 36
Swell Plate no. 36
Swell Tripod no. 36
Swell Dial Gauge no. 36
Soaking Tank no. 3
CBR Cutting Collar no 3
Dynamic Cone Penetration Test no. 2
Equipment no 2
Standard Penetration Test no 1
Equipment (SPT)
Direct Shear Test equipment
6. In-situ Density Sand Cone 152 mm with Sand no. 9
Container and Density Plate
Nuclear Density & Moisture Gauge no. 3
Sl
No.
9. Asphalt Asphalt Centrifuge Extractors no. 3
Filter Paper box box 100
Bench-mounting Mixer, 5-litre no. 3
Capacity no. 36
Compaction Mould no. 3
Compaction Pedestal no. 6
Compaction Hammer no. 3
Marshall Test Apparatus with no.
Accessories (25 kN Capacity) no. 3
Flow Meter no. 3
Vacuum Pycnometer no. 3
Water Bath no. 3
Kinematic Viscometer no. 3
Distillation Apparatus for Cutback no. 3
Bitumen no. 6
Ring and Ball Apparatus no. 9
Dial Thermometer (0 to 250 oC)
General Glass Thermometer no. 3
(- 10 to + 250 oC)
Hand-held Digital Thermometer no. 3
(- 30 to + 200 oC)
Core Drilling Machine
10. Drying and Weighing Field and Laboratory Scale 25,000 g no. 3
Capacity including Set of Weights
Field and Laboratory Scale, 10,000 no. 3
g including Set of Weights Triple
Beam Balance 2,610 g Capacity no. 3
including Set of Weights
Electronic Balance 360g capacity no. 3
(0.0019 accuracy)
Electronic Balance 3000 gm no. 3
Capacity
Hotplate no. 3
Drying Oven, 750 litre no. 3
(thermostatically controlled)
11. Accessories, Tools and Sodium Sulfate Kg 30
Consumable Stirring Rod no. 6
Desiccators no. 3
Measuring Cylinder (different sizes) no. 9
Wash Bottle no. 3
Beakers and Covers no. 3
Graduated Pipette no. 9
Bowel (different sizes) no. 36
Sample Tray (different sizes) no. 36
Sample Container no. 36
Crucible Tongs no. 3
Heavy-duty Rubber Gloves pair 15
Heat-resistant Gloves pair 15
Chisel no. 3
Vernier Callipers no. 3
Sl
No.
Wire Brush no. 9
Trimming Knife no. 6
Strong Plastic Bag no. 300
Plastic Bucket no. 9
Stop Watch no. 3
Scoop no. 6
Aggregate Scoop no. 6
Shovel no. 9
Spatula no. 6
Support Assembly no. 3
Hammer no. 3
Funnels
General Glass Thermometer no. 9
(- 30 to + 100 oC)
Pickaxe no. 9
Hard Bristle Broom with Handle no. 6
12 Pycnometer (glass) 18
Sieves (Ø 200mm, Ø28mm, 6
Ø20mm, Ø14mm, Ø10mm, Ø6mm,
Ø3mm) 3
AASHTO T99 compactors 3
Hammers 3
Moulds 6
AASHTO T 80 moulds 6
Hammers 3
Schmitt hammer 3
Ductilometer 3
Penetrometer
Test equipment for measuring
bitumen frost resistance (using 3
Fraass method) and necessary 15
chemicals 3
Thermometer (+250C) 3
Drying oven
CBR Force Measurement 10 kN, 28 6
kN, 50kN
Steel straight edge, 3m
In addition the Contractor shall supply further jute, plastic or 4-ply brown
paper sacks for sampling, paint, brushes, turpentine or any other
laboratory equipment or materials required for use in the Site
laboratories as may be instructed by the Engineer from time to time.
The laboratory equipment shall be of sound engineering design and
construction and have the dimensions, characteristics and precision
required for the proper sampling procedures and tests intended to be
performed. The laboratory equipment shall be from manufacturers of
international repute conforming to all applicable international standards
indicated in this Specification. The make, model and technical
specifications of all proposed laboratory equipment shall be submitted to
• 2 no. pillows
• 1 no. quilt
• 2 no. blankets
• 2 no. quilt cover
• 2 no. fitted sheets
• 8 no. pillow cases
• 2 no. bath towels
• 2 no. hand towels
9. 1 no. desk and cushioned chair,
10. 1 no. sofa and matching chairs to seat 6,
11. 1 no. television, 510 mm screen,
12. 1 no. occasional side tables,
I3. 1 no. standard lamp,
14. 1 no. sideboard,
15. 1 no. table lamp,
16. 1 no. dining table with 6 chairs,
17. 1 no. bathroom cabinet with mirror,
18. 1 no. towel rails,
19. 1 no. water filters, with 3 candles,
20. 1 no. automatic washing machine,
21. 1 no. electric iron and ironing board,
22. 1 no. electric kettle,
23. 1 no. vacuum cleaner
24. 1 set kitchen equipment comprising:
• 1 no. dinner service for 6,
• 1 no. tea service for 6,
• 1 no. canteen of stainless steel cutlery for 6,
• 6 no. tumblers,
• 6 no. water glasses and jug,
• 6 no. mugs,
• 1 set of 3 no. enamel saucepans,
• 1 no. stainless steel frying pan,
• 1 no. cast iron skillet,
• 1 set. of 3 no. ovenproof casserole dishes,
• 1 set kitchen utensils,
• 1 set steel kitchen knives and sharpening steel,
• 1 set serving dishes,
• other kitchen sundries as may be required,
25. 1 no. kitchen waste bin,
26. 1 no. dustbin,
All four wheel drive vehicles are to be equipped with Pirelli "Scorpion" 255/75
R15 radial ply tyres or equivalent and alloy wheels to suit.
The vehicles, and any authorized passengers, goods and samples, shall be
comprehensively insured by the Contractor and licensed for use within
Mongolia by any licensed driver authorized by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall pay all tolls and vehicle licensing costs and provide fuel,
lubricants and any repairs or maintenance, including replacing defective or
damaged parts or tyres and the like, whenever required in conformity with the
vehicle manufacturer's recommendations or as may be deemed necessary by
the Engineer. The vehicles shall be fueled, lubricated and maintained as
aforementioned until released by the Engineer. The Contractor will continue to
comply with these requirements during the Defects Liability Period if so
instructed by the Engineer. The ownership of the vehicles on their release
shall revert to the Employer.
Each vehicle shall be equipped with a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, tow hook
and cable, tool kit (including set of metric spanners, set of screwdrivers, water
pump pliers, adjustable wrench and socket set), spare wheel, wheel wrench,
jack and handle and front and rear seat belts all of which shall be maintained
in working order or replaced by the Contractor as necessary.
The Contractor shall immediately provide a similar replacement for any
vehicle out of service for maintenance or through mechanical breakdown or
for any vehicle being unavailable owing to theft or accident or through any
other cause.
The Contractor shall provide house and working clothes and pay, including all
overtime and overnight traveling allowances competent and licensed drivers
approved by the Engineer for each of the vehicles indicated. Sufficient drivers
shall be available at night and at weekends whenever required by the
Engineer.
Vehicles shall remain immobilized on blocks with the wheels removed,
batteries disconnected and garaged in heated facilities during seasonal
shutdown periods. The responsibility for the care of such vehicles during shut
down periods shall be vested in the Contractor. The vehicles shall be fully
serviced and made ready for the use of the Engineer's staff prior to the
resumption of the construction of the Works in the spring.
(b) Rented vehicles
The Contractor in demand shall supply suitable rented vehicles for the use of
the Engineer and his staff, that provides the same standards and services as
specified in Sub-Clause 137 (a) as and when instructed by the Engineer.
138 PAYMENT OF OVERTIME FOR ENGINEER'S STAFF
The Contractor may be instructed by the Engineer to make payment for overtime
worked by the Engineer’s staff. When any such overtime arises from the need for the
Engineer to inspect work which is performed outside normal working hours as
defined in Clause 108 of this Specification, the full cost of such overtime shall be
borne by the Contractor and reimbursed by the Contractor to the Engineer including a
33% addition for administrative overheads.
If the Contractor should wish to execute work on a regular basis outside such normal
working hours the Engineer shall have the authority to employ additional supervisory
staff for which the Contractor shall provide accommodation and facilities of the same
nature and standard as the Engineer's other supervisory staff. The Engineer shall be
reimbursed in full for the costs of mobilization of such additional supervisory staff and
their salaries including a 25% addition for administrative overheads.
139 PLANTATION OF TREES ALONG THE ROAD
Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
excavate for, backfill with topsoil, provide, plant, water and protect tree seedlings
along the road.
Minimum 5 years old of tree species of Populous and Larch shall be planted. The
excavation for each tree species shall be min. 0.6 m deep and 0.3 m in diameter or
as required. Tree species shall be planted on top of a layer of topsoil placed at the
bottom of each excavation. The remaining void around the seedling shall be
backfilled firmly with topsoil provided by the Contractor. All the plants shall be
maintained up to three years from the date of planting. The maintenance work
includes watering, post plantation operation i.e. manuring, weeding and pruning shall
be carried out as and when required.
Protection of tree species shall also be provided in accordance with the details shown
on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
140 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
The rivers, streams, waterways along the road may get affected to some extent
during the construction stage. The perennial water bodies existing along the road
under construction should be protected from sedimentation ingress through
protective measures like silt fencing, earth slope protection or other approved
methods. The Contractor may extract water from the identified perennial rivers or
bore wells sources with approval from the Engineer as well as from the local
administrative authorities. The Contractor shall take necessary measures so that the
existing water quality does not get affected due to the construction activities
according to the Surface Water Quality Standards of Mongolia.
Asphalt, concrete, stone crusher and wet mix macadam mixing plants shall be
operated in conformity with Government pollution control legislation and located
minimum 1.0 km away from population centers. Water will be sprayed on earthworks,
temporary haulage, detour roads and different pavement layers on a regular basis to
prevent dust generation. Air quality shall conform to the requirements of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards of Mongolia.
All the construction equipment, plants, machinery and vehicles shall follow prescribed
noise standards. All construction equipment shall conform to a standard of less than
90dB (A). At construction site within 150 m of human settlements, noisy construction
shall be stopped between 10.00 p.m to 6.00 a.m. All the vehicles and construction
machinery shall be monitored regularly with particular attention to silencers and
mufflers to maintain noise levels within the specified limits.
The environmental qualities as well as health of the construction worker, condition of
work site, hygiene, safety etc. shall be monitored as follows, and supported by test
certificates of the qualified/approved agency at every 3 months periodicity.
The rate for the Site laboratories shall include for the cost of providing the
laboratories, electricity, water, sewerage, and air conditioning in accordance
with the requirements of Clauses 101 to 120 inclusive, 122 to 125 inclusive,
and 131 to 136 inclusive of this Specification.
(d) Item: Furniture and equipment for the Engineer's offices
Unit: Lump Sum
Reimbursement for the purchase of furniture and equipment for Engineer's
offices shall be on a Lump Sum basis. Reimbursement shall be made for the
purchase of those items scheduled in Sub-Clauses 131 (b) (i) (A), (B), (C) and
(E) of this Specification only. All other obligations in respect of the provision of
equipment and services for the Engineer's offices in accordance with this
Specification shall be deemed to be covered elsewhere in the Contractor's
rates and prices.
(e) Item: Furniture and equipment for the Site laboratories
Unit: Lump Sum
Reimbursement for the purchase of furniture and equipment for the Site
laboratories shall be on a Lump Sum basis. Reimbursement shall be made for
the purchase of those items scheduled in Sub-Clause 131 (b) (ii) (A) and Sub-
Clauses 131 (b) (ii) (B) (1), (2), (3) and (4) of this Specification only. All other
obligations in respect of the provision of equipment and services for the Site
laboratories in accordance with this Specification shall be deemed to be
covered elsewhere in the Contractor's rates and prices.
(f) Item: Maintenance of services, furniture and equipment including
communications and supply of stationery for the Engineer's offices
Unit: month
The unit of measurement for maintenance of furniture and equipment for the
Engineer's offices shall be month. The quantity shall be calculated in no. of
month instructed to be maintained.
The rate for maintenance of furniture and equipment for the Engineer's offices
shall include for the cost of maintenance, running services and related
supplies of those items scheduled in Sub-Clauses 131 (b) (i) (A), (B), (C) and
(D) and in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 131 and 134 of this
Specification. The maintenance of office equipments includes recharging
coupon (limited to US$ 50 for continuous functioning of mobile.
(g) Item: Maintenance of services, furniture and equipment including
communications and supply of stationery, computer supplies and other
consumables for the Site laboratories
Unit: month
The unit of measurement for maintenance of furniture and equipment for the
Site laboratories shall be month. The quantity shall be calculated in no. of
month instructed to be maintained.
The rate for maintenance of furniture and equipment for the Site laboratories
and Engineer's offices shall include for the cost of maintenance, running
services, related supplies and consumables of those items scheduled in Sub-
Clause 131 (b) (ii) (A) and Sub-Clauses 131 (b) (ii) (B) (1), (2), (3) and (4) and
in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 131 and 134 of this
Specification. The rate shall include the cost of providing laboratory
technicians and helpers as directed by the Engineer.
The unit payment for this item for maintenance of existing roads shall be the
kilometer. The length shall be measured by the Engineer in the presence of
the Contractor to the nearest 0.1 km along the centerline of the existing road.
Measurement and payment shall only be made for those lengths of road
where maintenance were instructed by and carried out to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
The rate for this item maintenance of existing road shall include for the costs
of complying with all the requirements of Sub-Clauses 115-3(i) and (ii) and
Section 100 of this Specification for the entire duration of construction with the
exception of gravel surfacing for deviations which shall be measured and paid
for separately under Section 400 of this Specification.
Payment for maintenance of existing roads shall be made in accordance with
the following conditions:
80% of the sum total amount shall be paid in equal monthly installments
calculated over the period from the commencement of the Contract to the due
date for completion (taking into account any extension of the completion date)
pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.2 of the Conditions of Contract and the Appendix to
Bid.
Such monthly payments shall be withheld in respect of those portions of the
existing roads (including deviations thereto) which are not maintained by the
Contractor for passage of traffic according to the requirements of 115-3(i) and
(ii), as determined by the Engineer. Further, to make up for the Contractor’s
default, if any, in this respect, the Engineer shall be entitled to get the required
maintenance of existing roads (including deviations thereto) carried out
through another agency and the cost so incurred shall be recoverable from
the payments due to the Contractor.
The remaining 20% of the amount shall be paid to the Contractor after the
date of the issue of the Taking Over Certificate in respect of those lengths of
the existing road for which it is decided by the Engineer deemed to cover the
Contractor’s obligations in respect of maintenance of existing roads in
accordance with Sub-Clause 115-3(i) of this Specification. Part, all or none of
that portion shall be paid, entirely at his the arbitrary discretion, that the
existing road (including deviations thereto) were maintained by the Contractor
for the passage of traffic for the full period of construction and according to
the requirements of Sub-Clauses 115-3(i) and (ii) the Engineer, in
consideration of the Contractor's performance in respect of maintenance of
existing roads, when the Contractor has been notified that the maintenance is
no longer required,
(n) Item: Construction and maintenance of deviations
Unit: km
The unit for construction and maintenance of deviations shall be the
kilometer. The length shall be measured by the Engineer in the presence of
the Contractor to the nearest 0.1 km along the centreline of the deviation.
Measurement and payment shall be made only for the construction of those
lengths of deviation that were instructed by and constructed and maintained
to the satisfaction of the Engineer. No payment shall be made for those
sections where the passage of public traffic is accommodated on existing
roads.
The rate for construction and maintenance of deviations shall include for the
cost of complying with all the requirements of Sub-Clause 115-3 (ii) and
Annexure 100
LIST OF MNS STANDARDS
The Contractor shall shift and/or raise overhead communication lines and electric
lines in accordance with regulations and standards being followed in Mongolia.
The Contractor shall construct wells for the purpose of construction works in
accordance with regulations and standards being followed in Mongolia at his own
cost.
The Contractor shall be paid expenses for the construction of community drinking
water Wells, only directed by the Engineer.
Unit: ha
The unit of measurement for Site clearance (except structure) within the road
reserve shall be the hectare measured as the product of the width within the
road reserve and the length of road instructed to be carried out.
Notwithstanding the existence of steep cut slopes and fill slopes this area shall
be measured in plan.
The site clearance over the areas for camps, quarries, borrow areas, stockpiles,
spoil areas and access roads thereto, ditches and drains and all other areas
shall be deemed to be included elsewhere in the Contractor’s rates and prices.
The rate for Site clearance shall include for the costs of:
x clearing, grubbing, removal and disposal of all obstructions, vegetation,
grass, debris, scrub, bushes, hedge etc.,
x stripping of topsoil upto a depth of 150 mm as per direction and
compacting to 90 % AASHTO-T 180.
x cutting of trees of all girths including removal of stumps and roots,
x all hauls as necessary,
x full compensation for all labour, material, tools, equipment and incidentals
required to complete the operation,
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 201, 202, 203 and 204 of this
Specification.
(b) Item: Removal of existing flexible pavement
Unit: m3
The rate includes removal of bituminous surface and compacting final
ground to 98% MDD AASHTO T180
(c) Item: Shifting of Ovoo including expenses for all sorts of religious
performances, labor and equipment.
Unit: no
(d) Item: Construction and Commissioning of Community Drinking Water Well
Unit: m
Each well shall be deemed to supply full year water supply including
making necessary provision against winter freezing. The wells shall be
complete in all respects with its housing, electrical unit pump and pipe
fitting with taps.
Unit
(i) First 30 m m
(ii) Additional depth from 30 m to 40m m
(iii) Additional depth from 40m to 50m m
(iv) Additional depth from 50 m to 60m m
(v) Additional depth above 60m m
(a-i) Item: Embankment construction using materials from borrow areas 3-16
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the location of any proposed quarry, borrow area,
spoil area or stockpile area, or access track to them, should:
x have a potentially detrimental effect on the environment,
x be in or too near an urban centre,
x require an access road that is excessively long,
x cover too large an area,
x constitute a risk to the safety of the public,
x be more distant than another source of suitable material or area,
x result in the obstruction or disruption of existing watercourses or water supplies,
the Engineer's approval may be withheld.
The Contractor shall inform the Engineer in writing at least 28 days in advance of any
work being undertaken in each particular quarry, borrow area, spoil area or stockpile
area.
Prospecting will be done prior to such notification and the Contractor shall inform
landowners and get permission from the landowners at least 7 days before
prospecting takes place. The Contractor shall complete all necessary negotiations
with the owners of the land upon which any quarry, borrow area, spoil area or
stockpile area is to be located and shall compensate the owners directly in respect of
royalties, buildings to be demolished or loss of crops to which landowners may be
entitled in accordance with current ordinances.
The Contractor shall also be liable for any taxes, duties, levies and other statutory
payments in respect of land use or the extraction of materials or water.
Prior to the submission of written notice to the Engineer the Contractor shall set out
each quarry, borrow area, spoil area and stockpile area with concrete beacons
clearly identifying the areas required for working areas, stockpile areas, blasting
safety zones and access routes. The Contractor's written notice shall include the
following for each quarry, borrow area, stockpile area and spoil area:
(a) details of the route of the access track proposed,
(b) a plan at 1:500 scale in ink on a stable transparent material giving details of:
x plot boundaries, geometric dimensions,
x owners' names and addresses,
x local details such as buildings, fences, graves, types and areas of
cultivation and, services, all agreed with the land owners, and,
x areas to be used for working areas, stockpile areas, blasting safety zones,
etc
(c) Authorization from the owner and competent national/local authorities indicating
permission to occupy and use the land .
Where a quarry, borrow area, spoil area or stockpile area has insufficient suitable
material or area for the use for which it was intended, the Contractor shall propose in
writing that either an existing quarry, borrow area, spoil area or stockpile area be
extended or that a new quarry, borrow area, spoil area or stockpile area shall be
opened.
The approval and acquisition of such new or extended quarries, borrow areas, spoil
areas or stockpile areas shall be in accordance with all the provisions of this Clause
303 of the Specification.
304 ENTRY UPON LAND
The Contractor shall, before entering upon any land provided by the Employer,
satisfy himself that legal rights of entry have been obtained including environmental
clearance.
The Contractor shall not enter any area without the Engineer's written approval.
305 SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
The Contractor shall comply with the bye-laws of the Local Authority regarding public
health and safety in respect of the operation of quarries, borrow areas, stockpile
areas and spoil areas, and in the absence of, or in addition to such bye-laws, shall
comply with the following conditions:
(a) All areas being worked shall be drained and kept dried. Where a quarry or
borrow area has been excavated such that it will not drain naturally, it shall be
continually pumped dry while being used. Where instructed by the Engineer, on
completion such depressions may be left to form a reservoir for livestock
drinking water. In which case slopes shall be graded back to a slope flatter than
1 in 6 to facilitate access by livestock.
(b) Such areas shall not encompass or be located within or adjacent to
watercourses, settlements or urban areas.
(c) Such areas shall not be located within the boundaries of:
x Strictly Protected Areas,
x National Conservation Parks,
x Peripheral Zones,
x Nature Reserves,
x Monuments,
x Strict Zone Forests,
x Water Zones.
Spoil areas shall be located at least 500 m away from the forest areas and it
shall not contaminate any water sources like rivers, streams, waterways, drains,
watercourses, lakes etc.
The Contractor shall confine his operations solely to the areas provided and
shall demarcate the boundary of the area and erect temporary or permanent
boundary fencing as instructed by the Engineer.
(f) Where the height of any face exceeds 1 metre, the Contractor shall provide,
erect and maintain at his own expense temporary livestock-proof fencing and
gates to prevent unauthorized access to the top of the working face.
(g) On completion of work all faces shall be battered back and neatly trimmed to a
slope flatter than 1 in 6.
(h) On completion of work temporary fences and all temporary structures shall be
demolished and removed, all latrine pits shall be filled in and drained, topsoil
shall be spread and watered and the Site shall be left neat and tidy.
(i) The Contractor shall take all necessary steps to prevent the discharge of any
operational pollutants, including, but not limited to, suspended sediments,
solutes and oils, into ground water or surface drainage systems.
(j) On completion of work all quarries, borrow areas, spoil and stockpile areas shall
be reinstated such that they represent neither a visual intrusion upon the
landscape nor a hazard to the public and livestock. Slopes shall be stable and
provided with topsoil that shall be regularly watered to promote the growth of
covering vegetation. Land drainage, as far as in the opinion of the Engineer is
practicable, shall be restored to its original state.
306 ACCESS TRACKS
The Contractor shall provide at his own cost for the construction and maintenance of
access tracks and existing roads to quarries, borrow areas, spoil areas and stockpile
areas.
307 CLEARANCE AND REMOVAL OF OVERBURDEN
Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall clear the sites of all
existing quarries, borrow areas, stockpile areas, spoil areas and access tracks
thereto in accordance with the provisions of Section 200 of this Specification, no
measurement and payment will be made for this work.
All existing fences, trees, hedges and other features that the Engineer instructs shall
not be removed or disturbed shall be protected in accordance with the requirements
of Section 200 of this Specification.
Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer the Contractor shall remove topsoil and/or
overburden from quarries, borrow areas, spoil areas, stockpile areas and access
tracks thereto. The Engineer shall direct whether topsoil shall be stripped and
stockpiled separately or shall be excavated together with the overburden. The
Engineer may direct that either topsoil or overburden, if it should prove suitable, be
used in the Works.
Topsoil shall be stockpiled in heaps not exceeding 1 m in height. The sides of topsoil
heaps shall be fully terraced to prevent surface water run-off and to harvest rainfall.
The Contractor shall regularly water topsoil heaps as required to promote the re-
establishment of covering vegetation and prevent loss of topsoil by wind erosion.
On completion of work in any quarry, borrow area, spoil area or stockpile area any
overburden and/or topsoil that has not been used in the Works shall be pushed back,
spread and landscaped over the area of the quarry, borrow area, spoil area, stockpile
area or access track thereto. Where topsoil has been stockpiled separately it shall
be held back in reserve for spreading over such areas after landscaping.
308 MIXING, SELECTING AND STOCKPILING OF MATERIALS
The Engineer shall instruct the Contractor as to the type of material to be excavated
and the areas and depths to be worked.
For attaining the specified grading, the Contractor may be required to mix materials
obtained from natural sources using appropriate mechanical equipment such as
bulldozer, grader, loading shovel, rotavator etc . Such materials shall be thoroughly
mixed into a homogeneous composition and formed into stockpiles at least 21 days
before intended use.
The Contractor shall ensure that oversize materials and unacceptable material
components such as , clay, humus or other inferior or deleterious material
encountered in the workings is separated from the suitable materials proposed for
use in the Works. Such undesirable material shall be removed to spoil. Within each
borrow area separate stockpiles shall be used for each type and grading of material.
When removing material from stockpiles, none of the underlying material shall be
mixed with it, and generally at least the bottom 100 mm layer shall be left behind.
Should any stockpiles prove surplus to requirements the Contractor shall spread the
material over the area of the quarry or borrow area unless directed otherwise by the
Engineer.
309 MATERIAL UTILISATION
The requirements for materials from borrow areas for the Construction of the
Permanent Works shall take precedence over any requirements the Contractor may
have in respect of other works. Where the Contractor requires material from a borrow
area, for the construction of access roads, deviations, detours, haul roads, camps,
Temporary Works or for any other works not forming part of the Permanent Works he
shall require the approval of the Engineer.
310 EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE
This Section covers all excavation of cuttings, which for the purposes of this Section
shall include side drains and benches, the placing and compaction of fill material in
embankments, ground compaction, the formation of the non-frost subgrade,
excavation and rock fill to swamps, and, turfing.
311 PRECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
Site clearance, grubbing and topsoil stripping, as instructed by the Engineer, shall be
performed by the Contractor prior to commencing earthworks construction. All
earthworks shall be constructed as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the
Engineer to the specified slopes, levels, depths, widths, tolerances and heights. Any
earthworks not so constructed shall be made good by the Contractor at his own
expense.
The Contractor shall excavate cuttings and place fill in embankments in accordance
with the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Only suitable excavated materials
shall be used to form embankments. Any material, that in the opinion of the Engineer
is considered undesirable, shall be deemed to be unsuitable for the construction of
embankment fills. Unsuitable material shall include but not be limited to:
y material containing more than 2% of organic matter such as topsoil, material
from swamps, peat, logs, stumps or any other perishable material,
y flammable material,
y material with a swell of more than 2.5%,
y material containing clays with a Liquid Limit exceeding 45% or Plasticity Index
exceeding 20%.
y boulder, rock fragments and other lumpy material exceeding 75mm in size,
weathered rock, volcanic material
Where fill material can be obtained from cuttings, the Contractor shall use this
material before taking material from a borrow pit, unless he is instructed by the
Engineer to take suitable material to spoil. The Contractor shall dispose of unsuitable
or excess suitable excavated material in designated tip areas.
Where the quantity of material required for embankments exceeds that available from
cuttings, the Contractor shall be instructed by the Engineer to widen cuttings and/or
to open borrow areas.
At all times the Contractor shall ensure that earthworks are not damaged by weather
or traffic. If such damage should occur the Engineer may withdraw approval from the
affected Works until the Contractor has carried out remedial works such that the
requirements of this Specification are met., including protection to earth slopes by
turfing or other means where so provided for. The expenses of all such remedial
works and any consequential additional testing requirements shall be borne by the
Contractor.
The Contractor shall provide adequate supervision to ensure that only suitable
materials are incorporated in embankment fills. If any unsuitable materials should be
included it shall be removed and replaced with suitable material at the expense of the
Contractor.
All trimming of cuttings, embankments, side drains, and shoulders to the specified
slopes and shapes shall be carried out concurrently with the earthworks that are
being carried out at that particular location and level.
Hard rock material shall not be placed within 600 mm of the formation level in
embankments and shall be removed to a depth of 300 mm or as otherwise
instructed by the Engineer below formation level in cuttings. Further crushing to
aggregate size and finding them suitable for cement concrete work (i.e. Los
Angeles Abrasion less than 30) would confirm hard-rock characteristics.
Alternatively, provision of clause 602 need to checked.
When the ripped lumps crumble to 150mm and smaller under hydraulic rippers,
such material shall be treated as soft rock provided the Section 602
classification is satisfied.
The existing ground under embankments and bench surfaces shall be tested for FDD
(AASHTO T191) and if this is less than 90% of MDD (AASHTO T180), it shall be
scarified and compacted over the full width of construction to 90% MDD (AASHTO
T180) to a depth of 150 mm or more, if directed by the Engineer. The existing ground
moisture content shall be adjusted prior to compaction by either uniformly mixing in
water or drying out the material such that at the time of compaction the moisture
content shall be within the range 2% above and below of the Optimum Moisture
Content (AASHTO T180). No separate payment will be made to the Contractor for
the construction of benching and initial compaction of 90% density.
Whenever the existing ground is, in the opinion of the Engineer, unsuitable for
receiving fill, the Contractor shall excavate to the depth instructed by the Engineer,
remove the material to a spoil area and replace it with suitable material.
314 CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENTS AND NON-FROST SUBGRADE
The original ground in cutting occupying the elevation corresponding to that of the
non-frost subgrade shall be tested at representative locations (minimum 2 locations
for every 400 m², if length of cut is less than 100m the frequency of test locations
shall be determined by the Engineer) to determine the suitability with respect to the
above-mentioned characteristics. If suitable in all respects, the original ground may
be treated as the non-frost subgrade. If material is suitable except for in-situ density
being less than 98% MDD (AASHTO T180), the original ground may be thoroughly
loosened for 300mm depth and recompacted to 98% MDD (AASHTO T180). If not
meeting any of these criteria, the original ground for 300mm depth shall be replaced
by selected earth material (CBR not less than 15) satisfying all the required criteria.
The compacted layer thickness shall be 150 mm or less.
Fill materials shall be well-graded to the extent that during Site trials they exhibit no
loosening, instability or other compaction difficulties.
Fill materials containing fraction sizes larger than 75 mm but less than 250 mm but
otherwise not unsuitable specified in Clause 311 will be termed as hard fill materials
and can be used for forming layers 1.5m or lower below non-frost subgrade in high
embankments subject to the requirements stipulated in Clauses 315. Engineer shall
consider properties of material to be used, capability of Contractor’s equipment and
procedures demonstrated by site trials while giving approval for this work to the
Contractor.
If any layer should be left unprotected for more than 24 hours subsequent to approval
by the Engineer, the layer shall again be subject to approval by the Engineer and the
Contractor shall again submit a request for approval of that layer. Fill material in
embankments shall be deposited in layers not exceeding 150 mm compacted depth
unless, as a result of compaction trials, the Contractor has satisfied the Engineer that
his method of working consistently attains the specified densities at a greater depth.
The absolute maximum permissible depth of compacted layers shall be 250 mm.
Each layer shall extend over the full width of the embankment and shall be
compacted in accordance with Clause 316 of this Specification.
In forming embankments, the Contractor shall make due allowance in height and
width for consolidation, compaction of existing ground, settlement and shrinkage. Any
consolidation, settlement, punching of material into the underlying layer, or shrinkage
during the construction of embankments shall be rectified by the Contractor by
providing, placing and compacting approved fill material to reinstate each layer to the
instructed level and width and shall be at the Contractor's expense.
During the construction of embankments the Contractor shall control and direct traffic
so that any vehicle does not ply on unprotected surface for any compacted earthwork
layer. If it is necessary for Contractor’s construction equipments to ply on the
embankment the Contractor shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the
passage of construction traffic is distributed uniformly over the full embankment
width. If any compacted earthwork layer should become deformed or otherwise
damaged due to the passage of traffic, the Contractor shall scarify and recompact
such a layer to the requirements of this Specification and to the satisfaction of the
Engineer before undertaking the construction of any covering layer. Fill material shall
not be stockpiled on embankments without the express permission of the Engineer.
When constructing embankments up to bridges and up to and over culverts, the
Contractor shall raise the embankment equally on each side of such structures.
Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer this work shall take place concurrently
with the filling to the structure. The embankment compaction equipment shall be
used as close to the structure as is practicable without damaging the structure. Any
damage to the structure shall be made good at the Contractor's expense.
315 ROCKFILL TO SWAMPS AND MARSHY GROUND
The Contractor shall place approved rockfill to swamps where instructed by the
Engineer. Rockfill shall be placed in uniform layers and rolled and trafficked until it is
fully embedded over the whole area instructed. Provided that, where rockfill is
founded on an unstable base, embankments shall be constructed by end tipping,
whereby material is dumped close to the work front and pushed forward over the end
of the embankment by a bulldozer, until the height of the embankment is sufficient to
bear the weight of construction machinery. The construction of embankments by end
tipping shall be in such a manner that the centre of the advancing fill proceeds in
advance of the shoulders. No tipping of material over the embankment side slopes
shall be allowed. Side slopes shall be constructed to their natural angle of repose.
Rockfill shall be of maximum dimension 250 mm, reasonably well graded and with
not more than 5% finer than 10 mm. The compacted layer thickness shall be 400
mm or less as instructed by the Engineer who may vary the requirement during the
rockfill operation. Each layer shall be blinded with smaller rock fragments and fines
so as to fill as many of the interstices as possible and provide a dense surface before
the next layer is placed. Before additional layers are placed or before normal
earthworks commence the Contractor shall proof-roll each layer in accordance with
Clause 319 of this Specification.
Rock material used for fill shall be of maximum dimension 250 mm, and be deposited
in horizontal layers not exceeding 400 mm loose depth and shall extend over the full
width of the embankment except for any specified external cover to slopes. The
material shall be spread and leveled by a crawler tractor weighing not less than 15
tonnes. Each layer shall consist of reasonably well graded rock and shall be blinded
with smaller rock fragments and gravel so as to fill as many of the interstices as
possible before the subsequent layer is placed. Each layer shall be compacted in
accordance with Clause 316 of this Specification. Rock material shall be covered by
a layer of common excavation material such that no rock material is placed within
600 mm of the formation level. The top of rock fill shall not extend above 600mm
below the formation level.
The moisture content of the material for non-frost material or earthworks fill material
shall be adjusted immediately prior to compaction by either uniformly mixing in water
or drying out the material such that the range moisture content during compaction is
between 1% above and 2% below the Optimum Moisture Content (AASHTO T180).
The moisture content shall be kept within these limits till compaction is complete.
Each layer of material shall be compacted at a moisture content within the above
limits to a dry density equal to or exceeding those specified below:
General
x all fill material in embankments, except the non-frost subgrade layer shall be
compacted to 95% MDD (AASHTO T180),
x the 300 mm thick non-frost subgrade layer on embankment or in cuttings shall be
compacted to 98% MDD (AASHTO T180),
x the 300 mm thick subgrade layer below the finished formation level in cuttings, if
it is proved to be suitable by laboratory testing, shall be compacted to 98% MDD
(AASHTO T180) a.
The Contractor shall compact each layer of hard fill material used in high
embankments by pneumatic tyre roller weighing 18-20 tonnes dead weight, scraper
or dump truck weighing not less than 5 tonnes dead weight.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposals for the compaction of each
main type of material likely to be used in embankments in accordance with the
provisions of Section 1100 of this Specification. Those proposals shall include the
types of equipment, the range of passes and the loose depth of each layer. The
Contractor, in consultation with the Engineer, shall carry out Site compaction trials,
supplemented by any necessary laboratory investigations, using the methods he
proposes to adopt for the construction of earthworks. The Contractor shall satisfy the
Engineer that all the specified requirements in respect of compaction can be
achieved utilizing his proposed methods. Site compaction trials of each main type of
material likely to be encountered shall be completed before the commencement of
the Permanent Works.
The water to be used shall be clean and fresh, free from organic matter, impurities
and deleterious substances. Water shall be obtained from a source approved by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall, if the Engineer should so require, arrange for the
analysis of water supplies to demonstrate compliance with this Specification.
Water shall be evenly sprinkled on the surface of the fill material by machines of a
type approved by the Engineer and capable of distributing water at a known,
predetermined and constant rate.
317 SPOIL MATERIAL
Spoil material shall be defined as material which, having been obtained from
roadway excavations (including from road subgrades and foundations), is unsuitable
for use as fill in embankments, or otherwise determined by him as not required for
use as fill or non-frost subgrade material, which the Engineer has instructed to be
carted to spoil. No excavated material should be carted to spoil except under the
specific instructions of the Engineer.
Excavated material initially classified as spoil material but latter on used by the
Contractor as fill material, non-frost subgrade, subbase or in any other manner as
part of road construction shall be declassified as spoil material and the measurement
of spoil material shall be adjusted accordingly.
Spoil material shall only be disposed of by deposition in designated spoil areas
located by the Contractor and subject to the prior approval of the Engineer. Land for
spoil areas shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Section 300 of this
Specification. The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 24 hours notice of his
intention to commence spoiling operations at a particular location.
318 BORROW AREAS AND REINSTATEMENT
Fill material that is required in addition to that provided by the excavation, or widening
of existing cuttings shall be obtained from borrow areas. Land for borrow areas shall
be provided in accordance with the provisions of Section 302 of this Specification.
Borrow areas shall be located by the Contractor and shall be subject to the
Engineer's approval.
The Engineer may direct that particular materials in borrow areas shall be selected
for use in a specific section of the Works. Where such selection is instructed, double
handling, stockpiling or excavation in particular areas of a borrow area may be
required.
All borrow material shall be thoroughly mixed in or close to the borrow area and
stockpiled for later use to ensure that material from a particular borrow area is
homogeneous and uniform in nature throughout.
The Contractor shall construct all accesses, to borrow area and clear and remove all
vegetation, boulders and unsuitable, or oversize material from the borrow area.
Overburden shall be removed and may be required to be stockpiled for use during
the reinstatement of the borrow area in accordance with the provisions of Section
300 of this Specification.
The Contractor shall ensure in every borrow area that suitable material is not
contaminated with unsuitable material. Unsuitable material shall be spoiled in
accordance with Clause 317 of this Specification or used to reinstate the excavation
in accordance with Clause 314 of this Specification.
Borrow areas shall be excavated to regular widths and shape and shall be cleaned
up and reinstated on completion. Side slopes of reinstated borrow areas shall have a
Trimming the slopes of embankments and cuttings shall be deemed to be part and
parcel of the excavation of cuttings and side drains and the construction of
embankments and the Contractor shall not be entitled to any separate payment in
respect thereof.
Grouted stone pitching shall be provided for side drains where required in
accordance with the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
Where unstable material is encountered in cut slopes, the Contractor shall inform the
Engineer and if so directed by the Engineer, shall excavate the unstable material,
cart it to spoil in a designated spoil area and replace it with suitable material.
Removal of unstable soil shall be treated as part of roadway excavation and its
replacement as part of embankment construction.
A suitable computer program utilizing Simpson’s rule and the cross-sections taken in
accordance with the provisions of Section 100 of this Specification at 20 m intervals
shall be used for the computation of earthworks volumes. In irregular ground or tight
curvature the Engineer may direct that cross-sections shall be taken at closer
intervals. Cross section preparation is incidental to work at the contractor’s own cost.
Earthwork fill shall be measured by the cubic metre of compacted material measured
in the completed embankment. No separate measurement or payment shall be made
Where fill material is required in addition to that provided by the excavation, including
widening, of cuttings and the Engineer instructs the opening of a borrow area, no
separate measurement and payment shall be made for:
x provision of land,
x provision of access roads,
x negotiation with owners and authorities,
x royalties, duties and levies on extracted material,
x site clearance of the borrow area in accordance with Section 200 of this
Specification,
x removal of topsoil from the borrow area for use in other areas in accordance with
Section 200 of this Specification,
x removal of topsoil and/or overburden to temporary stockpiles for use upon
reinstatement of the borrow area in accordance with Section 300 of this
Specification,
x overhaul,
x crushing and/or screening of material to remove oversize material, excess fines
or part of any other fraction in order to achieve compliance with this Specification,
x double handling or temporary stockpiling of suitable material in borrow areas.
When instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall leave depth indicators during
excavations of such shape and size and in such positions as directed so as to
indicate the original ground level as accurately as possible. The Contractor shall see
that such depth indicators remain intact until final measurements are taken.
Material cut to spoil shall be measured, utilizing a suitable computer program for
calculation, as the total volume of material removed from cuttings less the volume of
unsuitable material cut to spoil as measured above and less the volume of
compacted fill in embankments.
Unit: m³
The rate for embankment construction shall include for the costs of:
x complying with the requirements of Section 100, 300 and 1100of this
Specification, and,
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 318,
319, 320 and 322 of this Specification.
Unit: m³
The rate includes the activities as described in (a-i) and excavation from the
roadway and benching.
The rate for common excavation to spoil shall include for the costs of :
The rate for soft rock/hard soil excavation to spoil shall include for the costs of :
x excavating the material,
x loading, transporting and depositing the material in a designated spoil area,
x all necessary hauls,
x providing topsoil,
x topsoiling of spoil areas,
x providing, shaping, trimming and reinstating spoil areas in accordance with
Section 300 of this Specification, and,
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319
and 322 of this Specification.
Unit: m³
The rate for hard rock excavation to spoil shall include for the costs of :
x excavating the material,
x loading, transporting and depositing the material in a designated spoil area,
x all necessary hauls,
x providing topsoil,
x topsoiling of spoil areas,
x providing, shaping, trimming and reinstating spoil areas in accordance with
Section 300 of this Specification, and,
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319
and 322 of this Specification.
For payment purposes the volume of Hard material resulting from the
excavation of boulders greater than 0.5 m³ in volume shall be taken as 50% of
their loose volume in hauling vehicles.
Unit: m³
The rates for compaction of original ground in cutting shall include for the costs
of:
The rate for non-frost subgrade layer shall include the costs of :
x selection of material,
x drying the material, or supplying and mixing in water, to adjust its moisture
content
x complying with the requirements of Sections 100 ,300 and 1100 of this
Specification.
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 311, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318,
319, 321 and 322 of this Specification.
The unit of measurement for rockfill to swamps shall be the cubic metre. The
volume shall be calculated as the product of the average of the plan areas at
the base and the top of the rockfill and the depth of rockfill instructed to be
placed.
The rate for rockfill to swamps shall include for the costs of :
x complying with the requirements of Clauses 314, 315, 317 and 322 of
this Specification.
Water
The water shall be safe for drinking i.e., palatable and potable, and shall have pH
between 6 and 8.5 as per AASHTO T -26
Curing membrane
The bituminous material to used in curing membrane shall be MC 30 and shall
conform to AASHTO M 82 – 75 (2004).
Cover material
Sand, if used as cover to protect during curing process, shall be free from
deleterious chemical materials.
Mix proportions
The mix design shall be finalized by the strength criteria and for bidding purpose
the water and cement shall have the following upper limits by weight of granular
materials.
Base layer : Cement 6 % , water 8 %
Subbase layer: Cement 4 %, water 8 %
The mix strength shall be governed by 7 days UCS (unconfined compressive
strength) test conducted (refer Annexure 400) in the laboratory during mix
design process. The WDD (wet and dry durability) parameters shall be used to
control the mix design and contents of the mix. Table 4-2 provisions shall be
followed during mix design process.
Table 4-2: Mix Design Control Parameters
Item Base Subbase
course course
7 Days Target UCS* 3.75 - 6.0 1.5 – 3.0
(Mpa) in laboratory
7 Days UCS* (Mpa) in 2.5 – 4.0 1.0 – 2.0
field
Wet and Dry Durability 20 – 30 % 20 – 30 %
as per AASHTO T-135-
97 (2005)
Freeze and Thaw 20 – 30 % 20 – 30 %
Durability as per
AASHTO T-136-97
(2005)
Note: * is cylinder strength of the size of AASHTO T-180 mould as given in Appendix-
11 here after
Natural material for subbase shall be material that can be extracted from a quarry,
borrow area or a road cutting using excavating equipment without blasting.
Graded crushed stone aggregate shall be extracted from a rock quarry and produced
by crushing in at least two stages. The stone class shall be as specified or as
instructed by the Engineer and the material to be crushed shall be naturally occurring
(c) EQUIPMENT
Mixing Equipment
A central mixing plant either of the batch type or continuous type capable of
mixing granular material, cement and water producing not less than 180 t/hour
shall be used with the following conditions.
(i) For batch type plant using pugmill the dry materials shall be measured by
weight.
(ii) For a continuous type mixing plant the dry materials may be proportioned
by volume.
(iii) A cement diversion chute shall be used to effect supply of cement
diverted from the main belt to a sampling weighing scale. The cement
diversion chute shall be constructed such as to provide control over the
cement test time.
(iv) At batch mixing plant cement shall be weighed on separate scales than
that of aggregate batching scales. If the cement compartment is separate
in the aggregate hopper and cement is weighed before weighing the
aggregates, cement may be weighed on the same scales of weighing
aggregates.
(v) Cement shall be added steadily to the granular material to ensure its
uniform distribution to the aggregates during the mixing process.
(vi) Approved feeder and metering devices shall be used for measuring
cement, water, and aggregates in case of continuous type mixing plant.
To ensure this feeder and metering devices shall have to be interlocked
and synchronized so that constant ratio of cement and aggregate is
followed throughout the mixing operation. The continuous batch type
plant shall be equipped with a proper signal system capable of indicating
bins strike off capacity and minimum metering level. The gate opening
calibration and functioning of the plant must be to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.
(vii) The charge mass in batch type, and rate of feed in the continuous type
shall not exceed their uniform mixing capacity.
(viii) The dead areas in the mixer where material is neither agitated nor move
shall be corrected by controlling the rate of feed.
(ix) Water may be measured either by mass or volume. The quantity, rate
and time of adding water to the aggregate and cement shall be as
directed by the Engineer.
(x) Mixing shall ensure uniform distribution of cement and water in the entire
granular mix. In no case shall the mixing period be less than 30 sec once
all the materials are fed in the mixer.
Transport Equipment
Trucks carrying mixed material from central plant to the laying site shall be
properly covered as directed by the Engineer.
Grader
Graders shall be self-propelled equipped for scarifying and have sufficient gross
mass, blade length, wheel base and power to shape in one pass the full width.
Finishing graders shall be equipped with automatic grade and slope controls.
Paver finisher
The laying of CTB layers shall be done by using paver finisher capable of laying
and paving at least lane width having extension provisions to cover the additional
width. The use of grader in combination with paver finisher is acceptable. The
paver finisher shall be self propelled with the following features.
(i) Loading hoppers and suitable distribution mechanism
(ii) The screed shall have tamping and vibrating arrangement for initial
compaction to the layer as it is spread without rutting or otherwise
deforming the surface profile.
(iii) The paver shall have provision of sensor for slope and grade control.
(iv) The paver shall be equipped with necessary control mechanism so as to
ensure that the finished surface is free from surface deformities.
Compaction Equipment
Compaction equipment shall be self propelled and separately having steel
wheeled and rubber tired provisions. They shall have vibratory mode rolling
capabilities by proper control on amplitude as well as frequency. The rollers shall
weigh in static condition not less than 8 - 10 t. For microcracking stage 12 t steel
wheeled roller would be needed. The rubber tired roller shall have 20 – 30 t
weight with tyre pressure 0.7 Mpa.
Pressure Distributor
(i) Water curing: The pressure distributors shall be truck mounted and
capable of applying a fog or fine mist of water to the road surface without
direct impact.
(ii) Bituminous curing membrane: Self propelled asphalt distributors having
appropriate features shall be used.
Stiffness Gauge
After completion of the CTB layer its stiffness shall be measured using any
appropriate stiffness gauge. One such equipment is Humboldt Stiffness Gauge
(HSG). The reading indicates the force required to effect unit deformation in the
CTB layer.
(d) CONSTRUCTION
General
The construction shall be carried out in a manner that the CTB layers shall have
uniformly distributed cement, free from loose or segregated areas. The layers
shall be of uniform density and moisture content in its full depth with a smooth
surface. A trial patch of about 100 m length shall first be executed to ascertain
the extent of compaction rolling, control on density and moisture, and final
surface finishes. The main work shall follow once the trial patch is approved.
Preparation of receiving surface
Subbase course CTB layer: Before laying CTB subbase layer, the receiving
surface shall be proof rolled and checked for minimum 98 % heavy proctor
compaction AASHTO T-180. All soft and loose spots shall be fully corrected. The
surface tolerance shall not deviate by more than 15 mm from the specified grade
and cross section at any place on a 3 m template. The surface shall be kept
moist and not wet before laying the CTB layer.
Base course CTB layer: The top of subbase CTB layer shall be cleaned of
unacceptable materials and shall be kept moist before receiving the base
materials.
Weather Restrictions
(i) Temperature: The construction of CTB shall not commence if the falling air
temperature reaches 5°C or the work shall not resume until rising air temperature
have reached 5°C.
(ii) Rain / snowing : CTB shall not be laid if it is raining / snowing or likely to rain /
snow. Already laid surface shall be protected against precipitation until it is
sufficiently hardened.
Time Restrictions
The mixed material shall be placed on the prepared surface within 45 min of
adding of water to the cement in the mixer. The placing, compacting, and
finishing of the CTB shall be completed within a period of 2 hour from the time of
adding of water. Not more than 30 min shall pass between the placing of the
material in the adjacent lanes unless vertical faces are prepared as specified
under joint preparation.
Compaction
The compacted dry unit mass of the finished CTB layer shall be not less than 98
% of the maximum dry density conforming to AASHTO T-180 heavy proctor
compaction.
Construction Joints
Longitudinal : Where material is to be placed against compacted material, which
has been in place more than 30 min, a vertical joint shall be prepared by cutting
back the compacted material to a sound vertical face, to the full depth. Cutting
back to the full depth shall always be done prior to the conclusion of the day’s
work.
Transverse: While carrying out the work if the work is stopped to be resumed for
the next day or for more than 2 hours, the end shall be tapered in a distance of 6
m along longitudinal direction to half the thickness of the CTB layer. When the
work resumes, the successive pour shall cover the tapered portion to its full
depth.
Surface finish
Finishing to the required grade and camber shall be done by means of a blade
grader, using automatic control, or a cutting attachments to paving machine
using automatic controls for the control of longitudinal grade and transverse
slope which could be operated from a string line set to grade adjacent to the
mechanical equipment used. Following paver proper rolling and compaction shall
be continued by vibratory mode rolling and static rolling. Final surface shall be
rolled after removing the loose materials by a pneumatic tyred roller adding small
moisture if so needed during rolling.
The finished surface of CTB layers shall be checked with a 3 m straight edge
which when placed anywhere on the surface in any direction shall not show a
gap more than 10 mm between straight edge and the finished surface.
Initial Curing
During finishing and the period after that the surface shall be kept moist by
applying a fine spray or fog of water as such intervals as may be required to
maintain the surface at not less than its optimum moisture content as specified in
the mix design. In no case a jet of water shall impinge on the finished surface.
The initial curing shall be done for a period of 24 hours after completion of the
compaction.
Microcracking:
After first 24 hours of water spray curing the stiffness of the CTB layer shall be
measured by an appropriate device such as Humboldt Stiffness Gauge (HSG) or
The field moisture and density shall be determined for each 300 m stretch of the
CTB using AASHTO T-318-02.
Density: As per section 1104.5 above using AASHTO T-191
Surface regularity as per section 1104.6 above.
(f) SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
(i) Laying of subabse course of CTB layer over prepared granular subabse /
embankment fill top / cut section top
base material. The grading shall be required to satisfy when the material after
compaction is sieved and found to fall in the grading envelope.
Table 4-3 Gradation Requirements for Gravel Shoulders and Gravel Surfacing
9.5 mm 60 – 90 80 - 100
4.75 mm 40 – 70 60 - 75
2.36 mm 25 - 50 35 - 55
425 μm 15 - 35 18 - 27
75 μm 5 - 20 10 - 15
Material for gravel shoulders or surfacing shall have a minimum CBR of 20% at 98%
MDD (AASHTO T180) and 4 days soaking.
The Plasticity Index of the material shall lie within the range of 3 - 7%.
408 CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVEL SHOULDERS
“Shoulder” means that part of the road construction placed on the subbase at the
edge of the pavement to the width specified in the Drawings.
The gravel material brought to site shall satisfy grading, CBR and plasticity criteria
indicated above (Clause 409) and no blending at site will be allowed.
The procedure and selection of equipment for construction of gravel shoulders and
surfacing shall be determined through trial construction as instructed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall construct shoulders concurrently with the construction of the
adjacent pavement layers and shall ensure that the method of construction is such
that at no time is water prevented from draining off any of the pavement layers.
Shoulders shall neither be constructed ahead of nor lagging behind adjacent layers
of asphalt concrete surfacing or selected granular base course of main road or
pavement layers of link roads specified in the Contract.
The gravel material shall be deposited in sufficient quantity and spread in a uniform
layer across the full width required such that the final compacted thickness is
nowhere less than shown upon the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer. Every
reasonable effort shall be made to prevent segregation of gravel material during the
loading, hauling, placing, processing and compacting operations.
The compacted thickness of any layer laid processed and compacted at one time
shall not exceed 200 mm. Where a greater compacted thickness is required, the
material shall be laid and processed in two or more layers. The minimum layer
thickness shall be 100 mm.
The moisture content of the gravel shall be adjusted by either uniformly mixing in
water or drying out the material such that the moisture content during compaction is
between 1% above and 2% below the Optimum Moisture Content (AASHTO T180).
It shall be graded and trimmed to final line and level. Light compaction may be
applied prior to final trimming. The Contractor shall not carry out any further trimming
or correction of surface irregularities once 25% of the compactive effort has been
applied.
The final trim shall be in cut and the Contractor shall ensure that material from the
trim is neither deposited in low areas nor spread across the section but graded clear
of the Works.
Following the final trim the material shall be compacted to a dry density of at least
98% MDD (AASHTO T180). During the grading, trimming and compaction of the
material the Contractor shall ensure that the surface and/or the material does not dry
out by applying fog sprays of water or other approved means sufficient to maintain
the surface and/or material within the specified limits of moisture content.
On completion of compaction, the surface shall be well closed, free from movement
under compaction planes, ridges, cracks and loose or segregated material. If the
surface fails to achieve the requirements of this Specification, the Contractor shall
take the same action as that for subbase as set out in Section 1100 of this
Specification or any other such action as the Engineer may require or agree.
The construction of shoulders shall be in compliance with Section 100 and 1100 of
this Specification.
409 TOLERANCES
The gravel shoulders or gravel surfacing shall be constructed to the same tolerances
as those specified in Section 1100 of this Specification for subbase or adjacent
pavement layers as applicable.
410 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
(a) Item: Cement Treated Subbase/Base
Unit: m3
The unit of measurement for subbase shall be the cubic metre placed and
compacted upon the road as shown on the Drawings and as directed by the
Engineer. The volume shall be calculated as the product of the compacted
sectional area specified to be laid and the length instructed.
No separate measurement or payment shall be made in respect of overhaul.
The rate for subbase shall include for the costs of:
x site clearance of borrow areas, stockpile areas, processing areas and
access tracks thereto,
x removing and stockpiling separately as required topsoil and overburden
from such areas and access tracks thereto,
x drainage of such areas and access tracks and their landscaping, top soiling
and reinstatement on completion,
x borrow area fencing,
x constructing and maintaining access roads and complying with conditions of
access,
x traffic control, safety and public health requirements,
x excavation and selection of material,
Annexure 400
1. SCOPE
General
Definition
2. APPARATUS
3. METHOD
Cure the specimens for seven days at a relative humidity of 95 to 100 per cent and
a temperature of 22 to 25 oC in a suitable curing room or in plastic bags and
suitable water bath.
After seven days, remove the specimens from the curing room or plastic bags and
submerge them in water for four hours. The temperature of the water should be
controlled at 22 to 25 oC.
Remove the specimens from the water and crush each specimen to total failure in
the compression testing machine. The load must be applied to the flat faces of the
specimen and the rate of application of load shall be 140kPa/s. (This is equivalent
to a rate of 153 kN/min for 152 mm diameter specimens.) Record the load to
the nearest 1kN.
4. CALCULATIONS
where
Report the UCS to the nearest 10kPa on Form A14/1 or A14/2 or any similar form.
5. NOTES
5.3 Mixtures of cement, milled blast furnace slag, lime or other additives usually take
longer to reach the same strength as that of ordinary Portland cement. To achieve
comparable strengths it is therefore necessary to determine the hardening time
that gives equivalent cement strengths for each mixture, and to adapt the
procedure accordingly. Thus, for example, it has been found that some
lime/cement mixtures achieve equivalent strength after eleven days. However, the
actual hardening time has to be determined in each case. If a hardening time other
than seven days is used, this must be stated on the report sheet.
REFERENCES
1. APPARATUS
1.1 Compaction moulds, two or three segment split type, 152 mm in diameter and 152.4
mm high with a detachable collar and base plate and a 25.4 mm thick spacer plate
fixed to the base plate, or compaction moulds 152.4 mm in diameter and 152.4 mm
high with a detachable collar and compaction base plate, with a fixed 25.4 mm thick
spacer plate and a suitable extrusion jack to extrude specimens from the mould.
In both cases the base plate should be fixed to a concrete block at least 150mm thick
and weighing at least 200kg.
1.2 A 4.536 kg ± 20g tamper with a 50.8 ± 1,0 mm diameter face and with a sheath to
give a 457.2 ± 2mm drop.
1.3 A steel straight –edge, about 300mm in length and having one beveled edge.
1.4 A riffler
1.5 A balance to weigh up to 15 kg, accurate to 5g.
1.6 A balance to weigh up to 2 kg, accurate to 0.1g.
1.7 A steel tamper or a small laboratory crusher.
1.8 Sieves: 19.0 mm and 4.75 mm.
1.9 An iron mortar and pestle and a rubber-tipped pestle.
1.10 Basins, approximately 350 mm in diameter.
1.11 A mixing basin, approximately 500 mm in diameter.
1.12 A garden trowel.
1.13 A spatula.
1.14 Suitable containers to hold about 1000 g of material for the determination of
moisture contents.
1.15 A drying oven, thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining a temperature
of 105 to 110 oC.
1.16 Measuring cylinders, 1000 ml and 500 ml in capacity.
1.17 A spray-can or sprinkler.
1.18 Filter paper, 150 mm rounds.
1.19 Galvanized iron mixing baths 450 x 650 x 200mm deep (at least three)
1.20 Suitable carrier plates to hold specimens.
1.21 Airtight containers with lids, about 20 ml in capacity (at least four).
For calibrating moulds:
1.22 A 180 x 180 mm glass plate approximately 7 mm thick.
2.1 Preparation
Prepare an adequate quantity (approximately 150kg) of the air-dried material as
described below;
An adequate quantity of the air-dried sample is sieved through a 19.0 mm sieve. The
aggregate retained on the 19.0 mm sieve is crushed lightly by means of a steel
tamper (or laboratory crusher) to pass the 19.0 mm sieve, and added to the portion
passing the sieve. Care should be taken that the aggregate is not crushed
unnecessarily small. If the material contains soil aggregations, these should be
disintegrated as finely as possible with a mortal and pestle without reducing the
natural size of the individual particles. Where the material contains soft and friable
aggregate which will break up during compaction, e.g. certain types of ferricrete,
calcrete, soft sandstone, etc., such aggregate should be disintegrated. The operator
should use his discretion in borderline cases and also as regards the extent to which
particles should be disintegrated.
Mix the material thoroughly and quarter out a specimen of approximately 35 kg,
which in turn is again quartered so as to obtain five basins of exactly similar material.
This is best done by dividing the sample into 16 equal portions by means of the riffler
and using three portions, Le. 3/16 of the sample, for the determination of one point
on the moisture-density relationship curve. The one portion which is surplus may be
discarded. The mass of the material in each of the five basins should be between 6
and 7 kg, the higher mass to be used for material with a high relative density. For
convenience the mass in the five basins may be made the same.
air-dry material required for each lot by taking into account the moisture content of
the air-dry material as determined on the samples in 2.2 above). Select three
different stabilizer contents at which the specimens for compressive strength
determination are to be made. These are usually in increments of two percentage
points, e.g.2 per cent, 4 per cent and 6 per cent by mass of the total oven-dry
material (2 per cent means two parts stabilizer to 100 parts oven-dry raw material)
Calculate and weigh out the three quantities of stabilizer required for the above three
lots of raw material.
Calculate and measure out the required quantity of water to bring each lot to OMC
(see 4.2). The quantity of water required is the difference between the quantity of
water present in the air-dry material (as determined by the hydroscopic moisture
content) and the quantity of water required to obtain the optimum moisture content as
determined in 2.3 above. Mix in the stabilizer and then the water and treat for four
hours as for 2.3 above. Compact three specimens from each lot according to
AASHTO T-180.
Weigh the moulds with compacted specimens. Remove the specimens from the
moulds either by dismantling the split moulds or, if ordinary moulds are used, extrude
the specimens with the extrusion jack (see 4.3). The specimens are now placed on
the carrier plates and are ready for curing.
3. CALCULATIONS
where
d = moisture content expressed as a percentage of the dry material
a = mass of container and wet material (g)
b = mass of container and dry material (g)
c = mass of container only (g)
where
where
V = volume of water (ml)
Q = optimum moisture content
P = mass of material (oven-dry) to be used (g)
C = mass of stabilizer to be added (g)
M = mass of material (air-dry) (g)
where
4. NOTES
4.1 Where the material contains soft and friable aggregate which will break up during
compaction, e.g. certain types of ferricrete, calcrete, soft sandstone, etc., such
aggregate should be disintegrated. In borderline cases, the operator should use his
discretion as to the extent to which particles should be disintegrated.
4.2 In calculating the required amount of water to be admixed, it is advisable to allow for
evaporation by adding slightly more water-say about 0.3 to 0.5 per cent depending
on weather conditions. The actual quantity is left to the discretion of the operator.
4.3 With certain materials lacking cohesion it may be necessary to leave the samples in
their moulds for 24 hours to develop some strength before the moulds are removed.
If this is necessary, the specimens in the moulds should be kept in the damp-room or
covered with hessian for 24 hours.
ROAD_________ SECTION__________
MODIFIEDAASHTOTͲ180
SPECIMENDATA
DATA
CEMENT
7DAYCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
CONTENT(%) OPT
MAX,DRYDENS, DRYDENSE (KPa)
MOISTUR MOISTURE(%)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
E(%) INDIVIDUAL AVERAGE
COMPRESSIVESTREGTH(KPa)
CEMENTCONTENT(%)
FORMA14/1
Recordingsheetunconfinedcompressivestrength
Construction of Choir-Sainshand Road Technical Specifications
This Section covers the application of different Asphalt binders and aggregates to
road surfaces and asphaltic concrete. This Section is divided into the following parts:
x General Requirements of Asphalt work
x Prime Coat and Tack Coat
x Asphalt Concrete for Surfacing
502 GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ASPHALT WORK
This comprises all the general requirements for Asphalt binder and aggregates.
503 ASPHALT BINDER SPECIFICATIONS
All Asphalt binders shall comply with the relevant requirements set out in Section
1100 of this Specification.
504 ASPHALT BINDER STORAGE AND HANDLING
If Asphalt binders should be carried in bulk containers, the Contractor shall keep
records, in a manner acceptable to the Engineer, of binder temperature and binder
quantity against time for each trip. Any asphalt binder which fails to meet the
requirements of Clause 505 of this Specification may be rejected by the Engineer as
unsuitable for use in the Works.
The Contractor shall keep the bitumen storage area and heating station neat and
tidy. The storage area shall be cleared of vegetation. Drums shall be stacked on their
sides in small quantities with sufficient gaps between stacks to minimize the risk of
fire.
Bitumen distributors and boilers shall be kept clean at all times. When the grade of
bitumen is to be changed and at the end of each day's work, all boilers and
distributors shall be thoroughly cleaned out with an approved solvent. The flushings
from boilers and distributors shall be led via lined drainage channels to purpose built
sumps. The Contractor shall ensure that such flushings do not pollute stormwater
ditches or streams or underground water sources. The Contractor shall empty the
sumps periodically and dispose of the flushings in a safe manner to the approval of
the Engineer. Upon completion of the Works the Contractor shall remove the sumps
and drains and reinstate all such areas to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall keep all boilers, pre-heating pits, tools and equipment
scrupulously clean.
When the bitumen distributor is filled from either boilers or bulk containers, the
bitumen shall be passed through a fine wire gauze filter.
If asphalt binder should be transported by railway, care should be taken to avoid any
contamination of rails, pillows and other parts by bitumen and to keep them clean at
all times to ensure safety of traffic.
505 HEATING OF ASPHALT BINDER
During storage the temperature of the asphalt binder shall be kept as low as
possible, consistent with a suitable viscosity for pumping.
The Contractor shall only heat asphalt binder in boilers or bulk storage containers
that are equipped with compatible pumps and accurate thermometers. Asphalt
binders shall not be heated in a boiler with a broken or inaccurate thermometer.
For slot-jets the viscosity for spraying shall be 70 to 100 centistokes and for
atomizing jet 35 to 65 centistokes.
No penetration grade bitumen to be incorporated in the Works shall be heated above
a temperature of 170 °C. If any bitumen should be overheated it shall be removed
from the Site and disposed of by the Contractor.
The rates of application of binder specified or instructed by the Engineer refer to
volumes of binder corrected to 15.6 °C using the Standard Petroleum Measurement
Table (ASTM D 1250).
506 ADHESION AGENT
An adhesion agent may be proposed to be added to the asphalt binder to improve
binding properties of bitumen. The adhesion agent and the amount to be added shall
be to the approval of the Engineer and the application shall be in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
507 LIMITATIONS TO CONSTRUCTION
The Contractor shall not carry out asphalt construction work in adverse weather
conditions or when proscribed by the Engineer.
Asphalt material shall not be applied to wet or frozen surfaces or when weather
conditions otherwise prevent the proper handling and finishing of the mixture.
Provided that the Engineer may otherwise instruct surfaces to be damped prior to the
application of bitumen emulsions and certain types of prime coat.
The Contractor shall only place asphalt material when both the ambient temperatures
and road surface temperatures are greater than 10 °C and rising and the wind
velocity is less than 36 km/hr.
508 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to avoid fire. The Contractor shall
ensure that his operations in respect of asphalt construction work are not hazardous
to the health and safety of the public or his labour. In particular the Contractor shall
ensure that:
(a) bitumen is heated only to the temperature required for the particular application,
(b) hot bitumen does not come in contact with water,
(c) suitable protective clothing, footwear and gloves are used when handling hot
bitumen, and,
(d) dust is reduced to a minimum,
(e) the hot bins and containers with bitumen are covered tightly, if bitumen is stored
in open sheds, fence steel wire net are erected to avoid access of livestock and
animals thereto.
509 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Protection of natural environment is required to be given due attention. The location
of hot mix plant shall be chosen in due consultation with local environment officer/
inspector of the Aimag/ province. For related activities section 1200 need to be
referred.
510 PRIME COAT AND TACK COAT
A prime coat is an application of low viscosity asphalt binder to an absorbent non-
asphalt surface.
A tack coat is a light application of asphalt binder to an asphalt or concrete surface.
Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the diesel fuel can be used as a
solvent.
The appropriate grading of binder and solvent to be used in tack coat and prime coat
shall be tested by the Contractor in laboratory and checked by the Engineer. Then
after site trial of selected grade the Contractor can apply the binder subject to prior
approval of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall keep a record showing temperature of binder at time of
application, grading of ingredients, location of application etc. at all times during the
placement of prime coat and tack coat. Such records shall be signed by the
Contractor’s and the Engineer’s concerned persons.
512 PREPARATION OF SURFACE
The Contractor shall thoroughly clean the surface to be sprayed by sweeping with
mechanical brooms and/or washing or other approved means. All laitance of soil and
loose and foreign material shall be removed.
All loose material shall be swept clear of the Works to expose the full width of the
layer.
The surface to be sprayed shall be checked for line, camber and level, and the
surface corrected, made good as necessary and approved by the Engineer before
any asphalt spray is applied. Immediately prior to the commencement of all asphalt
spraying operations the Contractor shall request the Engineer's approval of the
surface to be sprayed.
Upon receipt of the Engineer's clearance to proceed and immediately prior to the
application of the prime coat, the complete surface of the layer shall be lightly and
evenly sprayed with water. Ponding or saturation of the layer shall be avoided. Water
shall be applied to the surface in small increments in order to achieve the required
condition. Any water remaining on the surface shall be allowed to drain away before
the prime coat is applied.
513 SPRAYING OF PRIME COAT AND TACK COAT
As soon as practical after the surface preparation has been carried out to the
approval of the Engineer, the prime or tack coat shall be sprayed at the specified
rate. Spraying shall be carried out not later than 4 hours after the surface preparation
has been approved.
The quantity of binder used shall give complete coverage of the surface with a slight
trace of run-off in places. If the specified spray rate should appear to be incorrect, the
Contractor shall immediately stop spraying and inform the Engineer. The Engineer
shall instruct an amended spray rate.
The edge of the area to be sprayed shall be marked out with a line of string or wire
pegged down al intervals not exceeding 15 m on straights or 7.5 m on curves.
Bitumen shall be sprayed from a constant pressure distributor of minimum capacity
7,000 litres. Hand-spraying shall be permitted only at the discretion of the Engineer in
small areas or to make good defective areas such as those caused by a blocked
nozzle.
Nozzles shall be arranged to give a uniform spray and shall be tested prior to
spraying by discharging on to suitable material (such as building paper, metal sheets,
etc.,) or into purpose made troughs. Testing shall not take place on the road, and any
bitumen spilt on the ground shall be cleaned off.
If during spraying, a nozzle becomes blocked or develops a defect, the spraying shall
be immediately stopped. Any area incompletely sprayed shall be made good with a
hand-spray. The machine shall be repaired before further spraying is commenced.
When commencing and stopping spraying, sheets of building paper or metal at least
2 m wide shall be spread across the full width to be sprayed to give a clean sharp
edge.
The metal sheets used for stopping and starting work shall be cleaned after each run
and the troughs used for testing shall be cleaned at the end of each day's work.
During spraying all kerbs, road furniture, culvert headwalls, tree boles and the like
which are liable to be disfigured by splashing of bitumen shall be protected, and any
such feature which is accidentally marred by bitumen shall be cleaned off with a
suitable solvent and made good.
514 TEMPERATURES OF APPLICATION
The minimum pumping temperatures, the range of spraying temperatures, and the
maximum heating temperatures of cut-back bitumen specified for use in the Works
are set out in Table 5-1.
Table 5-3 Pumping, Spraying and Heating Temperatures of Medium
Curing Cut-back Bitumens
Temperature (°C )*
Binder Minimum for Spraying Maximum
Pumping Slot Jets Atomizing Jets Heating
MC30 10 40 - 50 50 - 60 65
MC70 25 55 - 70 65 - 80 85
* These spraying temperatures are for guidance only, the optimum spraying
temperature is dependent upon the temperature/viscosity relationship of the
bitumen, climatic conditions and road conditions and shall be determined by the
Contractor subject to the approval of the Engineer. For slot jets the viscosity for
spraying shall be 70 - 100 centistokes, and for atomizing jets 35 - 60 centistokes.
(b) Aggregate
Coarse aggregate (retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) shall consist of crushed
angular stone free from weathered matter, inclusions, air bubbles, plate-like
substances (e.g. mica), clay, silt, organic matter and other deleterious
substances. Rocks which are highly jointed or fissured in-situ or breaks into
platy fragments or have a polished appearance along the fracture planes shall
not be used as aggregate sources. The minimum size of the stone to be
crushed to produce the chippings shall be at least 4 times the nominal size of
the chippings. At least 75% by weight of the coarse aggregate shall have two or
more faces split by the crushing. The percentage passing the 75 μm sieve shall
not exceed 0.5% by weight. The physical characteristics of the aggregate shall
comply with the following requirements.
x Los Angeles Abrasion max. 30%
x Sodium Sulphate Soundness max. 12%
x Water Absorption max. 2%
x Flakiness and Elongation Index max. 30%
Fine aggregate (passing a 4.75 mm sieve) shall consist of clean coarse sand,
crushed gravels or crushed stone screenings entirely produced from stone. It
shall consist of hard, tough grains, free of injurious amounts of clay, loam, mica
or other deleterious substances. The fine aggregate shall have a sand
equivalent value (AASHTO T176) of not less than 50, the plasticity index of the
fraction passing the 425 ȝm sieve shall not exceed 4 and the fine aggregate,
when subjected to five cycles of the soundness test according to AASHTO
T104, shall have a weighted loss not more than 15%.
The Contractor shall take such measures necessary to prevent the segregation
of aggregates in storage heaps. Stockpiles shall be built up in horizontal layers
and shall not exceed 1.5 m in height.
(c) Mineral filler
Mineral filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust,
hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, or other suitable mineral matter approved by
the Engineer. At the time of use, it shall be sufficiently dry to flow freely and
essentially free from agglomerations.
Mineral filler shall be graded within the following limits:
Sieve Size Mass Percent Passing
600 ȝm 100
300 ȝm 95 to 100
75 ȝm 70 to 100
Mineral filler prepared from rock dust and similar materials shall be essentially
free from micaceous matter, organic matter or other impurities and have a
plasticity index not greater than 4%. Plasticity index limits are not appropriate
for hydraulic lime and cement.
519 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GRADING REQUIREMENTS
Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, the grading of the mixture of coarse and
fine aggregate and mineral filler when combined in the proportions required by the
standard mix formula shall be within and approximately parallel to the grading
envelope given in Table 5-6.
The grading limits may be varied, if necessary, at the discretion of the Engineer
based on laboratory test results, Site trials and field experience, and Table 5-6 is for
guidance.
Table 5-6: Grading Requirements of Aggregate for Asphalt Concrete
26.5 100 -
19 79-100 100
The mixture for in-place asphalt concrete shall comply with the requirements given in
Table 5-7.
Table 5-7: Control Limits for Asphalt Concrete Design Mix
The binder content of the standard mix shall initially be proposed by the Contractor
and amended as necessary in consultation with and to the approval of the Engineer
following laboratory and Site trials.
The bitumen tank shall be capable of maintaining its contents at the specified
temperature within a tolerance of ±5 °C and shall be equipped with a thermostat to
prevent the temperature rising above 170 °C and a fixed thermometer easily-read from
outside the tank. The Contractor shall remove from the plant and dispose of any
bitumen which has been heated above 170 °C or has suffered carbonization from
prolonged heating.
(c) Laying equipment
The Contractor shall lay asphalt materials by a self-propelled spreader finisher
equipped with a hopper, delivery augers and a heated adjustable vibrating screed. It
shall be capable of laying asphalt materials to the width not less than 8m with no
segregation, dragging, burning or other defects and within the specified level and
surface regularity tolerances. Laying equipment shall be equipped with automatic
control systems for control of surface levels and crossfalls of the finished layer.
The control sytem shall be capable to adjust the screed to the specified cross
fall within ±1% tolerances. In addition to automatic control system, the laying
equipment shall have manual control system.
(d) Compaction equipment
The Contractor shall provide sufficient rollers of appropriate types, sizes and weights to
achieve the specified compaction. Rollers shall be self-propelled and of steel wheel,
pneumatic tyre and vibratory types, including combinations thereof, capable of
reversing without shoving or tearing the mixture. Prior to laying of asphalt mixes in the
Permanent Works the Contractor shall carry out Site trials in accordance with Section
1100 of this Specification to demonstrate the adequacy of his plant and to determine
the optimum method of use and sequence of operation of the rollers.
521 PREPARATION OF SURFACE
Immediately before placing the asphalt mix in the pavement, the Contractor shall
clean the existing surface of all loose material and foreign matter with mechanical
brooms, high pressure pneumatic jets or other approved means. He shall dispose of
the debris well clear of the surface to be covered.
The Contractor shall make good any defect of the surface, and he shall not lay any
asphalt mix until the surface has been approved by the Engineer.
Tacked or primed surfaces shall be cured prior to the placement of asphalt mixes. The tack
coat shall be applied only as far ahead of the placing of mix as necessary to obtain the
minimum curing period.
The Contractor shall repair damaged areas of tack-coated or primed surfaces before laying
asphalt mixes. Before the Contractor commences the placement of asphalt mixes he shall
apply a tack coat to the surfaces of curbs, gutters and other structures that will be in contact
with the asphalt mix. Irregularities in the surface of the existing pavement or base shall be
corrected. Any raveled, pot-holed, heaved or otherwise damaged areas in base layers shall
be cleanly excavated and replaced before asphalt mixes are placed.
The Contractor shall seal all longitudinal and transverse joints and cracks with an approved
joint sealing compound or asphalt sealing material before the placement of asphalt mixes on
the existing surface. In all cases, the Contractor shall obtain clearance to proceed from the
Engineer before commencing laying operations.
If the Engineer considers a tack coat is required prior to laying the asphalt mix or
between layers of the asphalt mix solely as a result of delays occurring in the
Contractor's method of working, then such tack coat shall be at the Contractor's
expense.
522 DESIGN OF ASPHALT MIXES
Asphalt Concrete shall be composed of a mixture of aggregates, bitumen and
mineral filler as specified. A standard mix formula shall be established by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer for the mixture to be supplied for the
Contract. The several aggregate fractions shall be sized, uniformly graded, and
proportioned such that the resulting mixture meets the grading requirements of the
standard mix formula.
The standard mix formula, within specific allowable tolerances, shall be within the
ranges specified for the asphalt mixture and shall establish:
(a) a single percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve size,
(b) a single percentage of bitumen and mineral powder to be added to the aggregate,
(c) a temperature range within which the mixture is to be mixed,
(d) a recommended temperature range for compaction of the mixture after being laid.
At least 56 days prior to production, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer in
writing a standard mix formula for each mixture supported by laboratory test data,
samples, and sources of the components, and asphalt cement viscosity-temperature
relationships for his information and for approval. The Engineer may at his discretion
require more tests to be done, including for alternative mixes, as part of his
evaluation and approval process. The Contractor shall only use the standard mix
formula as approved for the production of asphalt mixture. No modifications to a
standard mix or changes in the nature or source of the constituent materials shall be
made without a written submission by the Contractor to the Engineer detailing the
proposed modifications with relevant supporting data and the subsequent approval of
the Engineer.
If a standard mix formula proves unsatisfactory, a new standard mix formula together
with supporting test data shall be submitted by the Contractor for review and
approval by the Engineer prior to production.
Aggregate shall be conditionally accepted or rejected in the stockpiles at the mixing
plant site. Asphalt shall be conditionally accepted or rejected at the mixing plant. The
plant-mixed material will be tested for conformance with the standard mix after laying
and before compaction.
If the standard mix formula includes additives, their sources shall be approved by the
Engineer. Additives shall be added at the rate determined by the Contractor and approved by
Engineer based on laboratory analysis and laboratory mix design procedures. The rate of
additive addition shall be confirmed by the field laboratory during production. Appropriate in-
line blending or other approved methods for addition of additives to the mixture shall be
used.
The procedures set out above shall be followed in establishing each new standard mix
formula.
523 SITE TRIALS
The Contractor shall carry out full-scale laying and compaction trials on all asphalt
pavement materials and treatments proposed for the Permanent Works using the
plant and methods proposed. The trials shall be carried out with the agreement, and
under supervision of the Engineer at a locations approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall carry out the trials to demonstrate the suitability of his plant,
equipment and work procedures to provide and compact the material to the specified
proportions, density and voids content and to confirm that the other specified
requirements of the completed asphalt pavement can be achieved.
Each trial area shall be at least 100m long and to the full construction width and
depth for the material. It may form part of the Permanent Works providing it complies
with the requirements of the Specification and is approved by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall remove materials laid during trials from any areas that do not comply
with the Specification.
The Contractor shall allow in his program, pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.3 of the
Conditions of Contract, for conducting Site trials and carrying out the appropriate
tests. The trial of any pavement layer shall be undertaken at least 14 days ahead of
the Contractor proposing to commence full-scale work on that layer.
The Contractor shall compact each section of the trial area over the range of
compactive effort be proposed. He shall record the following data for each level of
compactive effort at each Site trial:
(a) the composition and grading of the material including the bitumen content, type
and grade of bitumen used,
(b) the moisture content of aggregate in the asphalt plant hot bins,
(c) the temperature of the bitumen and aggregate immediately prior to entering the
mixer, and the temperature of the mix on discharge from the mixer, on
The Contractor shall dry and heat the aggregates so that they are mixed within the
temperature range of 125 °C to 165 °C. The temperature of the bitumen when mixed
with the aggregate shall lie within the temperature range of 140 °C to 160 °C and the
difference in temperature between the binder and the aggregate shall at no time
exceed
14 °C.
The Contractor shall combine the dried aggregates in the mixer in the amount of
each fraction required to give the specified grading and then introduce bitumen into
the mixer in the amount specified. The materials shall then be mixed until a complete
and uniform coating of the aggregate is obtained.
Asphalt mixes shall be kept free of contamination and segregation during
transportation. Each load shall be covered with a tightly fitting and firmly secured
canvas or similar covering of sufficient size to overhang the loaded truck box on all
sides. Covers shall be used to protect the mixture from the weather and dust at all
times including during the discharging of the load into the paver. If the covers are
found to have holes or to be torn they shall be replaced immediately. Loads not
properly covered shall be rejected. Trucks used for hauling asphalt mixture shall be
adequately insulated with tight, clean, smooth beds that are free of petroleum oils,
solvents or other materials that adversely affect asphalt mixture. A thin coating of an
approved release agent may be used to prevent the mixture from adhering to the
beds.
The Contractor shall be deemed responsible to ensure that hot mixes are supplied, in
accordance with the specified standard mix formula.
525 LAYING THE MIXTURE
Immediately after the surface has been prepared and approved, the mixture shall be spread
to line and level by the laying plant without segregation or dragging. The line and level of
laying shall be checked and identified by theodolite to the both sides from centerline. Use of
hand tools with low accuracy such as ordinary rulers for the fixing the level wire will be
prohibited.
The Contractor shall place the mixture in full widths of carriageway unless otherwise
instructed by the Engineer. The compacted thickness of asphaltic concrete layer shall be in
accordance with the drawings.
Self-propelled asphalt pavers shall be used for laying. Pavers shall be capable of spreading
and finishing the asphalt plant-mix material in widths applicable to the typical section and
thickness, elevations, grades and camber shown on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer. Prior to start paving operations the screed assembly shall be heated and receiving
hopper and delivery augers are cleaned. If the screed is not heated as required or is not
vibrating, the operation of the paver shall not be permitted.
The paver shall be capable of operating at forward speeds consistent with uniform and
continuous laying of the mixture.
The Contractor shall appoint a competent person to supervise all paving operations,
operation mixing plants correlations between them.
The Contractor shall not operate the paver in a continual stop and start fashion and shall
minimize a number of cross joints.
Automatic controls in the paver shall be backed by manual controls that can be optionally
activated. If the automatic controls fail or malfunction, the equipment may be operated
manually for the remainder of the normal working day, provided that the specified
requirements are met.
If the Contractor fails to obtain and maintain the specified surface tolerance, the paving
operations shall be suspended until satisfactory corrections, repairs or equipment
replacement are made to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
If during the paving operations unqualified mixture such as overheated, with high
content of bitumen, segregated, with below etc. such mixture shall be removed from
the site and disposed.
Hand laying and hand raking of any asphalt material shall generally not be permitted.
Handwork will be allowed in the immediate vicinity of joints and at difficult corners
where the finisher screed cannot reach. The Contractor remains responsible for the
quality of finish in any area which has been hand raked and may be required to
remove the laid asphalt and relay it if the quality of surface is, in the opinion of the
Engineer, markedly inferior to adjacent, acceptable, machine laid surfaces.
in the Project Quality Control Plan subject to a minimum of 1 pair of cores for each
calendar day that asphaltic concrete work take place.
Asphalt concrete layer shall be compacted to an average field density which shall be
equal to or greater than the specified density and not more than 1 in any consecutive
10 results shall be more than 2% below the specified density.
The specified minimum density of compaction shall be 98% of the density of Marshall
specimens compacted from the approved standard mix. Areas of asphaltic concrete
where the standard of compaction specified above has not been achieved shall be
identified and further pairs of cores shall be taken and tested.
Where the average density of compaction of such an area is greater than 1% below
the specified minimum density, the Contractor shall forthwith remove the asphaltic
concrete and replace it with asphaltic concrete complying with the specified
requirements.
It is strictly prohibited to charge construction equipment with fuel in any area of
asphalt concrete pavement. Sharp turn of the roller shall be prohibited in any rolling
operations.
The Contractor shall keep roller wheels and drums lightly moistened with water to
prevent adhesion of the mixture to the rollers. The water shall not contain any
chemicals neither using the diesel fuel instead of water will not be permitted.
In areas too small for rollers, a vibrating plate compactor may be used to achieve the
specified compaction.
527 FINISHING, JOINTS AND EDGES
The Contractor shall remove any mixture that becomes loose or broken, mixed with
dirt or foreign matter, or is in any way defective, and replace it with fresh hot mixture
compacted to conform to the surrounding area.
The Contractor shall spread the mixture in a continuous operation. Where the mixture
is to be placed against previously placed asphalt material he shall form transverse
joints by cutting neatly in a straight line across the previous face to expose the full
depth of the course. The vertical face so formed shall be heated with a propane joint
heater and painted lightly with hot 90/130 penetration grade bitumen immediately
prior to the new mixture being place against it. The paver shall be positioned to
spread material overlapping the joint face by 20 to 30 mm.
After positioning the paver, the hot mixture pulled out by delivering augers shall be
left on the edge of previously placed asphalt surface for 5 to 10 minutes and then the
paver shall start paving. The excess mixture on joint area shall be raked off and
discarded. The joints shall be spread by the mixture with fine aggregate and carefully
leveled by hand and immediately compacted by a roller.
The finish at joints shall comply with the surface requirements and shall present the
same uniformity of finish, texture and density as other sections of the surface.
If during paving operations segregation of aggregate occurred The Contractor shall
take hot mixture and sift it through a small sized sieve on the segregated surface,
then level it with wooden plate and compact it by a roller.
528 SAMPLING AND TESTING OF ASPHALT MIXTURES
The Contractor shall carry out sampling of asphalt mixtures in accordance with
AASHTO T168.
Constituent Tolerance
Mixture temperature ± 10 °C
The average amount of bitumen in any length of the layer, calculated as the product
of the bitumen contents obtained from single test and the weight of mixture
represented by each test, shall not be less than the amount instructed.
The average amount of bitumen for each day's production calculated from the check
weights of mixes shall not be less than the amount instructed.
The final average overall width of the upper surface of a asphalt mix layer measured
at six equidistant points over a length of 100 m shall be not less than the width
specified. At no point shall the distance between the centreline of the road and the
edge of the upper surface of a asphalt mix layer be narrower than that specified by
more than 10 mm.
The rate shall include the provision of asphalt, at 5.50 per cent by weight of the
total mixture. The variance in actual percentage of bitumen used will be
assessed and the payment adjusted, up or down, accordingly.
(c) Item: Variation Binder Content
Unit: tonne
The bid price shall be based on using 5.5 % asphalt of the total mixture. If in
actual execution asphalt quantity is more than 5.5 %, the extra quantity of
asphalt binder shall be paid as variation to the contractor. If the quantity of
asphalt used is less than 5.5 %, the difference shall be recovered from
contractor as variation in binder content.
Flexible Boulder Apron: Stones used in apron shall be sound, hard, durable and fairly
regular in shape. Stones subject to deterioration by water or weather shall not be
used. Angular shape stones shall be preferred to rounded boulders. The size of stone
should be as indicated in the drawings or as approved by the Engineer. The surface
on which the apron is to be laid shall be leveled and prepared for the length and
width as shown in the drawings.
611 RIPRAP
Stone for riprap shall consist of hard, durable, crushed, quarried, or natural stone
aggregate. Stone at least 75 mm thick, with a minimum 23 kg mass; at least 60
percent shall have a mass of more than 35 kg including fragments or spalls sized to
wedge between the stones or using smaller stones graded to ensure even
distribution through the riprap. The apparent specific gravity for riprap stone shall be
at least 2.40.
The surface of areas to receive riprap shall be neatly trimmed to line and level and
compacted to maximum dry density of 95% MDD (AASHTO T180). Riprap
construction shall be bounded by 1 m thick dry masonry walls constructed in
perimeter trenches 600 mm deep and extending to the full height of the specified
thickness of riprap.
Where instructed by the Engineer or shown on the Drawings, a granular filter,
consisting of one or more thick layers of graded permeable material, shall be placed
on the prepared surface to the required thickness and with an even surface finish for
each layer placed. The grading requirements of such granular filter material shall be
in accordance with Clause 607 of the Specification or instructed by the Engineer.
The stones shall be laid with close joints from the bottom of the slope of
embankment, or existing ground upward, the larger of the stones being laid at the
bottom. The surface shall be hand packed, carefully bedded and tightly wedged with
suitable spalls to form an even, densely packed surface.
612 BREAST AND RETAINING WALLS
The Contractor shall furnish and placing structural concrete and incidental
construction of breast and retaining walls in conformity with the lines, grades and
dimensions, as shown in details on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
All materials shall conform to Section 700, “Concrete Works.” of this Specification.
Cast-in-place concrete shall conform to the requirements of Section 700, “Concrete
Works.”
Filter media/granular filter materials shall be in accordance with Clause 607 of this
Specification.
Weep holes shall be 50 mm dia and shall extend through the full width of the walls
with slope of about 1 vertical to 20 horizontal towards the draining face. The spacing
of weep holes shall not exceeding 1.0 m in either direction and shall be staggered or
as directed by the Engineer and shall be contractor’s own cost incidental to
concreting rate.
613 BEDDING AND LAYING OF PIPE CULVERTS
Pipe culverts shall normally be bedded directly on in-place soft material. Where the
in-place material is unsuitable the invert shall be excavated and backfilled as
specified in Clause 604 and Clause 604 of this Specification. Concrete pipes shall be
laid with the spigot ends placed downstream.
(a) Bedding and laying of concrete pipe culverts on in-place or selected granular
material
For the purposes of this Specification, subsoil drains shall include any type of drain
designed to collect groundwater whether this is rising from below or percolating from
the surface above and may or may not include pipes. Instructions for subsoil drains in
cuttings shall not generally be given until bulk earthworks are complete within that
particular cutting. Any subsoil drains that may be instructed shall be completed
before the work on the adjacent 300 mm layer below formation commences.
Trenches for subsoil drains shall be not less than 0.5 m wide or the outside diameter
of the pipe plus 0.3 m whichever is the greater. The minimum depth of the subsoil
drain invert below the side drain invert shall be as shown on the Drawings or
otherwise instructed by the Engineer. Concrete pipes shall comply with Section 1100
of this Specification and shall be laid with joints open by 10mrn.
Course fill material for subsoil drains shall be clean hard, crushed rock or gravel with
the fraction passing the 75 Pm sieve screened out. The grading of such fill material
shall generally be evenly graded between the limits shown in Table 6-1 for 37.5 mm
maximum size graded aggregate or as otherwise instructed by the Engineers.
Table 6-1: Gradation Requirements for
Coarse Fill Material in Subsoil Drains
Fine fill material for subsoil drains shall be clean hard sand from an approved borrow
area. The Engineer shall indicate the grading of granular filter materials conforming
with AASHTO M43 for size No. 467 (37.5-4.75 mm) or any other suitable grading to
be used to suit each situation. Where more than one grading of such fill materials is
required in a trench, the different sizes shall be kept separate by temporary metal or
plywood baffles which shall be removed when the filling is complete, or by other
suitable means acceptable to the Engineer.
617 PROTECTION WORKS
Where shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer the Contractor shall
provide and place protection works. Protection work in connection with drainage
channels, culvert inlets and outfalls and river training will consist generally of stone
pitching or rip-rap in accordance with Section 700 of this Specification.
Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall not remove cobbles
and boulders from stream beds for masonry or other works.
618 MINOR DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Minor drainage structures shall include culvert inlet and outlet structures, catchpits,
cascades, spillways and the like. Typical details are shown on the Drawings but
working details shall be issued by the Engineer from time to time during the Contract.
The Contractor shall provide stone masonry lining 200mm thick for drains conforming
to Drawings and as further directed by the Engineer. The stone masonry lining shall
consist of sized stones set in sand-cement mortar, laid on the sides and bottom of
drains.
The stones used in stone masonry lining shall be hard, sound and unweathered
pieces free of seams, laminations, cracks, hollows, inclusions or any other defects.
The individual stone pieces shall be approximately parallelepiped in shape, 180mm
to 220mm thick, 220mm to 280mm wide and 300mm to 450mm long. The stones
with rounded or triangular face/s or flaky in shape shall not be used. The stones shall
be rough finished, with variation from the pitch line not exceeding 12mm, on the
exposed face and fine finished, with variation from the pitch line not exceeding 6mm,
on all other faces. Prior to bringing stones to the site of work, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer for his approval 5 (five) representative samples of the stones
proposed to be used along with geological and locational details of the quarry from
which the stones are to be procured. Only stones of quality and origin so approved
by the Engineer shall be used in the works. The stones shall be fully sized and
dressed before laying and not attempted to be sized during laying so as not to disturb
the mortar already in place..
The mortar used for setting the stones shall have the following ingredients:
Portland cement and water, Section 700 of these specifications
Hydrated lime (ASTM C207)
Sand aggregate (AASHTO M45)
The cementitious binder for the mortar shall comprise 1 part of Portland cement to
between ¼ to ½ parts of hydrated lime. The proportion of sand to cementitious binder
shall be such that that the volume of sand in a damp, loose condition is 3 times the
volume of the cementitious binder. Premixed materials conforming to these
proportions shall be used. The water to be used shall be just sufficient to provide a
workable mix, with no water dripping from the prepared mortar. After being mixed with
water, the mortar must be used within 1 ½ hours or otherwise rejected..
The stones shall be sufficiently wetted and surface-dried before laying to prevent
absorption of water from mortar. The bed which is to receive the stone shall be
cleaned, wetted and covered with a layer of fresh mortar. If the bed is loose, it shall
be moistened and tamped firm before wetting and applying mortar. Loose and
cohesionless materials (if any) in the bed shall be replaced with gravelly soil with
some cohesion tamped in place.
The stones shall be laid full in mortar both in bed and in the joints and settled
carefully in place with a wooden mallet immediately on placement and well
embedded in mortar before it has set. No dry or hollow space shall be left anywhere
within the masonry and each stone shall have all the embedded faces completely
covered with mortar. The joints should be pointed, with excess mortar cleaned off.
The stones should be laid to line and roughly leveled, with vertical joints offset by
minimum 150mm.
No laying shall be done if the atmospheric or ground temperature is below 5 degree
C. The stone masonry lining after being laid should be lightly sprinkled with water to
be kept in a moist condition (without causing water to flow) for 2 (two) days so as to
ensure initial hardening of mortar.
Any stone masonry lining constructed using materials or work procedure not
conforming to those indicated above shall be rejected and reconstructed under
instructions from the Engineer.
The unit of measurement for provide, lay and joint reinforced concrete culvert
pipes shall be the linear metre. The length of pipe shall be calculated as shown
on the Drawings or the instructed length measured along the centerline of the
culvert.
The rate for provide lay and joint reinforced concrete culvert pipes shall include
for the costs of providing the pipes and complying with the requirements of
related Clauses of this Specification.
(h) Item : Concrete Grade M12/M20 as specified in the drawing to beds,
surrounds and haunches
Unit : m3
The unit of measurement for concrete Grade as specified in the drawing to
beds, surrounds and haunches shall be the cubic metre. The volume of
concrete shall be calculated as the product of the end area and the instructed
length of bed, surround or haunch. The end area shall be as shown on the
Drawings or directed by the Engineer and shall exclude the area of the pipe.
The rate for concrete Grade as specified in the drawing to beds, surrounds and
haunches shall include for the costs of:
y providing and placing the concrete,
y Reinforcement as per drawing/Engineer’s instruction,
y formwork and false work,
y ordinary surface finish, and,
y complying with the requirements of related Clauses of this Specification.
No additional payment beyond the rates for excavation shall be made in respect
of the preparation of excavated surfaces to receive concrete cast against them.
(i) Item : Reinforced concrete as specified in the drawing to minor drainage
structures
Unit : m3
The unit of measurement for reinforced concrete Grade as specified in the
drawing to minor drainage structures shall be the cubic metre. The volume of
concrete shall be calculated from the dimensions shown on the Drawings or
instructed by the Engineer.
The rate for reinforced concrete Grade as specified in the drawing to minor
drainage structures shall include for the costs of:
y reinforcement as per drawing/Engineer’s instruction,
y formwork and false work,
y ordinary surface finish, and,
y complying with the requirements of related Clauses of this Specification.
No additional payment beyond the rates for excavation shall be made in respect
of the preparation of excavated surfaces to receive concrete cast against them.
(j) Item : Stone pitching
Unit : m2
The unit of measurement for stone pitching shall be the square metre. The area
shall be calculated as the net area, measured on the slope, instructed by the
Engineer to be pitched.
The rate for stone pitching shall include for the costs of:
x excavating,
x disposal of excavated material in a designated spoil area,
x trimming to line and level,
x compacting the sides and base of the excavation,
x providing and laying stone pitching,
x all necessary hauls, and,
x complying with the requirements of related Clauses of this Specification.
(k) Item : Flexible boulder apron
Unit : m3
The unit measurement for flexible boulder apron shall be the cubic metre. The
volume of flexible boulder apron instructed to be placed shall be calculated from
the dimensions given on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer.
The rate for flexible boulder apron shall include for the cost of:
y excavating,
y excavation for dry masonry perimeter walls,
y disposal of excavated materials in a designated spoil area,
y trimming to line and level,
y compacting the sides and base of the excavation,
y providing, placing and dressing the flexible boulder apron,
y all necessary hauls, and,
y complying with the requirements of related Clauses of this Specification.
(l) Item : Grouted stone pitching
Unit : m2
The unit of measurement for grouted stone pitching shall be the square meter.
The area shall be calculated as the net area, measured on the slope, instructed
by the Engineer to be pitched.
The rate for grouted stone pitching shall include for the costs of:
x excavating,
x disposal of excavated material in a designated spoil area,
x trimming to line and level,
x compacting the sides and base of the excavation,
x providing and laying stone pitching,
x all necessary hauls,
x grouting, and,
x complying with the requirements of related Clauses of this Specification.
(m) Item : Close-jointed riprap
Unit : m3
The unit of measurement for close-jointed riprap shall be the cubic meter. The
volume of those jointed riprap instructed to be placed shall be calculated from the
that bags are not damaged during handling and stacking. No stack of cement
bags shall exceed
3 m in height. Different types of cement in bags shall be clearly distinguished by
visible markings and shall be stored in separate stacks.
Cement from broken bags shall not be used in the Works.
Cement in bags shall be used in the order that it is delivered.
Bulk cement shall be stored in weatherproof silos which shall bear a clear
indication of the type of cement contained in them. Different types of cement
shall not be mixed in the same silo.
The Contractor shall provide sufficient storage capacity on Site to ensure that his
anticipated program of work is not disrupted as a result of lack of cement, taking
due cognisance of factors such as transport, climatic conditions, holidays and
breakdowns.
Cement, which has become hardened or lumpy or fails to comply with this
Specification in any way, shall be removed from the Site.
All cement for any one structure shall be from the same source.
All cement used in the Works shall be tested by the manufacturer or the
Contractor in a laboratory acceptable to the Engineer. The tests to be performed
shall be those set out in Section 1100 of this Specification. The Contractor shall
supply two copies of each test certificate to the Engineer. The Contractor shall
not deliver any cement to Site until such results and analyses have been
submitted to and approved in writing by the Engineer.
Each set of tests carried out by the manufacturer or Contractor shall relate to not
more than one day's out output of each cement plant, and shall be made on
samples taken from cement which is subsequently delivered to the Site.
Alternatively, subject to the discretion of the Engineer, the frequency of testing
shall be one set of tests for every 100 tonnes of cement delivered to Site from
each cement plant.
The Contractor shall keep full records of all data relevant to the manufacture,
delivery, testing and use of all cement used in the Works and shall provide the
Engineer with two copies thereof.
Cement, which is stored on Site for longer than 42 days, shall be re-tested in an
approved laboratory as directed by the Engineer.
Cement, which does not comply with this Specification shall not be used in the
Works and it shall be disposed of by the Contractor.
(c) General requirements for aggregates
The sources of all aggregates shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall immediately remove from the Site any aggregates that are,
in the opinion of the Engineer, unsuitable for incorporation into the Works.
Aggregates shall be delivered to Site in clean and suitable vehicles. Different
types or sizes of aggregate shall not be delivered in the same load.
Washing of aggregates may only be carried out using fresh clean water from a
source approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall make his own
arrangements in respect of water procurement and storage facilities. Water used
for washing aggregate shall not be directly discharged into water courses or
surface water drains.
Silty water shall only be disposed of in one of the following ways and subject to
The amount of fine aggregate retained between any pair of successive sieves
shall not exceed 45 %.
The amount of coarse aggregate retained between any pair of successive sieves
shall not exceed 45%.
Other properties of course aggregate shall be as set out below:
(i) the proportion of clay, silt and other impurities passing a 75 μm sieve shall
be not more than one per cent by weight,
(ii) The total shell content of aggregate shall not be more than the following:
x 40 mm nominal size and above 2% of dry weight
x 20 mm nominal size and lower 5% of dry weight
(iii) the chloride content shall not exceed 0.05 per cent by weight when tested
with a Quantab chloride titrator,
(iv) after five cycles of the test in AASHTO T104 using sodium sulphate the
weight loss shall be less than 10 per cent,
(v) the aggregate shall non-reactive when tested in accordance with ASTM C
289 for alkali silica reaction,
(vi) the aggregate shall have a water absorption of less than 2.5 percent when
tested in accordance with AASHTO T85,
(vii) the aggregate shall have an Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) in
accordance with BS 812 of less than 30%,
(viii) the aggregate shall have a Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA) in accordance
with AASHTO T96 of less than 35%.
(f) Testing aggregates
(i) Acceptance testing
Before casting any concrete, the Contractor shall deliver to the Engineer
sample loads of all aggregates that he proposes to use in the Works.
Representative samples of each proposed source of aggregate shall be
prepared by the Contractor in accordance with AASHTO T2, of minimum
mass 50 kg for fine aggregate and 100 kg for coarse aggregate, and
forwarded to the Engineer together with such further samples as the
Engineer may require. Each, sample shall be clearly labeled to show its
origin and shall be accompanied by all the information called for in AASHTO
T2.
Tests to determine compliance of the aggregates with the requirements of
Sub-Clause 703 (c) to (e) shall be carried out by the Contractor in a
laboratory acceptable to the Engineer.
If at any time tests reveal that previously accepted materials fail to comply
with the Specification, their use in the Works shall forthwith be suspended
pending further tests that shall be made in the presence of the Contractor
and the Engineer. Thereafter acceptance or rejection of the material shall be
based on such tests.
A material shall be accepted if not less than three consecutive sets of test
results show compliance with the Specification.
(ii) Compliance testing
The Contractor shall carry out routine testing of aggregates for compliance
with the Specification and Project Quality Control Plan during the period that
concrete is being produced for the Works. The tests set out below shall be
performed on aggregates from each separate source on the basis of one
set of tests for each day on which aggregates are delivered to Site provided
that no set of tests shall represent more than 250 tonnes of fine aggregates
nor more than 500 tonnes of coarse aggregate, and provided also that the
aggregates are of uniform quality. If the aggregate from any source is
variable, the frequency of testing shall be increased as instructed by the
Engineer.
• Grading AASHTO T27
• Flakiness Index BS 812
• Plastic fines AASHTO T176
• Moisture content "Speedy" Apparatus
• Check on organic impurities AASHTO T21
In addition to the above routine tests, the Contractor shall carry out the
following tests at the intervals stated:
• Moisture content: as frequently as may be required in order to control
the water content of the concrete as required by the Specification.
• Chloride content: as frequently as may be required to ensure that the
proportion of chlorides in the aggregates does not exceed the limit
stated in Sub-Clauses 703 (d) and (e) of this Specification.
The Contractor shall take account of the fact that when the chloride content
is variable it may be necessary to test every load in order to prevent
excessive amounts of chloride contaminating the concrete. For this purpose
the Contractor may elect to use a rapid field test such as the Quantab test.
In the event of disagreement regarding the results of such rapid field tests,
the chloride content of the aggregate shall be determined in the laboratory
as described in BS 812 (the Volhard test).
(g) Water for concrete and mortar
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other deleterious
substances. The water shall have a pH value between 6.0 and 8.5 and shall
subject to the approval of the Engineer and tested in accordance with AASHTO
T26.
Water with following properties shall not be used for mixing or curing concrete:
x saline or brackish water,
x containing more than 500 mg/l chloride ion,
x containing more than 1000 mg/l sulphate ion,
x containing more than 1000 mg/l alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, or,
x containing more than 2000 mg/l total suspended matter.
In case of doubt regarding development of strength, the suitability of water for
making concrete shall be ascertained by carrying out tests for compressive
strength and time of set as specified in Table 1 of AASHTO M157.
The Engineer may at his discretion allow use of water having pH exceeding 8.5,
but otherwise satisfying the criteria given above subject to the following
additional criteria being satisfied.
First establish the source of alkali i.e. from carbonates of calcium and
(iv) workability shall be consistent with ease of placing and proper compaction
having regard to the presence of reinforcement and other obstructions,
(v) air-entraining agents shall be added to the Concrete in sufficient quantity to
produce the air contents set out in Table 7-6.
40 mm 5.5 %
20 mm 6.0 %
10 mm 7.5 %
(i) the water/cement ratio shall be the minimum consistent with adequate
workability but in any case not greater than that shown in Table 7-4 taking
cognizance of any water contained in the aggregates,
(ii) the length change of hardened concrete determined in accordance with
AASHTO T160 shall not be greater than 0.05 per cent,
(iii) the total chloride content, expressed as chloride ion, arising from all
constituents in a mix including cement, water and admixtures shall not
exceed the following limits, expressed as a percentage of the weight of
cement in the mix:
x for steam cured concrete or concrete containing sulphate resisting
cement: 0.05 percent by weight,
x for any other reinforced concrete: 0.3 per cent in 95 per cent of all test
results provided no result is more than 0.5 per cent,
(iv) the total sulphate content, expressed as SO3, of all the ingredients in a mix
including cement, water and admixtures shall not exceed 0.4% by weight
of the aggregate or 4.0% of the weight of cement in the mix, whichever is
the lesser.
At least 56 days before commencing placement of concrete in the Permanent
Works, the Contractor shall supply the Engineer with concrete mix designs for
each proposed class of concrete and specific consistence requirement.
The proposed concrete mix designs shall include details of:
x the cement type,
x the cement content in kg/m3,
x designated sizes and grading of aggregates,
x the weights, in the saturated surface-dry condition, of aggregates in kg/m3,
x the water content in kg/m3, which shall be taken to mean the mixing water,
the water in any admixtures and any water in the aggregates in excess of
the saturated surface-dry condition,
x the design slump, measured in accordance with AASHTO T119,
x the manufacturer of the air-entraining agent and the required dose per m3,
x the limits for air content,
x the manufacturers of any plasticisers, dispersing agents or other proposed
admixtures and their required doses per m3.
705 SITE TRIAL MIXES
After the Engineer has approved the concrete mix designs, the Contractor shall
prepare Site trial mixes for each class of concrete specified and for each consistence
requirement envisaged.
For each Site trial mix of concrete the Contractor shall prepare three separate
batches of concrete using materials that have been approved for use in the Works
and the mixing plant proposed for the execution of the Works. The volumes of each
batch shall be the capacity of the concrete mixer proposed for full production.
Samples shall be taken from each batch and the following tests carried out:
(a) the slump of the concrete shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO
T119,
(b) from each batch six test cubes/cylinders shall be cast, cured and tested in
accordance with BS 1881,
(c) three cubes/cylinders from each batch shall be tested for compressive strength
at seven days and the remaining three at twenty eight days,
(d) the density of all the cubes/cylinders shall be determined before the strength
tests are carried out,
(e) the length change of hardened concrete shall be determined in accordance with
AASHTO T160 shall not be greater than 0.05 percent.
Subject to the agreement of the Engineer, the compacting factor apparatus may be
used in place of a slump cone. In this case the correlation between slump and
compacting factor shall be established during preparation of the trial mixes.
The average strength of the nine cubes/cylinders tested at 28 days shall be not less
than the applicable target mean strength shown in Table 7-4 and no single cube shall
have a strength of less than 3 MPa lower than the applicable target strength shown in
Table 7-4.
After Site trials have confirmed it's full compliance with the requirements of this
Specification, a design mix for a particular class and consistence of concrete shall be
designated the approved mix for that class and consistence of concrete. The
Contractor shall only use approved mixes in the Works and shall not depart therefrom
without the prior written permission of the Engineer. If the Contractor intends to make
a change to a mix in the source of materials or their proportions, he shall prepare
further Site trial mixes, conduct the corresponding tests and seek the Engineer's
approval before any such changes are put into effect.
The Contractor shall allow in his Program, pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.3 of the
Conditions of Contract, for designing concrete mixes, conducting Site trial mixes and
for the preparation and testing of test specimen as required.
706 QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE PRODUCTION
(a) Sampling
For each consistence and class of concrete in production at each plant, samples
of concrete for use in the Works shall be taken at the point of mixing or of
deposition as required by the Project Quality Control Plan or as instructed by the
Engineer, all in accordance with the sampling procedures described in BS 1881
and with the further requirements set out in this Specification.
Six 150 mm size cubes/cylinders/150mm X 300mm shall be made from each
sample and shall be cured and tested all in accordance with BS 1881 Part 3,
three at seven days and three at 28 days.
Each set of six samples shall be taken from one batch selected at random and
at intervals such that each sample represents not more than 50 m3 of concrete.
Until compliance with the Specification has been established the frequency of
sampling shall be such that each sample represents not more than 20 m3 of
concrete or as otherwise instructed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall arrange for the Engineer to be present during the sampling
of the concrete and the manufacture, storing and curing of the test
cubes/cylinders. Should the Contractor fail to arrange for the Engineer to be
present the test cubes/cylinders shall not be deemed acceptable for quality
control purposes.
(b) Testing
(i) Consistence
The slump or compacting factor of the concrete shall be determined for all
batches at the frequency instructed by the Engineer.
The slump of the concrete in any batch shall not differ from the value
established by the Site trial mixes by more than 20 mm or one third of the
value, whichever is the greater.
The variation in value of the compacting factor, if used in place of a slump
value, shall be within the following limits:
x for a value of 0.9 or more ±0.03
x for a value of between 0.8 and 0.9 ±0.04
x for a value of 0.8 or less ±0.05
(ii) Water/cement ratio
The water/cement ratio as estimated from the results of (i) above,
determined by samples from any batch, shall not vary by more than five
per cent from the value established during Site trial mixes.
(iii) Air content
The air content of air-entrained concrete in any batch shall be within 1.5
percentage points of the values specified in Table 7-6 in Sub-Clause 704
(c) (v) and the averaged value of four consecutive measurements shall be
within 1.0 percentage points of the specified value, expressed as a
percentage of the volume of freshly mixed concrete. Testing shall be in
accordance with AASHTO T196.
(iv) Flakiness Index
If the Flakiness Index of the coarse aggregate should vary by more than
five units from the average value of the aggregate used in the approved
mix and if the workability of the mixes should be adversely affected by
such variation, a new set of Site trial mixes and corresponding tests shall
be carried out.
(v) Crushing concrete cubes/cylinders
The compressive strength of test cubes/cylinders shall be determined in
accordance with BS 1881 Part 4.
The results of all cube tests shall be shown on an approved form that shall
include, but not be limited to, the following information:
• the cube reference number,
• the cube size and weight,
1. General requirements
2.3 Testing
2.3.1 The mold with specimen shall be placed in the testing equipment and
safely fixed
2.3.2 Trial will start with water pressure 1 kg/sq cm
2.3.3 Pressure will be increased by 1 kg/sq cm at every 8 hours until signs of
penetration like water drop or wet spot are observed on the top surface of
specimen
1. General
Table 7.7
2.6 maximum size of aggregate for concrete mixture shall not exceed the size
given on Table 7-8.
2.7 The specimens (main) for frost-thaw testing shall be numbered and
checked for defects (edges of specimen etc.), and if any defects found
shall be registered in testing record-book in accordance with sub-clause
706 (g) 2.25. First, the specimens numbered 1,2 and3 will be tested then
specimens with Nos. 4,5 and 6.
2.8 Main specimen, after setting 28 days in ordinary conditions or after
treatment by heating, shall be kept in ordinary conditions for 7 days prior
to frost-thaw testing.
2.9 Additional specimens for comparison will be kept in container with relative
air humidity not less than 90%, ambient temperature 20 ± 2qC in ordinary
conditions.
2.10 Compressive strength testing on main and comparison specimens shall
be carried out as per MNS 1272:99.
2.11 Main specimens for frost-thaw testing and supplementary specimens for
comparison purposes to be checked for compressive strength after 7 and
28 days, shall be soaked in water with temperature of 15 to 20º C for 96
hours without preliminary heating. The height of water surface above the
top surface of specimen shall be not less than 20mm.
2.12 Samples taken from concrete mixtures for structures and buildings which
are to be subjected to salty or mineral water of lakes shall be soaked in
the water with same chemical content as lake etc., and thawed in water
after each freezing. Specimen from concrete for road pavement shall be
soaked in 5% sodium chloride solution before testing and thawed in this
solution after each freezing.
2.13 Samples soaked with water shall be put on special net shelf with not less
than 50mm spacing in between and put to freezer. Space between the
bottom of shelf and wall of freezer shall not be less than 50mm.
2.14 The samples should be frozen in freezers capable to freeze upto -15 to -
20ºC and keep this temperature constantly. The temperature inside the
freezer shall be measured at the half height of freezer. The freezer should
have constant air conditioning device.
2.15 First the freezer shall be cooled down to -15 ºC, and then samples shall
be inserted. If temperature rises up than -15 ºC after the specimens were
inserted then freezing time will be counted from time when the
temperature has again come down to -15 ºC.
2.16 Duration of 1 freezing cycle at constant temperature of -15 ºC of shall be
not less than 4 hours for specimen with sizes of 100x100x100mm and
150x150x150mm specimen.
2.17 After the specimens (100x100x100mm and 150x150x150mm) are taken
out from freezer they shall be put in vessel filled with water with
temperature 15 to 20 ºC, (as per 2.12) for not less than 4 hours. The
spacing of specimens in the water shall be not less than 20mm.
2.18 The specimens shall be checked in the course of testing, and if there any
defects are found to be more than 15% of total surface area of specimen
on 4 samples out of 6 or on two samples out of 3, and then frost testing
shall be stopped.
2.19 After the freezing and thawing operations are carried out as per number of
cycles given in table 7-7, the samples will be tested for compressive
strength in accordance with sub-clause 706 (g) 2.10.
The surface of specimens will be checked for defects prior to testing.
Specimen surface which will contact with pressure plate will be leveled
with fast hardening cement mortar for not more than 2mm thickness. Such
treated specimen shall be kept in humid environment first day, then
soaked 2 days in water with 15 to 20ºC temperature and tested for
strength.
2.20 Prior to start freezing main specimens, first 3 nos. of supplementary
specimens which have been already soaked in water, shall be tested for
compressive strength. Before testing the surface of pressure plates shall
be cleaned with wet cloth. Supplementary specimens will be tested for
same time duration as main specimens.
A supplementary specimen with frost resistance grade upto 5ºC cycle
which has been cured in autoclave, shall be tested for compressive
strength before freezing.
2.21 In order to determine frost resistance of concrete it is required to take
average compressive strength of three main specimens of one batch and
compare it with average compressive strength of three supplementary
specimens tested for compressive strength for same time duration as
main samples.
2.22 The equivalent time for set of concrete specimen will established using
the following equation:
For the specimens with 1 cycle per day (4+20H) and side size of 100mm
and 150mm:
Ta = D + 0.8n (1)
For the specimens with 1 cycle per day (6+18h) and side size of 200mm:
Ta = D + 0.7n (2)
For the specimens with 2 cycles per day (4+8h) and side size of 100mm
and 150mm:
Ta = D + 0.35n (3)
For the specimens with 2 cycle per day (6+6h) and side size of 200mm:
Ta = D + 0.25n (4)
For the specimens with 3 cycles per day (4+4h) and side size of 100mm
and 150mm:
Ta = D + 0.2n (5)
Where
2.23 If compressive strength of three main specimens out of six tested after
any intermediate cycle during frost resistance testing decreased by more
than 15% and their weight loss of road concrete is more than 5%
compared to those of supplementary specimens with same setting time,
then testing of main specimens shall be stopped. In order to confirm test
results of previous group, compressive strength and weight loss of
specimens will be determined.
2.24 To determine the weight loss of specimen soaked in water, the specimen
shall be taken out of water, cleaned with wet cloth weighed before
applying freezing test. When certain number of frost-thaw cycles is carried
out as per Table 7-7, each specimen shall be checked for surface defects
and weighed. The weight loss will be checked with 0.1%accuracy using
the following equation:
m1 m 2
ǻm= x 100 (6)
m1
Where
4. Test regime:
a) Temperature regime inside the freezer
b) Time for cooling the specimen to -150C after putting it in the freezer
c) Date and time, duration of each cycle of freezing and thawing
requirements of AASHTO M241. Truck mixers shall comply with the requirements of
BS 4251 and shall only be used with the prior agreement of the Engineer.
All mixing operations shall be controlled by an experienced supervisor.
The aggregate storage bins shall be provided with drainage facilities arranged such
that drainage water is not discharged into the weigh hoppers. Each bin shall be
drawn down at least once per week and any accumulations of mud or silt removed.
Cement and aggregates shall be batched by weight. Water may be measured by
weight or volume. Liquid admixtures shall be dispensed by an electrically controlled
flowmeter.
The weighing and water dispensing mechanisms shall be maintained in good order.
Their accuracy shall be maintained within the tolerances described in AASHTO M241
and checked against accurate weights and volumes when required by the Engineer.
The weights of cement, water, admixtures and of each size of aggregate as indicated
by the mechanisms employed shall be within the tolerance shown in Table 7-10.
Table 7-10: Allowable Tolerances in the Proportioning of Concrete Mixes
Allowable tolerance in Percent by weight
proportioning
Mass of cement 0 to + 4
Mass of fine aggregate -2 to + 2
Mass of coarse aggregate -2 to + 2
Admixtures -2 to + 3
Water -1 to + 1
The Contractor shall provide standard test weights at least equivalent to the
maximum working load used on the most heavily loaded scale and other auxiliary
equipment required for checking the satisfactory operation of each scale or other
measuring device.
Tests shall be made by the Contractor at least once a week or at intervals to be
determined by the Engineer and shall be carried out in his presence. For the purpose
of carrying out these tests, there shall be easy access for personnel to the weigh
hoppers. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with copies of the complete
results of all check tests.
The Contractor shall make any adjustments, repairs or replacements necessary to
ensure the continuous satisfactory performance of weighing and water dispensing
mechanisms and their compliance with this Specification.
The measured materials shall be batched and charged into the mixer by means that
prevent loss of any materials due to effects of wind or other causes. The Contractor
shall conduct Site trials to determine the most suitable method and order in which
materials are to be fed into the mixer to consistently produce a uniform concrete mix.
Once the optimum combination for the particular plant arrangement has been
established, it shall be adhered to.
The nominal drum or pan capacity of the mixer shall not be exceeded. The turning
speed and the mixing time shall be as recommended by the manufacturer, but in
addition, when water is the last ingredient to be added, mixing shall continue for at
least one minute after all the water has been added to the drum or pan. Mixing shall
continue until there is a thorough distribution of the materials, and the mass is of a
uniform colour and consistency.
The blades of pan mixers shall be maintained within the tolerances specified by the
manufacturer of the mixer and the blades shall be replaced when it is no longer
possible to maintain the tolerances by adjustment.
Mixers shall be fitted with an automatic recorder registering the number of batches
discharged.
The water to be added to the mix shall be reduced by the amount of free water
contained in the coarse and fine aggregates. This amount shall be determined by
the Contractor by a method agreed by the Engineer immediately before mixing
begins each day and thereafter at least once per hour during concreting and for each
delivery of aggregates during concreting. When the correct quantity of water,
determined as set out in the Specification, has been added to the mix, no further
water shall be added, either during mixing or subsequently. The Contractor shall
ensure that all specified moisture adjustments are accurately made in order to obtain
the desired slump within the tolerances set out in Sub-Clause 706 (b) (i) of this
Specification.
After mixing for the required time, each batch shall be discharged completely from
the mixer before any materials for the succeeding batch are introduced.
Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly
cleaned before any fresh concrete is mixed and thereafter the first batch of concrete
through the mixers shall contain only half the normal quantity of coarse aggregate.
This batch shall be mixed for one minute longer than the time applicable to a normal
batch.
Mixers shall be thoroughly cleaned out before changing from one type of cement to
another.
Water that has been used for washing out mixers shall not be allowed to drain
directly into streams or surface water drains but shall be disposed of in accordance
with one of the methods outlined in Sub-Clause 703 (c) of this Specification and in a
manner that is acceptable to the Engineer.
708 TRANSPORT OF CONCRETE
Concrete shall be discharged from the mixer and transported to the Works by means
which shall prevent adulteration, segregation or loss of ingredients, and which shall
ensure that the concrete is of the required workability at the point and time of placing.
The loss of slump between discharge from the mixer and placing shall not exceed 25
mm.
The time elapsing between mixing and placing a batch of concrete shall be as short
as practicable and in no case longer than shall permit completion of placing and
compaction before the onset of initial set Concrete shall not be incorporated in the
Works after the onset of initial set has occurred.
The rate of delivery of concrete shall be such that the interval between batches shall
not exceed 20 minutes and shall be sufficient to produce a monolithic unit and
preclude the formation of cold joints within a structure. During transportation the
concrete shall be protected from any adverse effects of sun, rain and wind. Concrete
shall not be transported over or near to recent work that has not fully hardened.
709 PLACING OF CONCRETE
(a) Consent for placing
Concrete shall not be placed in any part of the Works until the Engineer's
consent has been given in writing. The Contractor shall give the Engineer at
least 24 hours notice of his intention to place concrete.
All mortar from previous concreting, debris and foreign material shall be
removed from the forms and steel prior to commencing the placing of concrete.
Concrete placing shall commence within 24 hours of the Engineer's consent. If
the Contractor should fail to commence placing concrete within this period the
Engineer's consent shall be deemed to be withdrawn and the Contractor shall
again request consent as specified above.
(b) Preparation of surface to receive concrete
Excavated surfaces against which concrete is to be cast shall be prepared as
set out in Section 600 of this Specification.
Any flow of water into an excavation shall be diverted through proper side drains
to a sump, or be removed by other suitable methods. The Contractor shall
ensure that the freshly deposited concrete or any of its constituents are not
washed away by any such flow. Any under-drains constructed for this purpose
shall be completely grouted up when they are no longer required by a method
agreed by the Engineer.
The treatment for existing concrete surfaces against which fresh concrete is to
be cast shall be as follows:
x whilst the existing concrete is still green surface aggregate shall be exposed
by washing and brushing with a stiff bristled brush,
x fresh concrete shall be cast against the dry exposed aggregate surface,
x surfaces shall be clean, hard, dry and sound.
If any fissures have been cleaned out as described in Section 600 of this
Specification they shall be filled with mortar or with concrete as instructed by the
Engineer. The amount of mortar placed at any one time shall be limited so that it
does not dry out or set before being covered with concrete.
(c) Placing procedures
Whenever a concrete placement plan or schedule is specified or approved, the
sequence of placement shall conform to that plan.
All equipment used to place concrete shall be of adequate design and capacity
and operated so as to prevent segregation of the mix or loss of mortar. Such
equipment shall not cause vibrations that might damage the freshly placed
concrete. Equipment shall not have any aluminium parts that come in contact
with the concrete. The Contractor shall ensure that any mortar coating on
placing equipment that sets or dries out between the placing of successive
batches of concrete is cleaned from the equipment before placing is resumed.
Concrete pumps shall be operated such that a continuous stream of concrete
without air pockets is produced. When pumping is completed, the concrete
remaining in the pipeline shall be ejected in such a manner that precludes
contamination of the freshly placed concrete.
When discharged above its place of final deposition, the Contractor shall ensure
that concrete shall in no circumstances fall freely through a height exceeding 1.5
m. Elephant trunking shall be used to reduce the free fall height to less than 1.5
m. The use of chutes, other than those forming standard accessories to truck
mixers, shall not be permitted.
Forms for walls, columns and other thin sections of significant height shall be
provided with openings or other devices that prevent segregation and
accumulation of hardened concrete on the formwork or reinforcement above the
level of the placed concrete.
The first batch of any fresh concrete to be placed shall contain only half the
normal quantity of coarse aggregate.
Concrete shall be placed and consolidated prior to initial set and in no case
more than 2 hours after cement has been added to the mix. The Contractor shall
not retemper any concrete by adding water to the mix.
Concrete that has partially hardened during transit shall not be used in the
Works. The methods of transportation of fresh concrete from the mixer to the
point of placing shall be such that this requirement is complied with.
The concrete shall be deposited as nearly as possible in its final position. It shall
be placed so as to avoid segregation of the concrete and displacement of the
reinforcement, other embedded items, or formwork.
The Contractor shall move fresh concrete within formwork by shoveling and not
with mechanical vibrators. Separate gangs of workers shall be employed by the
Contractor for placing and compacting concrete.
Concrete shall be brought up in layers approximately parallel to the construction
joint planes and not exceeding 500 mm in compacted thickness unless
otherwise permitted or directed by the Engineer. Such layers shall not be thinner
than four times the maximum nominal size of aggregate.
Layers shall be placed such that the formation of feather edges is avoided. The
Contractor shall place concrete in each section of the structure continuously and
without interruption between the construction or expansion joints indicated on
the Drawings. The delivery rate, placing sequence and methods shall be such
that formation of cold joints is precluded and in no circumstances shall fresh
concrete be cast against previously placed material in which the initial set has
occurred.
All the concrete in a single bay or pour shall be placed as a continuous operation
and each unit shall form a monolith without joints. Concrete shall be carefully
worked round all obstructions, irregularities in the foundations and the like such
that all parts are completely full of compacted concrete with no segregation or
honeycombing. Concrete shall be carefully worked round and between
waterstops, reinforcement, embedded steelwork and similar items which
protrude above the surface of the completed pour.
All work shall be completed on each batch of concrete before its initial set
commences and thereafter the concrete shall not be disturbed before it has set
hard.
During and after placement of concrete, care shall be taken not to injure the
concrete or break the bond with reinforcing steel. Workmen shall not walk
through fresh concrete. Platforms for workmen and equipment shall not be
supported on reinforcement. Once the concrete has set, no forces shall be
applied to the forms or to reinforcing bars projecting from the concrete, until the
concrete is sufficiently hardened to resist damage.
(d) Placing concrete under water
When it is necessary to place concrete under mineral slurry or water the
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposals for the method and
equipment to be employed. Concrete shall be deposited either through funnel-
shaped tremies which shall have discharging bottom fitted with a trapdoor or by
concrete pumps fitted with a device at the end of the discharge tube to prevent
the ingress of water whilst the tube fills with concrete.
A tremie shall consist of a water-tight tube, constructed in sections joined by
flange couplings and watertight gaskets, having a diameter of not less than 250
mm and fitted with a hopper at the top. Tremies shall be supported so as to
permit both free movement of the discharge end over the entire top surface of
the work and to allow rapid lowering to retard or stop the flow of concrete. The
discharge end shall be sealed closed at the start of work so as to prevent water
from entering the tremie before it fills with concrete. Tremies shall be kept
continuously full of concrete up to the level of the bottom of their hopper and
shall be kept immersed in the concrete in order to reduce to a minimum the
contact area of the concrete with the water, if water enters the tube after placing
has started, the tremie shall be withdrawn and emptied, the discharge end
resealed and the tremie refilled with fresh concrete before placing is resumed.
The flow shall be continuous until the work is completed.
During pumping, once the delivery of concrete has started, the end of the
discharge tube shall be kept full of concrete and below the surface of the
deposited concrete until placement is completed.
In both circumstances, special care, shall be taken to avoid segregation.
The cement content of concrete that is to be placed under water shall be 10 per
cent more than the standard mix for the corresponding grade and workability to
compensate for loss due to washing.
Concrete that is to be placed under mineral slurry or water by tremie shall be
compacted before placing as follows:
(i) a poker vibrator shall be lowered to the bottom of the tremie pipe prior to
filling it with concrete,
(ii) the gate at the base of the tremie shall be shut,
(iii) as concrete is fed into the hopper and the tremie begins to fill, the poker
vibrator shall be gradually withdrawn in such a manner that all the air is
removed from the fresh concrete in the tremie pipe,
(iv) the poker vibrator shall then be fixed in position where the hopper
discharges into the tremie pipe in such a way that air shall be removed
from the fresh concrete without transmitting vibration to the sides of the
tremie,
(v) as placing proceeds, the poker vibrator shall be switched on and off as
necessary to avoid over vibration of the concrete in the hopper between
batches as the placing of Concrete proceeds.
Concrete to be placed underwater by pump shall be similarly be compacted in
the hopper that discharges into the pump.
Concrete shall be placed under mineral slurry or water in one continuous
operation and the surface of the concrete during placement shall be kept as near
to horizontal as practicable. Still water shall be maintained at the discharge point
of pumps and tremies.
To ensure thorough bonding, each successive layer of concrete shall be placed
before the initial set of the preceding layer has taken place. The Contractor shall
have sufficient equipment available to fulfill this requirement when placing large
pours.
During and after concreting under water, pumping or de-watering in the
immediate vicinity shall be suspended if there is any danger that such work will
disturb the freshly placed concrete.
Cofferdams shall be vented during the placing and curing of concrete to equalize
the hydrostatic pressure and thus prevent flow of water through the concrete.
The Engineer may require that the placing of concrete be rescheduled to take
advantage of the cooler parts of the day.
(d) Cold weather precautions
(i) Mixing and placing
When requested by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide and install
two maximum-minimum type thermometers at each structure site.
Concrete shall not be placed without heating and protection from freezing
if either:
• the ambient air temperature is falling and falls below 7° C
• the ambient air temperature is rising and is below 3° C
When the ambient air temperature is below 5° C, the temperature of the
concrete at the time of placement in sections less than 300 mm thick shall
be not less than 15° C. Irrespective of air temperature, aggregates shall
be free of ice, frost and frozen lumps when batched and concrete shall not
be placed against any material whose temperature is 0° C or less.
If concrete is to be placed when, in the opinion of the Engineer, sub-zero
ambient temperatures are likely the Contractor shall make provision for
heating water and aggregates. The newly placed concrete shall be
protected against freezing for 8 full days after the completion of the pour.
Aggregates shall be heated to a temperature of between 20° C and 65° C
and water shall be heated to a temperature of between 55° C and 65° C.
The temperature of the mixed concrete shall be between 15° C and 25° C
when placed in the formwork. The apparatus for heating aggregated shall
heat them uniformly without the occurrence of hot spots.
The heating apparatus and housing shall be sufficient to enclose and
protect the structure such that the air surrounding the fresh concrete is
kept at a temperature of between 20° C and 30° C for 5 full days after the
completion of the pour. Over the next three days the concrete shall be
allowed to cool to a temperature of not less than 5° C. The heating
apparatus shall be positioned so that there is no direct discharge of heat
on either the formwork or concrete surfaces.
When the outside ambient temperature is below -15° C, the housing shall
be constructed so as to allow the concrete to be placed without the
housing having to be opened. If mixing is to take place externally, the
concrete shall be placed via hoppers installed through the housing, such
hoppers shall be plugged when not in use.
When the outside ambient temperatures are above -15° C, the Contractor
may open small areas in the housing for short periods to facilitate the
placing of concrete.
Before any concrete is placed in sub-zero outside ambient temperatures,
the Contractor shall demonstrate the adequacies of his heating
arrangements by bringing up the temperature to the 20 °C specified
herein and maintaining it for a continuous 24 hour period prior to
concreting.
The Contractor shall supply all heating apparatus and fuel necessary.
(ii) Initial curing
When dry heat is proposed for heating the housing, the Contractor shall
The Contractor shall provide, in accordance with Table 7-11 above, sufficient number
and sizes of poker vibrators to enable the entire quantity of concrete being placed to
be vibrated for the period necessary to achieve full compaction. Stand-by poker
vibrators shall be available for instant use at each place where concrete is being
placed.
Where the concrete contains aggregate with a nominal size of 75 mm or more,
vibrators with a diameter of 100 mm or more shall be used.
Compaction of fresh concrete shall take place at the point it is placed in the works.
Vibrators shall not be used to move concrete laterally. The poker shall be inserted
vertically into the concrete under its own weight. The poker vibrator shall penetrate
the layer of concrete placed previously to avoid the formation of laminated strata.
Vibration shall be continued at each point for a short period until the concrete ceases
to contract, a thin layer of mortar appears on the surface and the formation of air
bubbles stops. The poker shall be withdrawn slowly to fully close the void that would
otherwise ensue.
Vibration shall be of a sufficient duration and intensity to thoroughly compact the
concrete, but shall not continue long enough to cause segregation. Vibration shall not
be continued at any one point to the extent that localized pools of grout are formed.
Application of vibrators shall be at points uniformly spaced and not farther apart than
1.5 times the radius over which vibration is visibly effective.
Vibration shall not be applied directly to, or through the reinforcement nor shall
vibrators be allowed to touch reinforcement, the formwork or other embedded items.
Vibrators of small diameter shall be supplemented by such tamping as is necessary
to ensure smooth surfaces and dense concrete along form surfaces and in corners.
Concrete for columns, substructure and culvert walls, and other similar vertical
members shall be placed and allowed to settle for a period of time and then re-
vibrated after 1 to 2 hours to reduce plastic settlement cracking before concrete for
integral horizontal members is placed.
The Engineer may also instruct that concrete be re-vibrated to improve the surface
finish of the concrete by reducing blowholes or to eliminate plastic shrinkage cracks.
Concrete may be re-vibrated provided that it is still in a plastic state, the vibrator can
penetrate the concrete under its own weight and the concrete closes behind it upon
its removal. The Contractor shall conduct Site trials to determine the optimum waiting
period for various grades and consistencies of concrete.
712 CURING OF CONCRETE
(a) General
Concrete shall be protected during hardening from loss of moisture and from the
development of temperature differentials within the concrete sufficient to cause
thermal cracking.
The methods used for curing shall not cause damage of any kind to the
concrete. Curing shall be continued for as long as may be necessary to achieve
the above objectives but in any case for at least seven days or until the concrete
is covered by later construction.
The curing process shall commence as soon as the concrete is hard enough to
resist damage from the process, and in the case of large areas or continuous
pours, shall commence on the completed sections of the pour before the rest of
the pour is finished.
All newly placed concrete shall be cured so as to prevent loss of water by use of
one or more of the methods specified herein. If the surface of the concrete
begins to dry before the selected cure method can be applied, the surface of the
concrete shall be kept moist by a fog spray applied so as not to damage the
surface.
Curing by other than steam or radiant heat methods shah continue uninterrupted
for the periods shown in Table 7-12.
Table 7-12: Minimum Curing Periods
Average
Ambient Average Average
Temperature Ambient Ambient
Cement Type
Greater than Temperature Temperature
5° C to 15° C Less than 5° C
15° C
Portland Cement
with less than 10% 7 days 10 days 14 days
added pozzolans
Portland Cement
with more than
10 days 15 days 20 days
10% added
pozzolans
When deemed necessary by the Engineer during periods of hot weather, water
shall be applied to concrete surfaces being cured by the liquid membrane
method or by the forms-in-place method, until the Engineer determines that a
cooling effect is no longer required.
If, instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall, in addition to the curing
provisions set out below, provide suitable sunshades and windshields to prevent
the direct rays of the sun or drying winds from reaching concrete surfaces.
(b) Materials
(i) Water
Water shall conform to the requirements of Sub-Clause 703 (g).
The concrete surface shall be wet when the cover is placed. Sheets shall
be of the widest practicable width. Adjacent sheets shall overlap by a
minimum of 300 mm and shall be tightly sealed with pressure sensitive
tape, mastic, glue, or other approved methods to form a complete
waterproof cover of the entire concrete surface.
Covers shall be secured against displacement by the wind. Any part of the
cover that becomes defective before expiration of the curing period shall
be immediately repaired. Sheeting that has lost its waterproof property
shall not be used.
(v) Heated housing method
Concrete placed in cold weather shall be cured in accordance with the
requirements of Sub-Clause 710 (d) of this Specification.
(vi) Accelerated curing by steam or radiant heat
These methods shall be used only for pre-cast concrete elements
manufactured in established plants.
Steam curing or radiant heat curing shall be done inside a suitable
enclosure to contain the live steam or the heat. Only low pressure,
saturated steam shall be utilized. Temperature recording devices shall be
employed as necessary to verify that temperatures are uniform throughout
the enclosure and within the limits specified.
There shall be a delay period of 3 to 5 hours before the initial application
of steam or heat after the final placing of concrete to allow its initial set to
take place. If retarding agents are used, the delay period shall be
increased in accordance with the instructions of the Engineer. If the time
of initial set is determined in accordance with AASHTO T197 delay period
shall be adjusted accordingly.
During the delay period, the temperature within the curing chamber shall
be maintained at not be less than 10° C and live steam or radiant heat
may employed to do so. During this period the surface of the concrete
shall be kept wet.
Application of live steam shall not be directed on the concrete or on the
forms so as to cause localized high temperatures. During accelerated
curing by steam or radiant heat the rate of increase of ambient
temperature within the curing enclosure shall not exceed 20° C per hour and
the maximum ambient temperature shall not exceed 71° C.
The maximum temperature shall be held until the concrete has reached
the specified strength, and the cubes/cylinders used to determine the
concrete strength shall be cured alongside and under the same conditions
as the pre-stressed concrete.
An ambient temperature recording device of a type approved by the
Engineer shall be placed on top of the element after the placing of
concrete is complete. The thermometer shall not be moved until after
accelerated curing is complete. A graph of ambient temperature against
time shall be submitted to the Engineer upon completion of accelerated
curing for each element. The graph shall indicate :
• element identification No.,
• hour, day, month and year,
• time of completion of concrete placing,
• start of heating,
• end of heating,
• end of accelerated curing.
Once accelerated curing has been completed, the ambient temperature
shall not be allowed to fall at a rate exceeding 20° C per hour until a
temperature of 6° C above the temperature of the air to which the
concrete will be exposed has been reached.
Elements shall not be subjected to freezing temperatures before reaching
their specified design strength.
Radiant heat may be applied by means of pipes circulating steam, hot oil
or hot water, or by electric heating elements. Radiant heat curing shall be
done under a suitable enclosure to contain the heat, and moisture loss
shall be minimized by covering all exposed concrete surfaces with a
plastic sheeting or by applying an approved liquid membrane curing
compound to all exposed concrete surfaces.
Top surfaces of concrete members to be used in composite construction
and surfaces to which other material is to be bounded in the finished
structure shall be thoroughly cleaned of concrete curing membrane
residue so as to enable bond 7 design limits to be met.
Details of the Contractor's proposals for curing concrete shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to any placing of concrete in
the Works.
(d) Limiting temperature differentials in newly placed concrete
The Contractor shall limit the development of temperature differentials in
concrete after placing by any means appropriate to the circumstances
including the following:
x limiting concrete temperatures at placing as set out in Sub-Clause
710 (c),
x use of low heat cement, subject to the agreement of the Engineer,
x insulation of exposed concrete surfaces,
x insulated formwork left in-place,
x preventing rapid dissipation of heat from surfaces by shielding
from wind,
x avoiding the use of ponding or sprayed water when such use
would cause rapid cooling of the surface.
713 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
Whenever concrete is to be bonded to other concrete that has hardened, the surface
of contact between the sections shall be deemed a construction joint.
Where construction joints are shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall form such
joints in those positions. The location of joints which the Contractor requires to make
for the purpose of construction shall be subject to the agreement of the Engineer.
Construction joints shall be in vertical or horizontal planes except in sloping slabs
where they shall be normal to the exposed surface or elsewhere where the Drawings
require a different arrangement.
The Contractor shall form construction joints in all classes of work as tongue and
groove joints against which concrete can subsequently be properly compacted.
There shall be no construction joints in pre-cast members nor in reinforced concrete
deck slabs of minor spans.
Construction joints shall be so arranged as to reduce to a minimum the effects of
shrinkage in the concrete after placing, and shall be placed in the most
advantageous positions with regard to stresses in the structures and the desirability
of staggering joints.
Feather edges of concrete at joints shall be avoided and any feather edges which
may have formed where reinforcing bars project through a joint shall be cut back until
sound concrete has been reached.
The intersections of horizontal or near horizontal joints and exposed faces of
concrete shall appear as straight lines produced by use of a guide strip fixed to the
formwork at the top of the concrete lift, or by other means acceptable to the Engineer.
The surface of the fresh concrete in horizontal or near horizontal joints shall be
thoroughly cleaned and roughened by means of high pressure water and air jets
and/or by washing and brushing the surface with a bristle brush shortly after casting
but when the concrete is hard enough to withstand the treatment without the leaching
of cement.
The surface of vertical or near vertical joints shall be similarly treated if circumstances
permit the removal of formwork at a suitable time. At vertical joints a retarding agent
may be painted onto the form face provided that the formwork is removed within 72
hours of casting and the concrete surface cleaned by washing and brushing to
expose the aggregate.
The treatment for forming construction joints shall be as follows:
x whilst the existing concrete is still green surface aggregate shall be exposed by
washing and brushing with a stiff bristled brush,
x fresh concrete shall be cast against the dry exposed aggregate surface.
x surfaces shall be clean, hard, dry and sound.
Where concrete has become too hard for the above treatment to be successful, the
surface whether formed or free is to be thoroughly scabbled by mechanical means or
wet sand blasted or prepared by air-driven needle guns. The indentations produced
by scabbling shall be not less than 10 mm deep and shall not extend closer than 40
mm to a finished face. The surfaces so formed shall be washed clean and left to dry
before concreting and any grit or other deleterious or loose material removed from
the vicinity.
The Contractor shall clean and remove all concrete or other matter adhering to
fittings or reinforcement that project from the existing concrete surface taking care
not to break the bond between the steel and the existing concrete.
The amount of coarse aggregate in the first layer of concrete to be cast against
hardened concrete surfaces shall be reduced by 50% to allow for the effective loss of
mortar required to initially coat placing equipment, the joint, reinforcement and
formwork. Pre-placed grouts or mortars shall not be used unless otherwise instructed
by the Engineer.
No concrete shall be placed in position or against a construction joint until the joint
has been inspected and approved by the Engineer.
Epoxy resins especially designed for bonding old concrete to new shall be used at
construction joints where directed by the Engineer. The preparation of the
construction joint surface and the application of the epoxy resin shall be in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and the Engineer's
instructions. The brand and type of resin used shall be subject to the Engineer's
approval.
Where a joint is to be formed to prevent bonding between contiguous structural
elements, the Contractor shall place two intermediate layers of approved waterproof
building paper at the location specified. The paper shall be cut to fit the surfaces
accurately without creases or wrinkles. Overlapping edges shall be covered with
adhesive tape on both faces of the overlap. There shall be not less than two layers of
approved waterproof building paper over the full area of the joint. When carrying out
concreting operations the Contractor shall ensure that the paper remains
undamaged.
714 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION JOINTS
Expansion joints for bridges are covered in detail in Section 900 of this Specification.
Expansion and contraction joints are discontinuities in concrete designed to allow for
thermal or other movements in the concrete.
Expansion joints are formed with a gap between the concrete faces to permit both
subsequent expansion and contraction of the concrete. Contraction joints are formed
to accommodate the contraction of adjacent concrete and may include provision for
subsequent filling.
Expansion and contraction joints shall be formed in the positions and in accordance
with the details shown on the Drawings or elsewhere in the Specifications.
When forming joints by saw-cutting, the cut shall be made as soon as the concrete
can be cut without spalling or raveling of the edges and before any cracks form in the
concrete.
715 WATERSTOPS
All references to waterstops include groutstops
Waterstops shall be of the material and form shown on the Drawings. No waterstop
material shall be brought onto site until the Contractor has submitted full details of the
materials he proposes to use, including samples, and these have been approved by
the Engineer. All samples shall be of adequate length for testing.
Waterstops shall be made of material resistant to chlorides, sulphates, or other
deleterious substances which may be present in the environment of the Works.
Rubber waterstops may be of natural or synthetic rubber and shall have an
elongation at breaking stress of at least 500 per cent at 25 °C and shall allow a joint
movement of at least 50 mm.
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) waterstops shall be extruded from an unfilled plasticised
PVC polymer or copolymer which does not contain any reclaimed or scrap PVC. PVC
waterstops shall have an elongation at breaking stress of at least 225 per cent at 25°
C and shall allow a joint movement of at least 10 mm.
Low modulus waterstops shall be of rubber or PVC as described above but shall
have an elongation of at least 200 per cent at 25° C under a tensile stress of 6
N/mm2 and shall allow a joint movement of at least 50 mm.
Waterstops shall be supplied in lengths as long as possible consistent with ease of
handling and construction requirements. In rubber or plastic material joints other than
butt joints shall be supplied ready made by the manufacturer. Butt joints shall be
made on site in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and with equipment
supplied for the purpose by the manufacturer.
Waterstop material shall be stored carefully on Site to avoid damage and
contamination with oil, grease, or other pollutants. Rubber and plastic waterstops
shall be stored in cool well ventilated places away from direct sunlight. Rubber and
plastic waterstops which are embedded in one side of a joint more than one month
before the scheduled date of placing concrete on the other side, shall be protected
from the sun.
Waterstops shall be firmly fixed in the formwork so that they cannot be displaced
during concrete placing and shall be completely free of all dirt, grease, oil, etc. before
placing concrete. Where eyelets are provided these shall be fully wired to the
reinforcement and be the only means whereby the waterstop is fixed. In no
circumstances shall a waterstop be punctured with nails, etc. as a means of fixing.
Concrete shall be placed carefully round waterstops so as to avoid distortion or
displacement and shall be fully compacted. Where waterstops lie in a horizontal or
nearly horizontal plane the Contractor shall ensure that no voids are left on the
underside of the waterstop.
Formwork adjoining waterstops shall be carefully removed to avoid damage. If
waterstops suffer any damage which cannot be properly repaired in situ the Engineer
may require a section of concrete to be removed and the waterstop replaced.
716 FINISHES ON UNFORMED SURFACES
Horizontal or nearly horizontal surfaces, which are not cast against formwork shall be
finished to the class shown on the Drawings and defined hereunder :
(a) UF 1 finish
All surfaces on which no higher class of finish is called for on the Drawings or
instructed by the Engineer shall be given a UF 1 finish.
The concrete shall be leveled and screeded to produce a uniform plain or ridged
surface, surplus concrete being struck off by a straight edge immediately after
compaction.
(b) UF 2 finish
This is a floated finish for roof or floor slabs and other surfaces where a hard
trowelled surface is not required.
The surface shall first be treated as a Class UF 1 finish and after the concrete
has hardened sufficiently, it shall be floated with a wooden or cork surfaced hand
or power float sufficient only to produce a uniform surface free from screed
marks.
(c) UF 3 finish
This is a hard trowelled surface for use on bearing areas, where weather
resistance or appearance is important, or on areas subject to high velocity water
flow.
The surface shall be floated as for a UF 2 finish but to the tolerance slated
below. When the moisture film has disappeared and the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to prevent laitance from being worked to the surface, it shall be power
floated to produce a dense, smooth uniform surface free from trowel marks.
(d) Roadway surface finish
The surfaces of bridge decks and approach slabs shall be struck-off by screed
equipment traveling on rails. The equipment shall be constructed to span the full
deck width. The rails shall be of sufficient strength and supported and fixed at
such intervals to prevent deflection during screeding operations. Equipment and
rails shall be adjusted so that the concrete surface after strike-off conforms to
the specified profile and cross section.
The rails shall be fully in place and firmly secured for the entire scheduled length
before placing of concrete commences. Rails shall extend beyond both ends of
the scheduled length for a distance sufficient to permit the screed equipment to
clear the concrete to be placed. The elevation of rails shall be adjusted and set
UF1 5 mm + 10 mm or - 10 mm
UF2 5 mm + 10 mm or - 10 mm
UF3 3mm + 5 mm or- 5 mm
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the concrete surface does not conform to the
requirements for ordinary surface finish described herein, the Contractor shall, at
his own expense, and as may be directed by the Engineer, provide the entire
surface or designated areas thereof with a rubbed finish in accordance with Sub-
Clause 717 (b) of this Specification.
(b) Rubbed surface finish
Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings, this finish shall only apply as a
corrective measure at the expense of the Contractor.
The rubbed finish shall be provided as soon as formwork is removed. The
concrete shall first be given an ordinary surface finish in accordance with Sub-
Clause 717 (a) of this Specification. After the grout for pointing has sufficiently
set the entire surface shall be thoroughly wetted with clean water using a brush.
The surface shall be rubbed with a power operated stone to bring the surface to
a paste. Rubbing shall be continued sufficiently to remove all formwork marks,
projections and other surface irregularities to produce a smooth dense surface
free from blemishes or pits.
Material which has been ground to a paste during rubbing shall be spread
uniformly over the entire surface and allowed to take a set. The final finish shall
be obtained through a second rubbing with a fine carborundum stone that shall
continue until the entire surface is of a smooth even texture and a uniform
colour.
After the final rubbing has been completed and the surface has dried it shall be
rubbed with burlap to remove loose powder. The final surface shall be free from
unsound patches, paste, powder and objectionable marks. Under no
circumstances shall a cement wash or plaster be applied.
718 FALSEWORK AND FORMWORK
(a) Falsework
Falsework shall be designed by a structural engineering firm experienced in the
design of formwork and falsework and acceptable to the Engineer. At least 21
days before he proposes to commence concreting, the Contractor shall submit
to the Engineer design calculations and detailed working drawings showing
details of the proposed formwork and falsework. The drawings and calculations
shall be certified by the designing structural engineering firm. The calculations
shall take into consideration the sequence and rate of placing and the equipment
proposed for placing, compacting and finishing the concrete.
Notwithstanding any approval given by the Engineer for the drawings and
calculations submitted by the Contractor for the falsework and formwork and the
acceptance of the falsework and formwork as constructed, the Contractor shall
be held solely responsible for the safety and adequacy of the falsework and
formwork. The Contractor shall indemnify the Employer and the Engineer and
keep them indemnified against any losses, claims or damages whatsoever to
persons or property which may arise out of or in consequence of the design,
construction or maintenance of the falsework or formwork.
Formwork and falsework shall be designed and constructed so that they support
the loads imposed on them, including but not limited to, those imposed by the
fresh concrete, by the rate of placing concrete and by the methods of placing
and compacting concrete such that, after the concrete has hardened, the formed
faces shall be in the positions shown on the Drawings within the tolerances set
out in Clause 721 of this Specification.
After the drawings have been approved by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
(ii) Design
The structural design of formwork shall conform to ACI Standard,
"Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork" (ACI 347) or some
other internationally recognized standard acceptable to the Engineer. In
selecting the hydrostatic pressure to be used in the design of formwork,
factors to be taken into consideration shall include, but not be limited to:
x the maximum proposed rate of placing concrete,
x the workability and consistence of the proposed mix,
x the effects of vibration,
x the temperature of the concrete,
x ambient temperatures,
x any proposed use of retarding agents, plasticisers or pozzolanic
materials in the concrete mix.
(iii) Construction
Prior to reuse, forms shall be cleaned with power driven mechanical
equipment, inspected for damage and repaired as necessary. When
forms appear to be defective in any manner, either before or during the
placement of concrete, the Engineer may suspend operations pending the
correction of defects.
The Contractor shall construct formwork in such a manner that the sides
can be removed without disturbing the soffit forms and, if props are to be
left in place when the soffit forms are removed, these props remain
undisturbed during striking. The Contractor shall not remove supports
temporarily for the purpose of stripping formwork and subsequently
replace them.
Contractor shall satisfy himself that the work complies with the
requirements of this Specification in all respects prior to giving such
notification to the Engineer. The Contractor shall not commence the
placing of concrete without the written authorization by the Engineer to do
so.
(c) Removal of falsework and forms
(i) General
The Contractor shall not remove falsework or formwork without the prior
written consent of the Engineer. In the determination of the time for the
removal of falsework and forms, consideration shall be given to the
location and character of the structure, climatic conditions, the materials
used in the mix and other factors influencing the early strength of the
concrete.
Formwork shall be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to the
concrete. No formwork shall be removed until the concrete has gained
sufficient strength to withstand safely any stresses to which it may thereby
be subjected. Methods of removal likely to cause overstressing of the
concrete or damage to its surface shall not be used. Supports shall be
removed in such a manner so as to permit the structure to uniformly and
gradually assume the stresses due to its own weight.
Unless otherwise instructed falsework shall be released before bridge
railings, copings or barriers are constructed.
(ii) Striking times
The minimum periods which shall elapse between completion of placing
concrete and removal of formwork and falsework are given in Table 7-14
and apply to ambient temperatures of between 0° C - 25° C. At lower
temperatures or if cement other than ordinary or sulphate-resisting
Portland cement is used, the Engineer may instruct different periods.
Table 7-14: Minimum Period Before Striking Formwork
(Ordinary or Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement Concrete)
Vertical
formwork to
9 10 12 15 20 30
columns, walls
hours hours hours hours hours hours
and large
beams
Soffit formwork 10
3 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 7 days
to slabs days
Soffit formwork
10 13 17 25
to beams and 7 days 8 days
days days days days
props to slabs
10 12 14 18 24 36
Props to beams
days days days days days days
Percentage of Characteristic 28
Type of Formwork/Falsework day Compressive Cube
Strength to be Attained Before
Striking Formwork
Vertical formwork to columns, walls 30
and large beams
Soffit formwork to slabs 35
Soffit formwork to beams and 40
props to Slabs
Props to beams 50
Compliance with these requirements shall not relieve the Contractor of his
obligation to delay removal of formwork and falsework until removal can
be completed without damage to the concrete.
As soon as the formwork has been removed, bolt holes in concrete faces
that are not required for subsequent operations shall be completely filled
with mortar and made good in accordance with Sub-Clause 717 (a) of this
Specification.
(iii) Extent of removal
All falsework and forms shall be removed except:
x elements of driven falsework piles more than 0.30 m below non-frost
subgrade within roadbeds, or 0.6 m below the original ground or
finished grade outside of roadbeds, or 0.6 m below the established
limits of any navigation channel,
x footing forms where their removal would endanger the safety of
cofferdams or other work,
x forms from enclosed cells where access is not provided,
x deck forms in the cells of box girder bridges that do not interfere with
the future installation of utilities shown on the plans.
719 MORTAR AND GROUT
(a) General
This Section covers the making and placing of mortar and grout for use in
concrete structures. Such uses include mortar for filling under masonry plates,
mortar used to fill voids and repair surface defects, grout used to fill sleeves for
anchor bolts, and mortar and grout for other such uses as necessary.
Surfaces to receive mortar or grout shall be cleaned from all loose or foreign
material that would inhibit bonding with the mortar. They shall then be flushed
with water and allowed to dry to a surface dry condition immediately prior to
placing the mortar or grout.
Small quantities of mortar or grout may be hand-mixed but for amounts over 0.5
m3 a mechanical mixer shall be used. Once mixed, mortar or grout shall not be
retempered by the addition of water and shall be placed within one hour.
After placing, all surfaces of mortar or grout shall be cured by the water method
in accordance with Sub-Clause 712 (c) (ii) of this Specification for a period of
not less than five days.
(b) Mortar for general purposes
Mortar shall be composed of fine aggregate complying with Sub-Clause 703 (d)
of this Specification and Portland cement Type IA complying with AASHTO M85.
The mix proportions shall be as stated on the Drawings or elsewhere in this
Specification or if not stated shall be one part of cement to two parts of fine
aggregate by weight.
The water content of the mortar shall be as low as possible consistent with the
use for which it is required but in any case the water/cement ratio shall not be
more than 0.5.
Mortar which is specified as "dry pack" shall be mixed with sufficient water for
the mix to become cohesive but not plastic when squeezed in the hand. Dry
pack mortar shall be rammed into the cavity it is required to fill, using a hand
rammer with sufficient force to ensure full compaction.
(c) Grouting of pockets and holes
Pockets and holding-down bolt holes shall be thoroughly cleaned out using
compressed air and water jets. Holes drilled by diamond bit shall be roughened.
Pockets and holes shall be filled with grout consisting of cement and clean fresh
water mixed in proportion of two parts by weight of cement to one part by weight
of water. The pouring of liquid grout shall cease as soon as each hole is filled
and any excess grout on the surface of the concrete foundation shall be
completely removed and the surface dried off before the next operation
proceeds.
(d) Underpinning of baseplates
The space between the top surface of foundation concrete and the underside of
baseplates shall be filled with a special mortar made up of materials in the
proportions of one part Portland cement to one part fine aggregate. An additive
to counteract shrinkage, acceptable to the Engineer and in accordance with
ASTM C845, shall be added in the proportions recommended by the
manufacturer. The special mortar shall have the minimum water-cement ratio
compatible with sufficient workability to enable maximum compaction to be
achieved.
The special mortar shall be well rammed in horizontally below the baseplate
from one edge only, until it is extruded from the other three sides. The mortar
which has extruded shall then be rammed back to ensure complete support
without voids.
720 RECORDS OF CONCRETE PLACING
Records, in a form agreed by the Engineer, shall be kept by the Contractor of the
details of every pour of concrete placed in the Works. These records shall include,
but not be limited to:
x class of concrete,
x slump,
x location of pour,
x date of pour,
x ambient temperature and concrete temperature at time of placing,
x moisture contents of aggregates,
x details of mixes,
x batch numbers,
x cement batch number,
x ambient temperatures during curing,
x results of all tests undertaken,
x location of test cube sample points, and,
x details of any cores taken.
The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of these records each week
covering work carried out during the preceding week. In addition he shall supply to
the Engineer monthly histograms of all 28 day cube strengths together with
cumulative and monthly standard deviations and any other information that the
Engineer may require concerning the concrete placed in the Works.
721 REMEDIAL WORK TO DEFECTIVE CONCRETE
If, on stripping any formwork, the exposed concrete should be found to be defective
in any way, the Contractor shall make no attempt to remedy such defects prior to the
Engineer's inspection and the receipt of any instructions, which the Engineer may
give.
Defective surfaces shall not be made good by plastering. Remedial works to surface
defects shall be carried out in accordance with Sub-Clause 717 (b) of this
Specification.
Areas of honeycombing that the Engineer agrees may be repaired shall be cut back
to sound concrete or to 75 mm which ever is the greater distance. In the case of
reinforced concrete the area shall be cut back to at least 25 mm clear distance
behind the reinforcement or to 75 mm, whichever is the greater distance. The cavity
shall have sides at right angles to the face of the concrete. After cleaning out with
water and compressed air the cavity shall be coated with an approved epoxy resin
and then be filled immediately with concrete of the same class as the main body but
with aggregate larger than 10 mm nominal size removed. A form shall be used
against the cavity, provided with a lip to enable concrete to be placed. The form shall
be filled to a point above the top edge of the cavity.
After seven days the lip of concrete shall be broken off and the surface ground
smooth.
Surface irregularities which are outside the limits of tolerance set out in Sub-Clause
302 (k) of this Specification shall be ground down to achieve transition slopes of less
than 1 in 50 between adjacent surfaces in the manner and to the extent instructed by
the Engineer.
Defects other than those mentioned above shall be dealt with as instructed by the
Engineer.
722 REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE
(a) General
This Clause covers deformed bar reinforcement and steel fabric to be cast into
concrete in any part of the Works.
All reinforcing bars shall be high yield stress deformed. Reinforcement shall
comply with either of the following British Standards or AASHTO Specifications :
BS 4449 Carbon Steel Bars for the Reinforcement of Concrete
BS 4482 Cold Reduced Steel Wire for the Reinforcement of
Concrete
BS 4483 Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete
AASHTO M 31 M Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
AASHTO M 221 M Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed for Concrete
Reinforcement
AASHTO M 225 M Steel wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement
MNS 1272-99 Method for strength determination.
(b) Testing requirements
The Contractor shall obtain reinforcement from an approved manufacturer and
shall submit manufacturer's test certificates to the Engineer.
The Contractor shall test all reinforcement intended for use in the Works for
compliance with the applicable AASHTO Standard in a laboratory acceptable to
the Engineer, and supply two copies of each test certificate to the Engineer. The
frequency of testing shall be as set out in the appropriate AASHTO Standard.
In addition to the testing requirements described above, the Contractor shall be
required to carry out such additional tests as may be instructed by the Engineer.
The Contractor, shall promptly remove from Site any reinforcement that does not
comply with this Specification.
(c) Delivery and storage of reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be delivered to Site either in straight lengths, or cut and
bent in accordance with the requirements of the Contract. Reinforcement shall
be rejected if it should be delivered to Site in long lengths which have been bent
over double for ease of transportation.
Reinforcement shall be stored on site on racks or on skids on a hard
impermeable base such that it remains straight and free from mechanical injury
or contamination. Any reinforcement, which is likely to remain in storage for a
long period, shall be protected from the weather so as to avoid corrosion and
pitting. All reinforcement which has become corroded or pitted to an extent
which, in the opinion of the Engineer, will adversely affect its properties shall
either be removed from Site or may be tested for compliance with the applicable
AASHTO Standard in accordance with Sub-Clause 722 (b) of this Specification
at the Contractor's cost.
(d) Bar bending schedules
When not included on the Drawings, the Contractor shall submit bar bending
schedules to the Engineer for review and approval. Bar bending schedules shall
include the following information :
x bar location and placing details,
x reference mark,
x grade of steel,
x size designation,
x number of bars,
x length of bars,
x shape code of bars,
x comments.
Fabrication of reinforcement shall only commence after such lists have been
approved by the Engineer. The approval of bar bending schedules shall in no
way relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for their accuracy. Any costs
incident to the revision of material furnished in accordance with such bending
schedules to achieve compliance with the Drawings shall be at the expense of
the Contractor.
e) Fabrication
(i) Cutting and bending
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, cutting and bending shall
comply with ACI 318 building code requirement for reinforced concrete.
The Contractor shall satisfy himself as to the accuracy of any bar bending
schedules and shall be responsible for cutting and bending the
reinforcement in accordance with the Drawings. The Contractor shall
immediately notify the Engineer if there should be a discrepancy between
a schedule and the Drawing to which it relates.
Bars shall be bent cold by the application of slow steady pressure. At
temperatures below 5° C the rate of bending shall be reduced if
necessary to prevent fracture of the steel. Fabrication tolerances shall be
in accordance with ACI 315.
After bending, the Contractor shall tie bars together securely in bundles or
groups, legibly labelled as set out in ACI 318.
Heating and bending of high yield bars shall not be permitted.
(ii) Identification
Bar reinforcement shall be shipped in standard bundles, tagged and
marked in accordance with the "Manual of Standard Practice of the
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute".
(f) Handling and surface condition of reinforcement
When placed in the work, reinforcement shall be free from dirt, loose rust or
scale, mortar, paint, grease, oil, or other materials that would reduce bond.
Reinforcement shall be free from injurious defects such as cracks and
laminations. Bonded rust, surface seams, surface irregularities, or mill scale
shall not be deemed just cause for rejection provided that the surface is
thoroughly cleaned prior to fixing in the works. Provided also that the minimum
dimensions, cross-sectional area, and tensile properties of a hand wire brushed
specimen meet the physical requirements for the size and grade of steel
specified.
(g) Placing and fastening
(i) General
Steel reinforcement shall be accurately placed as shown on the Drawings
and held firmly in position prior to and during the placing of concrete.
Reinforcement shall be rigidly fixed so that no movement can occur during
concrete placing. Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer, all
intersecting bars shall be tied together with annealed galvanized iron wire
of not less than 1.25 mm diameter with the ends of the tying wire turned
back into the main body of the concrete.
The Contractor shall ensure that reinforcement left exposed in the Works
shall not suffer distortion, displacement or other damage. When it is
necessary to bend protruding reinforcement aside temporarily, the radius
of the bend shall not be less than four times the bar diameter for mild steel
bars or six times the bar diameter for high yield bars. Such bends shall be
carefully straightened before concrete placing continues, without leaving
residual kinks or damaging the concrete round them.
(ii) Support systems
Reinforcing steel shall be supported in its proper position by use of mortar
blocks, wire bar supports, supplementary bars or other approved devices.
Such devices shall be of such height and placed at intervals sufficient to
maintain the distance between the reinforcement and the formed surface
or the top surface of deck slabs within 5 mm of that indicated on the
Drawings.
Platforms for the support of men and equipment during the placing of
concrete shall not be supported on the reinforcement.
(iii) Mortar blocks
Mortar blocks shall have a compressive strength of not less than that of
the concrete in which they are to be embedded. The face of blocks in
contact with forms for exposed surfaces shall not exceed 50 mm by 50
mm in size and shall have a colour and texture that will match the
concrete surface. Mortar blocks shall have an embedded annealed
galvanized iron wire of diameter 1.25 mm for securing the block to the
reinforcement. An alternative type of spacer block may be used subject to
the approval of the Engineer.
(iv) Stools and high chairs
Such supports shall conform to industry practice as described in the
"Manual of Standard Practice of the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute".
Chairs or stools that bear against forms for exposed surfaces shall be
either Class 1 - Maximum Protection (Plastic Protected) or Class 2. Type
B-Moderate Protection (Stainless Steel Tipped) for which the stainless
steel conforms to ASTM A493, Type 430.
(v) Welding of reinforcement
Reinforcement in structures may only be welded with the prior written
approval of the Engineer. Welding shall conform to the Structural Welding
Code, Reinforcing Steel, AWS D1.4 of the American Welding Society and
applicable special provisions.
(vi) Splicing of Bars
All reinforcement shall be fabricated in the full length indicated on the
plans unless otherwise permitted. Except where shown on the Drawings
splicing of bars shall be subject to the written approval of the Engineer.
Splices shall be staggered as far as possible.
Lapped splices shall be of the lengths shown on the Drawings. If not
dimensioned on the Drawings, the length of lapped splices shall be in
accordance with Division I, Clause 8.32 of AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges or as instructed by the Engineer.
Bars in lapped splices shall be placed and wired in such a manner that
their minimum depth of cover complies with that indicated on the
Drawings and the requirements of Sub-Clause 710 (e) of this
Specification.
Welded splices, in accordance with the provisions of Sub-Clause 722 (g)
(v), may be allowed at the discretion of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall not use mechanical couplings for splicing
reinforcement without the prior written approval of the Engineer.
Mechanical couplings shall develop both in tension and compression at
least 125% of the specific yield strength of the bar.
Two field splices out of each 100, or portion thereof, placed in the work,
shall be selected by the Engineer, removed by the Contractor and tested
to 125% of the specified yield strength.
Sheets of welded mesh reinforcement shall be spliced by a lap of one and
a half times the spacing of the mesh with all ends and edges securely
tied.
723 SUBSTITUTION BY BARS OF DIFFERENT SIZES
Substitution of the bars indicated on the Drawings with bars of different sizes or yield
strengths will be permitted at the discretion of the Engineer and only with his prior
written authorization. The product of the area and yield strength of the substituted
bars shall be at least equal to that of the bars indicated on the Drawings and shall
conform to the requirements of Division I, Clause 8.16.8.4 of AASHTO Standard
Specification for Highway Bridges.
724 PRE-CAST CONCRETE
(a) General
This includes all pre-cast concrete mentioned in the Contract document or the
once which the Contractor intends to use.
(b) Formwork
Formwork for precast concrete structure shall comply with the requirements of
Clause 718 of this Technical Specification. The formwork shall be constructed
and set such that the alignment and dimensions are not changed and fine
grained concrete and concrete slurry are not leaked while using it.
Formwork for concrete shall be constructed on hard base to withstand, all the
forces to which it will be subjected.
Formwork shall be so designed that it may be easily removed from the work
without damage to the faces of the concrete.
The Contractor shall use the removal substances which meets the
requirements of Sub-Clause 718 (c) (i).
(c) Reinforcement for pre-cast concrete
Reinforcement for pre-cast concrete should comply with the requirments of
Clauses 722, 723 of this Technical Specifications. If ready made formwork is
to be used, it shall be rigidly fixed on the jig for replacing the reinforcement
steel in order to provide the accuracy, and supported with forms so that no
movement can occur during concrete placing.
Concrete cover shall be of the type mentioned in the Woking Drawing and if it
is not mentioned shall be not less than 50mm or reinforcement diameter.
Reinforcement shall be placed such that the net space between them shall be
equal to the nominal size of the stone plus 5mm or not less than the
reinforcement diameter in any case.
(d) Fabrication
Concrete to be used for the pre-cast concrete structure shall be of Grade as
shown in the Working Drawing and meet the requirements of 703 to 710 of
this Technical Specification. Lightweight aggregate shall comply with the
Requirements of AASHTO M195.
The fabrication yard shall be properly protected from the water, rain, sun, and
wind.
The structures shall be fabricated and formed in as per the dimensions and
tolerances given in the Working Drawings.
(e) Curing
Curing works shall comply with the requiements of Clause 712 of this
Technical Specifications.
Concrete shall be protected during hardening from loss of moisture and from
the development of temperature differentials within the concrete for at least 4
days after fabrication. If the concrete surfaces shall be watered during
hardening the water temperature shall be within 50C of the temperature of the
structure.
If the Contractor intends to use the methodology of curing in higher
temperature he shall obtain approval form the Engineer and use the device
that heats and cools without developing temperature difference for that
methodology.
(f) Surface finish
Unless otherwise mentioned in the Working Drawing, the unformed surface of
the structure shall be finished in accordance with the Sub-Clause 717 (a) to
produce a uniform plain surface.
Unless otherwise mentioned in the Working Drawing, the unformed surface of
the pre-cast structure shall be finished in accordance with the Sub-Clause
717 (c) to produce UF3 surface.
If the special surface is required the Contractor shall construct trial panel and
store at the manufactured site for testing after the Engineer’s approval. Pre-
cast structures to be further manufactured shall be of same as trial panel.
The area that contacts with other structures or cast-in-place concrete shall be
screed with steel brush and thoroughly washed with water before concrete is
hardened. If the concrete requires hardening the surface shall be screed with
sand and cement mix.
(g) Delivery and storage
Precast structures shall be delivered in a manner preventing them from any
damages and shall be stored on a hard, water-proof base. During storage of
pre-cast structures and large size cast-in-place structures, reinforced in an
ordinary way, they shall be placed such that they shall not have any additional
load, exceeding that which shall be given to them in their final position in the
works.
As shown in the working drawings, the structures shall be provided with
proper hooks, loops and openings, which shall be used for handling the
structures. If it is impossible to provide hooks or openings, the place suitable
The rate for reinforced concrete excluding the cost of reinforcing steel shall
include for the costs of:
x provision and transport of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures and
workability agents including submission of details,
x batching, mixing, transporting, lifting, placing, compacting, curing,
protection from the environment and heating,
x the unformed surfaced finishes indicated on the Drawings,
x an ordinary surface finish to formed surfaces,
x all formwork and falsework,
x laying to sloping surfaces and to falls,
x placing and compacting against excavated surfaces where required and
including any additional concrete to fill overbreak or working space,
x provision and installation of weepholes to abutments, wing walls and
return walls,
x provision and installation of deck drainage spout and collection pit
assemblies,
x complying with the requirements of Sections 100 and 1100 of this
Specification, and,
x complying with the requirements of relevant material, mix, placing and
compaction Clauses of this Specification.
No additional payment beyond the rates for excavation shall be made for the
preparation of excavated surfaces against which concrete is to be cast.
(b) Item : Plain concrete Grade without reinforcement
Unit : m3
The unit of measurement for plain concrete Grade without reinforcement shall
be the cubic metre of concrete at locations shown on the Drawings or as
directed by the Engineer. The volume shall be calculated from the dimensions
given on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer. This item includes
concrete placed in leveling courses below pile caps and approach slabs,
concrete footpaths and blinding concrete. Blinding concrete upon hard material
shall be measured as the volume placed provided that the maximum thickness
of 150 mm allowed for overbreak is not exceeded. Any concrete placed in
excess of this limit shall be to the Contractor's expense.
The rate for plain concrete without reinforcement shall include for all the costs
stated in Sub-Clause 725 (a) of this Specification.
(c) Item : Reinforcing steel
Unit : Tonne
The unit of measurement for reinforcing steel shall be the tonne.
The mass of HYSD reinforcing steel shall be calculated from the bending
schedules. No allowance shall be made in the measurement for rolling margin
of cutting waste. The density of steel shall be taken as 7.850 tonnes per cubic
metre. The weight of the reinforcing shall be calculated based on the bar
bending schedule. This does not include any cost for the waste occurs due to
bar bending or time for winding of bars.
The rate for reinforcing steel shall include for the costs of:
Table 8-1: Neoprene Quality Control Test. Note in the Table that ASTM D1043 Refers to
“Modulus of Rigidity,” while ASTM D4014 Refers to “Shear Modulus Stiffness.” The
Word “Stiffness” is used here to Cover Both Terms
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ASTM D Hardness (Shore A Durometer) 50 + 5 60 + 5 70 + 5
2240
D 412 Tensile Strength, Minimum Mpa 15.50 15.50 15.50
Ultimate Elongation, Minimum 400 350 300
%
HEAT RESISTANCE
ASTM D 573 Change in Durometer 15 15 15
70 Hours at Hardness,
100oC Maximum Points
Change in Tensile Strength, -15 -15 -15
Maximum %
Change in Ultimate Elongation, -40 -40 -40
Maximum %
COMPRESSION SET
ASTM D 395 22 Hours @ 100oC, Maximum 35 35 35
Method B %
OZONE 100pphm ozone in air by
ASTM D volume, 20% strain 38oC + 1oC
1149 100 Hours mounting procedure No Cracks No Cracks No Cracks
D518, Procedure A
LOW-TEMPERATURE BRITTLENESS
ASTM D 746 Grades 0 & 2 – No Test
Procedure B Required
Grade 3 Brittleness at -40oC No Failure No Failure No Failure
o
Grade 4 Brittleness at -48 C No Failure No Failure No Failure
o
Grade 5 Brittleness at -57 C No Failure No Failure No Failure
INSTANTANEOUS THERMAL STIFFENING
D1043 Grade 0 & 2 – Tested @ -31oC Stiffness at test temperature shall not exceed 4
times the stiffness measured at 23oC
Grade 3 – Tested @ -40oC Stiffness at test temperature shall not exceed 4
Grade 4 – Tested @ o
-45 C times the stiffness measured at 23oC
(iv) Fabrication
Bearings with steel laminates shall be cast as a single unit in a mould and
vulcanised under heat and pressure.
Casting of elements in separate units and subsequent bonding shall not
be permitted, nor shall cutting from large size cast be permitted.
Bearings of similar size to be used in particular bridge shall be produced
by identical process and in one lot.
The moulds used shall have standard surface finish adequate to produce
bearings free from any surface blemishes.
Steel plates for laminates shall be sand blasted, clean of all mill scales
and shall be free from all contaminants prior to bonding by vulcanisation.
Rusted plates with pitting shall not be used. All edges of plates shall be
rounded.
Spacers used in mould to ensure cover and location of laminates shall be
of maximum size and number practicable. Any hole at surface or in edge
cover shall be filled in subsequently.
Care shall be taken to ensure uniform vulcanising conditions and
homogeneity of elastomer through the surface and body of bearings.
Flash tolerance, finish, and appearance shall meet the requirements of
the latest edition of the Rubber Handbook, published by the Rubber
Manufacturers Association, Inc., RMA F3 and T.063 for molded bearings
and RMA F2 for extruded bearings.
The bearings shall be fabricated to the design dimensions and this
Specification within the tolerances specified in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3: Tolerances
Items Tolerances
1 Overall vertical dimensions:
Design thickness 32mm or less -0, +3
Design thickness over 32mm -0, +6
2 Overall horizontal dimensions:
For measurements 914mm and less -0, +6
For measurements over 914mm -0, +12
3 Thickness of individual layers of elastomer + 20 percent of design value
(laminated bearings only) at any point within but no more than +3mm
the bearings
4 Variation from a plane parallel to the
theoretical surface: (as determined by
measurement at the edge of the bearings):
Items Tolerances
Top Slope relative to the bottom
of no more than 0.005
radians
Slides 6
5 Position of exposed connection members +3
6 Edge cover of embedded laminates of -0, +3
connection members
7 Size of holes, slots, or inserts +3
8 Position of holes, slots, or inserts +3
(v) Acceptance specification
The manufacturer shall have all the test facilities required for the process
and acceptance control tests installed at his plant to the complete
satisfaction of the Engineer. The test facilities and their operation shall be
open to inspection by the Engineer on demand.
All acceptance and process control tests shall be conducted at the
manufacturer’s plant or at an independent testing laboratory acceptable to
the Engineer. The Contractor shall be liable for all costs arising therefrom,
including, but not limitedto:
x laboratory testing charges,
x provision of samples,
x transportation of samples
x attendance on laboratory personnel.
Acceptance testing shall be commenced with the prior submittal of testing
program by the manufacturer to the Engineer and after obtaining his
approval.
Any acceptance testing delayed beyond 180 days of production shall
require special approval of the Engineer and modified acceptance
specification, if deemed necessary by him.
All acceptance testing shall be conducted by the Inspector with aid of the
personnel having adequate expertise and experience in rubber testing
provided by the manufacturer, working under the supervision of the
Inspector and to his complete satisfaction.
(vi) Quality control certificate
The manufacturer shall certify for each lot of bearing under acceptance:
That the entire process remained in control during the production of the lot
of bearings under acceptance as verified from the quality control
records/charts which shall be open to inspection of Engineer/Inspector on
demand.
A certified copy of results of process control testing done on samples of
elastomer used in the production of the lot shall be appended and shall
include at least the following information:
Composition of compound – raw elastomer and ash content, the grade of
raw elastomer used (including name, source, age on shelf), test results of
hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, compression set,
accelerated ageing, etc.
(c) Fabrication
Rolled steel sections for edge beams shall be supplied in lengths sufficient to
provide for the finished dimensions and profiles shown on the Drawings. Edge
beams shall be cut by means of a miter box saw to fit the finished bridge cross-
section and camber. The profile of the bridge cross-section shall be accurately
marked on workshop benches. After the steel sections are correctly aligned to
that profile they will be clamped securely to the bench, and continuously welded.
Anchor plates shall be flame cut to size and welded to the edge beams at the
intervals shown on the Drawings.
Anchor loops shall be bent to the required shape and welded to the anchor
plates.
The manufacturer shall supply all the appurtenant materials for the installation of
strip seal joints including sealants and waterproofing membranes.
Auxiliary brackets shall be provided to secure the joint assembly during
transportation and storage.
Expansion joint assemblies shall be handled with care and stored off the ground
in storage sheds or containers on wooden pallets.
(d) Installation
The width of the gap shown on the Drawings to allow for movements due to
thermal variations, shrinkage, creep, superstructure deformations and sub-
structure deformations shall be confirmed by the Contractor and conveyed by
him to the manufacturer. The gap dimension shall be preset according to the
temperature at fabrication and the likely temperature at installation.
The dimensions of the recess in the bridge deck required for expansion joint
installation shall be as indicated on the Drawings or modified in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations. The recess shall be thoroughly cleaned
and free from any dirt or debris. The exposed reinforcement shall adjusted as
necessary to permit unobstructed lowering of the joint into the recess.
The gap between existing formed concrete surfaces and the formwork for the
concrete in which expansions joints are to be set shall be thoroughly sealed
against the leakage of mortar from freshly placed concrete.
The size of the gap shall be compatible with the mean structure temperature at
the time of installation. This temperature shall be determined in accordance with
a prior arrangement agreed between the Contractor and the Engineer. Should
temperatures vary from the those anticipated for presetting the gap, the
necessary adjustment shall be made prior to placing the concrete.
The joint shall be lowered to its pre-determined position in the prepared recess,
levelled and finally aligned before the anchor loops on one side of the joint are
welded, in accordance with Section 700 of this Specification, to the exposed
reinforcement bars of the structure. Upon completion, the same procedure shall
be followed for the other side of the joint. When the expansion joint is finally held
in position on both sides, the temporary auxiliary brackets shall immediately be
released and removed.
The recess shall then be filled with low shrinkage concrete of the same strength
as that of the contiguous superstructure element and in compliance with Section
700 of this Specification.
During the placing and hardening of concrete under expansion joint components,
relative movement shall be prevented between them and the supports to which
they are being fixed. In particular where strongbacks or templates are used to
locate the two sides or a joint, they shall not be fixed simultaneously to both
sides. Screw threads shall be kept clean and free from rust.
Polychloroprene strip seal shall be cut to length by the Contractor and carefully
inserted into the grooves of the steel edge beams without damaging the strip
seal.
After the concrete has sufficiently hardened, sturdy ramps shall be provided and
maintained to protect all expansion joints from vehicular loading. Vehicles shall
cross the joints only by means of such ramps until the Engineer permits their
removal after the carriageway surfacing is placed.
Carriageway surfacing shall be finished flush with the top of the steel edge
beams. The interface between the surfacing and the steel edge beam shall be a
wedge-shaped seal of approved sealing compound. The external surface of the
exposed steel edge beam shall be thoroughly cleaned before sealing.
(e) Acceptance testing
The acceptance testing of polychloroprene shall be carried out and certified by
an approved laboratory in accordance with the requirements stipulated in Tables
18.2.3.1A and 18.2.3.1B of Division II of AASHTO Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges. The Contractor shall submit test certificates to the Engineer for
verification.
The manufacturer shall provide certificates from laboratories or authorities
approved by the Engineer that confirm compliance with the following criteria:
x the fatigue strength of steel edge beams and anchorages is sufficient to
withstand a minimum of 2 x 106 load change cycles without discernible
damage,
x the joint is water tight under a water pressure of 4 bars,
x the proprietary joint has performed satisfactorily in conditions similar to
those that may be anticipated to prevail at the Site of the Works.
803 FILLER-TYPE EXPANSION JOINTS
This type of joint shall be constructed from the following materials:
x profiled copper strip of minimum thickness 2 mm,
x 20 mm thick compressible bitumen-impregnated fibre board or other approve
expansion joint filler,
x 20 mm thick approved pre-moulded joint filler, and,
x approved joint sealing compound.
Pre-molded joint fillers shall conform to one of the following specifications:
(a) AASHTO M33 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete,
(b) AASHTO M153 Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers for
Concrete Paving and Structural Construction,
(c) AASHTO M213 Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving
and Structural Construction.
Compressible bitumen-impregnated fibre board or other approve expansion joint filler
shall be cut to shape from full size sheets of material. The use of small off-cuts to fill
the joint shall not be allowed.
Expansion joint materials shall be handled with care by the Contractor and stored off
The anchor steel bolts shall conform to AASHTO 314. Nuts and washers shall
conform to AASHTO 291, and AASHTO 294 respectively. The bolts shall be provided
to anchor the steel bearings base plates to the concrete pedestal.
The rate for tar paper bearings shall include for the costs of:
x materials,
x transportation, handling and storage,
x testing,
x all labour, equipment and incidentals required for the installation of tar
paper bearings,
x any protective measures required, and,
x complying with the requirements of Clause 801 of this Specification.
(c) Item: Strip seal expansion joints
Unit: m
The unit for strip seal expansion joints shall be the metre measured as the
plan length between the inside faces of handrail columns indicated on the
Drawings.
The rate for strip seal expansion joints shall include for the costs of:
x materials,
x transportation, handling and storage,
x all labour, equipment and incidentals required for the installation and
sealing of the joint,
x testing,
x forming the joint recess including formwork provision,
x installation of proprietary bridge expansion joints in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations,
x fixing anchor plates by welding anchor reinforcement loops to the exposed
deck reinforcement in the joint recess,
x placing, compacting and curing concrete around the expansion joint,
x sealing the interface between the asphaltic concrete wearing course and
the steel edge beams,
x any protective measures required, and,
x complying with the requirements of Clause 802 of this Specification.
(d) Item: Filler-type expansion joints
Unit: m
The unit of measurement for filler-type expansion joints shall be the metre.
The length shall be calculated from the Drawings.
The rate for expansion joints shall include for the costs of:
x materials including prefabricated copper strip,
x transportation, handling and storage,
x all labour, equipment and incidentals required for the installation and
sealing of the joint,
x forming the joint including formwork provision,
x any sealants, pre-moulded joint filler or bitumen-impregnated
The Contractor shall obtain road signs from a manufacturer approved by the
Engineer and before placing any order for the manufacturer of road signs he shall
submit to the Engineer two copies of the following information:
(a) name of the firm from which the road signs are to be obtained, together with the
place of manufacture or fabrication,
(b) a description of the items to be supplied,
(c) the manufacturer's specification together with a description of quality, grade,
weight and strength,
(d) manufacturer's test certificates, or recent test results carried out on similar items
by an authority or laboratory recognised by the Engineer,
(e) a sample sign, post and fittings that shall be stored on Site for the Engineer.
The manufacturer or supplier shall submit to the Engineer, via the Contractor, the
following information:
x instructions in respect of the assembly and erection of the signs,
x details of any limitation in location or usage,
x instructions on the operation and maintenance of the signs.
The manufacturer shall provide a warranty for his product valid for a 1 year period in
such a form as is acceptable to the Engineer.
The permanent road signs shall be retroreflective. The retroreflective sheeting shall
comply with the requirements of Section 1100 of this Specification, and shall be
applied by mechanical vacuum-heat application method to the approval of the
Engineer. The sign plate shall be covered by clear lacquer of a make recommended
by the manufacturer of the retroreflective material.
Permanent road signs shall comply with the requirements of BS 873 Parts 2, 6 and 7
in respect of quality including the pre-treatment, preparation and protective coatings
for the frame, posts and fittings. Unless directed otherwise posts, frames, fittings and
the backs of signs shall be painted with a finish coat of grey. Bolts and nuts shall be
spot-welded after erection to prevent theft, and a grey epoxy paint shall be applied to
all areas so treated.
Finished sign plate (with sign face attached) shall be clearly and durably marked on
the back, with the following information in English and Mongolian:
x the number of the Standard Specification to which they have been
manufactured,
x the name, trade mark or other means of identification of the manufacturer or
supplier,
x the classification of any retroreflective material used in the manufacture of the
sign face,
x the month and year of assembly.
These markings shall be in characters legible at a normal reading distance and shall
be sufficiently durable to last the expected life of the sign plate to which it is applied.
The Contractor shall excavate in any material for the foundation of the road signs,
provide and place concrete Grade M 20, embedded all round and under the posts
and backfill the remaining excavation all as shown on the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer. Foundations for signs of areas over 5 m2 shall not be covered up until they
have been approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall cut back trees and vegetation to permit visibility and shall not
permit material to be dumped so as to obscure signs.
All signs shall be maintained and cleaned as necessary by the Contractor such that
they are kept in a clear and legible condition until a Defects Liability Certificate is
issued by the Engineer.
904 GUARDRAILS
The contractor shall provide guardrails in accordance with the dimensions and
erection details shown on the Drawings.
Guardrails shall be constructed at the locations indicated on the Drawings or
instructed by the Engineer.
(a) Materials
(i) Beams
Beams for guardrails shall be Class A with a Type 1 finish in accordance
with AASHTO M180 and shall be procured from a manufacturer approved
by the Engineer.
(ii) Posts
Steel posts of the material used in beams of guardrails shall be provided
as per details in the drawing conforming to AASHTO M180.
(iii) Spacer blocks
Spacer blocks shall be made as shown in the drawing and the material
shall conform to AASHTO M180.
(iv) Erection of guardrail
Guardrail shall be erected in accordance with the manufacturer’s
published instructions and the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
Approximate locations for guardrail are shown on the Drawings but
precise details will be issued to the Contractor by the Engineer as
construction proceeds. Generally, in those sections where guardrail is
instructed, earthworks and shoulders shall be widened as directed by the
Engineer to maintain the full width of shoulder from the edge of
carriageway to the inside face of the guardrail.
The Contractor shall excavate for the posts in any material and provide
the guardrail with all posts, blocks, nuts, washers and shall repair
galvanizing, backfill around the posts and remove surplus material to
spoil.
When erection is complete and the section has been approved by the
Engineer the nuts shall be spot welded to the guardrail or to the bolt to
stop their removal.
Galvanized coating damaged by spot welding or cutting shall be
renovated either by the use of low melting point zinc alloy repair rods or
powders made specifically for this purpose, or by the use of at least two
coats of good quality inorganic zinc-rich primer complying with the
requirements of AASHTO M300.
(v) Tolerances
Guardrail shall be erected at the instructed or detailed offsets and levels
from the pavement centreline and shall be correct within a tolerance of +
20 mm in line and level. Adjacent plates shall not vary in line or grade by
more than 5 mm measured from a line extended from one plate to the end
of the adjacent plate.
905 STREET LIGHT
The Contractor shall provide and install street light in accordance with the details
shown on the Drawings. Prior to installation of street light, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer, for approval, detailed proposals including structural details,
height, dimensions spacings, location of the installations, the type and power of the
lanterns, foundations, wiring, fitting, fixing etc. all. The illumination system should be
free from glare.
906 SNOW AND SAND PROTECTION DIKE
The Contractor shall erect snow and sand protection dikes at locations in accordance
with details shown on the Drawings.
Materials to be used and method statement for construction of the dike shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer.
907 CONCRETE CURBS
(a) Erection of curbs
Concrete curbs shall be constructed in the vicinity of junctions and where
instructed by the Engineer in accordance with the Drawings. Density of bedding
material shall not be lass than 98% MDD. The curbs shall be laid on a concrete
bed and secured by concrete mixture from outer side. The grade of concrete
shall be 15/20. After the securing concrete has gained full required strength the
curb shall be backfilled and compacted to the density acceptable by the
Engineer.
(b) Tolerances
The gap between the curbs shall not exceed r 2 mm than specified in the
Drawings. Inside vertical and upper horizontal surface levels of two adjoining
curbs shall not differ by more than 1 mm.
908 ROAD MARKINGS
All road markings shall comply with the requirements of MNS 4759:2003 unless
instructed otherwise by the Engineer. The dimensions and configurations of road
traffic markings shall be as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
The locations of each type of road marking shall be instructed by the Engineer. The
colour for road marking shall be bright white and in some places yellow.
Reflectorized thermoplastic pavement striping material shall comply with the
requirements of AASHTO M249.
Glass beads used in traffic paints shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO
M247.
(a) Equipment
Equipment shall comprise :
x mechanical broom for cleaning the road surface,
x mechanized road marking apparatus with integral mechanized glass bead
sprayer.
Road marking and the surface application of glass beads shall only be carried out by
mechanical means.
Road marking machines shall have the capability of marking at a uniform rate of
application and thickness. They shall have the capability to mark lines of a uniform
width within the tolerances specified with sharp edges and without running,
feathering or splashing.
Road marking machines shall have the capability of being adjusted to mark lines of
different widths and shall have a minimum operating velocity of 5 km/h.
Hot thermoplastic material shall be mechanically extruded to produce a line thickness
of between 3.2 and 4.8 mm. The Contractor shall conduct Site trials to demonstrate
the satisfactory performance of his equipment to the Engineer.
Letters, figures and symbols shall be marked on the road by means of stencils.
(b) Surface preparation
Traffic markings shall be applied to bituminous surfaces only after sufficient time has
elapsed to allow for the evaporation of volatile substances from the bitumen.
The surfaces to be marked shall be thoroughly cleaned by means of watering,
brooming or compressed air as required. Before road marking commences, the road
surface shall be clean and dry and completely free from soil, dust, grease, petroleum
products or other deleterious material.
(c) Setting –out of road traffic markings
The letters, figures, symbols and lines shall be set out by means of paint spots, 10
mm in diameter, of the same colour as that of the intended traffic marking. Paint
spots shall be at such frequencies as will ensure that road traffic markings are
accomplished accurately and in no case at an interval greater than 1.5 m.
The positions of the start and finish of different line types shall be indicated on the
road. The positions and outlines of other markings shall be marked in chalk on the
road surface. The setting out of road traffic markings shall be subject to inspection
and approval by the Engineer prior to the commencement of road marking activities.
(d) Environmental limitations
The Contractor shall suspend road marking activities if:
x the road surface is damp,
x the relative humidity exceeds 80%,
x ambient temperatures are less than 10 °C,
x wind velocities are such that, in the opinion of the Engineer, road marking
activities are likely to be adversely affected.
(e) Execution of road traffic markings
Thermoplastic material shall be applied as letters, figures, symbols, broken and
unbroken lines as shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer.
Thermoplastic material shall be applied to the molten state by mechanical means
with surface application of glass bead in a single layer. Before road marking
machines are used to mark the Permanent Works, the Contractor shall carry out Site
trials to demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, on a suitable site which does
not form part of the Permanent Works, that such machines are capable of performing
in compliance with this Specification. If any adjustments should be required, the
Contractor shall carry out such further Site trials and adjustments as shall prove
necessary until machines are correctly adjusted and approved Site trials have been
conducted.
After Site trials have been conducted, only approved machines, operated by
personnel experienced in their use shall be utilized to mark the Permanent Works.
Rates of application of road marking materials shall be checked and adjusted if
necessary on a daily basis.
Thermoplastic material shall be stored and prepared in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
The rate of application of road marking paint shall be sufficient to give continuous
coverage and a minimum thickness of 3.2 mm over the whole area to be painted.
This rate of application will vary according to the surface texture of the road and shall
be determined by the Engineer during Site trials.
(f) Application of glass beads
The Contractor shall apply glass beads to road markings by means of spraying
device, forming an integral part of the road marking machine, immediately after the
application of the road marking material and in one continuous operation. Machines
that apply beads by means of gravity only shall not be used.
The rate of application of glass beads to thermoplastic material shall be 0.35 kg/m2 or
such other rate as may be instructed by the Engineer.
(g) Tolerances
Road traffic markings shall be performed to an accuracy within the following
tolerances
- Width
The width of lines and other markings shall not deviate from the specified width
by more than 5%.
- Position
The position of letters, figures, symbols or lines shall not deviate from that
shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer by more than 20 mm in
any direction.
- Alignment
The alignment of any edge of a line parallel to the road centreline shall not
deviate from that shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer by more
than 10 mm in 15 m.
- Broken lines
The length of segments of any broken line parallel to the road centreline shall
not deviate from that shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer by
more than 150 mm.
- Lines on horizontal curves
Both broken and unbroken lines on horizontal curves shall not be marked as
chords but shall follow the correct arc not deviating from it by more than 20 mm.
(h) Protection from traffic
After the application of road marking materials, road traffic markings shall be
protected against damage by traffic until reflective thermoplastic material has
sufficiently hardened. The Contractor shall provide, erect and remove all such
1001 GENERAL
In accordance with Sub-Clause 13.6 of the Conditions of Contract the Engineer may
instruct that additional or substituted work be executed on a Daywork basis. The
Contractor shall only be reimbursed on a Daywork basis for the execution of work for
which a prior written instruction pursuant to Sub-Clause 13.6 was issued. The
Contractor shall give 24 hours notice to the Engineer of his intention to carry out any
Daywork.
Provisional items are included in the Daywork Section of the Bills of Quantities to
cover the payment of equipment, labour and materials for work executed in
accordance with the Engineer's instructions on a Daywork basis by the Contractor or
by his Subcontractors.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer not later than 56 days from the date of
receipt of the Engineer's notice to commence the Works pursuant to Sub-Clause 8.1
of the Conditions of Contract a sample pro-forma for keeping Daywork records that
shall be subject to approval by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall submit Daywork returns on such approved proforma to the
Engineer which shall include applicable details in respect of the prior written
instruction for the Daywork and all equipment and labour hours expended and
materials used on the Daywork within 24 hours of the Daywork being carried out.
1002 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
(a) Contractor's equipment
Payment shall only be made for the time each item of equipment was in fact
working on Daywork. The hours worked by a particular item of equipment shall
be as recorded on the engine hour meter or tachograph or as otherwise agreed
with the Engineer. If an item of equipment should be partially idle whilst being
used on Daywork and its time spent on Daywork is recorded as elapsed time
rather than time as recorded by engine meter or tachograph, reimbursement
shall be made at 50% of the rate entered in the Bills of Quantities.
The rates for equipment shall include for the costs of the following:
(i) supervision, including foremen, team leaders, gangers, chargehands and
the like, and transport of supervisory staff,
(ii) transporting or the travelling of each item of equipment to and from the
place of Daywork,
(iii) operators, drivers, drivers assistants and attendance by mechanics
including overtime,
(iv) electric power, water, fuel, lubricants and other consumables and
equipment,
(v) power cables, delivery or suction pipes and fittings, steam or air hoses
and tackle, and all other appurtenances of whatever nature required for
the safe and efficient operation of the equipment,
(vi) maintenance, spare parts, drill bits and chisel points and all costs of
repairs and sharpening,
(vii) depreciation, licensing, insurance, taxes, overheads, profits, and any
other costs or allowances, and,
(viii) complying with the requirements of Section 100 and Clause 1001 of this
Specification.
(b) Contractor's labour
Payment shall only be made for the time each class of labour is in fact working
on Daywork.
Payment shall only be made for labourers and tradesmen engaged in productive
manual work. The costs of non-productive supervisory staff shall be deemed to
be included in the Contractor's percentage addition.
Labour costs shall be reimbursed on the basis of the hourly wages paid for
labourers and tradesmen at the rates stated in the Contractor's Wages Register.
The Contractor shall submit proof of the wages paid with his Daywork returns.
Daywork shall only be carried out outside normal working hours, as defined in
Clause 108 of this Specification, on the prior written instruction of the Engineer
and reimbursement for overtime at the statutory rate shall only be made if the
Engineer should have given such instruction.
(c) Percentage addition to Sub-Clause 1002 (b) above for the Contractor's
overheads and profit.
A percentage shall be added to the amount certified for Daywork labour to cover
the Contractor's overheads and profit.
In his percentage addition to the hourly wages paid to labourers and tradesmen
the Contractor shall include for the costs of the following:
(i) supervision, including non productive foremen, team leaders, gangers,
chargehands and the like,
(ii) transport of supervisory staff, labour and tradesmen to and from the
place of Daywork,
(iii) any special allowance to such labour in respect of subsistence, bonuses,
feeding, housing, holidays, overhead charges in respect of recruitment,
camp administration, welfare and insurance,
(iv) overtime allowances for Daywork performed within normal working hours,
(v) the supply, transportation to the Site, use, maintenance and renewal of small
tools used on Daywork, such as picks, shovels, barrows, trowels, hand saws,
buckets, trestles, staging, ladders, hammers, chisels, electric drills, disc
grinders and other small power tools and all items of a like nature and
protective clothing,
(vi) all other costs which the Contractor may incur in the employment of
labour including attendance, consumables, overheads, profit and any
other costs or allowances,
(vii) complying with the requirements of Section 100 and Clause 1001 of this
Specification.
(d) Materials
The cost of materials used on Daywork shall be reimbursed at current market
price. The current market price for materials shall be deemed to be the basic
cost of the items, including taxes and less any discount, in Ulaanbaatar. The
Contractor shall submit proof of payment of invoices to verify those costs. The
net weights, volumes and areas as appropriate of those materials embodied in
the Permanent Works shall be verified by the Engineer and certified for
payment. In calculating net quantities no allowance for waste shall be made.
(e) Percentage addition to Sub-Clause 1002 (d) above for the Contractor's
overheads and profit.
A percentage shall be added to the amount certified for Daywork materials to
allow for wastage, transport from Ulaanbaatar to the Site and about the Site,
storage, handling, the Contractor's attendance and all other costs, overheads
and profit.
Samples for the AASHTO T180-01 compaction tests shall be taken from the Works
before compaction of the layer concerned begins unless, in the opinion of the
Engineer, the compactive effort proposed by the Contractor is such that the material
characteristics would be altered by the process of compaction, in which case the
samples for the tests shall be taken after all compaction is complete.
Compaction tests on materials which are susceptible to crushing during compaction
shall require a separate new sample to be prepared for the determination of each
point on the moisture/density curve.
The field density and moisture content of soil and granular materials placed in the
Works shall normally be determined by employing nuclear methods in accordance
with AASHTO T310-03 if these methods are, in the opinion of the Engineer, found to
be both practicable and consistent. The standard method of test for density of soil in
place by the sand cone method, AASHTO T191-02 shall be used for initial
calibration of the nuclear density testing equipment and for check/comparison tests
during progress of Works, as instructed by the Engineer.
The laboratory compaction test using vibratory hammer, BS 1377 Test 14 shall be
employed as an alternative to AASHTO T180-01 compaction test for crushed
aggregate material, gravel materials lacking in fines and granular materials in general
liable to crushing during compaction in the AASHTO T180-01 test as instructed by
the Engineer. The Maximum Dry Density as defined herein is to be derived from the
test method accordingly. Wherever reference is made to AASHTO T180-01 as a test
method or test criterion in this Specification, such reference shall be taken to include
within its scope BS 1377 Test 14 as an alternative.
1106 STONE, AGGREGATES, SAND AND FILLER
(a) Sampling and preparation of samples
Sampling shall be carried out and the samples shall be prepared in accordance
with AASHTO T2-91 (2000) - Sampling of Aggregates
(b) Standard Methods of Test
Tests on stone, aggregate, sand and filler shall be performed in accordance
with the Standard Methods of Test given in Table 11-2.
Table 11-2: Tests Procedures Applicable to Stone, Aggregates, Sands
and Filler
In addition to the Standard Methods of Test detailed in Table 11-2 the following tests
are further specified:
1108 CONCRETE
Sampling and testing of concrete shall be performed in accordance with the methods
given in Table 11-4. It is further specified that the test specimens shall be cured at a
temperature of 27 oC + 2 oC. Water to be used in concrete shall be tested in
accordance with AASHTO T26.
Table 11-4: Test procedures Applicable to Concrete
Description Test Procedure
Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement Aggregate Combinations ASTM C227-97
Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete AASHTO T119-99
Weight Per Cubic Foot (or Cubic Metre), Yield and Air Content AASHTO T121-97 (2001)
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar AASHTO T137-04
Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials (Thin-Film Oven AASHTO T179-04
Test)
Flash Point with Tag Open-Cup Apparatus for Use with AASHTO T79-96
Materials Having a Flash Less than 93.3° C (2000)
Table 11-7: Specification for 90/130 Penetration Grade Bitumen (AASHTO M 20)
Standard Specifications or the British Standards set out in Table 11-9. The
Contractor shall supply certified mill test reports for all reinforcement. Reinforcing
steel shall be tested at an independent testing laboratory acceptable to the Engineer
for compliance with and in accordance with the applicable specification.
Table 11-9: Specifications Applicable To Reinforcing Steel
Concrete for concrete pipes shall comply with the requirements of Section 700 of this
Specification.
Reinforcement for reinforced concrete pipes shall comply with the requirements of
AASHTO M 170M.
Reinforcement for reinforced concrete box culvert shall comply with the requirements
of AASHTO M 259M-00 AASHTO M 273M-00.
All concrete shall be compacted either by spinning or vibrating.
All concrete pipes shall be cured in accordance with the applicable Standard
Specification in Table 11-10. No pipe shall be used in the Works until it is twenty one
days old. The date of casting shall be indelibly marked on the barrel.
Concrete pipes shall be tested in accordance with the applicable Standard
Specification in Table 11-10.
1113 ROAD SIGNS
(a) Paint for road signs
Road signs, posts and fittings shall be prepared, treated and painted in accordance
with the requirements of MNS 4597:2003.
(b) Other paints
All other paints used in the Works shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
1114 ROAD MARKING
Road marking paint shall be reflectorized with glass beads, conforming to the
requirements of AASHTO M249 White and Yellow Reflective Thermoplastic Striping
Material (Solid Form) and AASHTO M247 Glass Beads Used in Traffic Paints. The
relevant provisions of MNS 4759 shall be followed as per Engineer’s direction.
1115 RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALS FOR ROAD SIGNS
The retroreflective material shall comply with AASHTO M268 Retroreflective
Sheeting for Traffic Control.
It is further specified that:
(a) The retroreflective material, when applied to the sign plate, shall give the
appearance of a continuous reflecting surface under any angle of observation. It
shall consist of a smooth exterior film with spherical lenses embedded beneath
the surface, and shall have a protected, precoated adhesive backing which shall
be tack-free, heat-activated for mechanical vacuum-heat application. The
combination of various elements shall result in a non-exposed lens type optical
reflecting system. The retroreflective material shall be applied in accordance
with the instructions from the manufacturer of the retroreflective material used.
(b) The retroreflective surface of the sign shall be weather resistant and shall show
no appreciable cracking, blistering, crazing or dimensional changes after 2 years
unprotected outdoor exposure at 45° upwards inclination to the vertical facing
West in Ulaanbaatar
(c) When retroreflective surface are laminated to the base materials, the adhesion
shall be such that the retroreflective material shall resist peeling, scuffing and
marring during normal handling or shocking off when jabbed with a spatula at
20° C. It shall withstand 8 hours of soaking in water at 25° C without any
noticeable edge lifting or curling. The adhesive shall have no staining effect on
the retroreflective material. The adhesive shall permit the retroreflective material
to adhere securely 48 hours after application at temperatures between - 40° C
and + 93o C.
(d) When bent around a 20 mm diameter mandrel at a temperature of 20° C, the
retroreflective material applied to an aluminium panel of 0.5 mm thickness shall
show no evidence of cracking around the outside of the bend.
(e) When a 25 mm diameter steel ball is dropped from 2 metres height onto the
retroreflective face of the sign specimen at the ambient temperature of 20° C,
the retroreflective material around the impact point shall show no evidence of
cracking or peeling off.
(f) After immersion of a specimen of retroreflective sign material for 10 minutes in
methyl alcohol, kerosene or turpentine, or for 1 minute in toluene or xylol, the
retroreflective material shall show no evidence of dissolving, puckering or
blistering. The retroreflective material shall be capable of withstanding washing
with a mixture of water and mild detergent, turpentine and methanol.
(g) The retroreflective surface shall be such as to be readily refurbished by cleaning
and recoating in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
1116 COLOURS FOR ROAD SIGNS
Standard colours to be used for signs, posts and fittings shall be as described in the
relevant British Standard as follows:
Red BS 381C No. 537
carrying out the required tests on them. The trial on each pavement layer shall
be undertaken at least 21 days ahead of the Contractor proposing to commence
full-scale work on that layer.
The Contractor shall compact each type of material over the range of
compactive efforts required for each earthwork or pavement layer in which he
proposes to incorporate the material. The following data shall be recorded for
each level of compactive effort at each Site trial:
x the composition and grading of the material before the site trial,
x the composition and grading of the material after compaction,
x the moisture content at the time of compaction and the optimum moisture
content for the specified compaction,
x the type, size, tyre pressures, frequency of vibration and the number of
passes of the compaction equipment,
x the maximum dry density or target density as appropriate measured on a
sample before and at intervals throughout the Site trial,
x the density achieved,
x the compacted thickness of the layer,
x any other relevant information as directed by the Engineer.
The Contractor and the Engineer shall perform at least eight sets of tests on
each 100 metre long trial section for each separate earthwork or pavement layer
in which the Contractor proposes to incorporate the material. The Site trial shall
be deemed to be successful if all eight sets of test results for each layer meet
the specified requirements for the material. The data recorded in the Site trial
shall provide the basis for determining the method for providing, placing and
processing each particular material and selection of construction equipment, as
to be proposed by the Contractor and agreed by the Engineer, in order to
achieve the requirements of this Specification. When results from one set of trial
is found inconclusive by the Engineer, the Contractor shall organize more trials
under the direction of the Engineer.
If, during the execution of the Works, the construction control tests should
indicate that the specified requirements for a material are not being continually
achieved, work on that earthwork or pavement layer shall cease until the cause
is investigated and identified by the Contractor. Such investigation may include
further laboratory tests and Site trials on the material to determine a revised set
of data which shall be used to establish a revised method for providing, placing
and processing all subsequent material to be incorporated in that layer.
Agreement by the Engineer to a set of data recorded in a Site trial of proposed
method of construction shall not relieve the Contractor of any responsibility to
comply with the requirements of this Specification.
1119 CONSTRUCTION CONTROL TESTING FOR EARTHWORK AND PAVEMENT
LAYERS AND BACKFILL TO DRAINAGE WORKS AND STRUCTURES
Pursuant to the requirements of this specification and the Project Quality Control
Plan in accordance with Clause 109 of this Specification and Quality Assurance
testing by the Engineer, all earthwork and pavement layers and backfill to drainage
works and structures shall be subject to construction control testing. The Contractor
shall be deemed to have allowed in his program and his tender for time required for
such control testing in the sequence of his operations
The Contractor shall request in writing the Engineer’s approval for each layer of each
section of earthworks, pavement construction and backfill to drainage works and
structures before starting the construction of the next layer. Such requests shall be
made only when the Contractor has satisfied himself that the section of work
concerned fully complies with the requirements of this Specification. Such requests
shall be accompanied by copies of the Contractor’s test results required by Clause
1102 and 1119 of this Specification.
The Engineer shall thereupon inspect the section for any visible wet spots,
laminations, heaving material (visible on proof-rolling), segregation, presence of
oversize material and for uniformity of mixing and compaction. Provided that such
visual inspection is satisfactory the Engineer shall test the section of the Works
submitted for approval. The Engineer shall inform the Contractor in writing of the
results of those tests and at the same time shall accept or reject the layer and section
concerned.
Works on subsequent layers shall in no circumstances commence until the preceding
layer has been approved and accepted by the Engineer in writing. The Contractor is
wholly responsible for protecting and maintaining the condition of work which has
been submitted for approval.
Should any layer be left unprotected for more than 24 hours subsequent to approval
the Contractor shall request re-approval of the layer. The layer shall again be subject
to proof-rolling, construction control testing and tolerance checks in accordance with
this Specification if so required by the Engineer.
Notwithstanding the Engineer’s approval of a layer, the Contractor shall be
responsible for making good any subsequent damage due to traffic, ingress of water
or any other reason. Should any damage occur the layer shall again be subject to
proof-rolling, construction control testing and tolerance checks in accordance with
this Specification.
1120 FREQUENCY OF TESTING
(a) Calibration of nuclear density testing equipment
Generally a nuclear method for determining field dry density shall be employed.
Initial calibration, calibration curve adjustment and daily standardization of the
nuclear density testing equipment shall comply with the requirements of
AASHTO T310, In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-
Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth). Adjustment of calibration
curves shall be undertaken in parallel with AASHTO T191 Density of Soil In-
Place by the Sand-Cone Method.
(b) Test frequency requirements
The frequency of testing shall be in accordance with the Contractor’s Project
Quality Control Plan in accordance with Clause 109 of this Specification subject
to the minimum requirement stated herein being followed:
(i) Applicable Tests
The applicable tests for each type of construction shall be as indicated in
Table 11-11.
AASHTO Test
S. No. Type of Construction Other Test Designation
Designation
T104-99 (2003)
T180-01
T191-02
T265-93 (2000)
T310-03
7 Backfilling of Excavations and T11-97 (2000)
Filling for Structures
T27-99
T88-00
T89-02
T90-00
T180-01
T191-01
T193-99 (2003)
T217-02
T265-93 (2000)
T310-03
(ii) Test Frequency
For each source of material of type of material used in the works the
minimum test frequency shall be as in Table 11-12.
Table 11-12: Test Frequencies
S. No. Type of Construction Test Frequency(min)
1 Compaction of existing Moisture-Density Relations One test per 3000 m2 or
ground 250 m along the
alignment
Moisture Content prior to One test per 1000 m2 or
Compaction 100 m along the
alignment
Field Dry Density One test per 500 m2 or
two tests per section
2 Embankment Moisture-Density Relations One test per 2000 m3
Construction Particle Size Analysis One test per 1000 m3
Plasticity Index One test per 1000 m3
Liquid Limit One test per 1000 m3
Moisture Content prior to One test per 600 m2 of
Compaction each layer or 3 tests per
section
Field Dry Density One test per 600 m2 of
each layer or 3 tests per
section
3 Non-frost subgrade Moisture-Density Relations One test per 1000 m3
Particle Size Analysis One test per 500 m3
Percent Swell and CBR (set One test per 1000 m3
of 3 specimens)
Plasticity Index One test per 500 m3
Liquid Limit One test per 500 m3
Plasticity Product One test per 500 m3
Moisture Content prior to One test per 300 m2 of
• Grading,
• Density,
• Voids.
FREQUENCY OF TEST (WORDS USED ASPHALT AND
BITUMEN ARE SYNONYM OF EACH OTHER)
Prime Coat/ (i) Quality
Tack Coat/ Fog of Number of samples per lot and tests as specified
Spray binder
(ii) Binder temperature
for application At regular close intervals
(iii) Rate of spread
of Binder One test per 500 m2 and not less than two tests
per day
Dense
(i) Quality of binder Number of samples per lot and tests as specified
Bituminous
Macadam/Semi (ii) Aggregate Impact
Dense Value/Los Angeles One test per 50 m3 of aggregate
Bituminous Abrasion Value
Concrete/
Asphalt/Bitumino (iii) Flakiness Index
One test per 50 m3 of aggregate
us and Elongation Index
Concrete
Initially one set of 3 representative specimens for
each source of supply. Subsequently when
(iv) Stripping Value
warranted by changes in the quality of
aggregates
(v) Soundness
(Magnesium Same Initially, one determination by each method for
each source of supply, then as warranted by
as mentioned under change in the quality of the aggregates.
and Sodium
Sulphate)
Initially one set of 3 representative specimens for
vi) Water absorption of each source of supply. Subsequently when
aggregates warranted by changes in the quality of
aggregates
(vii) Sand equivalent As required
test
(viii) Plasticity Index As required
(ix) Polished stone As required, for Semi Dense Bituminous
value Concrete/ Bituminous Concrete
(x) Percentage of When gravel is used, one test per 50 m3 of
fractured faces aggregate
One set of tests on individual constituents and
mixed aggregate from the dryer for each 400
(xi) Mix grading tones of mix subject to a minimum of two tests
per plant per day
For each 400 tones of mix produced, a set of 3
Marshall specimens to be prepared and tested
(xii) Stability of Mix for stability, flow value, density and void content
subject to a minimum of two sets being tested
per plant per day
Initially one set of 3 representative specimens for
(xiii) Water sensitivity each source of supply. Subsequently when
of mix warranted by changes in the quality of
aggregates (if required)
(xiv) Swell test on the As required for the bituminous concrete
mix
(xv) Control of
temperature of
binder in boiler,
aggregate in the At regular close intervals
dryer and mix at
the time of laying
and rolling
(xvi) Control of binder One test for each 400 tones of mix subject to a
content and minimum of two tests per day per plant
grading of the mix
(xvii) Rate of spread Regular control through material checks on the
of mixed material weight of mixed material and layer thickness
(xviii) Density of One test per 250 m2 area
compacted layer
1121 TOLERANCES
(a) Horizontal alignment
The horizontal alignment shall be determined from the centerline of the
pavement surface as shown on or calculated from the Drawings. The
ٛ centerline coordinates of the pavement surface as constructed and offsets
therefrom shall be correct within a tolerance of ± 10 mm.
(b) Thickness of pavement layers
The average thickness of any pavement layer measured at five points in any
length of 100 m shall not be less than 100% nor more than 120% of the
thickness specified or instructed by the Engineer. In addition the thickness of
any pavement layer measured at any point shall not be less than 95% nor more
than 125% of the thickness specified or instructed by the Engineer.
(c) ©Surface levels of formation and pavement layers
The level measured at any point on the surface of a finished pavement layer or
formation level shall not deviate from the corresponding level calculated from the
Drawings by more than the tolerances shown in Table 11-13.
For verification of compliance with Table 11-13, additional measurements of
surface levels shall be taken at points to be selected by the Engineer along
every 10 m of ٛ centerline, at the centerline and at the edge on each side of a
particular level and at 1.75 m centers transversely to the road centerline at the
base course and pavement of main road and at 1.0 m centers transversely at
the base course and pavement of the access road. At the junctions the requisite
grid point spacings to verify compliance shall be determined by the Engineer.
(d) Surface regularity
The surface regularity of a finished pavement layer or formation level shall be
tested at points decided by the Engineer with a rigid steel straight-edge, 3 m
long, placed parallel or perpendicular to the centerline of the road. The
maximum allowable deviation of the surface below the straight-edge shall be as
given in Table 11-13.
In addition the longitudinal slope or transverse crossfall shall not deviate from
that shown on the Drawings by more than the tolerances shown in Table11-13.
Table 11-13: Surface Tolerances for Formation Level and Pavement Layers
Layer Max. deviation Max. depth Max. deviation
from surface below 3 m from slope or
level straight-edge crossfall
Asphalt concrete surfacing ҏ + 5 mm 3 mm + ҏ0.20%
Dense Asphalt base + ҏ6 mm 5 mm ҏ + 0.20%
Crushed stone Base + 10 mm 8 mm ҏ+ 0.25%
Subbase and shoulders + 15 mm 12 mm ҏ+ 0.40%
Subgrade + 25 mm 20 mm ҏ 0.50%
+
Cement - treated base/ + 10 mm + 10 mm + 0.25%
subbase
Category Tolerance
edge, all other areas
that specified, the side drain shall be scarified, backfilled with selected fill
material compacted to a dry density of at least 90% MDD (AASHTO T180) such
that the specified side drain depth is achieved.
Where the results of the construction control tests fail to meet the requirements
of this Specification the full depth of the layer shall be reworked such that
compliance is achieved. The area to be reworked shall be the whole section
submitted for approval or, at the discretion of the Engineer, a length of at least
50 m each side of the test failure location over the full width of the section.
(b) The 300 mm non-frost subgrade layer below formation level
Where levels or widths are out of tolerance, the full depth of the layer shall be
reworked to comply with the requirements of this Specification. The area treated
shall be at least 30 m long and 3 m wide or such area to be determined by the
Engineer.
Where the results of the construction control tests fail to meet the requirements
of this Specification the full depth of the layer shall be reworked such that
compliance is achieved. The area to be reworked shall be the whole section
submitted for approval or, at the discretion of the Engineer, a length of at least
50 m each side of the test failure location over the full width of the section.
(c) Base and subbase
Base and subbase comprises graded crushed stone and natural, screened or
crushed gravel respectively including CTB works. Where levels or widths and
surface regularity of base are out of tolerance as well as levels or widths of
subbase are out of tolerance to the minus , the full depth of the layer shall be
removed from the pavement and replaced such that compliance with the
requirements of this Specification is achieved. However, levels or widths of
subbase are out of tolerance to the plus, not exceeding 50 mm, the layer may be
graded to the dimensions specified in the Specification. If the Engineer does not
agree with the above-mentioned action, the full depth of the layer shall be
removed and replaced. The area treated shall be at least 30 m long and 3 m
wide or such area to be determined by the Engineer.
Where the results of the construction control tests fail to meet the requirements
of this Specification the full depth of the layer shall be removed and replaced
such that compliance is achieved. The area to be treated shall be the whole
section submitted for approval or, at the discretion of the Engineer, a length of at
least 50 m each side of the test failure location over the full width of the section.
(d) Asphaltic concrete surfacing
In the event that the tolerances specified m Clause 1121 of this Specification are
exceeded such that the thickness of the layer is too small, the Contractor shall
remove the full depth of the layer and replace it with fresh material laid and
compacted to comply with the Specification. The area treated shall be at least 30
m long and 3 m wide or such area to be determined by the Engineer. Material
shall be laid in one operation. Where the tolerances are exceeded such that the
thickness of the layer is too large, the Contractor shall remove the excess
material by milling, using equipment and procedures approved by the Engineer.
Where the results of the construction control tests for asphalt concrete surfacing
tests fail to meet the requirements of this Specification, the Contractor shall
remove the full depth of the layer and replace it in accordance with the
Specification. The area to be treated shall be the whole section submitted for
approval or, at the discretion of the Engineer, a length of at least 15 m each side
of the test failure location over the full width of the section.
side and tail boards, and shall be covered with a clean tarpaulin in good
condition. The tarpaulin shall be properly secured and extend at least 300 mm
over the edges of the side and tail boards.
d. In the event that the Contractor is permitted to use gravel or earth road for
haulage, he shall provide suitable measures for dust palliation, if these are, in the
opinion of the Engineer, necessary. Such measures may include spraying the
road surface with water at regular intervals.
1204 Noise
a. The Contractor shall consider noise as an environmental constraint in his
planning and execution of the Works.
b. The Contractor shall take all necessary measures so that the operation of all
mechanical equipment and construction processes on and off the Site shall not
cause any unnecessary or excessive noise, taking into account applicable
environment requirements. The Contractor shall use all necessary measures and
shall maintain all plant and silencing equipment in good condition so as to
minimize the noise emission during construction works.
1205 Control of Wastes
a. The Contractor shall control the disposal of all forms of waste generated by the
construction operations and in all associated activities. No uncontrolled
deposition or dumping shall include, but shall not be limited to, all forms of fuel
and engine oils, all types of bituminous mixtures etc. the Contractor shall make
specific provision for the proper disposal of these and other waste products,
conforming to local regulations and acceptable to the Engineer.
1206 Emergency Response
a. The contractor shall plan and provide for remedial measures to be implemented
in the event of occurrence of emergencies such as spillages of oil or bitumen or
chemicals.
b. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with a statement of the measures he
intends to implement in the event of such an emergency which shall include a
statement of how he intends to provide personnel adequately trained to
implement such measures.
1207 Measurement
No separate measurement shall be made in respect of compliance by the
Contractor with the provisions of this Section of the Specification. The Contractor
shall be deemed to have made allowance for such compliance with these provisions
in the preparation of his prices for items of work included in the Bills of Quantities and
full compensation for such compliance will be deemed to be covered by them.
The following provisions expand the related specifications and requirements above.
The Contractor shall take all necessary measures and precautions and otherwise ensure
that the execution of the Works and all associated operations on the Work Sites or off-site
are carried out in conformity with statutory and regulatory environmental requirements of
the Government of Mongolia and the Standard Specification, where the more stringent
shall apply. The Contractor shall take all measures and precautions to avoid any nuisance
or disturbance arising from the execution of Project Activities. This shall, wherever
possible, be achieved by suppression of the nuisance at source rather than abatement of
the nuisance once generated.
The Contractor shall prepare and submit for the Engineer’s approval an Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) within 30 days of the commencement date according to Clause
8.1 of the Conditions of Contract. The EMP shall be formulated to meet the requirements
specified in Section 1209 below under the following headings:
- 1. Management Acknowledgements
- 2. Organization & Staffing
- 3. Communications And Reporting
- 4. Environmental Control Provisions
- 5. Health and Safety Provisions
The Engineer may require periodic reviews, including updating of the EMP during the
Works.
The Contractor shall submit for approval the name and details (full CV) of his proposal
for an ESO to the Engineer within 14 days of the commencement date according to
Clause 8.1 of the Conditions of Contract. The ESO shall be responsible for day-to-day
issues of environmental management. The Contractor shall obtain approval of such
person being appointed, who shall be in position to carry out his duties prior to Works
activities commencing on site except as may be agreed in exceptional circumstances in
writing with the Engineer.
The Contractor, whilst in possession of the site, shall be responsible for the safety
measures undertaken in accordance with the Specifications to protect the workforce and
staff of the Contractor’s own staff as well as the Engineer’s supervision staff and shall
conduct in this respect Safety Induction Courses for all personnel involved with the
Works and who are required to supervise any activity prior to their attending any part of
the Works.
The EMP submitted by the Contractor shall provide a signed statement from the
Contractor’s Managing Director(s) attesting to a commitment that all environmental
protection, safety, and industrial health aspects of the Contract will be given highest
priority in the discharge of contractual obligations and certifying a commitment to
the provisions in the EMP as approved by the Engineer.
The Plan shall provide a statement attesting the firm’s understanding of, and means
of ensuring due compliance with, the statutory regulations relating to construction
work in the Government of Mongolia, specifically in regard to compliance with:
(a) All safety and industrial health legislation including, without limitation, the Rules
and Regulation of the Government of Mongolia and the authorities having
jurisdiction.
(b) All current environmental laws and regulations related to the following, but not
limited to:
- Noise;
- Vibration;
- Air pollution;
- Water contamination;
- Solid waste disposal;
- Liquid waste disposal;
- Sanitary conditions (water supply, sewerage, etc.);
- Use of explosives; and
- Protection of public traffic, etc.
The Plan shall state where copies of safety and industrial health regulations and
documents will be available on the construction site and verify that all regulations
and documents have been or will be available.
The requirements of this and related sections and obligations therein shall include for
execution of parts of the Works by the approved subcontractors whilst the Contractor
shall:
(a) Provide subcontractors with copies of the EMP whilst incorporating such
provisions into all sub-contracts and ensure compliance with such plan under the
Contract.
The Plan shall include an organization chart identifying (by job title and by the name
of the individual) the personnel to be engaged solely for environmental protection,
safety and traffic control. The chart and the supporting text shall identify participants
and their areas of responsibility.
The Plan shall indicate the name of the proposed ESO. The ESO shall be responsible
for day-to-day environmental management on the site.
The ESO will be appointed and assigned duties throughout the period of the
Contract entirely connected with the environmental, safety, and traffic control
activities on the Site.
The ESO will not be removed from the site without the express written
permission of the Engineer. Within fourteen (14) days of any such removal or
notice of intent of removal, a replacement ESO will be nominated for approval
by the Engineer.
The ESO will be provided with supporting staff in accordance with the staffing
levels set out in the Plan. The supporting shall include at least one (1) Deputy
ESO whose appointment shall also be subject to approval by the Engineer.. The
Deputy ESO shall be capable of assuming the duties and functions of the ESO
whenever necessary.
The ESO shall be empowered to instruct all employees of the Contractor and
Subcontractors to cease operations and shall take the appropriate action as is
necessary and within his limits of delegation by informing others as may be
appropriate to prevent unsafe working practices or other infringements of the
Plan or the statutory regulations.
The ESO shall maintain a daily site diary comprehensively recording all relevant
matters concerning site environmental management, safety and traffic control,
inspections and audits, related incidents and the like. The site diary shall be
available at all times for inspection by the Engineer and his staff.
Contact information for all Environment/Safety Staff shall be provided in the Plan.
Curriculum vita (CVs) and other relevant information explaining the qualifications
of the proposed staff and demonstrating their ability to perform the duties assigned
shall be provided with the Plan.
The Plan shall explain the proposed interaction and communication procedures
between construction personnel and environmental protection, safety and traffic
control staff, including:
Communication facilities.
The Plan shall verify that provisions have been made to ensure that:
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer immediately of any accidents which
occur whether on-site or off-site in connection with the Works and in which the
Contractor, Subcontractors and Engineer as the case may be appropriate are
directly or indirectly involved and which result in any injuries to any persons.
The initial notification may be verbal and shall be followed by a written and
reasonably comprehensive report within 24 hours of the accident taking care so
as to notify facts and not attribute responsibility.
The means by which environmental management, health and safety and traffic
control and industrial health matters and requirements will be communicated to
Subcontractors at all levels and their due compliance with the EMP and all
relevant statutory regulations. Subcontractors shall be supplied with copies of
the EMP which shall be deemed part of the sub-contract and which may include
attendance at training programs, circulation of newsletters and other means as
specified by the Plan.
The procedures for reviewing and monitoring compliance with the EMP and
statutory regulations. This could include, for example, the inclusion of
performance against environmental and safety criteria as a part the daily and/or
weekly site inspections.
The EMP shall include site plans for each construction site and staging area,
indicating the locations and arrangements of all storage areas and work sites subject
to activities that may result in environmental impacts. At a minimum, the site plans
must indicate the following:
The Basic Site Organization. The basic site organization shall be provided by a
site plan at a scale of 1:1,000.
Hard Surface Areas. Areas within the site where there is a regular movement of
vehicles shall have an acceptable hard surface and be kept clear of loose surface
material and shall be so indicated on the required site plan.
Waste Disposal and Site Drainage Systems. The following conditions shall
apply:
- Waste Disposal. All water and waste products arising on the site shall be
collected, removed from the site via a suitable and properly designed temporary
drainage system and disposed of at a location and in a manner that will cause
neither pollution nor nuisance The site plan shall indicate the system proposed
and the locations of related facilities in the site, including latrines, holding
areas, etc. There shall be no direct discharge of sanitary or wash water to
surface water. Disposal of materials such as, but not limited to, lubricating oil
and onto the ground or water bodies shall be prohibited. Liquid material storage
containment areas shall not drain directly to surface water. Liquid material
storage containment areas equipped with drains shall be valved, and the valve
shall be maintained locked in the closed position with supervisory control of the
key. Lubricating and fuel oil spills shall be cleaned up immediately and spill
clean-up materials shall be stocked and maintained at the storage area.
- Drainage. The site plan shall be devised to ensure that run-off from excavations
in the different parts of the Works is not deposited directly into any
watercourse, stream, or canal and shall indicate the system proposed, including
the locations of retention ponds and other facilities. There shall be no direct
discharge of sanitary wastewater, wash water, chemicals, spoil, waste oil or
solid waste generated in connection with the Works to surface water bodies.
Location of Batching Plant(s). Dry mix batching shall be carried out in a totally
enclosed area with exhaust to suitable fabric filters. The locations of these
facilities should be clearly illustrated by the site plans.
Location of Wheel Washing Facilities. The Contractor shall provide a wash pit
or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from the
excavation sites. The Contractor shall ensure that all vehicle are properly
cleaned (bodies and tyres are free of sand and mud) prior to leaving the
construction site and entering public areas and ensure that water or debris from
such cleaning operations is contained and not deposited into nearby drains and
watercourses. The locations of these facilities shall be clearly illustrated by the
site plans.
- Stockpiles of sand and aggregate greater than 20 cubic meters for use in
concrete manufacture shall be enclosed on three sides, with walls extending
above the pile and two (2) meters beyond the front of the piles.
- Cement and other such fine-grained materials delivered in bulk shall be stored
in closed silos fitted with a high-level alarm indicator. The high-level alarm
indicators shall be interlocked with the filling line such that in the event of the
hopper approaching an overfull condition, an audible alarm will operate, and the
pneumatic line to the filling tanker will close.
Other Air Quality Features. Construction walls will be provided in all locations
where strong winds could cause the blowing of dust and debris. The Plan shall
indicate where such facilities are proposed.
Conformance with the Montréal Protocol. All refrigerants and fire extinguishing
materials shall be in accordance with Montréal Protocol which specifies
acceptable materials for these purposes.
Locations of Liquid and Toxic Material Storage Areas. The site plans shall
specify the locations for the storage of liquid materials and toxic materials
including the following such conditions to avoid adverse impacts due to
improper fuel and chemical storage:
- All fuel and chemical storage (if any) shall be sited on an impervious base within
a bund and secured by fencing. The storage area shall be located away from any
watercourse or wetlands. The base and bund walls shall be impermeable and of
sufficient capacity to contain 110 percent of the volume of tanks.
- Filling and refueling shall be strictly controlled and subject to formal procedures
and will take place within areas surrounded by bunds to contain spills / leaks of
potentially contaminating liquids.
- All valves and trigger guns shall be resistant to unauthorized interference and
vandalism and be turned off and securely locked when not in use.
- The contents of any tank or drum shall be clearly marked. Measures shall be
taken to ensure that no contaminated discharges enter any drain or watercourses.
- Disposal of lubricating oil and other potentially hazardous liquids onto the
ground or water bodies will be prohibited.
- Should any accidental spills occur, immediate clean up will be undertaken and all
cleanup materials stored in a secure area for disposal to a site authorised for
disposal of hazardous waste.
Noise Monitoring Stations. The Contractor will carry out noise monitoring at
such points within the Site or outside the Site and at times as shall be determined
by the Engineer. The location(s) proposed should be clearly illustrated by the Site
Plan(s).
The Contractor shall comply with prevailing standards and regulations of the
Government of Mongolia. In instances in which the requirements of the
Specifications and those of the Government of Mongolia differ (if any), the more
stringent shall apply. Instrumented monitoring as called for herein will require sub-
contractor services for which the following should be noted:
- A high volume air sampler and associated equipment and shelters in accordance
with accepted international practice.
- A direct reading dust meter capable of reading one-hour TSP in the range 0.1-
100 mg/m3. The dust (TSP) levels will be measured by the High Volume
Method for Total Suspended Particulates.
Plan.
- Suitable access, hard standing and a galvanized wire fence and gate at each
monitoring station at locations on the site boundaries.
Water Quality. All sampling and analysis shall be in conformance with standard
methods and standards of the Government of Mongolia.
The following are required as a part of the environmental baseline survey (EBS):
Air Quality Baseline. Air quality baseline monitoring shall be carried out within
28 days of notification of the commencement date under Clause 8.1 of the
Conditions of Contract as is practicable, to determine ambient levels of the air
pollutants indicated by below at specified monitoring stations. The baseline
monitoring is required to be carried out for a one-week period with
measurements to be taken at each monitoring station according to the frequency
schedule below. The Plan shall indicate when the Contractor proposes to
undertake the required baseline air quality survey and shall provide references to
locations of each monitoring station indicated on the accompanying site plan(s)
as appropriate. The locations shall be approved by the Engineer.
Air Quality. Air quality impact shall be monitored not less than once per month
during the course of the Works. Monitoring results shall be submitted to
Engineer two (2) working days of the completion of the monitoring period for
analysis and review. Actions taken in response to the monitoring results shall
also be required. Additional monitoring shall be undertaken as deemed
warranted by the Engineer.
Water Quality Monitoring. Monitoring of runoff from the site areas, construction
camps, staging areas and camps etc., shall be undertaken not less than once per
month and additional monitoring may be required at the discretion of the
Engineer if warranted by site observations. Analytical reports may be required
by the Engineer to explain anomalies and problems encountered. Actions taken
in response to the monitoring results shall also be required.
Noise Monitoring. Off-site noise levels due to construction activities shall not
exceed a Leq of 70 dBA at any time and, insofar as possible, shall not exceed 55
dBA during the day (6:00 to 8:00 PM) and 40 dBA at night (8:00 PM to 6:00
AM).
During any activity likely to be a source of significant vibration the Contractor shall
record vibration levels at locations agreed with the Engineer at least twice daily. The
frequency of monitoring may be relaxed if it can be shown that vibration levels are
consistent and within acceptable levels. Theses shall be done at times during the
active use of the equipment likely to be a source of vibration.
Noise shall be monitored not less than once per month and more frequently if
determined warranted by the Engineer.
In all cases, monitoring results shall be submitted to the Engineer within two (2)
working days of the completion of the monitoring period for analysis and review.
The Contractor shall, at the same time, propose any action to be taken or needed in
response to the monitoring results for the approval by the Engineer.
(a) No furnaces, boilers or other similar plant or equipment using any fuel that may
produce air pollutants will be installed without prior written consent of the
Engineer.
(b) There will be no burning of debris or other materials, which shall be taken to
approved disposal sites
(c) Dust suppression measures including but not limited to the following shall be
implemented:
- Stockpiles of sand and aggregate greater than 20 cubic meters for use in concrete
manufacture shall be enclosed on three sides, with walls extending above the pile
and two (2) metres beyond the front of the piles. Locations shall be indicated by the
EMP.
- Effective water sprays shall be used during the delivery and handling of all raw sand
and aggregate, and other similar materials, when dust is likely to be created and to
dampen all stored materials during dry and windy weather.
- Areas within the Site where there is a regular movement of vehicles shall have an
acceptable hard surface and be kept clear of loose surface material. Locations shall
be indicated by the EMP.
- Conveyor belts shall be fitted with wind-boards, and conveyor transfer points and
hopper discharge areas shall be enclosed to minimize dust emission. All conveyors
carrying materials that have the potential to create dust shall be totally enclosed and
fitted with belt cleaners. Locations shall be indicated by the EMP.
- Cement and other such fine-grained materials delivered in bulk shall be stored in
closed silos fitted with a high-level alarm indicator. The high-level alarm indicators
shall be interlocked with the filling line such that in the event of the hopper
approaching an overfull condition, an audible alarm will operate, and the pneumatic
line to the filling tanker will close. Locations shall be indicated by the EMP.
- Cement manufactured from dredging of off-shore coral reef resources will not be
used in the Project.
- All air vents on cement silos shall be fitted with suitable fabric filters provided with
either shaking or pulse-air cleaning mechanisms. The fabric filter area shall be
determined using an air-cloth ratio (filtering velocity) of 0.01 - 0.03 m/s.
- The filter bags in the cement silo dust collector must be thoroughly shaken after
cement is blown into the silo to ensure adequate dust collection for subsequent
loading.
- All vehicles, while parked on the Site, will be required to have their engines turned
off.
- All equipment and machinery on the Site will be checked at least weekly and make
all necessary corrections and or repairs to ensure compliance with safety and air
pollution requirements.
- All vehicles will be properly cleaned (bodies and tyres are free of sand and mud)
prior to leaving the site areas. The necessary cleaning facilities will be provided on
site to ensure that no water or debris from such cleaning operations is deposited off-
site. Locations should be indicated by the EMP.
- All trucks used for transporting materials to and from the site will be covered with
canvas tarpaulins, or other acceptable type cover (which shall be properly secured)
to prevent debris and/or materials from falling from or being blown off the
vehicle(s).
- Construction walls will be provided in all locations where strong winds could cause
the blowing of dust and debris.
(d) At any concrete batching plant or crushing plant being operated on the Site the
following additional conditions shall be complied with:
- Where dusty materials are being discharged to vehicles from a conveying system at
a fixed transfer point, a three-sided roofed enclosure with a flexible curtain across
the entry shall be provided. Exhaust fans shall be provided for this enclosure and
vented to a suitable fabric filter system. Locations shall be indicated by the EMP
- Any vehicles with an open load carrying area used for moving potentially dust-
producing materials shall have properly fitting side and tailboards. Materials
having the potential to create dust shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side
and tail boards, and shall be covered by a clean tarpaulin in good condition. The
tarpaulin shall be properly secured and shall extend at least 300 mm over the edges
of the side and tailboards.
- The concrete batching plant and crushing plant sites and ancillary areas will be
frequently cleaned and watered to minimize any dust emissions.
- Dry mix batching shall be carried out in a totally enclosed area with exhaust to
suitable fabric filters.
Other water quality provisions will include but will not be limited to the following:
- All existing stream courses and drains within, and adjacent to, the Site will be kept
safe and free from any debris and any excavated materials arising from the Works.
Chemicals, sanitary wastewater, spoil, waste oil and concrete agitator washings will
not be deposited in the watercourses.
- All water and waste products arising on the Site will be collected, removed from the
Site via a suitable and properly designed temporary drainage system and disposed
of at a location and in a manner that will cause neither pollution nor nuisance.
- In the event of any spoil or debris from construction works being deposited on
adjacent land or any silt washed down to any area, then all such spoil, debris or
material and silt shall be immediately removed and the affected land and areas
restored to their natural state by the Contractor.
Construction camps and other potential sources waste and debris are properly
sited and provided with drainage and wastewater facilities.
To avoid potential adverse noise and vibration impacts, the Contractor shall:
- Repair any damage caused as the result of vibrations generated from or by the use of
his equipment, plant, and machinery.
- Erect temporary noise barriers where schools are within 50 metres of construction
activities.
- Ensure that all exhaust systems will be maintained in good working order; properly
designed engine enclosures and intake silencers will be employed; and regular
equipment maintenance will be undertaken.
- Ensure that stationary equipment will be placed as far from sensitive zones as
practical and is selected to minimize objectionable noise impacts being provided with
shielding mechanisms where possible.
- Schedule operations to coincide with periods when people would least likely be
affected; work hours and work days will be limited to less noise-sensitive times.
Hours-of-work will be approved by the site engineer having due regard for possible
noise disturbance to the local residents or other activities.
To avoid potential adverse impacts to historic and cultural resources, if any, the
Contractor shall:
- Protect sites of known antiquities, historic and cultural resources by the placement of
suitable fencing and barriers;
- The Contractor will undertake formal public meetings prior to construction works to
identify potential historic and cultural sites that may be affected by Project works.
- Not locate construction camps within 500 meters from cultural resources.
- Adhere to accepted international practice and all applicable historic and cultural
preservation requirements of the government of Mongolia, including all appropriate local
government entities
- Avoiding transportation of materials and equipment on live traffic routes on the roads
with asphalt pavement during busy periods to avoid exacerbation of possible congestion.
- Stipulate control of drivers in such way as to prevent or deter drivers from using alcohol
and drugs whilst in employment.
The Contractor will be responsible for all road damage that may occur from the
transporting of materials and equipment to and from the Works and will be
responsible for implementing all necessary repairs and/or restoration at no cost to the
Employer
The Contractor shall ensure as far as practicable that the health, safety and welfare of
employees and all other persons on site are secured and general are protected from
hazards created by the Project. The Contractor shall prepare and implement a Health
and Safety Plan (HSP), which shall be approved by the Engineer. The HSP will
address but is not limited, the following:
All occupational health and safety measures will comply with these Specifications
and the contract and applicable Government of Mongolia regulations, and
international good practice, where the more stringent will apply.
The EMP shall include an emergency response plan to deal with accidents and
The Contractor shall provide a fully equipped first aid base climatically controlled to
maintain the temperature of the inside of the building at 20 degrees C, plus or minus.
The Contractor shall ensure that safety, rescue and industrial health matters are given
a high degree of publicity to all persons regularly or occasionally on the Site.
Posters drawing attention to site safety, rescue and industrial health regulation shall
be made or obtained from the appropriate sources and shall be displayed
prominently in areas of the Site where Contractor and SubContractor staff and
labour, Engineer’s staff and Site visitors will take notice.
The Contractor shall include in the EMP a safety training program which shall
consist of:
Initial Safety Induction Course. All workmen shall be required to attend a safety
induction course prior to undertaking any work in connection with the Works.
Periodic Safety Training Courses. Periodic safety courses shall be conducted for
all Contractor’s employees and subcontractor’s employees including all
operatives and staff involved in supervision and management not less than once
every six months. Subcontractor employees will be required to participate in
relevant training courses appropriate to the nature, scale and duration of the
subcontract works.
Safety Inspections. The Contractor shall regularly inspect, test and maintain all
safety equipment, scaffolds, guardrails, working platforms, hoists, ladders and
other means of access, lifting, lighting, signing and guarding equipment. Lights
and signs shall be kept clear of obstructions and legible to read. Equipment,
which is damaged, dirty, incorrectly positioned or not in working order, shall be
repaired or replaced immediately.
Safety Equipment and Clothing. The Contractor shall ensure that safety
protection equipment and protective clothing are available for use as required
and effective measures are employed to ensure proper utilization and necessary
replacement of such equipment and clothing.
Safe use of Construction Plant and Equipment. The Contractor shall ensure that
(c) If the National Aids Authority has not provided the names of
available Approved Service Providers within two weeks after
being asked select its own service provider after consultation
with the appropriate UNAIDS and/or National HIV/AIDS
Authority office;
(vii) Reporting
(a) The Contractor shall prepare and attach to his claims for
payment a brief report which outlines how the actions taken by
the contractor in the period for which payment is claimed satisfy
the requirements and a schedule which lists the names, identity
numbers, trade / occupation and name of Employer of all
construction workers exposed to the program.
(b) The Engineer shall certify the report described in (vii) (a).
whenever a claim for payment is issued to the Employer.
(b) Condoms that comply with either the current ISO standard or
WHO/UNAIDS Specification and Guidelines for Condoms 1998
or any more recent equivalent publication by the National
HIV/AIDS Authority.
(x) Where the Contract does not provide for reimbursement of named costs,
the amount paid by the Contractor to the Approved Service Provider
shall be added to any lump sum to be paid by the Employer to the
Contractor under the Contract and, before such lump sum is paid, the
Contractor shall provide to the Employer evidence of:
(xi) Where the Contractor sub-contracts any of its obligations under the
Clause of the Contract it shall require any sub-contractor to comply with
sub-clauses of the Contract as if it were the Contractor.
The traffic control plan, which will be prepared in accordance with the Specifications,
and will address requirements and principles of this section with respect to site security
and Contractor, Engineer, Site visitors and general public safety.