7.2 - Nuclear Physics of Reservoir Monitoring

7.
2- Nuclear Physics
Reservoir of
Monitoring
Reservoir Monitoring
The Neutron Interaction, Minitron Emission, The Scintillation Detector,
Inelastic Mode, Capture Mode
M. Watfa
7.2- Nuclear Physics of Reservoir Monitoring Tools
The Neutron Interaction
Inelastic/Capture Log
 C/O Saturation
 Three Phase Holdup
 Lithology
Sigma/Porosity Log
 Formation sigma
 Formation porosity
 Borehole salinity
Water Flow Log

 Water velocity
 Water flow index
Phase Velocity Log

 Oil or water velocity
using marker fluids
2 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Copyright 2011, NExT, All rights reserved
Inelastic Neutron Scattering:

 Neutron Bounces of Nucleus
 Nucleus is excited and quickly gives inelastic g-ray
 Measurements of g-ray energies yields relative
concentrations of various atoms
 This can be used to obtain Carbon and Oxygen
concentrations
Neutron Absorption:
 Neutrons are slowed down by elastic
and inelastic interactions to thermal
energies (0.025 MeV)
 Nucleus absorbs slow neutrons
 Nucleus is excited and emits a g-ray
 This is used to measure abundance of
elements that capture neutrons

Electron-Volt (eV)
 A unit of energy used for convenience in atomic systems.

 Specifically, it is the change in energy of an electron, or of any
particle having a charge numerically equal to that of an electron,
when it is moved through a difference of potential of 1 volt.
 Its value (in mks units) is obtained from the equation W = qV, where
W is energy in joules, q the charge in coulombs, and V the potential
difference in volts.
 For a potential difference of 1 volt and the electronic charge of 1.602
× 10−19 coulomb, the electron-volt (eV) is 1.602 × 10−19 joule.
 By definition, it is equal to the amount of kinetic energy (speed)
gained by a single free electron when it accelerates through an
electric potential difference of one volt.

Definition of the Joule unit
Definition of the Joule unit

 The Joule (J) is a derived unit of energy or
work in the International System of Units.
 It is equal to the energy expended (or work
done) in applying a force of one newton
through a distance of one meter.
 Or, it is equal to the energy used in passing
an electric current of one ampere through a
resistance of one ohm for one second.
 It is named after the English physicist James
Prescott Joule (1818–1889)


Pulsed Pulsed
Neutron Number of Neutron
Capture g-rays Spectroscopy
Number of g-rays detected Burst Numberof g-rays
g-ray g-ray
time energy
g-ray energy
g-ray time-of- arriving at
arrival at detector
detector
3-D Image: Neutron Counts - Energy spectrum - Neutron Decay

Pulsed Pulsed
Neutron Number of Neutron
Number of g-rays detected Burst Numberof g-rays
Inelastic data used

for C/O Saturation
g-ray g-ray
time energy
g-ray energy
g-ray time-of- arriving at
arrival at detector
detector

Pulsed Pulsed Neutron Capture Spectra

Pulsed
Neutron Number of IC Mode Neutron
Number of g-rays detected Burst Number of g-rays
g-ray g-ray
time energy
g-ray energy
g-ray time-of- Arriving at
arrival at detector
detector
Capture data for S

7.4 - Pulsed Neutron Logging Capture Mode
17 MeV
1 MeV
0.025 MeV

Count
Count
Rate Rate
Count
Rate
Time Gamma Ray Energy
Emission
Gamma
Ray
Energy
Time
Inelastic & Capture Modes
Areas of Coverage of the various modes
Count
Rate
2 ft
Emission
Gamma
Ray
Energy

The Minitron Emission
Downhole Accelerator
The minitron shown is essentially a ceramic tube containing tritium and

deuterium at low pressure. This device creates neutrons at an energy
of 14 MeV by accelerating deuterium ions into a tritium target.

Deuterium
Deuterium
1H
also called heavy hydrogen (represented by 2H or D)
 The Name is formed from the Greek word deuteros
meaning "second”
 Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural
abundance in the waters of the Earth of approximately 2H
160 ppm.
 The nucleus of Deuterium, called a deuteron, contains
one proton and one neutron.
 The far more common hydrogen nucleus (1H ) contains one proton and no neutron.
 Deuterium can replace the normal hydrogen in water molecules to form heavy water
(D2O)

Tritium
Tritium
(symbol T or 3H; is also called Hydrogen-3) :
 Tritium is a radioactive isotope of Hydrogen.
 The nucleus of Tritium (sometimes called a triton)
contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas
the nucleus of protium (1H ; by far the most
abundant hydrogen isotope) contains one proton
and no neutrons.
 Naturally-occurring Tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are
formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with Cosmic Rays.
 The name of this isotope is formed from the Greek word "tritos" meaning "third".

Pulsed Accelerator Neutron Source
Pulsed Accelerator Neutron Source

Deuterium (2H ; D) and tritium (3H ; T) collided at 100keV
The net results:
D + T  4He + n
produces bursts of neutrons with:
Energy 14 MeV energy
Counts: ≈ 108 neutrons/sec.

D T He
e
e
e
N N
N P+ N
N P+ N P+
P+ e
e
e
e
N N N
N P+ N P+ N
P+ P+
e
e
e e
N
P+ N N N
P+ N P+ N
e P+
e
N e
P+ N
e
P+ N N N
P+ N
P+
e

Improved Neutron Generator
 Enhance separation of
inelastic from capture
gamma rays
Counts
 Long life
 Reliability
 Greater Output

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (m.sec)

The Scintillation Detector
One of the most important aspects of the scintillation detector is that it can output a voltage pulse
which is proportional to the energy of the original incident gamma ray

The Inelastic Spectrum
Timing of the inelastic capture mode:
 Gates B and C: Record capture spectra

 Net Inelastic = A - bB
 b is determined from tool response

Inelastic-Capture
Mode Timing
Inelastic-Capture Mode
 Spectra are recorded with 256

channels
 Covering energy range from 0.1
to 8 MeV
 Large database with more than
100 different downhole situations
characterize the tool response
 Characterization consists of at
least 2000 laboratory
measurements for each tool

The Inelastic Spectra

Oil and
Water Spectra
Hydrogen
Counts
O
0 2 4 6 8
Energy (MeV)
Estimate-1: C, O, C/O
Spectrum From Log


Number of g-rays
g-ray energy
Pulsed
Neutron
Spectroscopy

Spectra to Yields
Processing
This process uses:
 Fourier Transforms
 Data base of elemental data
and range of spectrums
 Weighted Least Squares
Regression

The Neutron Capture Mode (Σ)

 A Burst cycle
showing the decay
of neutrons.
 A cycle lasts for
around 220 m.sec.
This allows the
neutrons to decay
to thermal level and
are captured.
 Subsequent burst
(cycle) starts after
that.
220 m.sec / cycle

Capture-Sigma and Sigma Modes
 The sigma mode

provides capture cross
section data in a faster
logging pass.
 This mode uses a
timing sequence
identical to the capture-
sigma mode but
records only the time-
decay data, burst-off
background gamma ray
spectra and associated
quality curves.

Tool Mode Neutron Pulse Gamma-Ray Signal Measurements
capture
inelastic Inelastic/Capture Log
 C/O Saturation
IC  Three Phase Holdup
 Lithology
100 ms Energy
Sigma/Porosity Log
 Formation sigma
S  Formation porosity
1500 ms Time  Borehole salinity
Water Flow Log

WFL  Water velocity
 Water flow index
seconds Time
Phase Velocity Log

PVL  Oil or water velocity
using marker fluids
100 ms Time

7.2 - Nuclear Physics of Reservoir Monitoring

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7.

Water Flow Log

Phase Velocity Log

2 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Inelastic Neutron Scattering:

3 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 A unit of energy used for convenience in atomic systems.

4 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Definition of the Joule unit

5 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

6 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

3-D Image: Neutron Counts - Energy spectrum - Neutron Decay

Inelastic data used

8 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Pulsed Pulsed Neutron Capture Spectra

Capture data for S

10 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Time Gamma Ray Energy

12 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

The minitron shown is essentially a ceramic tube containing tritium and

13 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

14 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

15 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Pulsed Accelerator Neutron Source

16 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

17 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Improved Neutron Generator

The Minitron Emission

18 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

19 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Timing of the inelastic capture mode:

 Gates B and C: Record capture spectra

20 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Spectra are recorded with 256

21 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

22 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Spectrum From Log

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25 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

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27 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

28 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Capture-Sigma and Sigma Modes

 The sigma mode

29 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Water Flow Log

Phase Velocity Log

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