BLOOD:

Blood has two components:

1. Plasma (includes serum & clotting factors)

2. Formed Elements (WBCs, RBCs, Platelets)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They are of two types:

1. Granulocytes ( having granular cytoplasm/ density of granules is high)

2. Agranulocytes (having non-granular cytoplasm)

GRANULOCYTES:

EOSINOPHILLS:
 Granules fill up the cytoplasm.
 Pink/red granules
 Blue colored nucleus
 Lobular nucleus
Functions:

 In case of allergy number of eosinophills increases

 They are anti-parasitic (in parasitic infection, their number increases)
 They work on antigen larger than them
 They are present in blood

BASOPHILLS:
 They are filled with granules (blue/purple colored granules)
 Nucleus is also bluish/purple
 Nucleus is lobular
 Granules are called basophilic granules
 Performs the same function in blood as MAST cells in tissues

NEUTROPHILLS:
 Granules are present
 These granules are neutral (neither take acidic dye nor basic dye)
 Colorless granules
 Nucleus is purple/blue
 Nucleus is apparent/visible
 Function is phagocytosis
 Granules are full of phagosomes & Lysosomes
 Nucleus is lobular (2-5 lobed)

AGRANULOCYTES:

LYMPHOID CELLS:
 Lymphocytes are smaller cells
 Identification is that their cytoplasm is red/pink while nucleus is blue/purple
 Another identification is that nucleus fills whole cell
 Nucleus is large because it has to do much replication
 They perform reverse evolution
 They change or differentiate according to antigen

NATURAL KILLER CELLS:

 Enzymes present are granzymes & perforants (perforate cell membrane)
 Granzymes digest protein
 NK cells are effective against cancer cells & old worn out cells
  Self cell killers
 Does not kill bacteria

T.C YTOTOXIC CELLS:

 They perform the same function as natural killer cells but in a different way

T-HELPER CELLS:
 They are recognized through the molecules on surface
 T-helper 1 & T-helper 2 don’t give recognition. They are identified by interleukines
produced by them

CD CELLS:
 Cluster of differentiation
 Cd4 are on T-helper
 Cd8 are on T-cytotoxic

B CELLS:
 They differentiate into plasma cells
 Small ER & cytoplasmic space
 Large nucleus
 When B cells differentiate into Plasma cells, they bring some changes i.e endoplasmic
reticulum & golgi apparatus differentiate
 Plasma cells then synthesize IGGs (immunoglobulins)

MONOCYTES:
 Bean shaped nucleus
 Blue colored nucleus
 Pinkish cytoplasm
 Converts into:

MACROPHAGE:

 Amoeboid
 Travels to tissue

DENDRITIC CELLS:
  Role in lymphoreticular system (lymph nodes, lymph glands etc)

FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES:

 Main function is phagocytosis & antigen presentation

 Dying macrophages combine to form large giant cells

LEUKOCYTOPENIA:
 Decrease in normal leukocyte count
 Can be due to viral/bacterial infections
 In those bacterial infections in which bacteria reproduce inside
WBCs there is a sharp decline in WBCs number

LEUKOCYTOPHILLIA:
 Increase in normal leukocyte count