SOCIAL ORGANIZATION / INSTITUTIONS

ASSIGNMENT # 2…… SEMESTER FALL-2020

SUBMISSION DATE (MAY1,2020)

BY

AROOMA MUZAFFAR 19010920-065

NAYAB FATIMA 19010920-083

HAJRA MAJEED 19010920-062

HASSAN JAVED 19010920-118

NIMRA MEHWISH 19010920-093

AYESHA IFTIKHAR 19010920-074

COURSE CODE: SOC-101

COURSE TITTLE: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY-I

SUBMITTED TO: SIR RIZWAN ASLAM

BBA 2nd Section B

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

1
 AROOMA MUZAFFAR / 19010920-065

QUESTION
Define social organization / institutions? Write a note on different forms of
social organization along with their functions.
INTRODUCTION
A social organization is a pattern of relationship between and among individuals and social
groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition
spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication system and so
on.
Social institution is the third in a series of four courses and this course will give you an
understanding of social institution and how they establish patterns of rule governed behaviors.
Social institution is mechanisms or patterns of social order focused on meeting social needs such
as government, economy, education and religion. Some sociological methods focus on
examining social institution over time or compare to social institution in other parts of the world.
Every organization is dependent upon certain recognized and established set of rules traditions
and usages. These usages and rules may be given the name of institution.
Definitions
A social institution is a group of social position connected by social relations
that performs a social role.
For example
The legal system, the labor market, or language itself have a great influence on
our behavior and are constantly changing.
Duncan Mitchell:
“Social organization means the interdependence of parts which is characteristic
of all enduring collective entities groups communities and societies.”
Wood ward and Maxwell:
An institution is a set of folkways and mores in to a unit which serves a number of
social functions.
Malinowski:
Social institution is a group of people united by common interest endowed by
material equipment following rules of their tradition or agreement and contributing to the work
of culture as a whole.
“Social institution is formal cultural structure devised to meet basic social needs.”

2
 NAYAB FATIMA / 19010920-083

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Following are some important characteristics of social institutions are given below:

 Satisfaction of Specific needs

Each institution satisfies some specific needs. The family meets the need for controlling
the reproductive function, socializing children and providing economic security to its
members, while the government meets the need for maintaining order within a society,
defending the society against outside attacks and establishing laws.
 Prescription of rules
Institutions prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed. Marriage as an
institution for example, governs the relations between the husband and the wife.
Similarly, the school and college have its own rules and procedures.
 Abstractness
Institutions are abstract in nature. They are neither visible nor tangible. For example,
marriage cannot be kept on museum, religion not be rated, nor war be weighed.
 Cultural Symbols
Institutions have control symbols. The symbols may be either material or nor material. A
country has a flag, an emblem, and a national anthem as its symbol. A school may have
its own flag.
 Institutions are the controlling Mechanism
Institutions like religion, morality, state, government law, legislation etc. control the
behavior of men. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it.
Institutions are like wheels on which human society marches on toward the desired
destination.
 Institutions are interrelated
Institutions, though diverse, are interrelated. Understanding of one institution requires the
understanding of the other related institutions. The religious, moral, educational, political,
family, economic, educational and many other types if institutions are essentially
interlinked.

HAJRA MAJEED / 19010920-062

GENRAL FUNCTION OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

In sociology, the social organization/institution is the relationship between the individuals and
groups in a society. Its characteristics include in social interaction leadership structure and so on.

3
On the other hand, the social organization also play functional role in a society. An
organization/institution fixed to fulfill the needs of society. There are following function of
social organization which are given below:

 Reproduction
A social institute reproduce race, services, goods and all other patterns that is
necessary and the base of a society. As the family is the part of society so the race
reproduces in a family. And the goods and services are reproducing in an economic
organization. The authority and power are the base of politics so these are reproducing in
political institutes. And the most important institutes including educational institutes
provide education and the way how to live in a society.
 Socialization
The way of learning of life in social group is called socialization. The process of social
organization starts from birth and continue up to the end of life. A man always in a
learning process. A human being learns from his society or anywhere in the world. The
learning process never stop in the life of an individual. He learns by his social institution.
It is the only way the man’s life include in this: like when the family teaches the norms of
life from society this is called folkway. The educational institutes teach us the courses of
social life where the bazar or any economic place teaches us the economic dealing. And
the religious institution teaches how we spend our life according to religion.
 Preservation of social order
Every society have an aim to maintain control and order in a society. To maintain these
aims every society have an institute. An institute work for the maintenance of order and
control in a society but it doesn’t function alone. An institute needs other institute for
work and corporation. So, every institution works together with other institutions which
are called organization. All these organization which work together have a mutual
relationship. This mutual relationship in a group of society called ‘tangency of
institution’. All the organization work to maintain the social order and control in a
society.
 Transmission of culture
The culture is the most important part of the society. A society change its culture
sometime. The new and different culture transmitted from generation to generation. The
new generation adopt different culture. Like the journey of bus, the mosque, the marriage
customs all are include in a culture which is transmitted from a generation to next
generation.

HASSAN JAVED / 19010920-118

FORMS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION / INSTITUTIONS

4
Following are the five major forms of social institutions which are given below:

1. Political institutions
Political institution is organizations which create enforce and Apply Laws that mediate
conflict make policy on the economy and social system and otherwise provide
representation for the populous.
EXAMPLE: Example of such political institutions includes political party’s trade unions
and the courts.
Functions of political institution
 To Regulate relationship
The customs & tradition are limited to a certain extent.
 Welfare works
The state is to provide facilities of education health& transportation.
 Protection against dangers
In case of foreign aggression, the state is to provide safety to individuals.
 Social control
The bring control over the individuals through laws to violators by the state.

2. Education institutions
Education may also be defined as the process whereby the social heritage of a group is
passed on from one generation to another as well as the process whereby the child
becomes socialized.
Types of education institutions
 Formal: It is taken from school; collages; & universities etc.
 Informal: It is taken from family; community & society with fast rules.
Functions of Educational institution
 Cultural Transmission
 Future occupation
 To minimize the cultural lag in society
 It increases mobility in society
 Techniques of learning skills
 Future occupation
 Social integration

NIMRA MEHWISH / 19010920-093

3. Family institutions

5
 Family is the group of two parents and their children living together as a unit. Family
institution is the basic building block of society. A biological social unit of husband wife
with or without child. It is also referred as a group that is created to serve various for
many purposes like protection, and security, sense of belonging controlling and discipline
behavior and even for mating purposes.
A social contract of rearing and luring of children is family (MALINOWSKI).
Functions of family institution
Some functions of family are essential and some are non-essential. Essential and non-
essential functions of family are given below:
 Essential Functions
 Provision of home and minimum basic facility
 Give love and sympathy
 Socialization
 Production and rearing of children
 Non-Essential Function
 Religion function
 Economic function
 Education function

4. Religion institutions
A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to the sacred things, that is
to say things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community called the church, all those who adhere to them. (JOHN
MACIONIS)
Function of religion institution
 Social cohesion
 Social control
 Provide explanation
 Positive social change
 Psychological support
 Provide description
 Explaining the unexplained

AYESHA IFTIKHAR / 19010920-074

5. Economic institutions

6
 The ECONOMY is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of
goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide
these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When
people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such
as currency (in industrialized societies).
The term ‘economic institutions’ is usually used for socially sanctioned such concepts
and structures which men have developed in the process of satisfy their material needs.
Economic institutions provide basic physical subsistence for society and meet needs for
food, shelter, clothing and necessities of life.
Economic growth and development have changed the pattern of interaction of people all
over the world.
EXAMPLE: Well-established arrangements and structures that are part of structure or
society, e.g., competitive markets, the banking system, kids’ allowances, customary
tipping, and a system of property rights are examples of economic institutions.
Functions of economic institution
Following are the functions of economic institution which include Needs satisfaction,
power and authority, Employment, Division of Labor and Provision of funds.
 Power and Authority
Those who have access and possess more economic resources they are powerful
and authoritative in society. Wealth and economic resources are the source of
power in society, the holder of wealth can control various agencies of society.
 Needs Satisfaction
In modern world, our basic needs have enormously increased. We need industrial
and agricultural goods and services to survive in modern world. Economic
institutions are obligated to satisfy those needs.
 Employment
Economic institution creates jobs opportunities for people through which, they
can generate income and earn their livelihood. That’s how people in the society
satisfy their basic needs. Many businesses are developed under the economic
institution.
 Division of Labor
Economic institution creates jobs for the people who acquire different skill sets.
The roles and responsibilities of employee depend on their skills.
 Provisions of Funds
Economic institution provides economic assistance to other institutions as well. It
provides funds to government in the shape of taxes and to the family in the shape
of salaries.

REFERENCES

7
 Miller, Seumas, "Social Institutions", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer
2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
 Mondal, P. (a.n.d.). Religion: Meaning, Definitions and Components of Religion.
Yourarticlelibrary.
 www.sociologyguide.com/basicconcepts/Social-Institutions.php
 Sustainable Development Indicator Group, Working Draft Framework, Version 2, June 4,
1996\