BIOFUELS REPORT BSME -3 GROUP 2

-Nuera Russel Jay

-Makaandal Marsali

-Sygaco Christian

-Lauron Menjude

-Bentulan Rico

-Languido John Mark

TOPICS

1. BIOFUELS (INTRO)
2. TYPES of BIOFUELS
3. GENERATION OF BIOFUELS
4. EXAMPLES OF FUELS which applies BIOFUEL

Biofuels are fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic material –biomass –including plant
materials and animal waste.

BIOFUELS BIOMASS
• Usually reserved for liquid or gaseous • Biological raw material that the fuel is
fuels, used for transportation made of, or some form of thermally or
chemically altered solid end product
TYPES OF BIOFUEL:

1.) BIOETHANOL- non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as
a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form
(E100), but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle
emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the United States and in Brazil.

2.) BIODIESEL - Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most
common biofuel in Europe. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (B100), but it is
usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered.
 GENERATION OF BIOFUELS

FIRST GENERATION
• “First-generation" or conventional biofuels are biofuels made from food crops grown on arable
land. With this biofuel production generation, food crops are thus explicitly grown for fuel
production, and not anything else. The sugar, starch, or vegetable oil obtained from the crops is
converted into biodiesel or ethanol, using transesterification, or yeast fermentation.
 SECOND GENERATION
• Second-generation biofuels are fuels manufactured from various types of biomass.
Biomass is a wide-ranging term meaning any source of organic carbon that is renewed rapidly as
part of the carbon cycle. Biomass is derived from plant materials, but can also include animal
materials.

Comparison between 1st and 2nd Generation

THIRD GENERATION
- Microalgae are cultivated by different methods e.g. photoautotrophic, heterotrophic,
photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic, then harvested by the bulking method in which
microalgae are isolated from suspension through floatation, flocculation or gravity
sedimentation. Thickening is the second stage used to concentrate the algal slurry after bulking
process.
FOURTH GENERATION

- Similarly to third-generation biofuels, fourth-generation biofuels are made using non-arable

land. However, unlike third-generation biofuels, they do not require the destruction of biomass.
This class of biofuels includes electrofuels and photobiological solar fuels. Some of these fuels
are carbon-neutral.

EXAMPLES OF FUELS which applies BIOFUEL

1. BIOGAS 6. GREEN DIESEL

2. SYNGAS 7. STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL (SVO)
3. ETHANOL 8. BIOETHERS
4. METHANOL
5. BUTANOL
1. BIOGAS
- Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic
material by anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials or by the
use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas yields. The solid
byproduct, digestate, can be used as a biofuel or a fertilizer.

- Farmers can produce biogas from manure from their cattle by using anaerobic digesters.

2. SYNGAS
- Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other hydrocarbons, is produced by partial
combustion of biomass, that is, combustion with an amount of oxygen that is not sufficient to
convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water. Before partial combustion, the
biomass is dried, and
sometimes pyrolysed. The
resulting gas mixture, syngas,
is more efficient than direct
combustion of the original
biofuel; more of the energy
contained in the fuel is
extracted.
3. ETHANOL
- Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide (esp. Brazil), are produced by fermentation
of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch
from which alcoholic beverages such as whiskey, can be made (such as potato and fruit waste,
etc.).
- The ethanol production methods used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored
starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation and drying.
- Ethanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline; it can be mixed with
gasoline to any percentage.
- An advantage of ethanol is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free gasoline available
at roadside gas stations, which allows an increase of an engine's compression ratio for increased
thermal efficiency.
- Ethanol is also used to fuel bioethanol fireplaces. As they do not require a chimney and are
"flueless", bioethanol fires are extremely useful for newly built homes and apartments without a
flue.

4. METHANOL
- Methanol fuel is an alternative biofuel for internal combustion and other engines, either in
combination with gasoline or independently. Methanol (CH3OH) is less expensive to produce
sustainable than ethanol fuel, although it is generally more toxic and has lower energy density.
5. BUTANOL
Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. It is more similar to gasoline
than it is to ethanol. A C4-hydrocarbon, butanol is a drop-in fuel and thus works in vehicles
designed for use with gasoline without modification. It can be produced from biomass (as
"biobutanol") as well as fossil fuels (as "petrobutanol“) both biobutanol and petrobutanol have
the same chemical properties. Butanol from biomass is called biobutanol.

6. GREEN DIESEL
- Green diesel is produced through hydrocracking biological oil feedstocks, such as vegetable oils
and animal fats. Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevated temperatures and
pressure in the presence of a catalyst to break down larger molecules, such as those found in
vegetable oils, into shorter hydrocarbon chains used in diesel engines.
- It may also be called renewable diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO fuel) or hydrogen-
derived renewable diesel.

7. STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL (SVO)

- Used vegetable oil is increasingly being processed into biodiesel, or (more rarely) cleaned of
water and particulates and then used as a fuel.
- As with 100% biodiesel (B100), to ensure the fuel injectors atomize the vegetable oil in the
correct pattern for efficient combustion, vegetable oil fuel must be heated to reduce
its viscosity to that of diesel, either by electric coils or heat exchangers. This is easier in warm or
temperate climates.
- Vegetable oil can also be used in many older diesel engines that do not use common rail or unit
injection electronic diesel injection systems.
8. BIOETHERS
SOURCES

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--M.R., Bilal, M.J., Ashraf, M.U.F., Waqar, A., Mehmood, M.A., Saeed, M. and Nashat, N. (2019) -
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