UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI

COURSE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TOPIC

Child Labor in pakistan

Submitted by
SHAFIQ UL HAQ
EP-0805132
M.E.F (final)
2010

Submitted to
SIR ABUZAR WAJDI
Table of Contents

Topics......................................................................Page#

Executive
Summary......................................................3
Observation.....................................................
..............4
Broad problem
area………………………………….4-5
Preliminary Data
Collection..........................................5
Literature
Survey...........................................................5
Research Article 1&Summary………………..….
…..5-6
Research Article 2 & Summary...………..……..
……6-7
Research Article3&Summary...
………………………7
ResearchArticle4&Summary……………………
……8
ResearchArticle5&Summary……………………
……9
Problem
Definition.......................................................9
Statement of problem……………………………...
…10

2
Identification of
variables…………………………....10
Theoretical
Framework................................................11
Development of
Hypothesis.........................................12
Research
Design...........................................................1
3
Conclusion …….
…………………………………......13
Sample
Questionnaire .................................................
.14
Analysis and interpretation to
Questionnaire............14-15

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project is about a very controversial issue child
labor. The report talks about world-wide problem of
child labor and how different countries are exploiting
children by making them work for longer hours and
gaining benefit more out of it.

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Child labor is a multi-dimensional issue and the
organizations involved in condemning it have their own
perspectives, objectives and interests. With no intentions
of demystifying this complex, one would
focus on the difference between child labor and child
work, and possible consequences of deliberate or
unapprised exercise of the two terms interchangeably.
Child labor reflects the violation of child rights leading
to exploitation and deprivations of all kinds. Child work
reflects social inequity and insecurity, dearth of social
safety networks, magnitude of poverty, paucity of
opportunities for health and education, and financial
independence. The report also states the reasons behind
child labor like a very common reason is poverty and
lack of education. It further talks about different ways to
stop this problem. In the end the report is concluded that
child labor is a curse and it should be finished from its
root to make this world a happy place to live.

OBSERVATION
In Pakistan we observed that from long span of time the percentage
of child labor
increases a lot. Above 40% of child labor working in manufacturing
sectors.
Children’s do work because to support their families which are living
under the
dominance of poverty. Many NGO’S are fighting against child labor
but still child
labor exist in Pakistan. As for as technology increase child labor also
increases
throughout the world. The constitutional act against child labor is In-
efficient that is

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not completely implemented by Government. And also lack of
resources, literacy
rate, poverty, inflation and unemployment are major causes of child
labor.

INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LABOR

God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the
signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose
the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many
walks of life.
Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of
God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty
of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes
and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy
through their innocence.

But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial
problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek
knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that
they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes,
they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact
that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of
their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These
are also part of our society who has forgotten the pleasures of their childhood.

Child labour is the employment of children at regular and sustained

labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many countries and
international organizations. Child labour was utilized to varying extents
through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of
universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during industrialization, and
with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. Child labour is
still common in some places where the school leaving age is lower.
Child labour is common in some parts of the world, and can be factory
work, mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents'
business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or
doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with
bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters).
Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes,
polishing shoes, stocking a store's products, or cleaning. However, rather than in
factories and sweatshops, most child labor occurs in the informal sector, "selling
many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses far from
the reach of official labor inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that
they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay.

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According to UNICEF, there is an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 in
child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. The most widely rejected
forms of child labour include the military use of children as well as child prostitution.

PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION

Preliminary data is collected through:
Library research
Internet hunting

LITERATURE SURVEY

ARTICLE 1
Write up :
By: Amin Ahmed
July 14, 2008 Monday

Pakistan lacks adequate system of child labour statistics

Pakistan still lacks an adequate national system of child labour statistics which could
provide reliable quantitative information on the number of working
children.
The statistical programmed should also provide baseline information on the reference
child population engaged in what Convention No. 138 terms ‘work or employment’,
of which child labour is a subset.
Information of child labour in the so- called ‘unconditional worst forms’ is an
especially important and challenging component of a national statistical programme
on child labour.
Child labour is widely recognized as a major hindrance to achieve the Education For
All (EFA) goals.
Incidence of children’s work also declined during that period. The ILO’s most recent
global report on child labour emphasized the important contribution that action
against child labour can make to the Education For All process. Children living in
rural areas attend school less than their urban counterparts regardless of their working
status.

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Child labour not only represents a severe obstacle to school attendance, it also
interferes with the educational performance of children who combine school and
work.
Street children, child beggars, child porters, child rag- pickers, child scavengers and
child domestic workers are the worst forms of child labour and require government’s
plan of action to curb them.

ARTICLE 2
Write up :
By: MUHAMMAD ALY BALAGAMWALA

CHILDREN: LABOURERS OF NECESSITY

Millions of children in developing countries (and even in developed countries) are

forced to work in order to support their families. Reliable child labour statistics are
scant due to the reluctance of many governments to acknowledge the problem. The
International Labor Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Children Emergency
Fund (UNICEF) estimate the total number of child workers to be between 200 and
250 million, 95 percent of which are in developing countries.
What exactly is ‘Child Labour’? Child Labour is the natural outcome of extenuating
circumstances, which evolved when the compelling forces of abject poverty,
burgeoning population, and non-existent facilities of health, education and welfare,
exploited the deprived and disadvantaged populace."
Many organizations and governments round the world actively campaign for the
abolishment of Child Labour. The fate of children banned from Bangladesh’s garment
industry four years ago is a case in point. Deprived of much needed income, most of
the children were forced to take on harmful, less well-paid work, including
prostitution."
Not surprisingly most children work to support their families. A child labourer’s
mother says, "No parent wants to see their child work; it is because of economic
pressure and poor standards of education." For most children, this work is just a form
of apprenticeship. Child Labour as long as it is voluntary and the working conditions
are good is not bad. Even the child labourers themselves agree.

ARTICLE 3
Write up:
By: Ali Arif
Feb: 27, Tuesday, 2007

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Organized child abuse in south Punjab

The place called Munda Khana or child prostitutes’ den housed such 10 to 15 child
sex workers who had to sleep with their customers. The master of the den namely
Dushman would charge Rs50 from each customer and give Rs25 to the child as
wages.
After a week, another Munda Khana adopted Yasir. “Every child sex worker has to
retire from the occupation after attaining puberty,” says Yasir, now 16-year-old who
begs and sleeps on roads.
Presently, over 50 child sex houses are functioning in the city where nearly 500
children are at service.
Child abuse at a commercial level is not only done in DG Khan but in other nearby
towns like Taunsa and Kotaddu. Some hotels in Multan provide child sex workers on
demand.
Multan District Police Officer Munir Chishti said sodomy was very rare in his district.
Multan District Coordination Officer Mukhtar Babar admitted that child abuse had
reached an alarming level in southern districts, adding that the Punjab government
was also paying attention to the problem.
Dera Social Welfare District Officer Ghulam Abbas Dasti said a children’s home was
being set up and another centre sheltering children, Nigehbaan, would set up at a cost
of Rs198 million.

ARTICLE 4
Write up :
By: John Mollica
October 2008

Investigating Child Slave Labor

Although our modern American society respects the rights of children through various
labor laws, Child Slave Labor is still ever more present in our world today. As Dan
Mcdougall reports in his article for “The Observer,” innocent children are forced to
work in rough conditions and long hours to produce clothing for Gap Kids:
Through this description, Mcdougall uncovers the distinct reality that is child slave
labor by exposing the personal story of Amitosh, a child slave working at a Gap Kids
factory located in New Delhi, India.

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Despite Gap’s efforts in 2004 to abolish all child slave labor producing factories
making clothing for their various chains, abusive subcontractors who continue to try
and lower their cost of production to meet the strong demands for cheap clothing from
the west still use cheap child slave labor. “ The International Labour Organization,
part of the UN, estimates 284,000 child laborers work on cocoa farms [in the Ivory
Coast]... Americans have already responded negatively after learning of the prominent
child labor force in
the cocoa farming industry. Various lawsuits have been filed against chocolate
companies that import their cocoa from the Ivory Coast such as Nestlé. With a
workforce of about 284,000 child slaves, many of which were tricked into working on
these cocoa farms, the pro-active lawsuits against such companies were much needed
there. Although the demand of cheap labor in China is a major stimulus to their
economy, the Chinese government has taken action towards breaking up labor rings
which mainly utilize the work of forced child slave labor. In “The New York Times,”
David Barboza reports the efforts of the Chinese government in breaking up “a child
labor ring that forced children from poor, inland areas to work in booming coastal
cities, acknowledging that severe labor abuses extended into the heart of its export
economy” (Barboza).
(Barboza) The cruel and unjust reality of child slave labor can be seen in various
industries which are producers of goods that are sold in stores across the United States
including the clothing industry, the cocoa harvesting agricultural industry as well as
the toy manufacturing industry. Although many steps have already been taken to not
only improve the working conditions and labor laws for children in these industries,
but also to rescue abducted children who were forced into labor; much more still
needs to be done in order to ensure that every product sold by companies in the
United States is not produced by the hands of an innocent child slave laborer.

ARTICLE 5
Write up :
By: Amin Ahmed
June 12, 2007 Tuesday

Child labour in Pakistan continues to rise

As the World Day against Child Labour on Tuesday focuses on the elimination of
child labour in agriculture, the volume of child labour in Pakistan continues to rise;
whereas globally some 70 per cent of child labour is found in agriculture; many of
them engaged in forced and hazardous activities.
Male child labourers outnumbered female child labourers in both urban and rural
areas, while the contribution of rural areas in child labour was about eight times
higher than that of urban areas. Among male employed children elementary
(unskilled) occupations were the most prevalent.

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Craft and related trade activities are ranked second and absorb about 19 per cent of
male working children. Male child labour is more educated than female.

References:
www.goarticles.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
www.dawnnews.com

PROBLEM DEFINITION
The fight against child labor is a real challenge for many of the States. It
is worth taking up the challenge; what is at stake is the future of young
people and hence of society itself. This fight is also a challenge for the
world. We should all strive to solve this problem to make this world a
better place to live.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

“What are the forces which enforce child

to do work behind the economy?”

(CAUSES)
IDENTIFICATION OF VARABLES
A variable is any thing that can on differing or varying values.
Following are the types of variable that we identified in our
research:
1. Dependent variable
2. Independent variable
3. Moderating variable
4. Intervening variable

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DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the
researcher. In other words it is the main variable that lends itself for
investigation as a viable factor. In this research report dependent
variable is “CHILD LABOR ENFORCED BY ECONOMY”. It is due to
because our whole research is moving on the basis of this variable.
So dependent variable is:
“child labor enforced by economy”

INDEPENDDENT VARIABLE:
An independent variable is one that influences the dependent
variable in either a
positive or negative way. With each unit of increase in independent
variable, there is
an increase os decrease in dependent variable also. So in our
research “poverty,
literacy rate and unemployment” is the independent variables. These
factors
influence the dependent variable either in a positive way or in a
negative way
depending on situation.

MODERATING VARIABLE:
Moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on
the independent variable-dependent variable relationship. “cost of
child labor” is the moderating variable in our research. It is due to
because it is low cost incurred on child labor and get huge work
from them.

INTERVENING VARIABLE:
Intervening variable is
Profitability

THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire
research project is
based. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network
of association
among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation.
Few basic features of the theoretical framework have been
discussed now:

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DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESES
A hypothesis is a logically conjectured relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form of testable statement.
Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network o

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associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for
the research study.

NULL HYPOTHESIS:
“child labor enforced by the economy” is our null hypothesis.

ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:
“child labor is not enforced by the economy” is our alternate hypothesis.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:
“0.05” is our level of significance

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
Since our calculated value lies inside of critical region therefore we
reject alternate hypothesis and accept null hypothesis. Its mean that
"child labor enforced by the economy”

RESEARCH DESIGN

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Research design is a step by step process. It provides the basis for
testimony. The need of the research itself determines the methodology
and the design of the research.
Detail of study includes:
Purpose of the study
Types of investigation
Extent of researcher interference
Study setting
Unit of analysis
Time horizon

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

Our purpose of study is “Hypothesis testing” because in this research
we test our hypothetical statement which we developed in previous
step.

TYPES OF INVESTIGATION:
Our type of investigation is “correlation” because we find the
important variables or factors that contribute their part in
percentage increase in labor child.

STUDY SETTING:
Nature of our research is of “non contrived” because we do our
research in natural environment and not in Artificial environment
that is not in labs.

UNIT OF ANALYSIS:
In our research unit of analysis is “population” because in this
research, questioner are filled by everyone who is the part of
society.

TIME HORIZON:
Our study is “one-shot” or “cross-sectional studies” because in this
research data are gathered just once in order to answer research
questions.

8. CONCLUSION:
The situation of child labour is very bed in Pakistan ,we need to
improve this situation .Government makes policies to control child
labour in the country, As well as NGO's will also play there roll to
remove child labour from the society.

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QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS
• No. Of questionnaire filled: 100
• Percentage of response rate: 94%

SAMPLE QUESTIONERE

Child Labor

Questionnaire
This questionnaire is to help our survey on Child labor and your time would be really
appreciated. We assure you that your identity will remain confidential.
Honesty is the best policy.

Age: ___________ Gender: ___________

Occupation: __________ Institute/Org: _______

Q1: Are you in support of child labor?

a: Yes b: No c: don’t know

Q2: Which social evil are children most vulnerable to in child labor?
a: Drugs b: Sexual abuse c:Violence/Crime
d: Various diseases such as HIV/AIDS
e: If other, please specify__________________

Q3: How many NGOs do you know in Pakistan who are fighting child
labor?
a: 1-5 b: 5-10 c: More than 10 d: None

Q4: If child labor is completely abolished in developing countries then

the economy of such countries will a: Rise b: Fall
c:Not be affected Q5: Child labor is the most prevalent in
a: Africa Asia b: South America
c: another please specify_________________

Q6: Is there any existing act in Pakistan’s constitution which protects

child labor?
a: Yes and efficient b: Yes and in-efficient
c: No but would be efficient if existed d: No and would be in-efficient if existed

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Q7: In which sector is child labor mostly found?
a: Automobile industry b: Agriculture c: Manufacturing
d: Leather industry e: if other pleases specify_____________

Q8: How many children are involved in child labor throughout the world?
a: 250 million 500 million
b: 600 million 1000 million

Q9: With the development in science and technology what do you think
is the change in growth of child labor?
a :Decrease b: Increase c: No change

Q10: Should child labor be supported in third world countries like

Pakistan?
a: Yes b: No c: To some extent

Q11: Will child labor decrease as poor countries develop?

a: Yes b: No c: No change as both are mutually exclusive

Q12: In which province of Pakistan does child labor exist the most?
a: Sind b: Punjab c: Baluchistan d: N.W.F.P

Q13: Say a child labor act is being made. In your opinion what should be
the minimum age for a child to start working?
a: 8 b: 10 c: 12 d: 14 e: I don’t support child labor at all

Q14: Is the poor education a cause of child labor?

a: Yes b: No

Q15: why does child labor still exist in the Pakistan after all the laws and reforms?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
THE END

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