TS 1247 Mixing, Placing and Curing of Concrete (Normal Weather Conditions)

0 - SUBJECT, DESCRIPTION, SCOPE, OBJECTIVE, FIELD OF APPLICATION ................ one

0.1 - SUBJECT ............................................... ............................................... ....................... one
0.2 - DEFINITIONS ............................................... .................................................. ............... one
0.2.1Concrete ............................................. ....................................... .................................... one
0.2.2 - Normal Weather Condition ....................................... .................................... one
0.2.3 – Average Temperature ............................ .................................................. .................. one
0.2.4 - Mixing, Duration .................................... .................................................. .................. one
0.2.5 - Business Joint ................................................................. ................................... one
0.3 - SCOPE ............................................... .................................................. .................. one
0.4 - OBJECTIVE ......................................... .................................................. ....................... one
0.5 - APPLICATION AREA ...................................... .................................................. ... one
1 - GENERAL RULES .............................................. ............................................... one
2 - RULES ............................................... .................................................. ......... 2nd
2.1 - DETERMINATION OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF ELEMENTS WHICH CREATE THE
CONCRETE ............ 2
2.1.1 - Suitability of Aggregate ............................ .................................................. ........... 2nd
2.1.2 - Suitability of Cement ............................ .................................................. ......... 2nd
2.1.3 - Suitability of Mixed Water ............................ .................................................. . 2nd
2.1.4 - Eligibility of Additives ................... ............................................. 2nd
2.2 - STORAGE OF CONCRETE MIXING ELEMENTS ............................................ .. 2nd
2.2.1 - General ........................... .................................................. .................................... 3
2.2.2 - Aggregate Storage ..................................... .................................................. ....... 3
2.2.3 - Cement Storage .................................. .................................................. ..... 3
2.2.4 - Storage of Additives ........................... ............................................ 3
2.2.5 - Water Storage .................................. .................................................. .............. 3
2.3 - MEASUREMENT OF CONCRETE MIXING ELEMENTS ................................ .. 3
2.3.1 - General ...................... .................................................. .................................... 3
2.3.2 - Measuring Aggregate .................... .................................................. ............. 3
2.3.3 - Measuring Cement ....................... .................................................. .......... 3
2.3.4 - Measuring Water ...................... .................................................. ................... 3
2.3.5 - Measuring Additives ............................. .................................................. .3
2.4 - MIXING OF THE COMPONENTS THAT MAKE THE CONCRETE .............................. 4
2.4.1General ............................................. .................................................. ................................4
2.4.2 - Manual Mixing .................................. .................................................. ..................... 4
2.4.3 - Mixing with Concrete Mixers .......................................... ............................................ 4
2.4.4 - Mixing Proficiency ............................ .................................................. ................. 5
2.4.5 - Additional Water Added ............................. ....................................... ....................... 5
2.4.6 - Unloading .............. .................................................. ............................... 5
2.5 - TRANSPORTING THE CONCRETE ................................. .............................................. 5
2.5.1 - General .................................. .................................................. .................................... 5
2.5.2 - Transport of Concrete on the Site .......................................... ..................................... 5
2.6 - WORK JOINTS .............................................. .................................................. ........... 6
2.7 - CONCRETE CASTING .............................................. .................................................. ..... 6
2.7.1 - General ................................... .................................................. .................................... 6
2.8 - PRE-CAST PREPARATION ............................................. ............................. 7
2.9 - COMPRESSING THE CONCRETE .................................. ...................................... 7
2.9.1 - General ................................. .................................................. .................................... 7
2.9.2 - Compaction by Vibration (Vibration) ........................................................................ 8
2.9.3 - Tightening and Squeezing Compression ......................... .................................. 8
2. 10 - MAINTENANCE OF THE CONCRETE ............................................ .......................... .. 9
2.10.1 - General ............................................. ................................ .................................. 9
2.11 - CLEANING OF CONCRETE .............................................. ..................................... 10
2.11.1 - General ............................................. ............................. ................................ 10
2.11.2 - Cleaning With Acid Or Alkali ......................................... ............................................. 10
2.11.3 - Putty Cleaning ........................................... .................................................. ......... 10
2.11.4 - Cleaning With Steam And Water ............................... ...................................... .. 10
2.11.5 - Sand Blast Cleaning .......................................... ............................................. 11th
2.12 - REPAIR OF CONCRETE .............................................. ....................................... 11th
2.12.1 - General ............................................. .................................... ................................ 11th
2.12.2 - Preparation for Approval ................................................................... .............. 11th
2.12.3 - Material to be used in it ........................................... ......................................... 11th
2.13 - INSPECTION OF CONCRETE MAKING CASTING AND MAINTENANCE IN THE
WORKPLACE ....................... 11
2.13.1 - General .............................. .................................................. ................................ 11th
2.13.2 Audits .............................................. .................................................. ...................... 11th
2.13.3 - Inspections to be made during the construction, casting and maintenance of
concrete ..................... 11
2.13.4 - Records to be kept ........................................... .................................................. .. 11th
TS 1248 Mixing Placing and Curing of Concrete Abnormal Weather Conditions

0 - SUBJECT, RECIPE, SCOPE, AIM, APPLICATION AREA ...................................... . one

0.1 - SUBJECT ........................................ .................................................. ....................... one
0.2 - RECIPES ......................................... .................................................. ................ one
0.2.1 - Concrete .......................... .................................................. .................................... one
0.2.2 - Average
Temperature ...................................... .................................................. .................. one
0.2.3 - Abnormal weather Conditions ........................................................................ ............. one
0.2.4 - Excessive Cold Weather ................................ .................................. .................... one
0.2.5 - Excessive Hot Air ........................................... ................................. ..................... one
0.2.6 - Concrete Mixing Elements ........................................... .................................. ....... one
0.2.7 - Concrete Mixing Temperature ............................. ..................................... .......... one
0.2.8 - Concrete Placing Temperature ........................................... .............................. .... one
0.2.9 - Curing ............................................. .......................... ........................................ one
0.2.10 - Curing Agent ............................................ ................................. ........................ one
0.2.11 - Protection ............................................. .................................. ............................... 2nd
0.2.12 - Pillbox ............................................. ...................................... .............................. 2nd
0.2.13 - Other Recipes ............................................ ................................. ........................ 2nd
0.3 - SCOPE ............................................... .................................................. .................. 2nd
0.4 - OBJECTIVE .................................... .................................................. ....................... 2nd
0.5 - APPLICATION AREA .............................................. .................................................. ... 2 nd
1 - REGARDING CONCRETE CASTING WORKS UNDER ABORMAL WEATHER
CONDITIONS
MEASURES AND MATTERS TO BE PROVIDED IN EYES ......... 2
2 - CONCRETE MAKING, CASTING AND MAINTENANCE IN COLD WEATHER ............... 3
2.1 - GENERAL RULES ....................................... .................................................. .. 3
2.1.1 - General ............................................. ................................... .................................... 3
2.1.2 - Protection of Concrete After the First Frost in Autumn ................................................ 3
2.1.3 - Placing Concrete in Cold Weather .......................................... ................................. 3
2.1.4 - Concrete Protection Period ........................................... ................................ ............. 4
2.1.5 - Effectiveness of Protection Process .............................. ................................. ...... 4
2.1.6 - Pouring Concrete in Heated Closed Areas ........................................ ............................. 4
2.1.7 - Collapse Value of Flooring Concretes .......................................... ........................ 4
2.1.8 - The Importance of Temperature in Concrete Placement ................................................. 4
2.1.9 - Precautions to Be Taken When Pouring Concrete in Winter ........................................ 5
2.2 - TEMPERATURE OF THE CONCRETE PLACED AND HEATING THE MIXING
ELEMENTS.................................. 6
2.2.1 - General.................................... 6
2.2.2 - Concrete Temperature ........................... .................................................. ...................... 6
2.2.3 - Calculation of Concrete Temperature .......................... ..................................... 6
2.2.4 - Heating of Mixing Elements ........................................... ............................................... 7
2.3 - PREPARATIONS BEFORE CONCRETE CASTING .......................... .............. 7
2.3.1 - General ............................................. .................... .................................... 7
2.3.2 - Preparations ............................................. ........................... .............................. 8
2.4 - CONSERVATION FOR CONCRETE ACCORDING TO WHICH IS EXPOSED TO LOAD
AND COLD REQUIREMENTS................... 8
2.4.1 - General ....................................................................... .................................... 8
2.4.2 - Foundations and Infrastructures ...................................................................... ............ 8
2.4.3 - Mass Concrete .......................... .................................................. ....................... 8
2.4.4 - Other Concrete Parts Exposed to Weather Conditions.. ..................... 8
2.5 - CARRIER CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS BEFORE REMOVING MOLD AND STRAPS
CONDITIONS OF CONSERVATION FOR CONCRETE................................ 8
2.5.1 - General........................................ .................................... 8
2.5.2 - Extension of the Duration of Protection .......................................... .................... 9
2.5.3 - Time to Remove Molds and Posts ......................................... ................................... 9
2.5.4 - Shortening the Removal Time .......................................... ........................................ 10
2.6 - ACCELERATION OF STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT ............................................. .... 10
2.6.1 - General.......................................... .................................. 10
2.6.3 - Other Socket Agitators and Additives ................... ................................. 11th
2.7 - PROTECTION ........................... .................................................. ................11th
2.7.1 - General ............................................. ...................... .................................. 11th
2.7.2 - Protection with Heat
Insulation .......................................... .................................................. ........... 11th
2.7.3 - Protection with
Pillboxes ........................................... .................................................. .......... 15
2.8 - MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING TEMPERATURES ..................... ..... 16
2.9 - CONCRETE CURE AND METHODS ....................... ................................... 16
3 - CONCRETE MAKING CASTING AND MAINTENANCE IN HOT WEATERS ..................... 16
3.1 - GENERAL RULES ................................ .................................................. .17

3.2 - CONCRETE PLACEMENT TEMPERATURE ........................ ............................ 17

3.2.1 - GENERAL ............................................. ............... ................................ 17
3.2.2 - Aggregate................................ 17
3.2.3 - Mixing Water ...................... .................................................. ....................... 17
3.2.4 - Cement ................................................................................. .............................. 17
3.3 - ADDITIVES TO DELAY HARDENING AND REDUCE MIX WATER REQUEST
ITEMS................. 18
3.4 - PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE MIXTURE ................... 18
3.4.1 - General.................................. 18
3.4.2 - Concrete Casting and Placement Process ......................................... ............ 18
3.5 - Protection and Curing.......... 18
3.6 - MOLDS ............................................... .................................................. ............... 19
3.7 - TEMPERATURE RECORDS ................................ ................................................ 19
2.1.1 - Suitability of Aggregate
- Mixing and pouring if the aggregate to be used in concrete production is in compliance with TS
706.
the largest grain size and grain determined in accordance with TS 802.
whether or not the aggregate is dispersed in size, before the aggregate enters the concrete
It is bakõlmalõdõ. Corrections permitted by standards should be made in unsuitable situations,
nose
Where it is not possible, aggregate should be treated or replaced.
NOTE - Aggregate agent in the durability of concrete exposed to harmful chemical effects (TS
3440)
lime in the limestone or binder of the aggregates of concretes that will encounter acid effects.
Care should be taken to ensure that there are no sandstones available.
During the storage of the properties sought in the aggregate, water, wind, etc. care for
deterioration due to reasons
should be shown, and if suspicious, features should be re-determined if they are preserved or
not

2.1.3 - Suitability of Mixed Water

Although the best of concrete mixing water is drinking water, it has been tried and used well
before.
All the waters that have grown can be used as concrete mixture water. To be used in reinforced
concrete
The pH value of the mixed water should not be less than 7.
Corrosive carbonic acid, manganese compounds, ammonium salts, free Chlorine, oils, or
There should be no free substances and industry residues. In liters, most. 15 g and high in
dissolved form 2 g mineral salt and up to 3 g SO2 per liter
Sea water is also concrete, in accordance with the above conditions. It can be used as mixed
water. Sea water only
Since the concretes made with yu are seen to be stained after a while, this is related to the
outer appearance of the building.
the effect of the subject and the reduction of the sea water's concrete strength, especially in hot
regions'
It should be taken into consideration that it may cause corrosion. Pre-tensioned concrete
elements
sea water in the construction; It is kullanõlmamalõdõ.

 
Salt water should not be used in concretes made with aluminous cement.

Generally, if the waters are not sweet, salty or sour, provided the waters are clear,
It can be used as concrete mixing water without the need.
Turbid waters, concrete if the amount of turbidity causing turbidity is not more than 2000 mg / l
It can be used as a mixture water. Containing more than this amount of wear substance or any
Therefore, the proficiency test applied to five tones made with water suspected of suitability
If it gives results, there is no harm in using it as a concrete mixture water.

2.1.4 - Eligibility of Additives Substances to be added to improve concrete properties must

comply with TS 3452 and TS 3456. Contribution payment It is in compliance with the standard
when it is suspected that its substances will change its properties during storage. It should be
checked that it is not.

2.2 - STORAGE OF CONCRETE MIXING ELEMENTS

2.2.1 - General
TS 706 for aggregate in the storage of aggregate, cement, water and additives forming the
concrete,
TS 19 for cement, TS 3456 and TS 3452 for additives must be observed. Other must follow
The issues are addressed in Maddo 2.2.2, 2.2.3 and 2.2.4.
2.2.2 - Aggregate Storage
The aggregate should be stored on a clean and hard surface in horizontal or near bed layers.
Network-to prevent contamination of the rega, alteration or separation of the grain composition
by crumbling Excavators, dragers, loaders, and transporter construction machines are hovered
over the stored aggregate. cost (Figure - 1a). The wind's modifying effect on grain composition
should be prevented (Figure - 1b). Grain classes The separated aggregates should be
prevented from crumbling or mixing in the warehouse area (Figure - 1c).
It should be ensured that the moisture content of the aggregate remains as unchanged as
possible. It will be stored The amount of aggregate should be kept to a minimum, so as not to
cause fine grain accumulation.
While the aggregate is stored in silos, the points mentioned in Figure - 2 are taken into
consideration. bulundurulma-Lodon.
2.2.3 - Storage of Cement
Considering the volume of silos where bulk cement will be stored, the speed of use of cement,
cement It should be determined in such a way that it does not wait long in the silo. The inner
surfaces of the silos are smooth and smooth.
The bottom of the cylindrical silos should have a horizontal angle of at least 50 °. In prism-
shaped silos this angle should not be less than 55 °. Silos are emptied frequently (at least once
a month) until the end it should be used so that the cement does not solidify in the silo.

2.2.4 - Storage of Additives In the storage of additives, those mentioned in 2.2.3 should be
taken into consideration.
2.2.5 - Water Storage The tanks to be used for the storage of water, substances that may be
harmful for mixing water must have been made of material that will not transfer.

2.3 - MEASUREMENT OF CONCRETE MIXING ELEMENTS

2.3.1 - General TS in order to obtain concrete in desired consistency and workability, strength
and durability. The amount of mixture elements found by calculating in accordance with 802,
concrete production and It must be ensured that it remains unchanged during the casting.

2.4 - MIXING THE ELEMENTS WHICH CREATE THE CONCRETE

2.4.1 - General
During the mixing of the elements that make up the concrete, the structure of the concrete, its
workability feature,
Avoid applications where strength and durability will be affected negatively. Snow, driving
During aggregate grain distribution, there should be no change in the amount of additives if
there is water, cement,
mixing equipment, the largest grain size and lowest strength concrete found.
It must have the power and quality to be able to mix and discharge, in the use of the mixing
equipment, 'Staff trained and experienced in concrete should be utilized.

2.4.2 - Manual Blending Mixing the concrete forming elements by hand should be avoided.
However, when necessary, grobeton and to be able to weave BS 12 concretes in half an hour.
The condition of not exceeding The tip can be mixed by hand where fresh concrete does not
mix with foreign materials and Necessary precautions should be taken in order to prevent
increase or decrease in mixing water.

2.4.3 - Mixing with Concrete Mixers   2.4.3.1 - Concrete Mixers Concrete mixers are stable
enough to give adequate mixing in a time appropriate for the construction speed. or moving,
non-tipping or overturning, free fall with oblique or vertical axis, forced May be mixed. Material
loss should not be allowed during filling and mixing. Concrete mixing in the mixer or around the
blades will harden and disrupt the mixing process. For, it must be removed from the material.
The consistency difference in the concrete obtained after mixing. When observed, the agitator
blades should be checked, and if worn, they should be replaced. Mixers full it must be able to be
stopped and restarted while it is installed.
2.4.5 - Additional Water Added
After mixing is completed, random water should not be added to increase the slump value.
However, in order to maintain the concrete's workability feature, while mixing, the water /
cement ratio
A little more water than prescribed may be added, provided that it is below the maximum. In this
case,
It is necessary to apply an additional mixing operation equal to half of the mixing time.

2.5 - TRANSPORTING THE CONCRETE

2.5.1 - General The water cement ratio of the concrete mixture, whatever type of transportation
it is transported instead of casting, Deposition value should not change during transport and
should not be decomposed. Separation is caused by the destruction of the bumps that will
cause shock or impact on the transport road. It can be prevented. The distance of the mix from
the casting location to the type of transport vehicle, taking into account the minimum, Allow
segregation: it must be sufficient to allow.
2.6 - BUSINESS JOINTS
The working hours of the concrete weaving time are still limited due to conditions and / or
technical obligations.
If it is necessary, it is mandatory to make work joints. Places of work joints, concrete placement
process
Before starting, it should be determined based on static principles, preferably during the project
design phase.
Work joints will provide a good look and make it easier for old and new concrete to work
together.
It must be of a nature. Joint surfaces to ensure this in accordance with the concrete technique
- Before starting to install new concrete, all kinds of mortar remnants, dust, dirt, oil and wood
part, etc. must be cleaned,
- It should be processed with a 1: 1 slope, for example, to facilitate fusion.
The cleaning process can be done by spraying pressurized sand, spraying compressed air, or
pressurized water.
It should be made by spraying.
If these are not possible, the surfaces can also be cleaned with a wire brush. That cannot be
cleaned like this
The places should be scraped off with a chisel, and if not, they should be broken down. Loose
part
It is bõrakõlmamalõdõ.
Work joint surfaces must be protected from moisture.
2.7 - CONCRETE CASTING

 
2.7.1 - General
The time elapsed between the beginning of mixing of concrete and the completion of pouring
and compaction.
should be as short as possible, the consistency between the concrete placed in the concrete
mold coming out of the mixer
should not be changed, homogeneity of consistency should be ensured continuously and
separation should not be caused.
Test specimens should be taken on time and adequately and preserved until the test time.
Matters to be considered in order to avoid segregation during transport Article 2.5.1
Is açõklanmõştõ. 

Concrete should be compacted by pouring it in horizontal layers unless technical requirement is

required. Layer
The thicknesses are between 15 cm and 30 cm, so that each layer can be pressed together with
the one poured first.
Selection1), the bottom layer must not have lost its processability during this process. Concrete
the casting must be as continuous as possible fusing the poured concrete with the previous
layer
It is sağlanmalõdõ.

Horizontal movement is minimized since the horizontal movement of concrete will facilitate the
separation of the coarse aggregate. It should be reduced. The points to be considered are
shown schematically in Figure - 4. In order to minimize the possibility of decomposition during
transportation, fresh concrete is poured directly to the place where it will be poured and either it
should be emptied as close to it as possible (Figure - 4e).   When placing the concrete in the
molds, take care not to damage the mold or the bonding material. should be shown (Figure 4a).
Concrete should be poured in the middle of the molds and vertically. No separation for. Free fall
height should not be more than 1.5 m. For narrow and high molds, concrete is not from the top
should be placed from the side pockets (Figure - 4c) The spacing of the side pockets is more
than 1.5 m Is almamalõdõ. In cases where concrete must be poured into the column molds from
the beginning of the column, at least 50 cm into the reinforcement and the column to prevent the
concrete from separating by hitting the stirrup and mold surfaces. An elastic funnel that can be
held parallel to its axis must be used. Collapse of the column balloons, It can be reduced
towards the column head to positively affect the appearance of concrete.

2.8 - PRE-CAST PREPARATION

Soil floors must be compacted before pouring concrete, enough to a depth of 15 cm
it should be moistened so that the first concrete layer to be placed does not absorb the mixture
water.
If concrete is to be poured on rocky ground, loose parts of the ground should be removed,
saturated dry surface
should be brought to the state, care should be taken not to leave puddles.
When concrete pouring is started again after a work joint, the joints are specified in Article 2.6.
should be cleaned of all foreign materials, saturated dry surface like on rock-ground
should be brought to the state.
The mold surfaces of the concrete must be cleaned before starting the concrete casting and can
absorb water.
Parts should be moistened or oiled.

2.9 - COMPRESSING THE CONCRETE

 
2.9.1 - General
Compaction, concrete to obtain the desired strength, if any, there will be no gap between the
reinforcement.
necessary to ensure that it can be wrapped in concrete. It is the process. Compression should
be done with vibrators.
In compulsory cases, skewers and rammers can also be used. Compaction can be effective and
expected benefit
to provide
- The concrete combination must have been calculated in accordance with the compaction
method,
- Compaction, absence of mortar build-up and water percentage on the outer surface of large
concrete exposed to external effects
It should be done from the outside to prevent it from coming.
- Tightening must be finished before the socket starts.
Open concrete surfaces whose compaction has been completed should be finished using
suitable gauges.

2.9.2 - Compression by Vibration

This type of compaction is applied in concretes with slump values between 0 and 10 cm.
Internal vibrators preferred
should be used, in cases where the internal vibrators cannot be used, sufficient tightening, 'if it
proves' surface and
mold and vibrators should be used. The frequency of the vibrator must correspond to the
properties of the concrete. frequency is
It should be checked frequently that it does not change during use.
2.9.2.1 - Compression with Internal Vibrators
The thickness of the layer compacted with such vibrators must be at least 30 cm and at most 70
cm. (Optimum,
thickness is around 50 cm). If the radius of action (R) of the vibrator is not clear, by using
experiments on the site
the distance between the points to be detected and vibration will be less than 40 cm, more than
70 cm.
Under maximum condition, it should be at most 1.75, R, and the vibrator should be kept in
concrete for 5 seconds to 15 seconds.
During the tightening process, the vibrator is close to hold for a long time at distant points.
should be kept at a short time.
Placing and compacting a fresh layer of concrete on a concrete layer that has not yet been
solidified.
the vibrator is about 1/3 of the bottom layer; must be immersed and surface must be
Compression should be continued until a homogeneous appearance is obtained.
The vibrator should be immersed perpendicular to the surface (Figure - 5b).
Compaction on curved surfaces should be started where the concrete thickness is low (Figure –
5a).
The adequacy of compaction, the vibrator, after the bottle is pulled out of the concrete, is a
bright-looking surface.
It is understood to be covered with 13-lacquer. Vibrator, hollow left on the concrete surface of
the bottle, vibrator back
It should be able to close itself by the volume in which the vibrator is retracted as it is drawn.
To achieve an optimum compression, the vibrator bottle is immersed in concrete at a speed of
about 8 cm per second.
It is dõrõlmalõdõ.
Excessive vibration should be avoided as it will cause decomposition. High slump value
Particular attention should be paid to this issue in concretes. Concrete compacted with vibrator,
without normal compacting
Compressive strength can be increased by re-tightening after 45 - 90 minutes. Only this second
pinch
It must be proved that the socket has not started so that it can be applied without any problems.
The admixture, which changes the time of the compaction process, the type of cement used and
the setting time in the concrete.
According to the presence of the substance. It is saptanmalõdõ.
2.9.2 - Compaction by Vibration (Vibration) ........................................................................ 8
2.9.3 - Tightening and Squeezing Compression ......................... .................................. 8
2. 10 - CARE OF CONCRETE
2.10.1 - General
the water content of the fresh concrete placed and compacted so that the cement can complete
hydration
It is sufficient. However, evaporation of this water makes hydration difficult and even disrupted.
This
Therefore, the maintenance of the concrete is to prevent water loss (drying) and keep it at a
harmless level.
Following the weaving to ensure that the hydration can be completed without any errors
It is başlatõlmalõdõ.
Winding dry and wet sacks to be applied for the maintenance of concrete for this purpose,
covering or spraying membrane
which can be accompanied by one or more methods of applying or spraying water. Which
currency method
If used, the molds must be prevented from absorbing water. To ensure this, thick; yağlarõ
Usable Oils must be molded and applied to the inner surface in a thin layer. Wooden molds from
the outside
It should be prevented from drying and opening, especially in hot weather. Drying molds
concrete
Wetting the molds will also eliminate this inconvenience, since water will take from its surface.
 Against the harmful effects listed below until the concrete reaches sufficient strength and
durability.
must be protected by agent
- Showers in a downpour,
- strong wind,
- Extremely cold, frost,
- Excessive temperature rise
- Vibrations that may compromise the concrete structure
- Harmful chemical effects,
- Mechanical effects
2.10.1.1 - Curing Concrete by Selling it to Wet Sacks
2.10.1.2 - Curing of Concrete Using Cover or Spray Membrane
2 10.1.3 - Cure of Concrete by Spraying Water
2.10.1.4 - Harmful Concrete
2.11 - CLEANING THE CONCRETE
2.11.1 - General
Cleaning method, the type of paint or stain to be cleaned, the surface to be cleaned.
varies depending on the size.
2.11.2 - Cleaning With Acid Or Alkali
Acid and alkali solutions to remove stains from mortar and flowers on interior and exterior
concrete surfaces
It is kullanõlõ. The cleaning agent to be used depends on the type of surface to be cleaned, the
material to be removed or
It should be selected depending on the type of stain.
To remove mortar "stains, you must first remove the mortar with a chisel and then clean the
surface with clean water.
To be wetted and then 10 parts of water, 1 part of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl; 1.19) or
20 parts of water; one
Part is concentrated. Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4). One of the solutions obtained by mixing or
using a brush
Is yõkanmalõdõ. Considering that even weak acids can be harmful to concrete - if they act for a
long time.
After washing with acid, the surfaces should be washed with plenty of water. This method is
It can also be applied to remove blooms that cannot be removed by brushing with a wet brush.
2.11.3 - Putty Cleaning ........................................... .................................................. ......... 10
2.11.4 - Cleaning With Steam And Water ............................... ...................................... .. 10
2.11.5 - Sand Blast Cleaning ..........................................
2.12 - REPAIR OF CONCRETE
2.12.1 - General
Whether the size of the area to be repaired is small or large, it is necessary for the construction
of the concrete to be used for repair.
care should be taken. Concrete previously poured into the concrete to be placed in the area to
be repaired
will compensate for these shortcomings, keeping in mind that compaction and maintenance
cannot be applied, such as the mass.
required special processes (suitable cement, suitable aggregate, proper maintenance
conditions, etc.)
Is uygulanmalõdõ.
In order to choose the repair method well, the reasons that reveal the need for repair are also
taken into consideration.
the strength of the concrete in the area to be repaired to be comparable to that of the other
region and
it should be ensured to reach durability.
2.12.2 - Preparation for Approval
Care must be taken to ensure that the area to be repaired is properly prepared before repair.
For this, cleaning and roughening will allow the surface to be repaired to fuse with new
concrete.
should be done. Before repairing, pressurize the concrete surface to the surface with air or sand
blast
It should be cleaned from unbound material and any oil and dirt that would prevent adhesion.
If the surface to be repaired is not rough enough, it can be sprayed with mud or sand before
cleaning.
pütürlendiril should.
2.12.3 - Material to be Used in it
Time and storage conditions, such as cement and additives, to be used in repair.
Particular attention should be paid to keep the material that may lose fresh. Concrete in the area
to be repaired.
If it will not be plastered or painted, various particles of cement and aggregates will pour out the
test particles.
The appropriate one should be chosen in terms of color and surface quality.
The workers to be stolen during the implementation of the repair should be qualified and careful
supervision of the process
It must be shown.
TS 1248
0.2.3 - Abnormal weather Conditions Abnormal weather conditions, during pouring concrete,
heavy rain, strong wind, extreme cold and frost is the weather at the time of the extreme
temperature rise.
0.2.4 - Excessive Cold Weather
Extremely cold weather, below + 5 ° C for three consecutive days during concrete pouring
is the weather when it falls.
NOTE - The term "cold air" is used instead of "excessive cold air"
0.2.5 - Excessive Hot Air Excessively hot air, the average temperature during concrete pouring
for + 30 ° C for three consecutive days. It is the weather during the time it is on
NOTE - The term "hot air" is used instead of "excessive hot air".
.2.6 - Concrete Mixing Elements
Concrete mixing elements, cement, aggregate and mixture water that make up the concrete, if
any are additives in the mixture.
NOTE - Hereinafter "mixture elements" instead of "concrete mixture elements"
It is kullanõlmõştõ.
0.2.8 - Concrete Placing Temperature
Concrete placing temperature, concrete at the moment the mixed concrete is placed at the part
where the concrete will be located.
It is sõcaklõğõdõ.
0.2.9 - Curing
By using curing, steam or water, early concrete is provided by providing an environment with
high temperature and humidity.
strength is to be gained.
0.2.10 - Curing Agent
The curing agent should be placed on the face of the concrete to prevent the mixing water of the
concrete from evaporating.
applied in a thin layer by applying or spraying; chemical that cures concrete
0.2.11 - Protection
The protection will prevent the concrete prepared and placed in place from being damaged by
abnormal weather conditions.
are all kinds of measures taken to prevent.
0.2.12 - Pillbox
In order to facilitate the necessary procedures for the protection of concrete structures in the
blockhouse,
wood, plywood, sail cloth, felt, fibreboards, plastic sheets, etc. to cover the structure.
They are temporary equipment made of material.
0.2.13 - Other Recipes
Descriptions of other terms are given in TS 48341).
0.3 - SCOPE
This standard, concrete with sufficient strength and durability with the desired consistency and
workability.
This standard covers the casting and maintenance rules that must be followed in abnormal
weather conditions.
It does not cover concretes made under normal weather conditions.
0.4 - OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this standard has been calculated in accordance with the relevant standard and
the appropriate material has been provided.
concrete can be produced and placed in the required quality, expected strength and durability.
To determine the rules to be followed in order to win.
0.5 - APPLICATION AREA
The relevant parts of this standard, mass concretes, channel coating concretes, pumice
concrete (TS 3234), a
It can also be applied in concrete, pre-stressed concrete (TS 3233), underwater concrete and
similar works. But this type
In special concretes, additional rules must be followed in addition to those specified in this
standard.

1 - WITH CONCRETE CASTING WORKS under abnormal weather conditions RELATED

MEASURES AND WHAT TO BE FOUND IN YOUR EYE ISSUES
1.1 - For concrete and reinforced concrete works at the construction site, the rules specified in
TS 1247 should be applied. This
In special conditions, which are the subject of the standard, as stated in the future, furthermore:
- Mixture and placement temperatures as specified depending on weather conditions
implementation,
- The same duration of protection specified in the charts,
- Control of the safe insulation of fresh concrete and insulation in accordance with
environmental temperature conditions.
The selection of the material should be provided.
1.2 - Inspection of concrete processes at the construction site should be done according to the
rules specified in TS 1247.
1.3 - Records to be kept on the concrete pouring process under abnormal conditions at the
construction site, in TS 1247
In addition to the envisaged records, in abnormal weather conditions:
- Air temperature during concrete placement process,
- Concrete mixing and placement temperatures,
- Average temperatures during concrete placement and preservation, with the lowest and
highest during this period
daily air temperatures,
- Records should be kept for the concrete temperature and the temperature in the pillbox, if any,
during concrete protection.
and these records should be kept for at least 5 years.
NOTE - A concrete casting process that will be successful, but above the inspection body and
TS It will happen when it fulfills the issues specified in 1247 as a whole
It is unutulmamalõdõ.

2 - CONCRETE MAKING, CASTING AND MAINTENANCE IN COLD WEATHER

2.1 - GENERAL RULES
2.1.1 - General
The purpose of concrete pouring works in cold weather is to provide sufficient strength and
is to obtain concrete in durability.
Concrete protection times required for the development of strength, at the end of this period, the
strength
necessary for the safety of the building with the weather conditions that may arise in terms of
suitability to increase
strength values should be determined by considering. In this regard, it is necessary in terms of
strength.
protection measures should be considered before the measures to be taken in terms of weather
resistance.
It is bulundurulmalõdõ.
Protection from frosts that may occur after placing fresh concrete and at least necessary during
this period
Measures to ensure temperature should be planned in advance.
In autumn, materials and equipment for these measures should be ready before frost events
begin.
2.1.2 - Protection of Concrete After the First Frost in Autumn
Average temperature after the first frost day when the lowest daily temperature falls below 0 ° C
in autumn
If it falls below + 5 ° C for more than one consecutive day, at least 24 after placing the concrete
the watch should be protected against frost.
Same protection for concrete until the average temperature reaches above + 5 ° C for three
consecutive days.
also applied in spring.
A suitable cure for concrete to be secured against damage from frost at a young age
Is uygulanmalõdõ.
The above 24-hour protection period is not enough for the concrete to reach the required
strength.
For this reason, the protection time of the concrete against curing and frost, especially in the
average temperatures below + 5 ° C.
should be extended when colder weather conditions are expected.
2.1.3 - Placing Concrete in Cold Weather
When the average temperature is less than + 5 ° C, the placement temperature of the concrete
Table-1, Line-
It should not be less than the values specified in 1 and it depends on the cement types and
quantities of concrete at these temperatures.
It should be ensured that the process shown in Table-2 is protected.
NOTE - Table-1 is applied for normal concrete. Light concrete will decrease temperature
compared to normal concrete.
these temperatures may decrease even more because they are more resistant.
.1.4 - Concrete Protection Time
In Table-2, the minimum protection times required for the concrete to provide good strength.
are shown, these short times are only available;
- The existence of sufficient cure for the strength to develop at the level envisaged in the
account,
- Concrete is saturated with water before obtaining the predicted calculation strength.
valid if not exposed to freezing.
2.1.5 - Effectiveness of the Protection Process
The effectiveness of the protection process should be checked by constantly measuring the
actual temperature of the concrete.
Since the corners and edges of the concrete are sensitive to freezing and difficult to keep at the
desired temperature, this
The effectiveness of the protection made should be evaluated by measuring the temperature at
the points.
2.1.6 - Pouring Concrete in Heated Closed Areas
Durable, wind and air impermeability of such places in pouring concrete in closed heated areas.
must. Particular attention should be paid to concreting the edges, corners and thin sections and
Fuel consumption should be prevented due to permeability.
Local temperature rises should be strictly avoided during the heating process.
Concentration of heat to somewhere or drying of concrete in places should be prevented.
Besides that
Special attention should be given to fire protection measures.
Concrete should be protected from fire at any age. In addition to frost protection in concrete
younger than three days
measures should also be taken separately.
2.1.7 - Collapse Value of Floor Concretes
It is suitable that the floor concretes poured in cold weather have low slump values. Collapse
value should be chosen so that water vomiting is minimum and no water accumulation on the
surface is possible.
2.1.8 - The Importance of Temperature in Concrete Placement
Concrete placing temperature as close as possible to the lowest temperatures given in Table-1
It is bulunmalõdõ. The difference should not exceed 5 ° C. Avoiding placing concrete at higher
temperatures should be avoided.
Otherwise, concrete properties will be impaired and exposed to thermal cracking.
2.1.9 - Precautions to Be Taken When Pouring Concrete In Winter
2.1.9.1 - Freezing and thawing of concrete at a young age should be prevented. In newly
poured concrete, cement
as water is used in the hydration event, as hydrate water as the socket and hardening
progresses
unbound free water content is reduced.
Therefore, if the concrete reaches a compressive strength of approximately 40 kgf / cm2, water
its content is also below the level that can cause harm due to frost.
A well-prepared concrete reaches this strength value in 3 days at + 10 ° C.
2.1.9.2 - The protection periods specified in Table-2 must be complied with and during and after
construction
concrete must gain the necessary strength to ensure load safety of the structure.
SCHEDULE - 2 Required Protection Times for Cold Placed Concrete
2.1.9.3 - Curing conditions that will positively affect the increase of normal strength of concrete,
excessive temperature
It should be fulfilled by preventing the rises and providing the moisture required by the concrete
for curing.
2.1.9.4 - Concrete strength will occur before it will withstand the temperature stresses, sudden
temperature changes should be limited by various methods.
Sudden cooling of the concrete surface or the outer limbs related to the internal structure,
damage to durability and strength. further cracks.
Protection measures, temperature decreases within 24 hours at the end of the protection period
in Table-1 line-3
should be removed gradually and not exceeding the values.
This process should ensure that the insulation remains until the environmental temperature and
the concrete temperature reaches equilibrium.
or by reducing the heat source slowly.

2.2 - TEMPERATURE OF THE CONCRETE INSTALLED AND MIXING ELEMENTS

the WARMING
2.2.1 - General
The temperature of the placed concrete to prevent freezing until the protection process begins.
Table-1
It should not be below the values in line-2.
Following the pouring of the concrete, the protection measures described in Article 2.7 must be
taken immediately.
Too high concrete temperatures should be avoided; The high temperature is
it does not mean that it will be proportionally more protected. Because of the large temperature
difference
The heat loss will be faster. Also, high temperature requires more mixture water. Crash loss
increases,
sometimes it causes hardening quickly and thermal shrinkage increases. Fast moisture on the
hot concrete surface
loss creates cracks.
For this reason, the temperature of the fresh concrete is as close as possible to the smallest
possible temperature.
It must be controlled.
2.2.2 - Concrete Temperature
Concrete temperature within the values shown in Table-1 and within the limits 5 ° C above these
values.
It must be controlled.
The concrete temperature may be at most 10 ° C above the values shown in rare cases.
In order to reach the concrete temperature to the predicted values, only as much as possible in
the mixture
Heading to heat the mixing water and hot (or cold) water to this mixing water
It should be kept within the limits of 5 ° C envisaged by adding.
2.2.3 - Calculating Concrete Temperature
If the low air temperature requires more mixing elements to be heated then
The individual temperatures of the elements in the mixture are determined.
These are substituted in the formula below and thus have a fresh concrete calculation
temperature.

2.4 - FOR CONCRETE ACCORDING TO THE EXPENSE OF LOAD AND COLD

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
2.4.1 - General
According to whether they are exposed to load and cold, concrete building elements are
generally in three groups.
It is toplanõ. There are different protection requirements for each.
2.4.2 - Foundations and Infrastructures
Due to their location, such structures, which will not be under the early loading, never
it does not meet, or it encounters to a very small extent. In this case, of course, they are under
cure. Such concretes
It forms the 1st state in Table-2.
2.4.3 - Mass Concretes
This group includes concretes of structures such as dams, docks, and pillars. Their surfaces will
freeze and
they are exposed to weather conditions, but they do not gain early strength. The cure of the
inner parts is self-curing
The curing of the outer parts continues according to the weather conditions. Providing initial
curing in concrete and
the protection period specified in the 2nd form in Table-2 to ensure the durability of the edges
and surfaces
It should be applied.
2.4.4 - Other Concrete Parts Exposed to Weather Conditions
It is exposed to freezing conditions and without full cure of natural curing.
Firstly, some of the concrete structure parts that will be faced with a partial load are 2 in Table-
2.
those who will be exposed constitute the third state. So the protection times here are
Is alõnmalõdõ.
2.5 - CARRIER CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS BEFORE REMOVING MOLD AND STRAPS
CONDITIONS OF CONSERVATION FOR CONCRETE
2.5.1 - General
The conditions stipulated in Table-1 and Table-2 must be met and ensuring these conditions,
from the wind,
The shelter required to protect it from heat loss is at the desired temperature of all poured
concrete parts.
sufficient heating to keep it, etc. The equipment must have been prepared before starting
concrete casting.
Particular attention to bearing plates, beams and floors in aboveground structures in terms of
increased strength
It must be shown. Especially in heated areas, the sudden drying of the poured concrete should
be prevented with a suitable cure.
2) Adequate depth, the ground will not be able to freeze again until the concrete to be poured
and during the protection period
depth.
2.5.2 - Extension of the Duration of Protection
Significant percentage of account strengths required to reach at the end of the protection period
In the carrier parts, the minimum protection times given in Table-2 should be sufficiently
extended.
In such cases, the times given in Table-2 are valid only in terms of ensuring durability.
The required protection time in terms of strength is shown in Table-3.
SCHEDULE - 3 Required Protection Times for Safe Removal of Molds and Props and
Strength Percentages