Table 5 Concentration units CHEMICAL KINETICS

Unit Equation Notes Theories:

 Collision Theory
 Transition State Theory
 Same as Formality
No. of moles (F)
MOLARITY
M=  Affected by changes Factors:
Liter of solution in temperature a. Nature of reactants
b. Surface area
c. Catalyst
 Independent of d. Temperature
No. of moles
MOLALITY m= changes in e. Concentration
kg of solvent temperature
CHEMICAL EQULIBRIUM
Observation: amount of products and reactants are constant
Equivalent weight of Kinetics: rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of reverse reaction
solute  N = (M)(factor) Le Chatelier’s Principle: when a system at equilibrium is put under
N=
Liter of solution  Acid: H+ produced in stress, the system will adjust to relieve the stress
rxn
NORMALITY  Base: OH- produced Table 6 Acid Base Equilibria
in rxn
( mass )( factor) Salt: Total +/- charge Equilibria Equation K
Eq .Wt .=
MW  Redox: e- lost/gained
Strong AB(s)  A+(aq) + B-(aq) NONE

p-SCALE pX = log [X in M]  pH = log [H+] Weak acid HA  H+ + A- ¿¿

Weak base B + H2O  HA + OH- ¿¿

Dilution – process of lowering the concentration of a solution by the
Salts of
addition of a solvent
weak acids A- + H2O  HA + OH- [ HA ] ¿ ¿
Titration – technique in determining the concentration of an
unknown sample using a known reaction, concentration and volume
Salts of
of a titrant BH+  B + H+ [B]¿¿
weak base
M1V1 = M2V2
Ionization of
water H2O  H+ + OH- [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Universe = System + Surroundings

A. Zeroth Law of Thermal Equilibrium ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

B. First Law of Thermodynamics: Law of Energy Conservation Table 7 Inorganic Compounds
U = q + w INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
H = U +(PV)
Q = mCt All the elements Mainly C, H, O, N, S, P, X

C. Second Law of Thermodynamics Ions Molecules

 For a reaction to be spontaneous, Suniverse>0
Ionic bond Covalent bond
G = H - TS
 For physical transformations: S = qr/T No side reactions Has side reactions nearly always

D. Third Law of Thermodynamics

Generally fast rates of reaction Generally slow rates of reaction
S(O K, pure crystal) = 0
at room temperature at room temperature

Soluble in water Soluble in inorganic solvents

High MP and BP Low MP and BP

 Non-volatile Usually volatile
Table 8 Organic Compounds
Organic Functional
Suffix Prefix
Compound Group
Alkane CC ane alkyl
Alkene C=C ene 
Alkyne CC yne 
Amine NH2 amine amino
Alcohol OH ol hydroxy
Ketone CO one oxo
Aldehyde CHO al oxo
Amide CONH2 amide 
Acid Halide COX anoyl halide 
Ester COO oate 
Sulfonic Acid SO3H sulfonic acid sulfo
Carboxylic Acid COOH oic acid 
Anhydrides COOCO oic anhydride 

Table 9 Isomerism
Isomerism Definition
Chain Different points of attachment
Position Different positions of substituent or bond
Functional Different functional groups
Conformational Different arrangements by rotation about bonds
Different arrangements caused by geometric
Geometric
positions
Same physical properties except on the effect on
Optical
plane polarized light

BIOMOLECULES
Table 10 Biomolecules
Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids

Amino
Units Monosaccharide A, T, G, C, U None
acid

Peptide
Bond Glycosidic bond Phosphodiester Ester
bond

Use Enzyme Energy Genetics Hormones