2.

Pavement Types

1. Pavement Specification
2. Bituminous Pavement
3. Concrete Pavement
4. Block Pavement
5. Unpaved Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Pavement Specified by road function and surfacing materials

AC fine mix A2
5

A1

2
AC medium mix Bitumen Sealing
7

Graded Crushed Stone - Type 1

15
Graded Crushed
15

stone - Type 1

Graded Crushed Stone - Type 2

20
Graded crushed
30

stone - Type 2
Subgrade
Subgrage
B1 B2
Graded Crushed Stone - Type 1
15

Natural Gravel
24
Graded Crushed Stone - Type 2
20

Subgrade

Source – 22TCN – 211 - 06 Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Specified by Surfacing Material Structure

Graded Crushed Stone - Type 1

15
12 cm

Macadam

Graded Crushed Stone - Type 2

20
30 cm

Natural Gravel

Subgrade
Macadam Grading
12 cm

Dense Macadam AC fine mix

5
AC medium mix

7
30 cm

Macadam
Graded Crushed

15
stone - Type 1
Stabilized Macadam
30 Graded crushed
20 cm 6 cm

Bª t«ng xiconcrete
Paving m¨ng l¾pbrick
ghÐp stone - Type 2
C¸t gia cètreated
Cement xi m¨ngsand

Subgrage

Block Stabilized Grading

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Pavement Specified by Surfacing Material Structure

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Bitumen Treatment Surface Natural Gravel Pavement

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Pavement Specified by Surfacing Material Structure

Cement Concrete Pavement Block Pavement (Stone Paving)

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Pavement Specified by Pavement Design Methodology

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE REGID PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

AC fine mix
5

AC medium mix
7

#350 cement slab

24
Graded Crushed
15

2
stone - Type 1 Bitumen treated coarse sand
6% cement treated crushed stone

15
Graded crushed
30

stone - Type 2
20 Graded Crushed Stone - Type 2

Subgrage
Subgrade

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Pavement Types

1. Pavement Specification
2. Bituminous Pavement
3. Concrete Pavement
4. Block Pavement
5. Unpaved Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Bituminous Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Terms and Definitions

Asphalt or bituminous pavement consist of selected mineral aggregates bound

together by a bituminous binders. Asphalt Pavement includes a multitude of
different pavement types, ranging from thin surface dressings to thick layers of
asphalt concrete
Bitumen is a black to dark brown sticky material, composed principally of high
molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Most bitumen is derived from the distillation of
crude oil. Bitumen is a thermoplastic material that gradually softens, and
eventually liquefies when heated.
Bitumen Emulsion is an emulsified mixture of bitumen and water (typically 60%
bitumen) In the emulsification process, bitumen is divided into minute globules
and dispersed in water.
Cutback Bitumen are manufactured by blending bitumen with kerosene to
comply with a specific viscosity for spraying and/or mixing
Modified Bitumen is bitumen modified by modifiers/additives to improve specific
characteristics of bitumen to meet higher demand of traffic or specific
requirement of roads

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Terms and Definitions

Breaking and setting: When emulsion is sprayed onto a road surface or mixed
with aggregate, the bitumen separates from the water. This is either through
evaporation of the water ( anionic emulsions) and/or neutralization of the electric
charges (cationic emulsions). The rate at which the emulsion breaks depend the
relative proportions of bitumen and water, eg ‘rapid’, ‘medium’ and ‘slow
breaking’ types
The similar process of light content evaporation when using cutback bitumen
also be called setting
Premixed asphalt is a paving material manufactured by mixing aggregates, filler
and bitumen. Premixed asphalt is used in construction of wearing courses
binder courses and bases. Premixed can be hot-mix with binder is hot bitumen
and cold-mix with binder is cutback or emulsion bitumen.
Asphalt concrete or bitumen macadam far the most common type of premixed
asphalt, is of the first type.

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Terms and Definitions

Prime Coat is a thin layer of bitumen sprayed onto the surface of an existing
layer, usually of unbound or cement/lime bound material. Its purpose is:
• Assists in promoting and maintaining adhesion between the base and the
bituminous surfacing by pre-coating the surface of the base and penetrating into
the voids.
• Reduces the absorption of the first spray of bitumen of a surface dressing.
Tack Coat: The primary function of a tack coat is to act as a glue to assist
bonding of a new surface layer to a previously primed surface, bituminous base,
that has been left exposed for some time. Tack coats should be extremely thin
and it is appropriate to use a dilute bitumen emulsion spread to give residual
bitumen with continuous cover.

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Asphalt Concrete

Concept Mix of aggregate (coarse & fine) + bitumen (hot bitument/

cutback/ emulsion) + mineral filler + additives, which has
specified/designed proportion

Application Surfacing layer for major road

Overlaying
Special surfacing layer
Materials
Aggregate (coarse + fine) in required grading (continuous,
gap, dense, high air void...)
Binder (hot bitumen/ cutback/ emulsion/ modified bitumen)
Mineral powder, Additives

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Asphalt Mix Specification

Nominated/Maximum Size Aggregate Coarse Mix

Medium Mix
Fine Mix
Sand Asphalt Mix
Construction method Paving temperature (hot mix, warm mix, cold mix)
Paving method (rolled-mix, self-compacted mix)
Air void content Dense Mix
High air-void content mix
Porous Asphalt
Coarse aggregate content High content of coarse aggregate
Medium content of coarse aggregate
Low content of coarse aggregate
Mix Functions Conventional Mix
Special Mix: High Texture/ Modified Asphalt Mix/ Recycling

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Asphalt Mix

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Bitumen Treated Surfaces

Surfacing Materials

Surface Dressing
Macadam Penetration
Slurry Seal
Cape Seal

Application

Surfacing layer of minor road

Pavement Maintenance
Surfacing layer of temporary road
Protecting layer during pavement construction

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Surface Dressing

A surface dressing or surface treatment is a wearing course seal made

by a thin film of binder sprayed onto the road surface and immediately
covered with a layer of stone chippings of uniform size. The thin film of
binder acts as a waterproofing seal preventing the entry of surface water
into road base.
The chippings protect the film of binder from damage by traffic, and form
a skid-resistant and dust free wearing surface. The process may be
repeated to provide double (eg DBST) or triple layers of chippings.

Surface dressing is an effective maintenance or rehabilitation technique

that is capable of extending the life of a structurally sound road pavement.
Surface dressing can also provide an effective and inexpensive surface
for new pavements with a traffic flow of up to 500 vehicles per lane per
day.

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Surface Dressing

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Surface Treatment

Concept Single Sealing: Bitumen Spraying – aggregate spreading

Double Sealing: Bitumen Sealing – Aggregate Spreading (double)
Three-time sealing: Bitumen Sealing – Aggregate Spreading (three
time)

Application
Pavement Maintenance (cracking/ raveling resurfacing)
Temporary surfacing layer/ surfacing layer of minor road

Materials

Dry/ Clean aggregate – high abrasion strength – well graded or

sized as required
Hot bitumen/ cutback/ emulsion
Dry/ Clean pavement surface – temperature : 270C

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Sand Seal Coat

Concept
Bitumen/ emulsion spraying – sand spreading

Application
Pavement Maintenance
High Skid Resistance Surfacing Layer

Materials

Coarse sand – quick/medium setting emulsion

Emulsion spraying rate: 0.68 – 0.9 litre/m2
Sand spreading rate: 5.5 – 8.0 kg/m2
Pavement temperature: 270C

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Macadam Penetration

Penetration macadam consists of

layers of broken or crushed stones
of size up to 50mm followed by
finer material these layers material,
interspersed with applications of
heated bitumen to grout and seal
the surface. It is laid as a surfacing
on a previously prepared roadbase
Proven record for medium to low
volume roads but high bitumen
– 5-7kg/m2. Not global warming
friendly !

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Macadam Penetration

Concept
A layer of standard crushes stone (single sized as required)
is spread / compacted / blocked by smaller aggregate and
hot bitumen

Application
Surfacing Layer of medium/minor road
Strengthening layer

Materials

Aggregate as required – compaction

Bitumen spraying – aggregate application
Requirement of pavement temperature

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Slurry Seal

Concept A 3mm – 6mm layer of bitumen mortar (mix of fine well-

grading sand, mineral filler and emulsion) is applied on
pavement using special paver.

Application Pavement Maintenance (crack sealing, resurfacing,)

Temporary surfacing layer
High-texture surfacing layer

Materials Fine well-graded sand – slow setting emulsion – mineral

filler – additives for setting time controlling

Pavement Surface: dry, clean, minimum ambient

Key Issues of
temperature is 100C
Construction
Construction Equipments: mixing & paving machine, tire
roller

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Slurry Seal

A 10 – 15 mm layer of combination
between single chip seal and slurry
seal is applied on pavement or
prepared base using special paver.
It provide high skid resistance and
less noise pavement, and also high
strength

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Base and Subbase of Bituminous Pavement

Base/Sub-base layers
- Crushed stone aggregate
- Stone Macadam
- Cement/Lime/bitumen stabilised materials
- Natural gravel

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Pavement Types

1. Pavement Specification
2. Bituminous Pavement
3. Concrete Pavement
4. Block Pavement
5. Unpaved Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Concrete Pavement Cross Section

C B/2
b
1,5-2%
1
2
1:m 3
d 4
Bm/2

1. Concrete Slabs
2. Leveling Layer
3. Base/Subbase Layer
4. Subgrade

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Concrete Pavement

Cement concrete pavements are

widely used to provide a high
strength, durable road surface with
low maintenance requirements.
However, they require a good
quality non-erodible sub-base to
support. They are suitable for any
traffic loading from bicycles to high
flows of heavy trucks.

Cement concrete pavements can be Steel Reinforced or Unreinforced

and can be Continuous or laid in Slabs which can specified of JCP;
JRCP and CRCP.
Concrete slabs generally full width (3.5m) and 5m long. Some roads in
half-width slabs and 5m long
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Concrete Pavement

Key characteristics of cement

concrete pavement are rigid, high
compressive strength, low tensile
strength, brittle and cracking
Principal Advantages of concrete
pavement is long life. Design life is 20
years plus. Many in-place
are 40 years old. Maintenance is low
during design life

Disadvantage of concrete pavement:

- High roughness due to joints
- Noise pavement
- When damaged or fails through
extensive cracking it is difficult and
expensive to repair
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Jointed Concrete Pavement

1. Expansion Joint
2. Contraction Joint
3. Longitudinal Joint
4. Dowel Bar

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Joints of Concrete Pavement

Transverse Expansion joints

Tranverse Contraction Joint

Longitudinal Joint/ Hinge Joint (keyed joint)

Construction joint

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Concrete Pavement Plan

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Base and Subbase of Concrete Pavement

Main road concrete pavements generally

supported by an unbound sub-base CBR 80%
equivalent to roadbase quality for a flexible road.

The high specification is an attempt to counter problems of erosion and

pumping at the joints however another solution is needed.

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Pavement Types

1. Pavement Specification
2. Bituminous Pavement
3. Concrete Pavement
4. Block Pavement
5. Unpaved Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Block Pavement

Block Pavement can be made

from concrete blocks, fired clay
bricks and cobble stone

Block Interlock is a phenomenon

that occurs in segmental
pavements as a result of the
interaction of the pavers and the
jointing sand between the pavers.

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Block Pavement

Blocks also can be jointed by cement mortar

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 Concrete Blocks

Concrete Blocks made from cement concrete and in various shape

Cobble Stone comprises roughly cubic selected

cobble stones of 100 – 150 mm size being laid to
camber between edge restraints and compacted
into a sand bedding layer

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Fired Clay Brick

Fired Clay Brick Pavement consists of placing a layer of bricks usually

laid on their longer edge, within mortar bedded and jointed edge
restraints or curbs on each side of pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Pavement Types

1. Pavement Specification
2. Bituminous Pavement
3. Concrete Pavement
4. Block Pavement
5. Unpaved Pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Unpaved Pavement

Unpaved Pavements (Unsealed pavements) includes:

- Crushed Stone
- Macadam
- Natural Gravel
- Hand-packed stone
- Earth or Engineered Natural Surface

Unsealed Gavel Wearing Course Use:

- Suitable for light to medium traffic
- Usually lower initial cost than most other surfacing options
- Can be used as an intermediate surface in a planned and
resourced ‘stage construction’ strategy

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Unpaved Pavement

Unsealed Pavement should be used:

- where appropriate material is locally available for construction and
maintenance
- with an appropriate maintenance regime
- in gradients are less than 4% in medium rainfall areas and 6% in low
rainfall areas
- where adequate drainage is in place where flooding is only minor
Unpaved pavement has high potential for erosion (gravel loss) and
high Whole Life Costs

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Unpaved Pavement

Crushed Stone Surface Earth or Engineered Natural Surface

Natural Gravel Pavement Hand-packed stone

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