INDEX

TEST YOUR GRAMMAR p. 3

UNIT 1 WORD ORDER p. 5

UNIT 2 VERB TENSES p.10

UNIT 3 VERB FORMS -INFINITIVE AND –ING, PASSIVE p.25

UNIT 4 MODAL AUXILIARIES, CONDITIONAL FORMS, REPORTED p.30

SPEECH
UNIT 5 NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES p.37

UNIT 6 ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS,PREPOSITIONS, CO-ORDINATION p.45

UNIT 7 PREPOSITIONAL AND PHRASAL VERBS, p.51

EXPRESSIONS, WORDS THAT MAY BE
CONFUSED, FALSE FRIENDS

PRACTICE TEST p.59

APPENDI ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES p.62

XI
APPENDI IRREGULAR VERBS p.64
X II
APPENDI NUMBERS AND TRENDS p.67
X III

KEY TO EXERCISES p.69

1
 TEST YOUR GRAMMAR

Choose the correct alternative.

1. I have breakfast at seven o’clock.
/ a / the / -- /

2. Whose are bags?

/ this / these / that /

3. Susan is sister.
/ my / the my / mine /

4. Give the book, please.

/ to him / he / him /

5. I’m afraid I don’t have information.

/ an / much / many /

6. They to the disco.

/ go never / ever go / never go /

7. Janet is a medical student and studies .

/ hardly / hard / lot /

8. In the Antarctic a lot of snow.

/ it is / there is / it has /

9. I’m not going this weekend.

/ somewhere / nowhere / anywhere /

10. When football?

/ do play Peter / plays Peter / does Peter play /

11. Ann is a cook than I am.

/ best / good / better /

12. I’m reading a very book.

/ interesting / interested / interest /

13. colour is the new car?

/ Which / What / How /

14. Water at 100°C.

/ boils / is boiling / boiled /

15. Where is ?
/ the John’s book / the book of John / John’s book /

16. I’m learning English find a job.

/ to / for / for to /

17. I read the article the newspaper.

/ in / on / at /
18. He was born 10th April.
/ in / on / at /

19. The man lives next door is French.

/ who / what / which /

20. His mother wants a dentist.

/ that she be / her to be / her to do /

21. I to the cinema last night.

/ have gone / went / have been /

22. They their mother in hospital tomorrow.

/ going to / will to / are going to /

23. The painting yesterday.

/ was finished / had finished / was finishing /

24. I enjoy tennis.

/ to play / playing / play /

25. I .
/ like very much coffee / very like coffee / like coffee very much /

26. He’s lived in London five years.

/ for / since / from /

27. She would like to study in England if her English .

/ would improve / improved / will improve /

28. I’ll call you as soon as I home.

/ will get / get / shall get /

29. He speak French fluently when he was in France.

/ should / could / might /

30. Do you know what ?

/ is the time / the time is / time /

31. I have lived in Venice for ten years, so I everywhere.

/ used to walk / am used to walking / used to walking /

32. We didn’t hear what the teacher was .

/ telling / saying / speaking /

33. It is hard to children nowadays.

/ grow up / bring up / pull up /
 UNIT 1 WORD

The fundamental word order in an English sentence rarely changes. The usual affirmative construction is
Subject + Verb + Direct Object and time expressions are generally placed at the end of the sentence:

Subject Verb Direct

Object
He made a cake yesterday
The artist painted the picture in the 15th
century
John spent some money last week

Transitive verbs may have an indirect object which precedes the direct object:
Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct
Object
He gave Jane a flower
They sent me a letter
I will buy her a book

If the indirect object follows the direct object, then a preposition (usually for or to) is required:
Subject Direct Object Preposition Indirect
Verb Object
He gave a flower to Jane
They sent a letter to me
I will a book for her
buy

Some verbs that are not immediately followed by the indirect object are: explain, describe, mention and discuss.
He explained the plan to me
They described the project to us

The interrogative construction is also S+V+O, but the subject may be preceded by the question word in a
content question, and an auxiliary:
Q word Auxiliar Subject Verb Complem
y ent
What did you do this
morning?
Did he see the film?
Is he coming tomorrow?

Question words are: why, where, which, when, who, whose, how + long/far/big/much/many/old etc.

If the element questioned is the subject, there is no variation from the affirmative form:

Q word Verb Complement

Who wrote the play?
What caused the fire?
Which book won the Booker
prize?
Whose bag was stolen?
How many came to the lesson?
students
INTERROGATIVE
Exercise 1 Formulate questions asking about the underlined words.
1. I went to Susan’s house yesterday.
2. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
3. They went to Rome to study the architecture there.
4. She prefers white wine to red.
5. They’re going to Scotland this summer.
6. Dave loves Susan.
7. Nothing happened.
8. They’re going to Venice by train.
9. It took them 30 years to build the bridge.
10. Stephen King has written over 40 novels.

Exercise 2 Formulate questions for the following answers.

1. She can speak four.
2. We had fish and salad.
3. She plays tennis every day.
4. Because it’s cold!
5. Last year.
6. John wrote the letter.
7. I saw Susan and Jane.
8. He’s twenty-two.
9. My favourite food is pasta.
10. At ten o’clock.
11. I think they are in the
kitchen.
12. I prefer the blue dress.
13. To get some money.
14. The book is hers.
15. She is blonde with blue eyes.

The negative construction of a sentence is formed by the word not placed directly after the auxiliary verb
and before the main verb:

Subject Aux + Verb

not
He does not like music
We are not going home
They have not been to the
museum

Negation can also be provided by adverbs and sometimes by another element in a sentence, which is more
formal, but remember that sentences can only contain one negative element to convey negation:
He has never been to France (= He hasn’t ever been to France)

They have no money (= They don’t have any money)

NEGATIVE
Exercise 3 Write the following sentences in the negative form.
1. He lives in a house.
2. They work in an office.
3. They’re eating at the moment.
4. Shakespeare wrote novels.
5. Anne has got three dogs.
6. We’ve been to Africa.
7. He can play the piano very well.
8. The train left at six.
9. I found the books I wanted.
10. He’s going to buy a new car.
11. They were cleaning the windows yesterday afternoon.
12. We have to wear a uniform at school.
13. He will be in his office.
14. The film had started when we arrived at the cinema.

Exercise 4 Rewrite the negative sentence using a more formal construction.

1. There wasn’t anything to do.
2. I don’t have any money.
3. I decided not to give him any help.
4. She can’t find her keys anywhere.
5. We didn’t see anybody.

WORD ORDER INVERSION

Word order is often reversed for:
1) emphasis: It is Bach that I most appreciate ( I most appreciate Bach)
2) inversion after negative adverbs: Never have I seen such a wonderful picture (I have never seen such a
wonderful picture)
3) in reported questions: Do you know what the time is? He asked me if I could swim
4) in more formal relative sentences: The girl to whom you spoke / The girl who you spoke to (informal)
5) in conditional structures when if is omitted (more formal): Had I arrived earlier, I would have seen her

Be careful with the position of adjectives and adverbs (manner, place, time): He ran fast to the station
yesterday morning. (See Unit 6 for the position of adjectives and adverbs of time, manner and place)
Make sure affirmative sentences start with the subject, also in the passive form:

The windows were cleaned The documents are being photocopied

WORD ORDER
Exercise 5 Write the words in the correct order.
1. spend / he / in Japan / next year / his
holiday / will
2. where / the post office / you / know / do / is?
3. last week / had / at school / an exam / they
4. him / she / did / why / tell / a lie?
5. never / to / we / been / Germany / have
6. play / you / tennis / how often / do?
7. me / you / going to / help / are ?
8. likes / she / very much / jazz
9. what / does / he / look / like?
10. gave / present / they / me / a wonderful
11. to / meaning / the / explained / she / me
12. who / present / you / that / gave /?
13. who / is / Tim / it / the / wrote / letter
14. is / long / the / how / lesson?
15. photocopied / documents / the / were
EMPHASIS
Exercise 6 Rewrite the sentence with the emphatic form It is/was…. that/who, with emphasis on the
underlined word.
1. John gave me the flowers.
2. Vermeer painted the picture.
3. I went to Paris.
4. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
5. We are learning French.

Exercise 7 Rewrite the sentence in a more emphatic form beginning with the underlined negative adverb.
1. I have never seen such a wonderful painting.
2. He rarely went to the cinema.
3. We seldom speak to our neighbors.
4. They had hardly arrived at the beach when it started raining.
5. We had never heard such terrible news.

SUBJECT
Note that the English language must always have a subject in the sentence. Some exceptions are the
imperative form, but the subject (you) is implied:
Sit down! Don’t laugh!

If there is no natural subject, then a ‘dummy’ subject is required, such as It and

There. It can refer to time, the weather, distance and temperature:
It’s 4 o’clock It’s raining It’s 3 kilometres to Venice It’s hot today

It can also be followed by an adjective and that phrase or an infinitive form:

It is likely that prices will go up It’s nice to see you
again It can also introduce a formal passive construction:
It is said that power corrupts It is thought that the government will raise taxes

There refers to something that exists in a particular place:

There is a cat in the garden There are a lot of people dying of hunger

IT/THERE + BE
Exercise 8 Complete the sentence with it or there and a form of the verb to be.
1. If any difficulty with this exercise, let me know.
2. ages since I saw you.
3. too cold to swim today.
4. plenty of time before we catch the train.
5. a terrible flood yesterday.
6. Look ! snowing .
7. How far to Milan from Venice?
8. dangerous to drive in the fog.
9. a lot of nice people here.
10. 8th December today.
11. said he is French.
12. a very strong wind tomorrow.
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES IN A SENTENCE
Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify:
She bought a green dress. I caught an early train.

When more than one adjective precedes the noun, there is usually a precise order:
opinion age shape colour origin material
purpose a magnificent 18 -century
th
square brown
French mahogany table
It is unusual, however, to find so many adjectives in the same sentence. (See Unit 6 for more about adjectives).
Exercise 9 Write the adjectives in the following sentences in the correct order.
1. brown / a pair of / leather / shoes / dirty
2. yellow / some / long / curtains / cotton
3. shirt / white / a / Italian / beautiful / silk
4. antique / an / teapot / silver
5. authentic / typewriter / an / Victorian

POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE (see Unit 6 for more about adverbs)

Order of adverbs: manner, place and time:
I usually go to the cinema at the weekend. He usually arrives home at 6 p.m.
Note the position of the following adverbs:
Manner: He likes music very much She softly spoke into his ear
Time: We left the meeting early They are arriving on Monday January 4th
Place: We have lived there all our life They sang loudly here yesterday
Frequency: We often order a takeaway pizza He is always late She has never been to Venice
Purpose: He went to the shops to buy some bread He studied hard to pass the exam
Degree: The exam we did was quite difficult They worked well enough
Sentence: Unfortunately, he arrived too late to catch the train Sadly, it was her last performance

Exercise 10 Put the adverb in brackets in the appropriate place in the sentence.
1. She plays the piano. (well)
2. The scientists hold the annual conference in the hall. (usually)
3. I would like to see your house. (very much)
4. He didn’t run fast to catch up with her. (enough)
5. Her latest novel is good. (rather)
6. I got lost, but someone gave me directions to the station. (fortunately)
7. I have finished your book and will return it. (tomorrow)
8. They like the new design. (quite)
9. She was the centre of attention. (often)
10. I’m sure that he told me. (fairly)
 UNIT 2 VERBS AND TENSES

Exercise Match a verb with a phrase.

1. become at 6 o’clock 6. catch some milk
2. begin a house 7. choose a car
3. break a book with you 8. do a dress
4. bring a glass 9. drink something
5. buy a doctor 10.drive a train

11. eat treasure 16. get a plant

12. fall someone’s name 17. give to London
13. find off a chair 18. go a ball
14. fly a sandwich 19. grow a present
15. forget in a plane 20. hit a sandwich

21. hear a promise 26. lie a cake

22. hold the table 27. lose someone do
something
23. keep someone’s hand 28. let down on the bed
24. lay a song 29. make at the station
25. lead a group of people 30. meet the keys

31. pay fast 36. see a song

32. read a bike 37. sell on a chair
33. ride early 38. send a film
34. rise a book 39. sing a car
35. run for the meal 40. sit a letter

41. speak a photo 46. teach the lesson

42. stand English 47. tell about someone
43. steal at the bus-stop 48. think a letter
44. swim the jewels 49. understand somebody
something
45. take in the sea 50. write how to do
something

TENSE AND ASPECT

English has few verb forms:

Present infinitive and base form: (to) walk run
Present simple third person: walks runs
Past simple: walked ran
Present participle/Gerund: walking running
Past participle: walked run

Tense refers to the location of an event or action in time. There are only two tenses in English: present simple
and
past simple. The tense is marked by an inflection of the verb:

Susan watches television every evening. (present tense) Susan watched television last night. (past
tense) Reference to other times can be made in different ways, using modal auxiliaries, for

instance:
Susan thinks she will watch the news tonight if she has time. (simple future time)
Susan has watched a really exciting tennis match. (present perfect)

Aspect refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than its location in time.
Aspect always includes tense, and the auxiliaries are in the past, present or future. There are three aspects:
simple (base form, past form) progressive (to be + present participle), perfect (to have + past participle).
Look at Appendix I for the various verb forms in the active voice.

IDENTIFYING ASPECT
Exercise 12 Say whether the following aspects are simple, perfect or progressive.
1. Jane bought a new car.
2. I think we have already seen this
film.
3. They are driving to the theatre.
4. Simon has left his book on the
bus.
5. We are leaving today.
6. Ok, we’ll go at six.
7. Jane took a photo.
8. The sun was shining.
9. He wants a new computer.
10. They’ll be coming on the 8 o’clock train.

IDENTIFYING TIME AND ASPECT

Exercise 13 Identify the verb tense and aspect or time of the following sentences. The table in Appendix I
will help you.
e.g. I was having a bath when the doorbell rang. (past progressive and past simple)
He will be thirty tomorrow. (future simple)

1. He is looking for his keys.

2. She wakes up at 6.00 am every day.
3. I have been writing letters all morning.
4. The meeting will start at 4 o’clock.
5. He fell off his chair.
6. They have decorated their room.
7. They will have finished all their exams by next month.
8. The film had started when they arrived at the cinema.
9. Susan had been gardening all morning before it started to rain.
10.We will be lying on the beach at this time tomorrow.

SIMPLE ASPECT
The simple aspect is used for actions that occur at a specific time:
Susan rarely watches television. (habitual action)
Susan watched a good film last night. (action completed in time before speaking)
The present and past simple require a form of the auxiliary do followed by a verb in the infinitive form in the
interrogative and negative form of the verb:
Do you like music? I don’t eat meat.
Does he go to school? He doesn’t
understand. Did they see the film? They didn’t
go out.
Present simple: In the affirmative form the third person verb adds -s or -es to the base form: He calls me
every day she watches TV at night .
Verbs ending in a consonant + -y drop the -y and add –ies: she studies a lot
Verbs ending in a vowel + -y add –s: He often plays tennis

Past simple: In the affirmative form the verb is either regular (base form + ed) or irregular (altered) and the
same form is used for all persons:
I / he / we / they liked the film He / we / you bought a newspaper
Verbs ending in a consonant + -y drop the -y and add –ied: she studied all night
Verbs ending in a vowel + -y add –ed: They stayed in a luxury hotel
Short verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant double the final consonant: He dropped his glass

Note: the auxiliary do is never used with the verb to be:

Are you English? He isn’t at home
Was I too early? They weren’t busy that day

PRESENT SIMPLE
general truths: Christmas is on 25th December
habitual action: I go to the gym every evening
describing art/literary works: The painting represents the artist’s dream
timetables: The train leaves at 6 o’clock
programmed future event: Term ends on Friday
subordinate clause in future time: We’ll phone you if we have an answer

TIME EXPRESSIONS
Every (day), on (Saturdays), now, nowadays, these days, once/twice/three times a week/month, in the
morning/afternoon/evening, at night, at weekends, adverbs of frequency (usually, never etc.) , all the time.

Exercise 14 Complete the sentences in the present simple with a verb from the box.
send speak wake up play liv
e
listen watch drive work arr
ive
1. They in Venice in a large flat by the Grand Canal.
2. I to the radio every morning.
3. He often to the coast at weekends.
4. She always me a postcard when she’s on holiday.
5. The train at 7 pm this evening.
6. I early every morning.
7. We both the piano at school.
8. That boy a lot of television in the evenings.
9. He in a bank in London.
10. She three languages fluently.

Exercise 15 Write questions using the auxiliary do or does.

1. where / you / live?
2. you / smoke?
3. when / the train / leave?
4. what / you / do?
5. she / work / a lot?
6. what time / he / catch/ the train in the morning?
7. why / they / run every morning?
8. we / need / a ticket to see the show?
9. where / you both / usually / meet?
10. he / often go / to the cinema?

Exercise 16 Complete the sentences with a verb in the present simple.

Jane 1. from London. She 2. 24 and she 3. in a
bank. She 4. got 2 brothers and 1 sister. She 5. with her parents in a
house in the suburbs. Every day Jane 6. the bus to work and it 7.
often crowded in the morning. Jane 8. her job because there
a lot of nice people there. Every summer she 9. on holiday to Italy because she 10.
Italians and especially Italian food. In fact, she 11. a lot of pasta and 12. a lot
wine while she 13. there. In her spare time, Jane 14. novels and biographies, and she
15.
films.

PAST SIMPLE
completed action occurring in past before time of speaking: Susan came an hour ago
habitual actions in the past: I walked to school every day when I was
young past subjunctive in hypothetical conditions: If I won the lottery, I
would travel reported speech: She asked me if I played the piano

TIME EXPRESSIONS
yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night / week / month / year/, ago, at one time, at that time, in those days, in the
16th century, in the last century, in 1950, in the 1960s, on Monday, when I was young.

Exercise 17 Rewrite the sentences in the past simple.

1. I always wake up at 6 o’clock.
I yesterday.
2. They have a shower every day.
They last night.
3. He makes a cup of tea in the morning.
He yesterday morning.
4. We eat Indian food at the weekend.
We last weekend.
5. She drives to work.
She yesterday.
6. We always go home by train.
We yesterday afternoon.
7. He runs every evening.
He yesterday evening.
8. They drink red wine at night.
They last night.
9. He writes letters to his friend every week.
He last week.
10. We spend our holidays in Ireland.
We last month.
PAST SIMPLE- INTERROGATIVE/NEGATIVE
Exercise 18 Write the interrogative and negative forms of the sentences.
1. you / learn / French / at school?
2. why / he / go / out / so early?
3. when / they / arrive / at the airport?
4. he / not-stay / at home / yesterday.
5. we / not-see / her / for a long time.
6. who / you / speak to / at the
meeting?
7. which / dress / you / choose?
8. I / not-pay / a lot / for the jacket.
9. he / understand / the question?
10. we / not-know / about the accident.

Exercise 19 Complete the sentences with a verb in the past simple.

Last summer I 1. my holiday in Venice. I 2. in a lovely hotel near St. Mark’s Square and
the people there 3. very friendly. I 4. for long walks around Venice and I 5.
a lot of beautiful monuments. I also 6. a water-bus to
the islands, which 7. fascinating, especially Murano which 8. glass
ornaments and lamps. In fact, I 9. some souvenirs for my friends- a beautiful glass necklace and a
colourful vase. I also 10. the Biennale art exhibition, which 11.
very interesting. I 12. up the Bell tower, too- there 13. a lot of steps! I 14.
quite a few postcards to my friends and I 15. sad to leave.

PROGRESSIVE ASPECT
The progressive aspect indicates an incomplete action. The progressive auxiliary be in the present, past
or future form is followed by the present participle form of the verb in the interrogative, negative and
affirmative:

Present: He is listening. He isn’t listening. Is he listening?

Past: They were singing. They weren’t singing. Were they singing?
Future: We will be They won’t be travelling. Will they be
travelling. travelling?

Verbs ending in –e remove the –e and add –ing: take taking

Verbs ending in –ie change to –y: die dying
Short verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant double the final consonant: stop stopping
Verbs ending in -y add –ing: stay staying

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
temporary action: He’s studying at the moment
future event: I’m meeting my professor tomorrow

TIME EXPRESSIONS
at present, at the moment, for the time being, now, currently, this week/month/year.

Exercise 20 Write the sentences in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms of the present
progressive.
1. She / study/ now.
2. We / listen / to the politician.
3. They /write/ to the bank.

4. I / have / lunch / at the moment.

5. He / teaching / his friend to speak English.

PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Dynamic and state verbs
Dynamic verbs (describing an action) can be used in the progressive form. State verbs (describing a state)
are not usually used in this form. Some verbs can be both dynamic and state, depending on their meaning.
Some state verbs are:

like weigh love hate

prefer remember forget believe
mean seem understand want
need know belong own
doubt recognize cost owe
matter contain suppose astonish
concern detest wish satisfy
Some verbs that can be both:

think look feel be

have hear taste
see appear smell

Exercise 21 Write the correct form of the verb in brackets according to the meaning.
1. I (think) you are wrong.
2. He (have) a shower at the moment.
3. Jane (not see) what I mean.
4. This box (weigh) a lot!
5. We (prefer) the sea to the mountains.
6. The actor (appear) in the new film that comes out tomorrow.
7. They (seem) to know what they are talking about.
8. He (not understand) anything.
9. What do these words (mean)?
10. I certainly (agree) with you.
Exercise 22 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
stay speaks doesn’t think are taking do you
have
is take is having is speaking is
thinking staying

1. She about buying a car.

2. We 2 exams next week.
3. We always in a hotel when we are on holiday.
4. a computer in your office?
5. She at the conference next week.
6. He with his friends during the holidays.
7. She it’s a good idea.
8. I the bus every day.
9. He a bath at the moment.
10. She French and German fluently.

Exercise 23 Choose the correct form and pay attention to the time expression.
1. What (are you doing/do you do) under the table? What’s the matter?
2. Where (is he going / does he go) every day with that suitcase?
3. I (am reading / read) a fascinating book in this period.
4. They (aren’t working / do not work) at the moment.
5. (Is it raining / does it rain) hard? – I need to go out.
6. We never (are listening / listen) to what he says.
7. I usually (am cleaning / clean) my house on Saturdays.
8. He (is smoking / smokes) a lot nowadays.
9. I (am taking / take) the dog for a walk as it’s sunny now.
10. (Do you ever dream/ Are you ever dreaming) at night?

SHORT ANSWERS
Exercise 24 Match the answers to the questions.
1. Are they coming to the party? a. No, she doesn’t.
2. Do we have to pay for it? b. No, they aren’t.
3. Is she coming back? c. No, we aren’t. We don’t have any money.
4. Does she eat meat? d. Yes, it is.
5. Is it still raining? e. No, I don’t think she is.
6. Does it always rain a lot here? f. No, they don’t.
7. Do they have everything they need? g. Yes, I am. He’s very late.
8. Are you waiting to see the doctor? h. No, I don’t.
9. Do you see your cousin very often? i. Yes, it does at this time of year.
10. Are we going to Greece this year? j. Yes, we do.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
description of unfinished action at exact time in the past: At 3.30 we were travelling on the train.
continuing action in the past often in relation to action in simple past which may interrupt progressive
action: I was watching TV when the lights went out.
describing scenes or simultaneous actions: While I was cooking my husband was gardening.
Note: State verbs are not used in the past progressive.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
while, when, at + time, during.

Answer the following questions.

What were you doing at:
1. 6 p.m. yesterday evening?
2. 9 a.m. this morning?
3. 11 p.m. last Saturday?
4. 3 p.m. on Sunday afternoon?
5. 2 a.m. 3 days ago?

Exercise 25 Write the questions in the past progressive and answer them.
1. the girls / play / basketball? No, they / play / football.

2. Jane / sing? No, she / listen to / music.

3. you / wait / for the bus? No, I / look at / the shop.

4. he / laugh /? No, he / cry.

5. the cat / sleep? No, it / eat.

WHILE/WHEN
Exercise 26 Match the sentences and insert while or when.
1. I was driving … a. we saw the strange man.
2. He was cooking … b. they were listening to
Jazz.
3. They were having a drink… c. I had an accident.
4. We were leaving the theatre… d. he cut himself.
5. She fell asleep… e. she was watching the
film.

PAST PROGRESSIVE / PAST SIMPLE

Exercise 27 Write the verbs in the past progressive or past simple form.
1. When I last (see) him, he (run) along the street.
2. Jane (wait) for me when I (arrive) late last night.
3. Mike (not / believe) me when I (tell) him the news.
4. While I (tidy) up my room, I (find) some old letters.
5. What (you / do) when I (phone) you this morning?

PERFECT ASPECT
The perfect aspect describes a complete action:
Present perfect: Susan has watched a wonderful programme.
Past perfect: Susan had watched the documentary before.

The perfect auxiliary have in the present, past or future tense is followed by the past participle form of the
verb regular –ed or irregular in the interrogative, negative and affirmative:
Present: He has taken some photos. He hasn’t taken any photos. Has he taken any
photos? Past: They had robbed the bank. They hadn’t robbed the bank. Had they robbed
the bank? Future: We will have finished our exams by June.
PRESENT PERFECT
action started in past and influences present: The cat has broken the vase again
unspecified time of action in the past: He’s been to Australia twice
period not finished at time of speaking: I’ve written 3 letters so far this morning

Note: contrary to the perfect form in Italian, the present perfect in English is not only a past tense. Think of
it as a ‘bridge’ connecting the past to the present.
The verb ‘to go’ has two past participles:
She has been to London = she went there and she came back.
She has gone to London = she went and she hasn’t come back
yet. Adverbs of frequency go between the auxiliary and the past
participle:
He has never been to Rome.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
since (specific point in time), for (period of time), ever, never, yet, already, lately, recently, this week/month/year, until
now, up to now, so far, it’s the first/second/third time, all my life, before.

Exercise 28 Write the sentences in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms of the present perfect.
1. I (pass) my exam.

2. He (lose) his keys.

3. We (tidy) the room.

4. She (finish) her work.

5. They (send) me some money.

Exercise 29 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. I (be) very busy lately.
2. (you-see) a film recently?
3. We (not-finish) our meal, yet.
4. They (buy) two new chairs for the garden.
5. What (you-do) with my book? I can’t find it!
6. Mary (teach) for 30 years now.
7. He (write) 3 letters so far.
8. Where (he-go)? He should be here now.
9. Thank you for inviting me. I (have) a wonderful time here.
10. We (meet) a really nice person. His name’s Mike.
FOR/SINCE
Exercise 30 Complete the following sentences with for or since.
1. It hasn’t rained June.
2. We have been married 10 years now.
3. I’ve known John a long time.
4. We have known each other we were children.
5. They have had this car 2008.
6. She has been ill several days.
7. We haven’t seen her last summer.
8. He hasn’t eaten anything this morning.
9. This jacket is very old. I have had it ages.
10. It has been hot May.

JUST/ALREADY/YET/EVER/NEVER/STILL

Apart from still, which goes before the auxiliary have, the other adverbs go between the auxiliary and
the past participle:
He still hasn’t found his keys. Have you ever been to France? We have just arrived.
Yet is used in the interrogative and negative form and expresses expectation of something to happen:
Has your lesson started, yet? We haven’t finished the course, yet.
Note: Yet placed at the beginning of a sentence expresses ‘but’ or ‘nevertheless’:
Jane says she’s speaks French fluently, yet I have never heard her speak it.

just already yet ever never still

Exercise 31 Complete the sentences with one of the words from the box.
1. Bob hasn’t phoned me. I’m getting worried.
2. Have you eaten porridge?
3. We have seen this film, but we’ll watch again as it’s a classic.
4. Sue has come back form her holiday in Greece-she’s so brown!
5. Have you finished your exams, ?
6. I have been to Turkey, but I would love to go.
7. They haven’t installed my phone, .
8. Has she worked in a restaurant?
9. The books I haven’t arrived. Where are they?
ordered visited Rome, but it would be nice to go there
10. I have again.

PRESENT PERFECT / PAST SIMPLE

Exercise 32 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Use the present perfect or past simple and pay
attention to the time expression.
1. Everything is ok. We (not / have) any problems so far.
2. Mary (not / go) to work yesterday because she was tired.
3. John (be) to Australia, but he is back now.
4. They (not / finish) building the bridge, yet.
5. My sister (get) married in London 10 years ago.
6. –Is Bob still here? –No, he (just / go) out.
7. How many plays (Goldoni / write)?
8. How long (you / know) Tom?
9. I (never / meet) that man in my life.
10. He (drive) to London last week.

Exercise 33 Choose the most appropriate verb form.

1. Susan has lived/lived in Venice for 10 years, but she left in 2006.
2. The Titanic has sunk/sank in 1912.
3. Someone has stolen/stole my bike! Now what shall I do?
4. Janet has been/went to Scotland three times this month.
5. Maria has graduated/graduated from University last February.
6. I have seen/saw the film The Matrix five times. I’m going to see it again tomorrow.
7. She has walked/walked to work for the last four weeks.
8. When they were young, they have lived/lived in France.
9. Oh dear! I have torn/tore the page. I’ll have to write everything again.
10. We have lost/lost our way to the house yesterday, but then found it eventually.
11. I haven’t seen/didn’t see you since you went on holiday.
12. Shakespeare certainly hasn’t written/didn’t write this play.
13. We haven’t completed/didn’t complete the exercise, yet.
14. She last has gone/went to the theatre 5 years ago.
15. More details have emerged/emerged about the death of the politician now.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

emphasis of continuing character of action from past to present: It has been raining for 3 hours now
action that has recently stopped: John is hot. He has been gardening.
action or situation that is temporary: We have been living in Venice for 2 weeks now.
The present perfect progressive focuses on the duration of an action, not on the finished action and its result.
Compare:
How long have you been writing letters? – I’ve been writing letters all
morning. How many letters have you written so far? – I have written 5 letters.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
for, since, how long, all morning/week/month/year, lately, recently.

Exercise 34 Complete the sentence with the present perfect continuous form.
1. They (work) for 4 hours now.
2. She (dream) ever since she saw that lovely man.
3. Why are you crying? –I (watch) a sad film.
4. I’m so tired. I (study) all night.
5. We (collect) rare books for several years.
6. It (rain) since yesterday.
7. He (learn) English since last year.
8. I (wait) for the bus for over an hour.
9. He (work) in the bank for over a year.
10. She (sleep) for 12 hours now.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Exercise 35 Choose the correct form of the present perfect.
1. His face is familiar, but I (have forgotten / have been forgetting) his name.
2. You look tired. – Yes, I (have run / have been running) all day.
3. We (have seen/ have been seeing) this film several times.
4. (Have you watched/ Have you been watching) the new crime series on TV?
5. He (hasn’t been eating/hasn’t eaten) anything for ages.
6. The baby (has cried/ has been crying) all night.
7. He (has had / has been having) a shower and now he feels better.
8. We (have been listening/ have listened) to music all evening.
9. They ( have done / have been doing) these exercises for over two hours now.
10. I (have been knowing / have known) them for a long time.

PAST PERFECT
The perfect auxiliary had followed by the past participle form of the verb regular –ed or irregular.

action taking place in the past preceding another action in the past: the train had left when I arrived at the
station past unreal events in hypothetical statements: If I had studied English better, I wouldn’t have failed
the exam reported speech: He said he had gone to the shops the day before
The past perfect is generally used together with the past simple form, to denote an earlier action. Compare:
When I arrived home, the children went to bed. (First I arrived and then the children went to bed)
When I arrived home, the children had gone to bed. (First the children went to bed and then I arrived)

TIME EXPRESSIONS
since (specific point in time), for (period of time), ever, never, yet, already, this week/month/year, it was the
first/second/third time, all my life, before, by the time.

Exercise 36 Write the sentences in the interrogative and negative form.

1. I had forgotten to bring my ticket.

2. I had slept the night before.

3. She had lost her wallet on the train again.

4. We had visited London before.

5. They had seen a lion before.

PAST PERFECT/PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 37 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. When I through Bologna I about the good times I there as a student.

(walk; think; spend)
2. As soon as she cleaning the floors she gardening. (finish; start)
3. After I the letter, I that I the wrong address. (post; realize; write)
4. John me if I away on holiday. (ask; be)
5. When I home last night, my family to bed. (get; go)
6. We worried about John because we several times but he the phone. (be;
call; not answer)
7. When I home, I that a burglar my computer. (arrive; see; steal)
8. She James on the street yesterday and he her that he ill for two weeks. He still
well. (meet; tell; be; not look)
9. I out of the window last night because I some noises and I that my cat
in a tree. (look; hear; find; get stuck)
10. I Susan to the party but she come because she other plans.
(invite; can; make)

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

continuing action in the past preceding or interrupted by another past action: I had been reading for ten
minutes before the lights went out
emphasis of continuing character of action from earlier past to more recent past: It had been raining for 3 hours
now
action or situation that was temporary: We had been living in Venice for 2 months.
The past perfect progressive focuses on the duration of an action, not on the finished action and its result.
Compare:
How long had you been writing letters? – I’d been writing letters all
morning. How many letters had you written? – I had written 5 letters.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
for, since, how long, all morning/week/month/year, before.

Exercise 38 Look at the situation and write a sentence with the past perfect progressive form of the verb.
1. There was a smell of burnt chips. Someone / fry.

2. The children were dirty. They / play / in the garden.

3. Jane was crying. She / cut / onions.

4. David was very red. He / sunbathe / all day on the beach.

5. The garden was under a foot of snow. It /snow/ all night.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE / PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Exercise 39 Complete the sentences with the past perfect simple or progressive form.
1. It was the first time that he (invite) me to lunch.
2. We (drive) for about an hour when we saw the hotel.
3. It (be) a tiring day and I was exhausted.
4. What (you-do) before I phoned you?
5. They (watch) TV when the earthquake happened.
6. We (never-see) a snake before.
7. By the time he (finish) his homework it was well after midnight.
8. When we arrived at the cinema the film (start).
9. He (study) English for 3 years when he started the new course.
10. When the waiter arrived with our food, we (wait) half an hour.

USED TO DO / TO BE USED TO DOING / WOULD

To be used to doing (adjective + preposition + gerund) expresses being accustomed to doing something in
the present: I am used to getting up at 6.00 am. Are you used to going to bed late?

Used to do (verb + infinitive) expresses an action done regularly in the past, but not now (or vice versa):
I used to swim a lot when I was young. He didn’t use to drive a car to work, but now he does.
Would + infinitive without to describes a past routine without contrasting it with the present: Every day he
would
take the n° 34 bus to the station and then he would catch the train to London.

Exercise 40 Complete the sentences using one of the expressions above with the verb in the correct form.
1. He (smoke) cigarettes, but now he smokes cigars.
2. We (work) in this small room, despite the conditions.
3. I (drive) on the left now I’m living in Britain.
4. My mother (tell) me a story at bedtime when I was young.
5. (you/play) the piano when you were young?
6. We (not/eat) so early in the evening. We usually eat at 8.00 pm.
7. This contemporary artist (do) a lot of sketches before painting the final portrait.
8. I never (walk) to work, but now I need the exercise.
9. There (be) a bookshop here, but now there is a clothes shop.
10. He (take) the dog out for a walk every evening.

FUTURE TIME
There are no inflected forms to express the future, so other alternative forms are used:
Arrangement: He is having lunch with Mary on Friday. (present
continuous) Fixed programme: The train arrives in Venice at 10.40. (present simple)
Personal intention: We are going to have a party tomorrow. (be + going to + infinitive)
Immediate future: Careful! You are going to fall. (be + going to + infinitive)
Immediate future: Google is about to buy a social network. (to be + about to + infinitive)
Spontaneous decision: There are no buses now. I think I will get a taxi. (will + infinitive
without to) Offering to do something: I’ll help you with those bags. Shall I open the door?
Request: Will you open the window, please?
Asking for suggestion: What shall I / we do this evening? (shall + infinitive without to)
Promise: I’ll write to you when I get there. (will, shall + infinitive without to)
Prediction: Don’t worry about her. I’m sure she will arrive. (will + infinitive without to)
Time clause: He will phone when/ if /as soon as he gets home. (will in main clause, present
tense in subordinate clause)
Formal future arrangement: The Queen is to visit Italy soon. (to be + infinitive of verb)
Continuing action in the future: I will be studying every evening next week. (will + be + present participle)
Action completed some time in the future: We will have finished painting the room by the time you get back
from your holidays. (will + have + past participle)
Continuing action completed at some time in the future: She will have been studying English for one year by
the end of term.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
next weekend /week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in three days’/weeks’/months’ time, by.

Exercise 41 Complete the sentences using one of the future forms above and the correct form of the verb.
1. Look out! We (crash) the car!
2. The phone is ringing. I (answer) it.
3. The film (begin) at 10.
4. I (not / work) tomorrow, so we can go to the beach.
5. I haven’t got any money. What I (do)?
6. If you (touch) that plate, you (burn) yourself.
7. She (apply) for the job that was advertised in the newspaper.
8. The Pope (visit) Turkey in November.
9. You (go) to France, I promise.
10. I don’t think the (be) very difficult.
exam
11. Jane (work) on her thesis for the next 3 months.
12. By the time I arrive home, the workers (repair) my TV.
13. During the next century the climate (become) warmer.
14. The guided tour (leave) from the hotel at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
15. I think I (go) to bed early tonight – I’m tired.

TIME CLAUSES WITH FUTURE EVENTS

In time clauses with reference to future time, the main (independent) clause has a future reference, but the
subordinate (dependent) clause remains in the simple present. The subordinate clause usually starts with a
time adverbial such as when, after, before, as soon as, until.
main clause: subordinate clause:
I’ll come home as soon as I finish the test.
We’re going to speak to her when we see her.
If the sentence starts with a subordinate clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma:
When we get home, we’ll have a shower.
Before he goes, he’ll phone you.

Exercise 42 Match the clauses with a time adverbial.

1. We won’t get home a. he reads it carefully.

2. I’ll phone him b. I have a holiday.
3. She won’t have breakfast when c. the weather is fine.
4. I will go mad after d. you study hard.
5. He will go for a swim before e. they have finished their
tomorrow exams.
6. We will go to the restaurant as soon as f. you see him.
7.He isn’t going to sign the until g. after midnight.
contract
8. You won’t pass the exam if h. I get into the office.
9. They are going to celebrate unless i. the concert.
10. You will recognize him j. she goes out to work.
Exercise 43 Write the verbs in brackets in the present or future form.
1. Unless you (do) some shopping, you (not-eat) this evening.
2. I (get) in touch with Joe when I (arrive) in France.
3. As soon as you (finish) your test, you (have) the results.
4. By the time they (return), he (be) ready.
5. We (go) into the garden after you (visit) the house.
6. He (think) about the restoration before he (consider) buying the house.
7. What (you-do) if you (not-have) enough money?
8. What (happen) when the company (be) reorganized?
9. I (ask) Mary about her mother when I (phone) her.
10. As soon as you (get) off the bus, you (see) my house.

UNIT 3 INFINITIVE AND –ING FORM, THE PASSIVE FORM

INFINITIVE

Note the forms of the infinitive:

present infinitive: to tell
continuous infinitive: to be
telling perfect infinitive: to
have told
perfect continuous infinitive: to have been telling
present infinitive passive: to be told
perfect infinitive passive: to have been told

INFINITIVE AS NOUN
The infinitive or an infinitive phrase can be used as a noun: To play the piano is her dream / Her dream is to play
the piano.
If the action is used in a general sense, the -ing form can be used: Learning English is not easy.

ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE
However, it is more usual to use the construction introduced by it:
It is her dream to play the piano. It is not easy to learn English

Sometimes the infinitive may be part of a construction with for:

It is easy for you to say that.

Exercise 44 Write the infinitive form of the verb in brackets.

1. He was lucky (be) alive.
2. It was nice (meet) you.
3. I’m glad (hear) that you are better.
4. It is important (have) a meeting.
5. Are you ready (eat) now?

ADJECTIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

The following constructions take the infinitive form:
too + adjective + infinitive: The tea is too hot to drink.
adjective + enough + infinitive: It is not warm enough to go out.
Note: we do not say too much before an adjective. Enough precedes a noun: There are enough chairs.
Exercise 45 Rewrite the sentence with too or enough.
1. She is too old. She shouldn’t drive. .
2. He is not old enough. He shouldn’t drink alcohol. .
3. We are too tired. We can’t continue studying. .
4. The child is too short. He can’t reach the biscuits. .
5. I am not strong enough. I can’t lift the box. .

NOUN and PRONOUN + INFINITIVE

The infinitive can follow the noun and pronoun to show what can be done to them:
I have a lot of work to do. (I have a lot of work that I must do).
Would you like something to eat? (would you like something that you can eat?).

Exercise 46 Replace the phrase in italics with a phrase with an infinitive form.
1. I have nothing that I can wear this evening. .
2. He hasn’t got anything that he can do at the moment. .
3. There is a lot that we can talk about. .
4. There are so many books that I must read for my studies. .
5. There is nowhere that we can go on Saturdays. .

VERB + INFINITVE
Some of the most common verbs followed by the infinitive form:
aim expect refuse
allowed fail *remem
ber
arrange forget say
ask hope start
attempt manage *stop
be *mean threaten
begin offer *try
care plan want
choose prefer wish
continue proceed
decide promise

*Can have both infinitive and –ing form with different meanings:

Compare: a) I remember seeing the Queen when I was young b) Remember to lock the door when you go out a) I
stopped seeing my friend as we had quarrelled b) I stopped to visit my friend on the way back from Venice a) I
tried taking an aspirin for my headache b) I tried to lift up the heavy box
a) I didn’t mean to hurt you b) Going to university means studying a lot
a) I suggest you go to the library tomorrow b) He suggested having a picnic
Exercise 47 Replace the phrase in italics by an infinitive form.
1. She threatened that she would shoot him. .
2. We hope we’ll arrive early. .
3. I promised that I would send a postcard. .
4. He reminded me that I had to see my lawyer. .
5. We remembered that we had to lock the door. .

VERBS + BARE INFINITIVE

Apart from modal auxiliary verbs, the following verbs take the bare infinitive:
make: They made him work twice as hard as the others.
let: My parents let me stay out at night when I was young.
dare: He didn’t dare go out in the snow because it was dangerous.
help: I will help you do your homework.
suggest: I suggest you study more.
would rather: I’d rather stay at home than go out this evening.
Had better: you’d better study if you want to pass your exam.

INFINITIVE OR BARE INFINITIVE

Exercise 48 Choose the correct infinitive form.
1. I want (go) on holiday.
2. He planned (build) a house.
3. They suggested I (buy) a car.
4. We will arrange (meet) as early as possible.
5. He refused (participate) in the project.
6. He’d better (hurry) up or he’ll be late.
7. I daren’t (tell) him about the broken vase!
8. Will your parents (let) you go to the party?
9. He managed (finish) the essay on time.
10. We stopped (admire) the shops on the way.

VERB + COMPLEMENT + INFINITIVE

Some verbs require a complement before the infinitive of the verb: He told me to go home.
The most common verbs are:
advise forbid recommend
allow force remind
challenge invite request
command order tell
enable permit
encourage persuade

Note: The verb want if followed by a complement follows the same rule: They wanted him to be a doctor.

Exercise 49 Complete each sentence with your own ideas.

1. Hot weather encourages people to .
2. Why did they allow ?
3. We have told .
4. He persuaded .
5. My doctor has advised .

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
The infinitive is also used to express purpose:
He went to the bank to get some money (He went there because he wanted to get some
money). Note: do not use for in this case. For + gerund is used to express the general
purpose of a noun: This is a tool for cutting things.

Exercise 50 Replace the phrase in italics by an infinitive form of purpose.

1. We went to the travel agents because we wanted to book a flight. .
2. He started the course because he wanted to learn French. .
3. They went to Egypt because they wanted to see the pyramids. .
4. I am studying because I want to become a doctor. .
5. He will buy a car because he wants to drive to work. .

-ING FORM
The –ing form has a wide variety of functions:

- It is a present participle used as part of a progressive aspect: The bus is waiting.

- the -ing form (gerund) acts as a noun: Smoking is bad for you.
- It is used as an adjective: It was a boring film.
- the -ing structure takes the place of a relative clause: Students wishing to enrol (students that wish to
enrol)
- the -ing form follows a preposition: I look forward to meeting you.

VERBS + -ING FORM

avoid consider deny det
est
dislike enjoy finish hat
e
imagine like love mi
nd
practice remember resist risk
spend(time stop suggest try
)
waste
(time)

Exercise 51 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1.I enjoy .
2. I hate .
3. I spend my evenings .
4. I don’t mind .
5. I can’t resist .
6. I don’t want to waste my time .
7. I have tried to avoid .
8. I suggest .

VERB + INFINITVE /-ING

Exercise 52 Put the verb in brackets in the infinitive with or without ‘to’ or –ing form.
1. Put that cigarette out! You are not allowed in here. (smoke)
2. It’s hot in here. Would you mind the window? (open)
3. He found the work difficult but he the exam. (pass)
managed
4. I never read Shakespeare now, because they made 8. He spends all his time comics.
me (read)
5. Where would you like tonight? (go)
6. I suggest we of a plan. (think)
7. Her doctor advised her a specialist. (see)
it at school. (study)
9. My parents weren’t very strict. They let me out late in the evenings. (stay)
10. This new job means to get up early. (have)
11. They avoided the subject. (mention)
12. He doesn’t enjoy TV at all. (watch)
13. I stopped at the view halfway up the mountain. (look)
14. He remembers a horse in the mountains when he was young. (ride)
15. If you don’t know his telephone number, try it up in the phone book. (look)

Exercise 53 Film titles often begin with a gerund or infinitive form of the verb. Write the correct form of
the verb in brackets.
1. (save) Private Ryan.
2. (catch) a Thief.
3. (be) John Malkovich.
4. (kill) a Mockingbird.
5. (regard) Henry.
6. (have) and Have Not.
7. (raise) Arizona.
8. (die) For.
9. (educate) Rita.
10. (be) or Not (be).

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive form (see Appendix I) of the verb is made up of a tense of the verb to be plus the Past Participle:
Active: Someone has borrowed my book. Passive: My book has been borrowed.
The Passive is used when there is little interest in, or knowledge of, the agent of the action, and more interest in
the action or its result. If it is necessary to identify the agent of the action, the preposition by is used:
The project was undertaken by an architect.
Note: In English there is also the passive form of the progressive aspect:
They are cleaning the windows. The windows are being cleaned
They were photocopying the documents. The documents were being photocopied.

A more formal passive construction to describe beliefs, opinions etc. uses the impersonal It:
It is said he has won numerous awards. (They say he has won numerous awards).
It is believed that the Government is thinking of imposing new taxes. (They believe the Government is thinking of
imposing new taxes).

Exercise 54 Complete the sentences with a passive construction, using the verbs in brackets and in the
tense suggested.

1. The play (write) by Shakespeare. (past simple)

2.These books (not read) by children. (present
simple)
3. A new art gallery (open) next month. (future simple)
4. I (tell) to go to the information desk. (past simple)
5. She is lucky as she (leave) a lot of money by her aunt. (present perfect)
6. I realized that I (rob) when I opened my bag. (past perfect)

Exercise 55 Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. Add the agent only where necessary.
1. The police have arrested the thief.
2. The fierce dog bit the man on his leg.
3. Christopher Wren designed this church.
4. The government is going to increase taxes next month.
5. Scientists are making progress in cancer research.
6. They were painting the room when I came in.
7. Someone has taken my phone.
8. They will mend the roof next week.

MODAL AUXILIARY PASSIVE FORM

The Passive can be used with modal auxiliary verbs:
Modal + be + past participle: The work must be done today. The coat should be taken to the dry cleaner’s.
Modal + have been + past participle: The painting should never have been sold.

Exercise 56 Rewrite the sentences in the passive form.

1. You must walk the dog every day.
2. He should post the letter now.
3. They will handle the vase with care.
4. They have to photocopy the documents.
5. Somebody could have called the doctor.

UNIT 4 MODAL AUXILIARIES AND OTHER AUXILIARIES, CONDITIONAL FORM, REPORTED SPEECH

MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal auxiliary verbs have the following characteristics:
There is no infinitive form of these verbs; they are followed by the bare infinitive of the verb (apart from
ought to); there is no s in the third person singular present; they do not need the auxiliary do to form the
interrogative and negative forms; they have no –ed and –ing forms. The modal auxiliaries are:
can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, may, might, must

Some forms are known as semi-modals, as they share some, but not all the characteristics:
to be able to, have to, to be allowed to, would rather, to be going to, had better

Ability: I can swim. I could ride a bicycle when I was 5. I have been able to speak English since I was at school.
Permission: Can/Could/May/Might I use your phone? We were allowed to leave the lesson early.
Obligation: You must study more. You have to drive on the left in Britain. They had to go to hospital. Did you have
to
tidy your room when you were young? I will have to climb the stairs. The lift is out of order.
Prohibition: You mustn’t touch that dog. It’s dangerous. He wasn’t allowed to go out.
Necessity: The child needs to have his own room. Her hair needs cutting.
No necessity: You don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t come with me if you don’t want to.
Advice: You should / ought to go to bed - you look tired. He had better study harder.
Offers: I’ll help you with your homework. Shall I open the window?
Requests: Can / Could / Will / Would you buy me a newspaper,
please? Past habit: He used to / would play football when he was ten.
Preference: We would rather stay at home than go out.
Probability: Stephen may/might be here, but I’m not sure. The bus should be here by now. Dogs can be difficult to
educate. This painting can’t be a Picasso-there’s no signature. You must be tired after such a hard day. She must
have been tired. He can’t have known.

Exercise 57 Rewrite the sentences using one of the modal verbs above.
e.g. I want permission to go home early = Can/Could/May I go home early?
1. I would like to use your phone.
2. Jane has the ability to play the violin.
3. The doctor has advised me to stop smoking.
4. I would like to help you pick up that heavy suitcase.
5. It is prohibited to smoke in here.
6. It is not necessary to wear a uniform.
7. I order you to tidy your room.
8. When I was six, I was able to play the piano.
9. Open the door, please.
10. It would be better if you studied harder.
11. He can drive now. He started to drive when he was 18.
12. I advise you to read that book.
13. It isn’t necessary for you to go to the shops today.
14. It was obligatory for me to take the dog for a walk every
day.
15. It is prohibited to wear a miniskirt in church. Change your clothes.
16. It is necessary to clean the floor.
17. It is possible that the painting is by Vermeer.
18. It isn’t possible that your brother is here-he’s in America!
19. I would prefer to go to the cinema.
20. It would be better if you left early to catch the train.

MUST / HAVE TO
Exercise 58 Complete the sentences with a form of must or have to.
1. I’m tired. I go to bed early tonight.
2. Mary go to school on Saturdays.
3. We fly to London for a meeting next week.
4. You visit us again soon.
5. He cook because his wife is away.
6. (you) pay taxes if you live abroad?
7. He study harder if he wants to pass the exam.
8. She go to the post office to renew her passport.

MUST NOT / DON’T / DOESN’T HAVE TO

Exercise 59 Complete the sentences with a form of must not or don’t/doesn’t have to
1. Passengers speak to the bus driver.
2. I’m lucky. I go to work on Saturdays.
3. My daughter ask permission to go out at night.
4. You go near that building. It’s falling down!
5. Schoolchildren wear a uniform in Italy.
6. You smoke in the restaurant.
7. You come to the party if you don’t want to.
8. There is enough bread for lunch. You buy any more.
Exercise 60 Need(s) doing / Need(s) to do / Needn’t do
1. You (buy) any more milk. There is enough in the fridge.
2. He (feed) the cat twice a day.
3. We (bring) our umbrellas today. It’s sunny.
4. The car (repair).
5. They (provide) more information.

MODALS EXPRESSING DEDUCTION AND POSSIBILITY

The modals must, will, may, might, can’t and could also express deduction and possibility.

Present
The man must be extremely rich to own a Rolls Royce.
She must be working a lot at the moment. She’s never at
home. You’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry.
Ask Susan, she may/might know the
answer. The phone is ringing. It could be
my mother.
If you speak to her, she will tell you she doesn’t want to know.

Exercise 61 Complete the sentences using one of the modal verbs above.
1. You’ve been working all day. You be very tired.
2. The restaurant be very good because it’s always empty.
3. Where’s John? He be in his office.
4. Don’t phone Mary now. She be
5. I don’t know when they are coming. busy. be here any time now.
They

Past
The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been
asleep. Jo is very tired. She must have been studying all
night.
Tom drove straight into the wall. He can’t/couldn’t have seen
it. Where’s my dictionary? You may/might have left it on the
bus.
I think he will have finished his exam by now.

Exercise 62 Complete the sentences using one of the modal verbs above.
1. The house is empty next door. The neighbours gone away.
2. The exam been very easy as only half the students passed.
3. -Where’s my mobile phone? –I don’t know. You _ put it in your bag.
4. Jenny isn’t at home. She gone to work.
5. He been feeling depressed after his wife’s death.

DIDN’T NEED TO DO / NEEDN’T HAVE DONE

I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.
I needn’t have got up early, but it was sunny, so I did.

Exercise 63 Rewrite the sentence using one of the modals above.

1. I bought some bread but there was already plenty in the cupboard.
2. He took an umbrella when he went out, but it didn’t rain.

3. It wasn’t necessary to hurry to catch the train as there was still lots of time, so we had a coffee.

4. She took her camera on holiday, but she never used it.

5. It wasn’t necessary for Tim to explain the situation, as everybody already knew.

SHOULD HAVE DONE / HAD TO DO

I should have got up early this morning. Now I’ll be very late!
I was late home because I had to finish some work in the office.

Exercise 64 Rewrite the sentence using one of the modals above.

1. Why didn’t you go to see the doctor?
You

2. Jane couldn’t come yesterday evening because there was a lot of work to do.
Jane

3. We left before the end of the meeting to go home early.

We

4. It was a great party last night. Why didn’t you come?

You

5. I waited a very long time for the bus.

I

Exercise 65 Choose the correct alternative.

1. The box looks heavy. (Would/Will/Shall) I help you?
2. I don’t understand this exercise. (May/Could/Shall) you explain it to me?
3. The water is too deep. You (mightn’t/mustn’t/don’t have to) go swimming.
4. I’m really tired. I (could/should/ought) go to bed.
5. He (can’t/shouldn’t/might) have stolen the car. He was abroad at the time.
6. Susan is late again. She (can’t/must/should) have missed the train.
7. Jane (had to/should have/must have) work at the weekend.
8. The bus is usually on time. It (ought to/ might/can) be here by now.
9. It’s the law. You (might/could/have to) pay taxes.
10. I’m really sick. I know I (mustn’t/shouldn’t/can’t) have eaten all that ice-cream last night!

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF AUXILIARY VERBS

Auxiliary verbs can be used:
in short answers: Is he Italian? –Yes, he is. Can he swim? –No, he can’t.

agreements and disagreements with statements: London is very expensive. –Yes, it is. This film is
terrible. – No, it isn’t.
 additions to affirmative statements: so + auxiliary verb + subject
She is English and so am I. He likes music and so do I.

additions to negative statements: neither/nor + auxiliary verb + subject

I don’t have much money and neither does he. He can’t swim and nor can I.

question tags: after affirmative statements a negative interrogative is used:

He is coming, isn’t he? She went there, didn’t she?
after negative statements a normal interrogative is used:
They didn’t go there, did they? He hasn’t come, has he? He never arrives on time, does he?
Some colloquial exceptions are: I’m early, aren’t I? Let’s eat, shall we?

Affirmative additions to negative statements:

He doesn’t like Bach, but I do. They didn’t go there, but I did.

Emphasis: You do look well! Do sit down.

Exercise 66 Complete the sentences with the correct form of an auxiliary verb.
1. She was out all day and so I.
2. They didn’t see him and neither we.
3. He doesn’t write as well as I .
4. You can’t speak French, you?
5. Let’s have a drink, we?
6. I’m slow, I?
7. I don’t like meat, but he .
8. They never listen, they?
9. Has he arrived? –Yes, he .
10. He’s been to Paris, he?
CONDITIONAL
Conditionals are made up of a main clause and a subordinate clause beginning with if or unless:
If they don’t study, they will never pass the
exam. Unless you turn off the music, I’ll get
angry.
I would go now if I were you.
He would never do that job unless he were paid enough.

Conditional 0 (situation always true if something happens): If I’m late for school, my father gives me
a lift. Conditional 1 (possible result): If I find your watch, I’ll tell you. If you don’t sleep, you’re
going to be tired. Conditional 2 (imaginary result): I’m sure Jane would understand if you
explained the situation to her.
If I were you I would go to the doctor.
Conditional 3 (past situation with hypothetical result): If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone
to visit you.
CONDITIONAL 1
Exercise 67 Match the phrases and connect them with if.

1. I’ll drive to work a. they can afford it.

2. we have enough money b. if he continues speaking.
3. they will buy the car c. we’ll go on holiday.
4. you give me the phone number d. I miss the bus.
5. we’ll fall asleep e. I’ll phone her.

CONDITIONAL 2
Exercise 68 Put the verbs into the correct tense.
1. If I (have) enough money, I (buy) a house.
2. It (be) lovely if we (can go) on holiday together.
3. If I (be) you, I (consult) a lawyer.
4. We (come) to the party if we (not-have) so much work.
5. If I (win) the lottery, I (travel).

CONDITIONAL 3
Exercise 69 Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional form.
e.g. I didn’t know you were ill, so I didn’t visit you = If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.

1. I didn’t listen to him, so I got lost. .

2. My teacher didn’t explain the rule, so I didn’t understand. .
3. I fell down the stairs because I didn’t see the cat. .
4. She wasn’t careful so she broke the glass. .
5. He met his future wife because he went to the rock concert. .

Exercise 70 Complete the sentences using one of the conditional forms above.
1. If we (catch) the 10.30 train to Venice, we (arrive) in time.
2. You don’t look healthy. If you (take) more exercise, you _ (feel) better.
3. If I (be) president, I (change) a lot of things.
4. If you (break) a bone, it (hurt) a lot.
5. The view was great. If I (have) a camera, I (take) some pictures.
6. We (enjoy) the holiday more last week if the weather (be) better.

I WISH/IF ONLY

Reference to present time:

Wish /If only + noun/pronoun + simple past: I don’t have much time now = I wish / If only I had more time.

Wish / If only + noun/pronoun + past subjunctive of verb ‘to be’: You are not here but I would like you to
be here = I wish / If only you were here.

Wish / If only + same noun/pronoun as subject + could: I can’t fly = I wish / If only I could fly.

Wish / If only + different noun/pronoun from subject + would: You don’t tidy your room, but I want you
to tidy it = I wish you would tidy your room.

Exercise 71 Rewrite the sentences with I wish + present time reference.

e.g. I want a new car = I wish I had a new car.

1. You are not here. I wish .

2. She wants to be young again. She wishes .
3. He wants to be able to fly. He wishes .
4. I don’t want to be fat. I wish .
5. They want to have more time. They wish .

Reference to past time:

Wish / If only + noun/pronoun + past perfect: I didn’t go to university. Now I have a badly-paid job = I
wish / If only I had gone to university.

Exercise 72 Rewrite the sentences with I wish + past time reference.

e.g. I didn’t study hard at University = I wish that I had studied hard at University.

1. We didn’t know about the train strike. We wish .

2. I said some terrible things. I wish .
3. He forgot to post the letter. He wishes .
4. She broke the precious vase. She wishes .
5. I didn’t tell her about the change in the timetable. I wish .

Write a few of your own wishes, relating to the present or past.

1. I wish .
2. I wish _.
3. I wish .
4. I wish .

REPORTED SPEECH
When reporting what somebody says, unless we report the speech on the same day, we go back a tense.
Always check pronouns, place and time expressions and tenses and aspect.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple Past simple
Present progressive Past progressive
Past simple +progressive Past perfect simple + progressive
Present perfect simple +progressive Past perfect simple + progressive
Past perfect simple + progressive No change
Future – is / are going to Was/ were going to
Future – will Would
Conditional 1 Conditional 2
Conditional 2+3 No change
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The next day, the following day, the day after

Reporting statements: “I speak French” = She said that she spoke

French.
“I am going to University” = He said that he was going to University.
Reporting questions: “Why do you smoke?” = He asked me why I
smoked.
“Do you like beer?” = He asked me if / whether I liked beer.
Requests: “John, sit down, please”. = She told John to sit
down.
“Jane, don’t open your book”. = He told Jane not to open her book.
Other reporting verbs: promise, refuse, offer, decide, agree + (not) to do; ask, advise, encourage, remind, invite +
someone + (not) to do.

Exercise 73 Report the following statements.

1. He said, “This is my chair.” He said .
2. She said, “ I went to the cinema yesterday.” She said .
3. He said, “I am writing a book.” He said .
4. She said, “I’ll do it tomorrow.” She said .
5. They said, “We have never been to Paris.” They said .
6. He said, “I would do it if I could.” He said .
7. “We’re waiting for the new teacher.” They said .
8. “I have made a mistake.” She said .

Exercise 74 Report the following questions.

1. “What’s the time?” she asked. She asked .
2. “How are you?” Jane asked me. Jane asked me .
3. “Where’s the bank?” he asked. He asked me .
4. “Where have you been?” His mother asked. His mother asked .
5. “Do you like chocolate?” Tom asked. Tom asked .
6. "How many people live in this town?", asked Robert. Robert asked .
7. “Why is he leaving?”, asked Susan. Susan asked .
8. “Was the party a success?”, asked Tom. Tom asked .

REPORTING VERBS
Exercise 75 Complete the sentences with one of the reporting verbs from the box.
refused promised offered decided
advised reminded invited agreed

1. “You really should go to the doctor.” He .

2. “I will certainly post the letter.” She .
3. “Ok, I’ll help you.” He .
4. “I’m going to wash the car.” She .
5. “I certainly won’t pay the bill.” He .
6. “We’ll help you to cook.” They .
7. “Don’t forget to lock the door.” He .
8. “Would you like to go for a pizza?” They .

UNIT 5 NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES

COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns have a singular and plural form, whereas common uncountable and proper nouns only
have a singular form and are followed by a singular verb. Here are some examples:

news advice furniture information knowled

ge
luck economics luggage progress permissi
on
weather work traffic homework money
behaviour music literacy environment perspecti
ve
Plural nouns can have both singular and plural forms, but sometimes only have a plural form:

people police clergy trousers sciss

ors
clothes pyjamas binoculars glasses scale
s

Collective nouns, which are countable, are followed by the singular when considered as a group and plural
when considered as individuals. Some examples are:
audience class committee crowd family
public staff team jury group

Some nouns are both countable and uncountable, and may change their meaning as a result:

work space light wood busin

ess
hair talk evil experience iron
glass cold time rubber paper

Exercise 76 Choose the most appropriate alternative.

1. His advice (is/are) helpful.
2. There is still (a/-) light on in your bedroom.
3. It’s difficult to find (a/-) work at this time of year.
4. She has (a/-) long blonde hair.
5. I can’t come out because I have (homework/homeworks) to do.
6. She wants (a/-) permission to look at the documents.
7. This information (is/are) useful.
8. The news on television (was/were) terrible.
9. You can find the complete (work/works) of Shakespeare on the Internet.
10. The students are making a lot of (progress/progresses).
11. We had (a/-) lovely time on holiday.
12. They are carrying out (a/-) research on medieval manuscripts.
13. She didn’t have (a/-) luggage when she travelled.
14. Do you have (an/-) iron I can borrow?
15. The lecturer will read out (a/-) paper on archaeology in Greece.
16. I have (an/-) experience in teaching children.
17. The (talk/talks) between China and the USA will take place on Monday .
18. You have (a/-) wonderful furniture.
19. The people (is/are) not happy with this idea.
20. The police (is/are) investigating the incident.

QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Quantifiers go before a noun and modify it.

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Both

Many much Some/any
a few a little most
Few little enough
Neither A good/great deal of a lot of/lots of
None plenty of
all / both
A few /few, a little/ little
There is a difference between using few / little with or without the indefinite article:
A few students came to the lesson means not many students came, but this is still positive.
Few students came to the lesson means not enough students came and this is negative.

I have a little time to help you means I have not much but enough time.
I have little time to help you means I don’t have enough time.

Some / any with singular countable nouns

some means “unspecified”: Some idiot broke my camera. Some day I’ll travel.
any means “almost every” or “no particular” in affirmative sentences: Take any book you want. Phone any time.

Exercise 77 Complete the sentences with one of the quantifiers above. More than one answer is possible
in some cases.
1. I think I have sugar left if you need it.
2. Jane nor Mary lives in Venice.
3. of the people I know have a computer.
4. Would you like wine?
5. of the time I just go out to eat.
6. He doesn’t like meat very .
7. There are chairs in the classroom. We need to get others.
8. How children do you have?
9. There isn’t pasta for everyone. Buy some more.
10. She has two cats. are very sweet.
11. The train leaves in 30 minutes, so we have time. Let’s have a coffee.
12. How information do you need?

FORMAL NEGATION
Formal written English tends to use a negative form with a positive verb form to give a negative meaning:
There isn’t any evidence = There is no
evidence They didn’t see anybody = They saw
nobody

Not much and not many can be replaced by little and few:
Not much evidence is left = Little evidence is
left There are not many chairs = There are few
chairs

Exercise 77 Write the negative sentences in a more formal way.

1. I don’t know anybody.
2. He didn’t go anywhere.
3. We haven’t done anything wrong.
4. Some people don’t have any respect.
5. They don’t have any money left.
6. They didn’t ever confess to the crime.
7. I don’t need any more chairs.
8. We didn’t have much difficulty.
9. There aren’t many possibilities.
10. Not many people know this.
POSSESSIVE FORMS OF NOUNS
In the possessive form the apostrophe goes before the -s after singular nouns, but after the -s after plural nouns:
My brother’s name is Peter The doctors’ responsibilities
If the word has an irregular plural form, the apostrophe comes before the –s: women’s rights children’s toys
The possessive can also be used with time expressions: today’s lesson in three weeks’ time

Note: Do not put an apostrophe before a plural used with figures or acronyms: the 1960s their IQs are high

Exercise 79 Insert the apostrophe where appropriate.

1. I think Mozarts best opera is The Marriage of Figaro.
2. The musicians wives are accompanying them on the tour.
3. Tom and Susans house is very old.
4. The Womens Movement was very strong in the 1970s.
5. I only had five hours sleep last night.

Inanimate objects generally avoid using the possessive form and form a compound noun. A compound
noun is a combination of two or more nouns: coffee cup history book

In compound nouns, nouns are used in their singular forms: processor of words = word processor

The plural is added to the principal noun in the compound: tea cups toothbrushes mothers-in-law
Do not confuse the possessive of it (its) with the contraction it’s (it is): its location is unknown it’s in
the church.

Exercise 80 Rewrite the following sentences as compound nouns.

1. Course for the study of computers.
2. Research concerned with ancient manuscripts.
3. Issues regarding university reform.
4. Texts used for art history.
5. Course for the appreciation of oil painting.

PRONOUNS
Exercise 81 Complete the table.

Subject object possessive reflexive

I mine
you yourself
He him
She hers
it itself
You yourselves
We ours
theirs themselves

Exercise 82 Substitute the words in italics with a pronoun.

1. I borrowed a book from Eric. .
2. Why don’t we invite Tom and Sue to our party? .
3. Is this your coat? .
4. Jack phoned my husband and me. .
5. Did you say you gave Mary a present? .
6. Is that coat Harry’s? .
7. I don’t like the smell of fried fish. .
8. This house is Stephen and Samantha’s. .
9. She will send Bill and you a postcard. .
10.Tom and I would like to go away for the weekend. .

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

These are not so common in English as in other languages. Some examples of verbs that use a reflexive
pronoun are:
remind, teach, blame, cut, hurt, help, enjoy.

They can be used to emphasize a noun or pronoun: We met the President himself.
Other verbs may use a reflexive pronoun, but only if the action is unusual: He managed to wash himself despite
his broken arm.

Do not confuse the reflexive pronouns with the reciprocal pronouns each other and one
another: Susan and Jane looked at each other = Susan looked at Jane and Jane looked at
Susan
Susan and Jane looked at themselves in the mirror = Susan looked at herself and Jane looked at herself

Exercise 83 Complete the sentences with a reflexive pronoun or reciprocal pronoun where necessary.
1. He enjoyed on holiday.
2. You should relax more often.
3. My parents met when they were in Paris.
4. I taught how to play chess.
5. I don’t feel well today.
6. You don’t look well. You should take care of better.
7. Children should help at school.
8. I could not concentrate on the lesson.
9. The couple gave a kiss and said goodbye.
10. I made this cake .

RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns and adverbs are used in relative clauses to join sentences together to avoid repetition.

Relative pronouns
relative pronoun use example
Who subject/object pronoun -people The man who gave you a lift
Which subject/object pronoun -things The book which is on the table
Whose possession –people + things The man whose wife is a writer
Whom object pronoun –people (formal) The woman to whom I wrote
That subject/object pronoun –people The picture that hangs on the
+ wall The girl that I met
things (only in restrictive yesterday
relative clauses)

Relative adverbs
relative adverb use example
When time expression The year when we got married
Where place The house where he lived
Why reason The reason why he left

RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Restrictive relative clauses define a general term or expression. No commas are used:
The man who gave you a lift is my father.
Object pronouns (but not subject pronouns) in restrictive clauses can be omitted:
The girl (that) I met yesterday is French.

Exercise 84 Join the restrictive clauses with a relative pronoun or adverb.

1. People live in Italy. They are called Italians.
The people
2. I chose the dress. It was the cheapest.
I
3. We slept in the hotel. It was very comfortable there.
The hotel
4. That is the professor. His wife is Russian.
That is the professor
5. The dictionary is on the table. It is mine.
The dictionary

Exercise 85 Say whether the following pronouns are subject (S) or object (O) pronouns. Which sentences
can omit the relative pronoun?
1. Do you know the man who I was talking to?
2. Do you know the man who was talking to me?
3. The books that are on the shelf are dusty.
4. The books that we borrowed from the library must go back.
5. That is a museum which I love.
6. That is a museum that is 500 years old.
7. I’ll stay in a town which is near the sea.
8. I’ll stay in a town that I have never visited before.

NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Non-restrictive relative clauses add information to the initial term, but do not define it. Commas are
used, and the relative pronoun that cannot be used. The relative pronouns cannot be omitted:

Professor Smith, who teaches Biology, is very nice. I went to a see play by Goldoni, which was performed at the Fenice
Theatre.

Compare the following statements:

a) My sister who lives in London came to visit me.
b) My sister, who lives in London, came to visit me.

Which sentences states that I have only one sister? Which sentence states that I have more than one sister?

Exercise 86 Join the relative clauses with a relative pronoun. Remember to use commas.

1. Charles Darwin was the grandson of a physician. Charles Darwin was born in 1809.
Charles Darwin
2. He met John Henslow at Cambridge. John Henslow was professor of biology.
He met
3. Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle. Darwin acted as a naturalist on board the ship.
Darwin
4. The voyage took 5 years. It included Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
The voyage
5. In 1859 Darwin completed the Origin of the Species. It sold out the day of publication.
In 1859
6. The Church upheld creationism. It attacked him as a blasphemous radical.
The Church

FORMAL / INFORMAL RELATIVE CLAUSES

Formal Informal
The woman to whom I spoke The woman (who) I spoke to
This man about whom I was telling you This man (who) I was telling you about
The book for which we were looking The book (which) we were looking for
The year in which we got married The year when we got married
The house in which he lived The house where he lived
The reason for which he left The reason why he left

Exercise 87 Change the sentences from formal to informal.

1. These are our friends with whom we went on holiday to Greece.

2. That was the month in which there was the flood.

3. Do you know the reason for which she lost her job?

4. The professor to whom I spoke was in a hurry.

5. We climbed to the top of the mountain, from which we had a wonderful view.

CLAUSES WITH PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Relative pronouns can be substituted with a present or past participle:
Past participle: The vase which was broken by Jane has now been repaired = The vase broken by Jane has now
been repaired
Present participle: The manual which contains all the instructions is helpful = The manual containing
all the instructions is helpful.

Exercise 88 Rewrite the sentences substituting the relative pronouns with a present or past participle.
1. The painting that was stolen from the gallery has been found recently.

2. The girl who brought our meal was Spanish.

3. Students who wish to do the exam must enrol by Friday.

4. The mushroom which was eaten by my friend was poisonous.

5. People who think about going on holiday should book early.

ARTICLES
a + singular noun with initial consonant; A temple.
an + singular noun with vowel sound; a + An arch. A
singular noun with initial consonant sound;
a + job; European. He is a

What + a + adjective + countable noun; doctor.

The + singular or plural countable nouns when What a beautiful day!

noun is specific;
the + uncountable nouns indicates specific The queen
reference; omission of articles expresses a The old lady is feeding the cats in the park.
generic meaning; omission of article in the
Tea is a popular drink in Britain.
case of member of an institution;
He goes to university. He went to hospital
the + noun to indicate a category;
The tourist is becoming very selective.
the + hotels, newspapers;
The Ritz. The Times.
the + decades, but not for specific years;
The 1960s. 1969
the + superlative form, but omission before
The best wine. His car
possessive adjectives
The Philippines, the USA. The
Geographical uses of the: groups of islands,
Mediterranean. The Nile. The Atlantic
federal states, rivers, seas, oceans, areas, deserts,
Ocean. The Middle East. The Sahara
forests, gulfs
and peninsulas. Desert.
The Black Forest. The Gulf of Mexico.

Exercise 89 Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article.

1. He studies the relation between experience and knowledge.
2. my theory was correct.
3. The holiday was best I had ever had.
4. She lived for many months in USA.
5. He works as dentist.
6. I love classical music.
7. Have you ever been on River Seine?
8. That sounds like European name to me.
9. We usually have lunch at 1.00 pm.
10. Do you remember 1980s?
11. smoking is not permitted here.
12. He didn’t feel well so he went to hospital.
13. dog is said to be man’s best friend.
14. Henry VIII was famous for his many wives.
15. Lake Como is in northern Italy.
16. power leads to corruption.
17. He comes to Italy twice year.
18. She is best known for her work in medicine.
19. Did you play tennis last year?
20. This is last time I clean the floor!
 UNIT 6 ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, LINK WORDS

ADJECTIVE POSITION
Adjectives have only one form used for singular and plural nouns and they generally precede the nouns they
modify:
a magnificent table two beautiful girls
Note: Demonstrative adjectives change before plural nouns:
This cat these cats that bag those bags

When more than one adjective precedes the noun, the nouns are usually not separated by and, except after
verbs such as be, seem appear and look:
There is a large, red box. The box is large and red.

Adjectives of quality can also be used as nouns when they represent a class of person:
Rich people = the rich poor people = the poor
Note: this expression refers to a group of people, not to an individual. For individuals we say:
a poor man or a young person.

There is also a precise order (see unit 1):

a magnificent 18th-century square brown French mahogany table.
It is unusual, however, to find so many adjectives in the same sentence.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjectives may be formed with a noun, adjective or adverb and a present participle or a past
participle: a middle-aged lady a well-preserved tower
a brightly-coloured dress long-lasting fame

Exercise 90 Complete the sentences to form compound adjectives.

1. The castle is known very well. It is a .
2. The work on this house never ends. The work is .
3. The student speaks English. She is an .
4. The consequences of these actions reach far. They are .
5. The vase is painted by hand. It is .
6. That dress is made very well. It is .

Many compound expressions contain numbers:

The tower is 90 feet high = It is a 90-foot high tower. The walls are 15 feet thick = They are 15-foot thick walls.
Note: the plural forms remain singular, as adjectives do not have a plural form.

Exercise 91 Complete the following sentences as shown above.

1. The castle was built in the 12th century. It is a .
2. The bridge is 400 years old. It is a .
3. The table is 3 feet long. It is a .
4. The wall is 5 metres thick. It is a .
5. The project will continue for 5 years. It is a .
6. The poem was written in the 16th century. It is a .
7. The boy is 14 years old. He is a .
8. The walk is 5 miles. It is a .
9. The tree is 10 metres high. It is a .
10. The holiday lasted 3 weeks. It was a .
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

Present participle adjectives are active and mean ‘having this effect’: The book is

interesting. Past participle adjectives are passive and mean ‘affected in this way’: I am

interested in this book. Exercise 91 Complete the sentences with –ing or –ed.
1. I was (surprise) when he passed the exam.
2. The film was (excite).
very
3. She is (bore) with her job.
4. These exercises are (confuse).
5. When he finished studying he was (exhaust).
6. The news isn’t at all (interest).
7. The children thought the documentary was (fascinate).
8. He is (convince) that he will win the race.
9. The ancient castle is (amaze).
10. She doesn’t seem to be (interest) in the project.

ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions that follow adjectives can often be different from those used in Italian. Always learn the
adjective with the preposition. Some examples are:
interested / involved / rich / located /situated + IN
accustomed / adjacent / close / contrary /dedicated/connected/opposed/related/similar/attached /exposed/
limited/opposed/relevant + TO
aware/capable/afraid / conscious/ convinced / full/made + OF
suitable/famous/responsible / known + FOR
doubtful/worried/serious + ABOUT
associated / pleased/popular/ compatible / consistent/ covered / equipped/ familiar + WITH
good/bad + AT
surprised/astonished/amazed + BY

Exercise 93 Complete the sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1. The archeological site is located Crete.
2. Are you interested philosophy?
3. We weren’t aware the danger involved.
4. He’s worried the exam.
5. I’m not good mathematics.
6. The place is famous its cooking.
7. You can’t be serious moving abroad!
8. He’s afraid spiders.
9. I’m trying to find websites relevant
Astrology. 10.This house is suitable a large
family.

ADJECTIVES AND COMPARISON

One-syllable adjective: comparative – bigger superlative – the
biggest The house is older than mine. It is the oldest in the neighbourhood
Two-syllable or more adjectives: comparative - more important superlative – the most
important The book is more interesting than the film. It is the most interesting book I’ve read this
year.
However, adjectives ending in –y add –ier and –iest:
The kitchen is dirtier than I thought. It is the dirtiest.

Exercise 94 Comparative and relative superlative Complete the table.

adjective comparative superlative
good
worse
happy
interesting
farther/further
modern

Exercise 95 Write sentences with the comparative form.

1. I’m my sister Jane. (young)
2. His room is hers. (tidy)
3. That sport is it looks. (dangerous)
4. We need details about the holiday. (far)
5. Her French accent is mine. (bad)

Exercise 96 Write sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in italics.
1. He’s a good driver, probably .
2. It’s a fascinating film, I’ve ever seen.
3. The dress is pretty, in fact it’s I have.
4. This book is boring, I’ve read so far.
5. The house is modern, in town.

Exercise 97 Choose the comparative or superlative form.

1. John’s car is newer than /newest mine.
2. Your work is better than / the best in the class.
3. Have you read his later / latest novel?
4. The film is the longest / longer than two hours.
5. This tea is the worst / worse than I’ve drunk.

To reinforce comparative structures much, far, a great deal can be added:

His house is much bigger than mine. She is far more intelligent than I am. They can work a great deal better.
For parallel increase we use the + comparative form … the + comparative form:
The bigger the house, the better.
To express equality we use “as + adjective + as”: Jane is as tall as Tom.

Exercise 98 Rewrite the following sentences with as/not as + adjective + as.

1. Jane is less tall than Simon. Jane .
2. The box is very light, like a feather. The box .
3. The lake is less deep than the sea. The lake .
4. I’ve had 4 drinks, the same number as you have had. I’ve had .
5. John eats less than Tony. John .

The absolute superlative in English is usually formed by adding very before the adjective: It’s very important.
However, we often substitute the adjective with an absolute adjective:
very big = huge very small = tiny very hungry = starving very tired = exhausted very cold = freezing
 ADVERBS
(for position of adverbs see Unit 1).
Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding the suffix –ly to an adjective: slow = slowly
There are some exceptions: good = well
Some adverbs retain the same form as the adjective: hard, fast, early, late, high, low
Some adjectives ending in –ly cannot be used as adverbs: lovely, friendly, daily, weekly

Exercise 99 Choose the most appropriate form.

1. The children listened careful / carefully to the teacher.
2. He drives fast/fastly.
3. I didn’t sleep very good / well last night.
4. They have a week / weekly grammar test.
5. She always gives me a friendly / friendlily smile.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS OF MANNER

The comparative and superlative of adverbs is formed by adding more and most to the positive form:
She speaks French more quickly than I do

There are some exceptions: well better best

badly worse wors
t
fast faster faste
st
hard harder hard
est
early earlier earli
est
little less least
much more most
He sings well, but she sings better. He sings best. The train arrived earlier than I expected. He writes worse than I do.
Exercise 100 Complete the sentences with a form of the adverb in brackets.
1. He drove than ever along the motorway. (fast)
2. She plays tennis than me. (good)
3. I think he works . (hard)
4. He acts than anyone I know. (badly)
5. If you can come that would be fine. (early)

Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of the sentence. However, they can start a sentence to
emphasize the time element: We will start working today. Today we will start working and tomorrow we
will continue.

Adverbs of frequency are usually placed after the simple tenses of to be: The train is often late
Before the simple tenses of other verbs: They rarely go out
Before the past participle in compound sentences: She has always tried to improve her English

Adverbs of purpose use the infinitive form of the verb with to: She’s learning English to find a job. (see Unit 3).

Exercise 101 Put the adverbs in the correct place in the following sentences.
1. They have been to London. (never)
2. We went to the sea when we were young. (rarely)
3. This phenomenon hadn’t been seen before. (ever)
4. We are in a hurry. (always)
5. She spoke very. (softly)
6. I don’t know him. (well)
7. We’ll see him. (tomorrow)
8. Do you go to the cinema on Saturdays? (usually)
9. How do you play football? (often)
10. She drives. (fast)

PREPOSITIONS ON / AT / IN / TO
Exercise 102 Complete the sentences with on, at, in or to where necessary.
1. She works Saturdays.
2. I was born August.
3. I was born December 3rd.
4. What are you doing this evening?
5. I’ll see you again Monday.
6. See you the morning.
7. Let’s go the country the weekend.
8. Are you free next Monday?
9. I’m seeing the dentist 10 o’clock.
10. The train leaves ten minutes.
11. He is going today.
12. She was born 1970.
13. They prefer to work night.
14. The plane arrives the airport five o’clock.
15. They arrived England yesterday afternoon.

PREPOSITIONS AFTER VERBS

Some of the most common verb and preposition combinations:
account / apply / apologise / care / search + FOR
accuse / approve / consist / take advantage / take care / think + OF
adapt / adjust / agree / belong / listen / look forward / prefer /relate / talk + TO
comment / concentrate / congratulate (someone) / depend / rely / + ON
agree / deal / provide (someone) + WITH
argue / care /complain / talk / speak / think / laugh / worry + ABOUT

Note: Verbs such as tell, discuss, phone, meet, and enter are not followed by a preposition:
We had to discuss the problem. Please phone me as soon as possible.

Exercise 103 Complete the sentence with an appropriate preposition where necessary.
1. I am certainly looking forward seeing you at Christmas.
2. We will have to deal the problem as soon as possible.
3. Don’t worry the exam!
4. Please concentrate the lesson.
5. I want to apologise the delay.
6. I don’t think he approves us at all.
7. You will have to adjust your new lifestyle.
8. He phoned me last night.
9. What were you laughing _ when I saw you?
10. It all depends whether it will be sunny or not.
CO-ORDINATION
Joining independent clauses
The following coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent clauses:
For (‘because’), And, Nor, But, Or, Yet (‘but’), So
A comma usually precedes the conjunction: The weather was hot, so I went to the beach.

Exercise 104 Join the independent clauses with an appropriate conjunction.

1. This film is particularly interesting, the director was blind when he made it.
2. She walked into the room, she looked for her friend.
3. She has been to France for a long she can’t speak French.
time,
4. We could go out, we could stay at home and watch a DVD.
5. I was extremely tired last night, I went early to bed.
6. She hasn’t written, has she phoned me.

Conjunction pairs
Conjunction pairs show the relationship between ideas in a sentence. The most common are:
both … and, either … or, neither … nor, rather … than, whether … or, not only… but
also. He has both a computer and a mobile phone.
I should either exercise more or eat less.
I am neither rich, nor famous.
We would rather watch a video than go out.
Have you decided whether you will apply for the job or
not? He is not only very good-looking, but also rich.

Exercise 105 Complete the sentences with one of the pairs above.
1. I will finish my work today tomorrow.
2. I don’t like him very much. He is intelligent _ ambitious.
3. I don’t know I will call them not.
4. She would have a pizza pasta.
5. The lecture was long, boring.
6. I hate cleaning ironing.

Joining dependent and independent clauses

Subordinate conjunctions usually introduce dependent clauses. The most common are:
Although / though + verb phrase: Although / Though it was raining, they still played the football match.
Because / As / Since + verb phrase: We ate quickly because / as / since we had to return to
work. Unless / if + verb phrase : Unless you study / If you don’t study harder, you won’t pass
the exam. In spite of / Despite + noun phrase: In spite of / Despite the bad weather, we still
had a picnic. While + verb phrase: He is American, while she is Dutch.
So that + verb phrase: We are saving money, so that we can buy a house.

Exercise 106 Choose the most appropriate alternative.

1. Although / Despite he was tired, he carried on working
2. She has a job, while / unless I am unemployed.
3. The price of petrol is high because / so that I won’t use my car so often.
4. In spite of / Though what you say, I still think we should talk to him.
5. He bought a new computer as / while the old one no longer worked.
6. Unless / If you hurry up, you will miss the train.
 7. He won’t believe me, although / so that I told the truth.
8. She spoke to him although / since she didn’t recognize him.
9. So that / As you have finished early, you can go home.
10. Because / Although we are busy, we are hardly ever at home.

UNIT 7 PREPOSITIONAL AND PHRASAL VERBS, EXPRESSIONS, WORDS THAT MAY BE CONFUSED, FALSE FRIENDS

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
A prepositional verb is a verb + preposition:

I’m waiting for you. I’m looking at the proposal.

The preposition is placed before the object:

I looked for the book. ( not I looked the book for)

Prepositions: about, after, at, for, from, in, into, of, on, to,

with. Some of the most common prepositional verbs:

account for agree with apply for ask for
associate with believe in care about care
for
consist of cope with deal with decide
on
depend on listen to look at look
after

Inseparable verb constructions

Exercise 107 Match the verb with a definition.

call for find by chance

carry on recover from an illness etc.
come across increase / decrease
get on/off continue
get over take care of
get on with seek
go up / down require
go on enter / leave bus, train, plane
look after continue
look for have good relationship
run out of begin flight
take off be short of

Exercise 108 Rewrite the sentences substituting the formal phrase in italics with a prepositional verb in
its correct form.
1. Prices will increase next month.
2. Doctors are seeking a cure.
3. He continued speaking for 3 hours.
4. We have to take care of 5 children.
5. I think we are getting short of bread. There is only one loaf left.
6. This emergency requires a lot of helpers.
7. Leave the bus at the next bus-stop.
8. While I was cleaning my room I found some old letters.
9. I have a good relationship with my sister.
10. She is slowly recovering from a long illness.

Exercise 108 Complete the sentences with an appropriate prepositional verb in its correct form in each space.
apply for ask for see to deal explain to
with
look after pay suffer take get on with
for from on

He’s a nurse at St. Mary’s Hospital. He 1. the job last year and was 2. at Christmas.
Nurses don't earn much and they even have to 3. their own uniforms. The nurses are all 4. a pay
rise. It is very tiring work 5. the elderly patients and 6. all their needs, but he 7.
all of them. He often 8. backache and has to 9. the administration that he needs time off
to
10. this problem.

PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb:
He took the patient away. It is time to go out now.
The adverb can be placed either before or after the object:
I turned down the job.
I turned the job down.
I turned it down. (Note: do not place the pronoun after the particle).

Adverbs: about, away, back, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, through, up.

Some phrasal verbs are easy to understand:

I put the book back on the shelf then looked round for another book to take out of the
library. Sometimes the phrasal verb corresponds to another one-word verb:
She always turns up (= arrives) at the last minute.
He turned down ( = refused) all the jobs he was offered.

Adverbs used in phrasal verbs often have common meanings:

UP (= completely) UP (= increasing)
I have used up all my spare money buying CDs. The numbers of deaths are going up all the time

DOWN (= completely to the ground) DOWN (= decreasing)

I fell down and broke my arm. The price of petrol is going down.

ON (= connect) ON (= continue)
Please switch on the heating. After secondary school, many young adults go on to
study at university.

OFF (= away, departing) OFF (= disconnect)

Don’t put off going to the doctor any longer. She broke off her relationship.

OVER (= from beginning to end)

It is always important to think over the issue carefully.
Separable phrasal verbs
Exercise 110 Match the phrasal verb with a definition.
break off recognise, distinguish
bring about raise
look up cause (something to happen)
make out start a business etc.
put off Remove
put up Discontinue
set up lower; reject
take off connect/disconnect an appliance
turn on/off consult a reference book
turn down Postpone

Exercise 111 Rewrite the sentences substituting the formal phrase in italics with a phrasal verb.
1. Please lower the volume of the radio.
2. Initiatives were launched to cause government change.
3. You will have to remove your clothes for the x-ray.
4. The government has just raised the price of gas.
5. The meeting will be postponed until next Monday.
6. I find it difficult to distinguish these signs.
7. They discontinued their relationship.

8. He refused the invitation.

9. They have decided to start their own commercial activity.
10. If you don’t know the meaning of the word, find it in a dictionary.

Exercise 112 Complete the sentences with an appropriate particle from the box.

up down off on out for

1. I’m afraid we’ve missed the flight. The plane took five minutes ago.
2. Try looking his phone number in the directory.
3. The number of births in Italy has gone in the last decade. There are fewer children around.
4. Please turn the radio. The music is giving me a headache.
5. I hope to be taken as an accountant in the near future.
6. Were you looking me? I was out in the garden.
7. He was so drunk that it was difficult to make what he was saying.
8. I hope he will carry with his English.
9. They are generous. They will pay my courses.
10. The appointment has been put until next month.

OTHER COMMON
EXPRESSIONS TO BREAK
to break down Their marriage broke down after only two years.
to break off John broke off our engagement only a week before the wedding.
to break out The First World War broke out in 1914.
to break up with Breaking up with your girl or boy friend may be a cause of stress.
to break the law Google has broken Internet privacy laws.
to break a habit I want to break the nasty habit of biting my fingernails.
to take a break If you are feeling tense, take a break and go for a walk.

Exercise 113 Complete the expressions with break.

1. The car broke , so we had to walk.

2. An epidemic of cholera has broken in India.
3. Nobody could agree and the meeting broke early.
4. You must break that annoying of chewing on your hair.
5. Apparently, Britons break regularly through speeding and not wearing a seat-belt.

TO BRING
to bring about The Mediation service will try to bring about a reconciliation.
to bring down I won’t buy that computer until they bring down the price.
to bring up a child It isn’t easy to bring up children nowadays.
to bring up a subject Human trafficking is a difficult subject to bring up.
To bring back It is thought that the Italian lire might be brought back.

Exercise 114 Complete the expressions with bring.

1. What made you bring that terrible subject?
2. They were brought never to tell lies.
3. Some people want to bring the death penalty.
4. Land reform brought a great change in the lives of common people.
5. The ministers agreed that oil prices should be brought .

TO LOOK
to look after Please look after the dog while I’m away.
to look out It is crucial that you look out when you cross the street.
to look for If you have enough money, you should look for another flat.
to look into The Government is looking into the possibility of launching a new 24-hour help-line.
to look forward to The children were looking forward to Christmas.

Exercise 115 Complete the expressions with look.

1. He is looking to a nice meal at home.
2. The police are looking the robbery.
3. I have looked my glasses everywhere, but i still can’t find them.
4. Look ! You’re going to hit the car.
5. She will help my mother when I’m out.
look

TO PUT
to put off He has put off his appointment with the doctor until next week.
to put out The firemen put out the fire while the policemen held back the crowd.
to put in You should put in an application for that vacant post.
to put by I’m putting by some money for my holidays.
to put (somebody) up While my room was being painted my neighbour put me up for a few days.
to put up with I don’t know how you can put up with that awful noise!
(something/someone)

Exercise 116 Complete the expressions with put.

1. I can’t put the visit any longer.
2. We have to put that terrible barbecue smell every evening.
3. Please put your cigarette now.
4. If I put a little money every week, I’ll be able to buy a computer.
5. Joe very kindly put me for the night, as it was too late to go home.

TO TAKE
to take into account Employers must take into account the needs of people working for them.
to take on In English nouns can often take on the function of adjectives.
to take place The event will take place at the weekend.
to take advantage of You should take advantage of the discounts in that shop.
to take up Bob wants to take up golf when he retires.
to take over Steve will take over his father’s business.

Exercise 117 Complete the expressions with take.

1. I have always wanted to take yoga.
2. There were no funds so the exhibition never took .
3. He took the job when I left.
4. You really should take of his offer.
5. The book doesn’t take recent scientific research.

TO GET
to get (receive) help, treatment, advice
to get (find/buy) tickets, clothes, food
to get (become) worried, better, worse, ill, pregnant, close to someone, old
to get (arrive) home, to the airport
to get (catch) a bus, train, plane
to get on /off a bus, train, plane
to get on with your work, job, someone
to get in / out of a car, taxi
to get over an illness, a shock, a death
to get dressed, changed, married, divorced
to get rid of something
to get used to something, doing something

Exercise 118 Substitute the phrase in italics with an expression for get.
1. I was becoming really bored with the lesson.
2. We have decided to divorce.
3. Continue with your work, please.
4. He found it difficult to recover from his wife’s death.
5. We must throw out all that old furniture in the garage.
6. I’ll come as soon as I have put some clothes on.
7. When tourists come to Venice they have to get accustomed to walking.
8. Where did you find that lovely dress?
9. He became really angry when I told him.
10. We’re catching the train at 6 p.m.
TO KEEP

to keep an appointment, a promise, in touch, track of something, an eye on, a

record of something
to keep + noun/pronoun + adjective Exercise will keep you fit.
to keep (on) + -ing He keeps asking stupid questions.
to keep up If you want to keep up your English you must practise.
to keep up with It’s difficult to keep up with him- he walks too fast!

Exercise 119 Substitute the word or phrase in italics with an expression for keep.
1. If you travel on business you need to know what is happening with your expenses.
2. If at first you don’t succeed, continue to try.
3. This coat will help you stay warm.
4. Could you watch the children while I go out?.
5. You must maintain the repayments to your creditors.

WORDS THAT MAY BE

CONFUSED MAKE / DO

Make means to produce something while do means to perform an action.

MAKE: friends, an excuse, a mistake, a photocopy, an effort, an excuse, an improvement, a decision.

DO: your homework, the shopping, someone a favour, exercises, your best, well/badly, research, a course.

Exercise 120 Complete the sentence with a form of make or do.

1. It is not easy to friends in a new town.
2. Let’s an excuse and not go out tonight.
3. I quite well in my test yesterday.
4. Redecorating the house has really an improvement.
5. Could you the shopping today? I’m too busy.
6. We will have to a decision quite soon.
7. You haven’t too many mistakes on your homework.
8. Could you me a favour and buy me a newspaper?
9. How many photocopies do we need to ?
10. There are a lot of exercises to .

HAVE / TAKE
HAVE: a bath, a meal, fun, a party, a look, an argument, an experience, a chat, a dream.

TAKE: a train/bus/plane, a photo, a seat, time off, an interest in something, a trip, charge of something.

Exercise 121 Complete the sentence with a form of have or take.

1. I a lot of experience in accounting.
2. I’m sure you’ll fun on holiday.
3. Yesterday we a trip to the seaside.
4. I think he’s an interest in me.
5. Unfortunately we an argument about the car.
6. She has a lot of photos of her cat.
7. Come in and a chat.
8. I really need to some time off and relax.
9. Please come in and a seat.
10. Would you like me to a look at your homework?

ALL / WHOLE / EVERY + -THING/BODY

All + noun has a general meaning: All animals should be respected.
All (of) the+ noun is more specific: All of the animals in the zoo need to be moved.
All can be used with singular, countable and countable nouns and adjectives. It is not preceded by an article:
All of the time They are all old
Whole is used with singular countable nouns. It is preceded by the article the: We played the whole day
Every (thing, body) is used with singular nouns: Everybody is so nice. We meet every week

Exercise 122 Choose the most appropriate answer.

1. I spent the all / whole month preparing for my exam.
2. Everybody / All wants to have a mobile phone.
3. She remembered all / everything that she had learned.
4. Have you read the whole / all of “War and Peace”?
5. Physical exercise should be a part of whole / every day.
6. Let’s forget the all / whole thing.
7. When I was young the milkman brought the milk every / all morning.
8. Yesterday it snowed all / every day.
9. All / Whole the people at the meeting were professionals.
10. I spoke to all / every of them.

OTHER (S) / EACH OTHER / ANOTHER

Other can be used with countable or uncountable nouns: I saw her only the other day. I prefer the other chocolate.
Each other is a reciprocal pronoun referring to two people: They never talk to each other.
One another is a reciprocal pronoun referring to more than two people: They all nervously looked at one another.
Others refers to nouns in the plural: Jane is here, but where are the others?
Another is used with countable nouns and refers to something which is extra or different: Have another
drink. Have you got this dress in another colour?
Exercise 123 Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. They phone each other / another every day.
2. Could I have other / another cup of coffee, please?
3. The other / others people were surprised when they heard.
4. Please come back other / another time.
5. We haven’t told the other / others, yet.
6. I saw him the other / another day.
7. She borrowed some others / other books from the library.
8. Some another / other people have rented the house.
9. We go there every other / another day.
10. They really love one another / other.

SAY / TELL
Say and tell are reporting verbs. Say does not require and indirect object, but tell must have an indirect object:
He
says that he is going to University. She told me she would phone.
You can tell a joke/the truth/ a lie.

Exercise 124 Complete the sentences with a form of say or tell.

1. He didn’t a word.
2. You should the truth.
3. Could you me the time, please?
4. What did you just ?
5. He he wasn’t coming.
6. We them not to go.
7. He a funny joke.
8. She was always good at stories.
9. At the moment I can’t whether I’ll be there or not.
10. He a lie.

AS / LIKE
Like is a preposition and means ‘similar to’. It is followed by a noun, pronoun or present participle.
Some music, like disco, is awful. He’s a student, like me. This cereal is like eating paper.

As is a conjunction and can also mean ‘similar to’. It is followed by a subject + verb. As can also be a
preposition, but in this case it means ‘in the position/form of’.
Write the essay as I showed you. He has to make important decisions as the curator of the museum

Exercise 125 Complete the sentences with as or like.

1. He worked a doctor in Africa.
2. Sometimes she behaves a child.
3. I’ll do it agreed.
4. We regard them friends.
5. He was late, usual.

SUCH / SO
Such a + adjective + noun: It’s such a nice day. They were such nice people.
So + adjective/adverb: You’re so kind. He went so fast.

Exercise 126 Complete the sentences with such or so.

1. I’ve never seen many students in class.
2. It was a lovely day that we went out for a walk.
3. She’s a kind person.
4. She painted well.
5. We’re having bad weather.

FALSE FRIENDS
Many words to be found in the English language seem familiar to Italian students, but the meaning is often
different. See Appendix III for the most common words.

Exercise 127 Substitute the following words in italics with the correct word.
1. We went to buy some books from the local library.
2. The museum is actually undergoing restoration.
3. Admission prices were extremely economic.
4. The professor spoke on the argument of archaeology in the Near East.
5. Control your letter when you have finished it.
6. Students must assist the seminars.
7. Did you see the notice on television last night?
8. Have you seen Jane ultimately?
9. The historic spoke about WWI.
10. The number of visitors to the museum this year has broken all primates.

PRACTICE TEST
Choose ONE alternative.

1. When you come out of the lift, you (will see / see / are seeing) 2 doors.
2. The information you gave me (were / was / have been) interesting.
3. I do the same things every day. My job is very (boredom / bored / boring).
4. We (have already / already have / has already) finished the test.
5. The phone's ringing. (Might / Will / Do) you answer it?
6. There is too (many / lot of / much) traffic in London.
7. I attended the course (for / to / for to) perfect my French.
8. Who (does live / lives / living) in that strange house?
9. I went there to see (what was the problem / what the problem / what the problem was).
10. I've worked here (since / from / by) I left school.
11. While you were in Rome you should (visit / have visited / be visiting) the Coliseum.
12. My sister and I send e-mails to (ourselves / each other / one another) every week
13. You won't change her mind, so there is (any / none / no) use in trying.
14. The company (founded / was founded / has been founded) in 1920.
15. I think you are (doing / making / taking) a big mistake!
16. Did you come to lessons (on / -- / the) last week?
17. When we (got / reached / arrived) at the station, the train was leaving.
18. If I lost my job, I (will / would / --) have problems finding another one.
19. I enjoyed the meal. -So (do / did / am) I.
20. We went to Mestre, (that / -- / which) is a town in Italy.
21. They are looking (for / forward / after) a hotel for the night.
22. I don’t know what (is the time / the time is / the time).
23. I wish you (don’t / can’t / wouldn’t) talk so much!
24. Never (seen I / I have seen / have I seen) such terrible art!
25. Would you like (some / any / a) wine?
26. I am going (to / in / at) New York this summer.
27. Could you (take / make / do) this photo of the sea?
28. He is very interested (to / at / in) philosophy.
29. When I was young, I (used to play / used to playing / would playing) the guitar.
30. Does she work in the bank? – Yes, she (is / does / works).
31. I’m early, (amn’t /am /aren’t) I?
32. She (still / yet / already) hasn’t written to me!
33. I love (-- / the / a) Italian wine.
34. I knocked on the door, but (anybody / nobody / nothing) answered.
35. The floor needs (clean / cleaned / cleaning).
36. I remember (to see / see / seeing) the famous actor when I was young.
37. I’d like (to meet / meeting / meet) that person one day.
38. Did your parents make you (tidy / to tidy / tidying) your room when you were young?
39. I’m really worried (for / at / about) the exam tomorrow.
40. He has a (four-years-old / four-year / four-year-old) son.

Translate the following sentences.

1. Queste informazioni sono interessanti.

2. Non può venire ora. Sta facendo il bagno.
3. Che bella giornata!
4. Maria studia filosofia?
5. Quale penna voi? Quella blu o quella nera?
6. Ha i capelli lunghi.
7. Guarda! Nevica.
8. Ha vissuto qui fino a ieri.
9. Sono qui da ore.
10.Sono qui dalle
nove.
11. E’ mai stata all’estero?
12.E’ tutta la mattina che scrivo lettere.
13. Vado in palestra una volta a
settimana. 14.Mr Smith fa il medico.
15.Sono le sue.
16. Dovresti mangiare di più – sei troppo
magra. 17.Non devo alzarmi presto domani –
è domenica. 18.So parlare il francese da 2
anni.
19.Non occorre che tu venga
domani. 20.Susan non può aver
preso il libro. 21.Partiamo sabato
sera.
22.Se fossi in te non andrei là.
23.L’auto che Tom ha comprato è italiano.
24.Stephen King, i cui libri sono molto famosi, è molto
ricco. 25.Volevano che gli studenti comprassero i libri.
26.Ho paura di volare.
27.Questo quadro fu dipinto da
Rembrandt. 28.Si pensa che Jack sia
molto ricco.
29.Il ragazzo mi chiese se conoscevo la
città. 30.Jane mi disse di rilassarmi.
31.Mi disse di non aprire la finestra.
32.Guarda l’aereo che sta decollando.
Choose the correct alternative.
Controversy over 'Caravaggio' painting
A painting 1. (that / what / who) was sold for £75,000 three years ago 2. (had to / could /
couldn't) be worth millions after experts authenticated it as a 3. (opera / works / work) by Italian
master Caravaggio. Art dealer Clovis Whitfield said he 4. (did / made / found) the discovery
when he examined Apollo the Luteplayer for a 5. (clientele / client / customer). It had been sold at
Sotheby's in New York 6.
(in the / in / at) 2001, where the catalogue listed it 7. (as / such as / like) possibly by Carlo
Magnone. But Sotheby's insists that the painting is not by Caravaggio. Mr. Whitfield, an expert in 17 th
Century art, said his interest 8. (in / on / at) the painting started when he saw it in the auction catalogue.
He said a 17th Century description of a 9.
(Caravaggio's / Caravaggios' / Caravaggio) painting by biographer Giovanni Baglione corresponded
with Apollo the Luteplayer, making it worth investigating. After the painting 10.
(was cleaning / was cleaned / cleaned), x-rays were taken, which showed changes in the painting, suggesting it
was an original, rather 11. (that / than / then) a copy. There were incisions that are characteristic of
Caravaggio. There is a version of the 12.
(similar / like / same) painting in Russia's Hermitage Museum, which might be a second original.
Sotheby's said a 13. (great deal / number / numerous) of experts had attributed the painting to
Magnone. They remain confident with 14. (there /
their / they're) cataloguing and 15. (research / researches / researcher).
 APPENDIX I TENSES: ACTIVE
VOICE PAST:
simple progressive perfect perfect progressive
I watched I was watching I had watched I had been watching
They were watching

He graduated in Archaeology in 1996.

I was having a bath when the telephone rang.
When they arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.
When she first met him he had been learning English for 2 years.

PRESENT:
simple progressive perfect perfect progressive
I watch I am watching I have watched I have been watching
He watches He is watching He has watched He has been watching

She never eats meat. They often have pizza for

dinner. He is studying French at the moment.
They have visited most European countries in the last 20
years. I have been reading all morning.

FUTURE:
simple progressive perfect perfect progressive
I shall/will watch I shall/will be I shall/will have I shall/will have been
watching watched watching
He will watch He will be watching He will have He will have been
watched watching

The meeting will start at 2 o’clock.

At this time tomorrow we will be travelling by train to
Vienna. He will have finished all of his exams by this time
next year.
How long will she have been studying when she graduates?

PARTCIPLES: Present: watching Past:

watched INFINITIVES:
simple progressive perfect perfect progressive
To watch To be watching To have watched To have been watching

It is important to arrive on time.

She would prefer to be reading a good book now.
We would like to have seen the Queen when we were in
London. He seems to have been drinking a lot recently.
 TENSES: PASSIVE VOICE

PAST:
simple progressive perfect
I was watched I was being watched I had been watched
They were watched They were being
watched

The letter was sent yesterday.

The windows were being cleaned when I arrived home.
The rubbish had already been taken away before 7 o’clock this morning.

PRESENT:
simple progressive perfect
I am watched I am being watched I have been watched
He is watched He is being watched He has been
watched

The documents are usually created in Word

format. The article is being written at the moment.
He has been told that he will get a promotion.

FUTURE:
simple perfect
I shall/will be I shall/will have been
watched watched
He will be watched He will have been
watched

That man will be arrested if he drinks and drives!

The exhibition will have been visited by 500,000 people by the end of the year.

PARTCIPLES: Present: being watched Past: having been

watched INFINITIVES:
simple perfect
To be watched To be have been
watched

The pills are to be taken twice a day after

meals. He is thought to have been captured in
Africa.
APPENDIX II
IRREGULAR
VERBS

BASE PAST PAST

FORM SIMPLE PARTICIPL alzarsi, sorgere
arise arose E
arisen
awake awoke awoken svegliarsi

be was/were been essere, stare

beat beat beaten battere,
picchiare
become became become diventare
begin began begun iniziare
bend bent bent piegare, piegarsi
bite bit bitten mordere
bleed bled bled sanguinare
blow blew blown soffiare
break broke broken rompere
bring brought brought portare
build built built costruire
burn burnt/burn burnt/burne bruciare,
ed d scottare
buy bought bought comprare

catch caught caught afferrare,

prendere
choose chose chosen scegliere
come came come venire
cost cost cost costare
cut cut cut tagliare

deal dealt dealt trattare

dig dug dug scavare
do did done fare
draw drew drawn disegnare
dream dreamt/dreameddreamt/dreamedsognare
drink drank drunk bere
drive drove driven guidare

eat ate eaten mangiare

fall fell fallen cadere

feel felt felt sentire, sentirsi
fight fought fought combattere
find found found trovare
fly flew flown volare
forget forgot forgotten dimenticare
forgive forgave forgiven perdonare
freeze froze frozen congelare
get got got /gotten (Am. E) diventare, ottenere
give gave given dare
go went gone andare
grow grew grown crescere

hang hung hung appendere

hang hanged hanged impiccare
have had had avere
hear heard heard sentire, udire
hide hid hidden nascondere,
nascondersi
hit hit hit colpire, picchiare
hold held held tenere
hurt hurt hurt far male, ferire

keep kept kept mantenere, tenere

know knew known sapere

lay laid laid distendere, porre

lead led led condurre, guidare
learn learnt/lear learnt/lear imparare
ned ned
leave left left lasciare, partire
lend lent lent prestare
let let let lasciare, permettere
lie lay lain giacere, star sdraiati
light lit/lighted lit/lighted accendere,
illuminare
lose lost lost perdere

make made made creare, fare

mean meant meant significare, voler
dire
meet met met incontrare,
conoscere
pay paid paid pagare
put put put mettere

read read read leggere

ride rode ridden cavalcare, andare
(in)
ring rang rung suonare
rise rose risen sorgere
run ran run correre

say said said dire

see saw seen vedere
sell sold sold vendere
send sent sent mandare, spedire
set set set mettere, sistemare
shake shook shaken agitare, tremare
shine shone shone brillare
shoot shot shot sparare
show showed shown mostrare, far vedere
shut shut shut chiudere
sing sang sung cantare
sink sank sunk affondare
sit sat sat sedere, sedersi
sleep slept slept dormire
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smel annusare, sentire
(Am.E) led
speak spoke spoken parlare
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spell formare con lettere
(Am. E) ed
spend spent spent spendere
stand stood stood stare (in piedi)
steal stole stolen rubare
stick stuck stuck attaccare, attaccarsi
strike struck struck colpire, scioperare
swim swam swum nuotare

take took taken portare (via),

prendere
teach taught taught insegnare
tear tore torn strappare
tell told told dire, raccontare
think thought thought pensare
throw threw thrown lanciare, tirare

understand understoo capire

d
understood
wake woke woken svegliare, svegliarsi
wear wore worn indossare, portare
win won won vincere
write wrote written scrivere
APPENDIX III
NUMBERS AND
TRENDS

Cardinal numbers

1 one 11 eleven 2 twenty-

1 one
2 two 12 twelve 2 twenty-
2 two
3 three 13 thirteen 2 twenty-
3 three
4 four 14 fourteen 2 twenty-
4 four
5 five 15 fifteen 2 twenty-
5 five
6 six 16 sixteen 2 twenty-six
6
7 seven 17 seventeen 2 twenty-
7 seven
8 eight 18 eighteen 2 twenty-
8 eight
9 nine 19 nineteen 2 twenty-
9 nine
10 ten 20 twenty 3 thirty
0

31 thirty-one 70 seventy 1,000 a

thousan
d
40 forty 80 eighty 1,000, a
000 million
50 fifty 90 ninety
60 sixty 10 a hundred
0

1) When reading a number of three or more figures or writing it in words, we place and before the word
denoting tens or units:
104 a hundred and four
2,986 two thousand nine hundred and eighty-six

2) Numbers after twenty are written with a hyphen: twenty-one thirty-four

Otherwise all numbers are written as separate words: 101 one hundred and one

3) Either a or one can be used before hundred, thousand, million:

100 a/one hundred
150 a/one hundred and fifty

4) The words hundred, thousand, million are never made plural unless used with general reference to a large
number:
two hundred There were hundreds of birds in the trees.
five thousand Thousands of people went to the concert.

5) Unlike Italian, in English the comma is used to divide groups of numbers: 1,000 2,300 45,000 and
the point is used to indicate decimals: 1.5 (one point five) 4.56 (four point five six)

6) The definite article is never used before percentages:

The value of the shares increased by 10% He got a 5% pay rise
Ordinal numbers

1st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first

2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second
3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27th twenty-seventh
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth

31st thirty-first 70th seventieth 1,000th thousandth

40th fortieth 80th eightieth 1,000,000th
millionth 50th fiftieth 90th ninetieth
60 th
sixtieth 100th hundredth

1) Ordinal numbers written as figures add the last two letters of the written word:
first - 1st second - 2nd third - 3rd fourth - 4th

2) Ordinal numbers are usually preceded by the definite article:

the first day the twentieth week the eighth day

3) The titles of Kings, Wars etc. are written with Roman figures but are read with ordinal numbers:
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth the second) World War II (the second World War)

4) Ordinal numbers are used when reading dates:

9th December = the ninth of December 25th June = the twenty-fifth of June

5) Dates can be written in different ways:

9th December December 9 December 9th

Note that American English tends to put the month before the day:
December 9

This requires attention when writing dates in figures:

9.12.1999 = 9th December 1999 (British English)
= 12th September 1999 (American English)

5) Years are usually read in pairs:

1900 = nineteen hundred 1450 = fourteen
fifty 1990 = nineteen ninety 1066 = ten sixty-six
but 1901 = nineteen oh one

6) Decades are expressed with the plural form:

the 1900s = the nineteen hundreds the 1920s = the nineteen twenties
the 1850s = the eighteen fifties the 1660s = the sixteen sixties

Approximate reference may be made with early, mid and late:

the early 1980s = 1980 to 1984
the mid 1980s = 1984 to 1986
the late 1980s = 1986 to 1989
KEY TO EXERCISES

Exercise 1
1. Whose house did you go to? 2. Who wrote Romeo and Juliet? 3. Why did they go to Rome?
4. Which wine does she prefer? 5. When are they going to Scotland? 6. Who loves Susan? 7. What
happened? 8. How are they going to Venice? 9. How long did it take them to build the bridge.? 10. How
many novels has Stephen King written?

Exercise 2 (suggestions)
1. How many languages can she speak? 2. What did you have for lunch? 3. How often does she play tennis?
4. Why are you closing the window? 5. When did you go to Scotland? 6. Who wrote the letter? 7. Who did
you see? 8. How old is he? 9. What’s your favourite food? 10. When’s your appointment? 11. Where are the
cups? 12. Which dress do you prefer? 13. Why did you go to the bank? 14. Whose book is this? 15. What
does she look like /What is she like?

Exercise 3
1. He doesn’t live in a house. 2. They don’t work in an office. 3. They aren’t eating at the moment. 4.
Shakespeare didn’t write novels. 5. Anne hasn’t got three dogs. 6. We haven’t been to Africa. 7. He can’t play
the piano very well. 8. The train didn’t leave at six. 9. I didn’t find the books I wanted. 10. He isn’t going to
buy a new car. 11. They weren’t cleaning the windows yesterday afternoon. 12. We don’t have to wear a
uniform at school. 13. He won’t be in his office. 14. The film hadn’t started when we arrived at the cinema.

Exercise 4
1. There was nothing to do. 2. I have no money. 3. I decided to give him no help. 4. She can find her keys
nowhere. 5. We saw nobody.

Exercise 5
1. He will spend his holiday in Japan next year 2. Do you know where the post office is? 3. They had an
exam at school last week. 4. Why did she tell him a lie? 5. We have never been to Germany. 6. How
often do you play tennis? 7. Are you going to help me? 8. She like jazz very much. 9. What does he look like?
10. They gave me a wonderful present. 11. She explained the meaning to me. 12. Who gave you that present?
13. It is Tim who wrote the letter. 14. How long is the lesson? 15. The documents were photocopied.

Exercise 6
1. It was John who gave me the flowers. 2. It was Vermeer who painted the picture. 3. It was Paris that I went
to. 4. It was in 1492 that Columbus discovered America. 5. It is French that we are learning.

Exercise 7
1. Never have I seen such a wonderful painting. 2. Rarely did he go to the cinema. 3. Seldom do we speak to
our neighbors. 4. Hardly had they arrived at the beach when it started raining. 5. Never had we heard such
terrible news.

Exercise 8
1. there ; 2. It is; 3. It’s; 4. There is; 5. There was; 6. It’; 7. Is it; 8. It’s; 9. There are; 10. It is; 11. It is;
12. there is.

Exercise 9
1. A pair of dirty brown leather shoes. 2. Some long yellow cotton curtains. 3. A beautiful whote Italian
silk shirt. 4. An antique silverteapot. 5. An authentic Victorian typewriter.

Exercise 10
1. She plays the piano well. 2. The scientists usually hold the annual conference in the hall. 3. I would like to
see your house very much. 4. He didn’t run fast enough to catch up with her.5. Her latest novel is rather good.
6. I got lost,
but fortunately someone gave me directions to the station. 7. I have finished your book and will return it
tomorrow.
8. They quite like the new design. 9. She was often the centre of attention. 10. I’m fairly sure that he told me.

Exercise 11
1. become a doctor. 2. begin at 6o’clock. 3. break a glass. 4. bring a book with you. 5. buy a house. 6. catch a
train.
7. choose a dress. 8. do something. 9. drink some milk. 10. drive a car. 11. eat a sandwich. 12. fall off a
chair. 13. find treasure. 14. fly in a plane. 15. forget someone’s name. 16. get a sandwich. 17. give a present.
18. go to London. 19. grow a plant. 20. hit a ball. 21. hear a song. 22. hold someone’s hand. 23. keep a
promise. 24. lay the table. 25. lead a group of people. 26. lie down on the bed. 27. lose the keys. 28. let
someone do something. 29. make a cake. 30. meet at the station. 31. pay for the meal. 32. read a book. 33.
ride a bike. 34. rise early. 35. run fast. 36. see a film. 37. sell a car. 38. send a letter. 39. sing a song. 40. sit on
a chair. 41. speak English. 42. stand at the bus-stop. 43. steal the jewels. 44. swim in the sea. 45. take a photo.
46. teach how to do something. 47. tell somebody something. 48. think about someone. 49. understand the
lesson. 50. write a letter.

Exercise 12
1. simple; 2. Perfect; 3. Progressive; 4. Perfect; 5. Progressive; 6. Simple; 7. Simple; 8. Progressive; 9. Simple; 10.
Progressive.

Exercise 13
1. present progressive; 2. Present simple ; 3. Present perfect progressive; 4. Future simple; 5. Past simple;
6. Present perfect simple; 7. Future perfect; 8. Past perfect; 9. Past perfect progressive; 10. Future
progressive;

Exercise 14
1. They live in Venice in a large flat by the Grand Canal. 2. I listen to the radio every morning. 3. He often
drives to the coast at weekends. 4. She always sends me a postcard when she’s on holiday. 5. The train
arrive at 7 p.m. this evening. 6. I wake up early every morning. 7. We both play the piano at school. 8. That
boy watches a lot of television in the evenings. 9. He works in a bank in London. 10. She speaks three
languages fluently.

Exercise 15
1. Where do you live? 2. Do you smoke? 3. When does the train leave? 4. What do you do? 5. Does she
work a lot? 6. What time does he catch the train in the morning? 7. Why do they run every morning? 8. Do
we need a ticket to see the show? 9. Where do you both usually meet? 10. Does he often go to the cinema?

Exercise 16
1. comes; 2.is; 3. Works; 4. Has; 5. Lives; 6.catches/takes; 7.is 8. Likes/loves; 8. Are; 9. Goes; 10. Likes/loves;
11. Eats/has; 12. Drinks; 13. Stays; 14. Reads; 15. Watches.

Exercise 17
1. woke up; 2. Had; 3. Made; 4. Ate; 5. Drove; 6. Went; 7. Ran; 8. Drank; 9. Wrote; 10. Spent.

Exercise 18
1. Did you learn French at school? 2. Why did he go out so early? 3. When did they arrive at the airport? 4.
He did not stay at home yesterday. 5. We did not see her for a long time. 6. Who did you speak to at
the meeting? 7. Which dress did you choose? 8. I did not pay a lot for the jacket. 9. Did he understand the
question? 10. We did not know about the accident.
Exercise 19
1. spent; 2. Stayed; 3. Were; 4.went; 5.saw; 6. Caught/took; 7.was; 8. Had/ sold; 9. Bought; 10. Visited; 11.
Was; 12. Went; 13. Were; 14. Sent/wrote; 15. Was.

Exercise 20
1. She is studying now/ She isn’t studying now. Is she studying now?
2. We are listening to the politician/We aren’t listening to the politician/Are we listening to the politician?
3. They are writing to the bank/They aren’t writing to the bank/ Are they writing to the bank?
4. I am having lunch at the moment/I’m not having lunch at the moment/ Am I having lunch at the moment?
5. He is teaching his friend to speak English/ He isn’t teaching his friend to speak English/ Is he teaching
his friend to speak English?

Exercise 21
1. think; 2. is having; 3. doesn’t see; 4. Weighs; 5. Prefer; 6. Is appearing; 7. Seem; 8. Doesn’t understand; 9.
Mean;
10. Agree.

Exercise 22
1. is thinking; 2. are taking; 3. Stay; 4. do you have; 5. is speaking; 6. is staying; 7. doesn’t think; 8. Take; 9.
is having; 10. Speaks.

Exercise 23
1. are you doing; 2. Does he go; 3. Am reading; 4. Aren’t working; 5. Is it raining; 6. Listen; 7. Clean; 8. Is
Smoking; 9. Am taking; 10. Do you dream.

Exercise 24
1. Are they coming to the party? b. No, they aren’t. 2. Do we have to pay for it? j.
Yes, we do. 3. Is she coming back? e. No, I don’t think she is. 4.
Does she eat meat? a. No, she doesn’t. 5. Is it still raining? d. Yes, it is. 6. Does it always rain a
lot here? i. Yes, it does at this time of year. 7. Do they have everything they need? f. No, they
don’t. 8. Are you waiting to see the doctor? g. Yes, I am. He’s very late. 9. Do you see your cousin very
often? h. No, I don’t. 10. Are we going to Greece this year? c. No, we aren’t. We don’t have any money.

Exercise 25
1. Were the girls playing basketball? No, they were playing football.
2. Was Jane singing? No, she was listening to music.
3. Were you waiting for the bus? No, I was looking at the shop.
4. Was he laughing? No, he was crying.
5. Was the cat sleeping? No, it was eating.

Exercise 26
1. I was driving when I had an accident.2. While he was cooking he cut himself. 3. They were having a
drink while they were listening to Jazz. 4. We were leaving the theatre when we saw the strange man. 5.
She fell asleep while she was watching the film.

Exercise 27
1. saw, was running; 2. Was waiting, arrived; 3. Didn’t believe, told; 4. Was tidying, found; 5. What were you
doing, phoned.

Exercise 28
1. I have passed/ I haven’t passed/ Have I passed? 2. He has lost/ he hasn’t lost/ has he lost? 3. We have
tidied/We haven’t tidied/ Have we tidied? 4. She has finished/ she hasn’t finished/ has she finished? 5.
They have sent/ have they sent? / they haven’t sent.

Exercise 29
1. have been. 2. Have you seen? 3. haven’t finished. 4. have bought. 5. have you done? 6. has taught. 7. has
written. 8. has he gone? 9. have had. 10. have met.

Exercise 30
1. since. 2. for. 3. for. 4. since. 5. since. 6. for. 7. since. 8. since. 9. for. 10. since.

Exercise 31
1. still. 2. ever. 3. already. 4. just. 5. yet. 6. never. 7. yet. 8. ever. 9. still. 10. already.

Exercise 32
1. haven’t had. 2. didn’t go. 3. has been. 4. haven’t finished. 5. got. 6. has just gone. 7. did Goldoni write. 8.
have you known. 9. have never met. 10. drove.

Exercise 33
1. lived. 2. sank. 3. has stolen. 4. has been. 5. graduated. 6. have seen. 7. has walked. 8. lived. 9. have torn.
10. lost. 11. haven’t seen. 12. didn’t write. 13. haven’t completed. 14. went. 15. have emerged.

Exercise 34
1. have been working. 2. has been dreaming. 3. have been watching. 4. have been studying. 5. have been
collecting.
6. has been raining. 7. has been learning. 8. have been waiting. 9. has been working. 10. has been sleeping.

Exercise 35
1. have forgotten. 2. have been running. 3. have seen. 4. have you been watching. 5. hasn’t eaten. 6. has been
crying. 7. has had. 8. have been listening. 9. have been doing. 10. have known.

Exercise 36
1. Had you forgotten to bring your ticket?/I hadn’t forgotten to bring my ticket. 2. Had you slept the night
before? / I hadn’t slept the night before. 3. Had she lost her wallet on the train again? / She hadn’t lost her
wallet on the train again. 4. Had we visited London before? / We hadn’t visited London before. 5. Had they
seen a lion before? / They hadn’t seen a lion before.

Exercise 37
1. was walking; thought; had spent. 2. had finished; started. 3. posted; realized; had written. 4. asked; had
been. 5. got; had gone/went. 6. were; had called; didn’t answer. 7. arrived; saw; had stolen. 8. met; told; had
been; didn’t look. 9. looked; heard; found; had got stuck. 10. invited; couldn’t; had made.

Exercise 38
1. Someone had been frying. 2. They had been playing in the garden. 3. She had been cutting onions. 4. He
had been sunbathing all day on the beach. 5. It had been snowing all night.

Exercise 39
1. had invited. 2. had been driving. 3. had been. 4. had you been doing. 5. had been watching. 6. had never
seen. 7. had finished. 8. had started. 9. had been studying. 10. had been waiting.
Exercise 40
1. used to smoke. 2. are used to working. 3. am used to driving. 4. used to / would tell me. 5. Did you use to
play. 6. are not used to eating. 7. would /used to do/ is used to doing. 8. used to walk. 9. used to be. 10. is
used to taking.

Exercise 41
1. we are going to crash. 2. I’ll answer. 3. begins. 4. am not working. 5. shall I do. 6. touch; will burn. 7. is
applying/is going to applying. 8. is to visit. 9. shall go. 10. will be. 11. will be working. 12. will have repaired.
13. will become. 14. will be leaving. 15. I’ll go.

Exercise 42
1. We won’t get home until after midnight. 2. I’ll phone him as soon as I get into the office. 3. She won’t have
breakfast before she goes out to work. 4. I will go mad unless I have a holiday. 5. He will go for a swim
tomorrow if the weather is fine. 6. We will go to the restaurant after the concert. 7. He isn’t going to sign the
contract until he reads it carefully. 8. You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard. 9. They are going to
celebrate after they have finished their exams. 10. You will recognize him when you see him.

Exercise 43
1. do; won’t eat. 2. will get; arrive. 3. finish; will have. 4. return; will be. 5. will go; have visited. 6. will think;
considers. 7. will you do; do not have. 8. will happen; is. 9. will ask; phone. 10. get; will see.

Exercise 44
1. to be. 2. to meet. 3. to hear. 4. to have. 5. to eat.

Exercise 45
1. She isn’t old enough to drive. 2. He isn’t old enough to drink alcohol. 3. We are to tired to continue
studying. 4. The child is too short to reach the biscuits. 5. I’m not strong enough to lift the box.

Exercise 46
1. I have nothing to wear. 2. He hasn’t got anything to do. 3. There is a lot to talk about. 4. There are so many
books to read. 5. There is nowhere to go.

Exercise 47
1. She threatened to shoot him. 2. We hope to arrive early. 3. I promised to send him a postcard. 4. He
reminded me to see my lawyer. 5. We remembered to lock the door.

Exercise 48
1. to go. 2. to build. 3. buy. 4. to meet. 5. to participate. 6. hurry. 7. tell. 8. let. 9. to finish. 10. to admire.

Exercise 49 (suggestions)
1. stay outside. 2. her to leave? 3. him not to use the computer. 4. me to buy the coat. 5. her to do some tests.

Exercise 50
1. to book a flight. 2. to learn French. 3. to see the pyramids. 4. to become a doctor. 5. to drive to work.

Exercise 51 (suggestions)
1. playing tennis. 2. eating fish. 3. watching TV. 4. taking the dog for a walk. 5. eating that cake. 6. discussing
this matter. 7. going to the dentist. 8. going to the park.
Exercise 52
1. to smoke. 2. opening. 3. to pass. 4. study. 5. to go. 6. think. 7. to see. 8. reading. 9. stay. 10. having. 11.
mentioning. 12. watching. 13. to look. 14. riding. 15. looking.

Exercise 53
1. Saving Private Ryan. 2. To Catch a Thief. 3. Being John Malkovich. 4. To Kill a Mockingbird. 5. Regarding
Henry. 6. To Have and have Not. 7. Raising Arizona. 8. To Die For. 9. Educating Rita. 10. To Be Or Not To
Be.

Exercise 54
1. was written. 2. are not read. 3. will be opened. 4. was told. 5. has been left. 6. had been robbed.

Exercise 55
1. The thief has been arrested. 2. The man was bitten on his leg by the fierce dog. 3. This church was
designed by Christopher Wren. 4. Taxes are going to be increased next month. 5. Progress is being made in
cancer research. 6. The room was being painted when I came in. 7. My phone has been taken. 8. The roof
will be mended next week.

Exercise 56
1. The dog must be walked every day. 2. The letter should be posted now. 3. The vase will be handled with
care. 4. The documents have to be photocopied. 5. The doctor could have been called.

Exercise 57
1. Can I use your phone? 2. Jane can play the violin. 3. I should stop smoking. 4. Shall I help you pick up the
suitcase?
5. You mustn’t smoke in here. 6. You must /have to wear a uniform. 7. You must tidy your room. 8. I could
play the piano. 9. Will you open the door? 10. You’d better study harder. 11. He has been able to drive since
he was 18. 12. You should read that book. 13. You needn’t go to the shops today. 14. I had to take the dog for
a walk every day. 15. You mustn’t wear a miniskirt in church. 16. The floor needs cleaning. 17. The painting
may be by Vermeer. 18. It can’t be your brother. 19. I’d rather go to the cinema. 20. You’d better leave early.

Exercise 58
1. must. 2. has to. 3. have to. 4. must. 5. has to. 6. Do you have to? 7. must. 8. has to.

Exercise 59
1. mustn’t. 2. don’t have to. 3. doesn’t have to. 4. mustn’t. 5. don’t have to. 6. mustn’t. 7. don’t have to. 8.
don’t have to.

Exercise 60
1. needn’t buy. 2. needs to feed. 3. needn’t bring. 4. needs repairing. 5. need to provide.

Exercise 61
1. must. 2. can’t . 3. may/might. 4. will. 5. may/might.

Exercise 62
1. must have. 2. can’t have. 3. may/might. 4. will have. 5. must have.

Exercise 63
1. I needn’t have bought some bread. 2. He needn’t have taken an umbrella. 3. We didn’t need to hurry. 4.
She needn’t have taken her camera. 5. He didn’t need to explain the situation.
Exercise 64
1. You should have gone to see the doctor. 2. Jane had a lot of work to so. 3. We had to leave before the end of
the meeting. 4. You should have come to the party. 5. I had to wait for the bus a very long time.

Exercise 65
1. Shall. 2. Could. 3. mustn’t. 4. should. 5. can’t. 6. must. 7. had to. 8. ought to. 9. have to. 10. shouldn’t.

Exercise 66
1. was. 2. did. 3. do. 4. can. 5. shall. 6. aren’t. 7. does. 8. do. 9. has. 10. has.

Exercise 67
1. I’ll drive to work if I miss the bus. 2. If we have enough money, we’ll go on holiday. 3. They will buy the
car if they can afford it. 4. If you give me the phone number, I’ll phone her. 5. We’ll fall asleep if he
continues speaking.

Exercise 68
1. had; would buy. 2. would be; could go. 3. were; would consult. 4. would come; didn’t have. 5. won; would
travel.

Exercise 69
1. I wouldn’t have got lost if I had listened to him. 2. If my teacher had explained the rule I would have
understood.
3. If I had seen the cat, I wouldn’t have fallen down the stairs. 4. If she had been careful, she wouldn’t
have broken the glass. 5. If he hadn’t gone to the rock concert, he wouldn’t have met his future wife.

Exercise 70
1. catch; will arrive. 2. took; would feel. 3. were; would change. 4. break; hurts. 5. had had; would have
taken. 6. would have enjoyed; had been.

Exercise 71
1. I wish you were here. 2. She wishes she were young again. 3. He wishes he could fly. 4. I wish I
weren’t fat. 5. They wish they had more time.

Exercise 72
1. We wish we had known about the train strike. 2. I wish I hadn’t said some terrible things. 3. He wishes he
had posted the letter. 4. She wishes she hadn’t broken the precious vase. 5. I wish I had told her.

Exercise 73
1. that was his chair. 2. she had gone to the cinema the day before. 3. he was writing a book. 4. she would do
it the day after. 5. they had never been to Paris. 6. he would do it if he could. 7. they were waiting for the
new teacher. 8. she had made a mistake.

Exercise 74
1. She asked what the time was. 2. Jane asked me how I was. 3. He asked me where the bank was. 4. His
mother asked him where he had been. 5. Tom asked me if/whether I liked chocolate. 6. Robert asked him
how many people lived in the town. 7. Susan asked why he was leaving. 8. Tom asked if /whether the party
was a success.

Exercise 75
1. He advised me to go to the doctor. 2. She promised to post the letter. 3. He agreed to help me. 4. She
decided to wash the car. 5. He refused to pay the bill. 6. They offered to help him cook. 7. He reminded me to
lock the door. 8. They invited us to go for a pizza.
Exercise 76
1. is. 2. a. 3. --. 4. --. 5. homework. 6. --. 7. is. 8. was. 9. works. 10. progress. 11. a. 12. --. 13. --. 14. an. 15. a.
16. --. 17. talks. 18. --. 19. are. 20. are.

Exercise 77
1. some. 2. Neither. 3. Most. 4. a little. 5. Most. 6. much. 7. few. 8. many. 9. enough. 10. Both. 11. plenty of. 12.
much.

Exercise 78
1. I know nobody. 2. He went nowhere. 3. We have done nothing wrong. 4. Some people have no respect. 5.
They have no money left. 6. They never confessed to the crime. 7. I need no more chairs. 8. We had little
difficulty. 9. There are few possibilities. 10. Few people know this.

Exercise 79
1. I think Mozart’s best opera is The marriage of Figaro. 2. The musicians’ wives are accompanying them on the
tour.
3. Tom and Susan’s house is very old. 4. The Women’s Movement was very strong in the 1970s. 5. I only had 5
hours’ sleep last night.

Exercise 80
1. A computer study course. 2. Ancient manuscript research. 3. University reform issues. 4. Art history
texts. 5. An oil painting appreciation course.

Exercise 81
Subject object possessive reflexive
I me mine myself
You you yours yourself
He him his himself
She her hers herself
It it its itself
You you yours yourselves
We us ours ourselves
They them theirs themselves

Exercise 82
1. him. 2. them. 3. yours. 4. us. 5. her. 6. his. 7. it. 8. theirs. 9. you. 10. We.

Exercise 83
1. himself. 2. --. 3. each other. 4. myself. 5. --. 6. yourself. 7. each other. 8. --. 9. each other. 10. myself.

Exercise 84
1. The people who live in Italy are called Italians. 2. I chose the dress which was the cheapest. 3. The hotel
where we slept was very comfortable. 4. That is the professor whose wife is Russian. 5. The dictionary that is
on the table is mine.

Exercise 85
The following sentences have object pronouns so the relative pronouns can be omitted: 1, 4, 5, 7.

Exercise 86
1. Charles Darwin, who was the grandson of a physician, was born in 1809. 2. He met John Henslow at
Cambridge, who was professor of biology. 3. Darwin, who sailed on the HMS Beagle, acted as a naturalist on
board the ship. 4. The voyage, which took 5 years, included Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. 5. In 1859
Darwin completed the Origin of the Species, sold out the day of publication. 6. The Church, which upheld
creationism, attacked him as a blasphemous radical.

Exercise 87
1. These are our friends we went to Greece with. 2. That was the month when there was the flood. 3. Do you
know the reason why she lost her job? 4. The professor i spoke to was in a hurry. 5. We climbed to the top
of the mountain, where we had a wonderful view.

Exercise 88
1. stolen from the gallery. 2. bringing our meal. 3. wishing to do the exam. 4. eaten by my friend. 5. thinking
about going.

Exercise 89
1. --; --. 2. --. 3. the. 4. the. 5. a. 6. --. 7. the. 8. a. 9. --. 10. the. 11. --. 12. --. 13. The. 14. --. 15. --. 16. --; --. 17.
a. 18. --. 19. --. 20. the.
Exercise 90
1. well-known castle. 2. never-ending. 3. English speaking teacher. 4. far-reaching. 5. hand-painted. 6. well-
made.

Exercise 91
1. 12th-century castle. 2. 400-hundred-year-old bridge. 3. 3-foot-long table. 4. 5-metre-thick wall. 5. 5-year
project.
6. 16th-century poem. 7. 14-year-old boy. 8. 5-mile walk. 9. 10-metre-high tree. 10. 3-week holiday.

Exercise 92
1. surprised. 2. exciting. 3. bored. 4. confusing. 5. exhausted. 6. interesting. 7. fascinating. 8. convinced. 9.
amazing. 10. interested.

Exercise 93
1. in. 2. in. 3. of. 4. about. 5. at. 6. for. 7. about. 8. of. 9. to. 10. for.

Exercise 94
Adjective comparative superlative
Good better the best
Bad worse the worst
Happy happier the happiest
Interesting more interesting the most interesting
Far farther/further the farthest/furthest
Modern more modern the most modern

Exercise 95
1. younger than. 2. tidier than. 3. more dangerous than. 4. further than. 5. worse than.

Exercise 96
1. the best. 2. the most fascinating. 3. the prettiest. 4. the most boring. 5. the most modern.
Exercise 97
1. newer. 2. the best. 3. latest. 4. longer. 5. the worst.

Exercise 98
1. not as tall as Simon. 2. is as light as a feather. 3. is not as deep as the sea. 4. as many drinks as you. 5.
doesn’t eat as much as Tony.

Exercise 99
1. carefully. 2. fast. 3. well. 4. weekly. 5. friendly.

Exercise 100
1. faster. 2. better. 3. hard. 4. worse. 5. earlier.

Exercise 101
1. They have never been to London. 2. We rarely went to the sea when we were young. 3. This phenomenon
hadn’t ever been seen before. 4. We are always in a hurry. 5. She spoke softly. 6. I don’t know him well. 7.
We’ll see him tomorrow. 8. Do you usually go to the cinema on Saturdays? 9. How often do you play
football? 10. She drives fast.

Exercise 102
1. on. 2. in. 3. on. 4. --. 5. on. 6. in. 7. to; at. 8. --. 9. at. 10. in. 11. --. 12. in. 13. at. 14. at; at. 15. in; --.

Exercise 103
1. to. 2. with. 3. about. 4. on. 5. for. 6. of. 7. to. 8. --. 9. at. 10. on.

Exercise 104
1. yet/for. 2. and. 3. yet. 4. or. 5. so. 6. nor.

Exercise 105
1. either...or. 2. neither ... nor. 3. whether ... or. 4. rather ... than. 5. not only ... but also. 6. both ... and.

Exercise 106
1. Although. 2. while. 3. so. 4. In spite of. 5. as. 6. unless. 7. although. 8. although. 9. As. 10. Because.

Exercise 107
call for require
carry on continue
come across find by chance
get on/off enter / leave bus, train, plane
get over recover from an illness etc.
get on with have good relationship
go up / down increase / decrease
go on continue
look after take care of
look for seek
run out of be short of
take off begin flight

Exercise 108
1. go up. 2. looking for. 3. went on. 4. look after. 5. running out of. 6. calls for. 7. Get off. 8. came across. 9. get
on with. 10. getting over.

Exercise 109
1. applied for. 2. taken on. 3. pay for. 4. asking for. 5. looking after. 6. seeing to. 7. gets on with. 8. suffers
from. 9. explain to. 10. deal with.

Exercise 110
break off discontinue
bring about cause to happen
look up consult a reference book
make out recognise, distinguish
put off postpone
put up raise
set up start a business etc.
take off remove
turn on/off connect/disconnect an appliance
turn down lower; reject

Exercise 111
1. turn down. 2. bring about. 3. take off. 4. put up. 5. put off. 6. make out. 7. broke off. 8. turned down. 9. set up.
10. look it up.

Exercise 112
1. off. 2. up. 3. down. 4. off/down. 5. on. 6. for. 7. out. 8. on. 9. for. 10. off.

Exercise 113
1. down. 2. out. 3. up. 4. habit. 5. the law.

Exercise 114
1. up. 2. up. 3. back. 4. about. 5. down.

Exercise 115
1. forward. 2. into. 3. for. 4. out. 5. after.

Exercise 116
1. off. 2. up with. 3. out. 4. by. 5. up.

Exercise 117
1. up. 2. place. 3. over. 4. advantage. 5. into account.

Exercise 118
1. getting. 2. get a divorce. 3. get on with. 4. get over. 5. get rid of. 6. got dressed. 7. get used to. 8. get. 9. got.
10. getting.

Exercise 119
1. keep track of your expenses. 2. keep on trying. 3. keep you warm. 4. keep an eye on. 5. keep up with.
Exercise 120
1. make. 2. make. 3. did. 4. made. 5. do. 6. make. 7. made. 8. do. 9. make. 10. do.

Exercise 121
1. have. 2. have. 3. took. 4. taken. 5. had. 6. taken. 7. have. 8. take. 9. take. 10. take.

Exercise 122
1. whole. 2. Everybody. 3. everything. 4. whole. 5. every. 6. whole. 7. every. 8. all. 9. All. 10. all.

Exercise 123
1. other. 2. another. 3. other. 4. another. 5. others. 6. other. 7. other. 8. other. 9. other. 10. another.

Exercise 124
1. say. 2. tell. 3. tell. 4. say. 5. said. 6. told. 7. told. 8. telling. 9. say. 10. told.
Exercise 125
1. as. 2. like. 3. as. 4. as. 5. as.

Exercise 126
1. so. 2. such. 3. such. 4. so. 5. such.

Exercise 127
1. bookshop. 2. currently. 3. economical. 4. topic/subject. 5. Check. 6. attend. 7. news. 8. lately. 9. historian.
10. records.

Practice Test
1. will see. 2. was. 3. boring. 4. have already. 5. Will. 6. much. 7. to. 8. lives. 9. what the problem was. 10.
since.
11. have visited. 12. each other. 13. no. 14. was founded. 15. making. 16. --. 17. arrived. 18. would. 19. did.
20. which. 21. for. 22. the time is. 23. wouldn’t. 24. have I seen. 25. some. 26. to. 27. take. 28. in. 29.
used to play.
30. does. 31. aren’t I. 32. still. 33. --. 34. nobody. 35. cleaning. 36. seeing. 37. to meet. 38. tidy. 39. about. 40.
four-year-old.

Translation
1. This information is interesting. 2. He can’t come now. He’s having a bath. 3. What a lovely day! 4. Does
Maria study Philosophy? 5. Which pen do you want? The blue one or the black one? 6. She has black hair. 7.
Look! It’s snowing. 8. He lived here until yesterday. 9. I have been here for hours. 10. I’ve been here since 9
o’clock. 11. Has she ever been abroad? 12. I’ve been writing letters all morning. 13. I go to the gym once a
week. 14. Mr Smith is a doctor. 15. They are his/hers. 16. You should eat more – you’re too thin. 17. I don’t
have to/needn’t get up early tomorrow - it’ s Sunday. 18. I have been able to speak French for 2 years. 19.
You needn’t/don’t need to come tomorrow. 20. Susan can’t have taken the book. 21. We’re leaving on
Saturday evening. 22. If I were you I wouldn’t go there. 23. The car (that/which) Tom bought is Italian. 24.
Stephen King, whose books are very famous, is very rich.
25. They wanted the student s to buy the books. 26. He is afraid of flying. 27. This picture was painted by
Rembrandt.
28. It is thought that Jack is very rich. 29. The boy asked me if/whether I knew the town. 30. Jane told me to
relax.
31. He told me not to open the window. 32. Look at the plane taking off.

Text
1. that. 2. could. 3. work. 4. made. 5. client. 6. in. 7. as. 8. in. 9. Caravaggio. 10. was cleaned. 11. than. 12. same.
13. number. 14. their. 15. research.