CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher presents background of the study, research questions,

research purposes, research limitations, and research significances. The explanation of each is

as follows.

1.1 Background of The Study

Humans need to communicate to each other since they are social creatures. In a

communication, humans deliver messages to express what are inside their minds or feelings.

Sometimes, in delivering the messages to others, humans face the failure. There are several

causes of the difficulty communication. One of them is because of the speakers. A good

speaker would be able to deliver what is the message to the listeners while a bad speaker

would not be able to do so. Some factors avoid him/her to do soand one of them is because

the speakers experience speech disorder.Speech disorder is when a person unable to produce

speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problem with his or her voice. The example is the

difficultyin pronouncing sounds, articulation disorder and stuttering(www.asha.org). In this

thesis, the researcher focuses on the stuttering since it is related to the pronouncing sounds.

There are many theories talking about the issue. Studies are conducted to investigate

thestuttering and the effect of it to the stutterers’ life. The neurologic, the psychologic to

thepsycholinguistics theories are taking a part

 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the researcher quotes and explains the theories that are related to the topic

of the study. They are Psycholinguistics, speech disorder, stuttering, characteristics of

stuttering, factors of stuttering, Rashad Nimr and Sharoon Steed at TEDx Greens Farms

Academy and TEDx Brookings in YouTube Channel, TED and TEDx, and the previous study.

2.1 Psycholinguistics

According to Altmann(2001:129), psycholinguistics is the empirical and theoretical

study of the mental faculty that underpins our consummate linguistic agility. It is about the

study of human mind’s ability to communicate and comprehend.It is one of the branches of

linguistics which focuses on psychological aspect of language studies. The word linguistics

comes from Latin’s word “lingua” that means language. The theoretical focus attempts to

provide a linguistically and psychologically valid theories of language that can explain the

nature of language and its aquisition. The practical applied focus has been traditionally

attempted to apply linguistic and psychological knowledge for any problems like reading,

bilingualism, second language learning and teaching, etc.

Chaer states that psycholinguistics is a study that explains about the structure of

language, how that structure was acquired and spoken. It tries to apply the linguistics and

psychology in some cases, such as language

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

In conducting research, it is important for the researcher to decide the appropriate

research method that will be used. In this chapter, researcher discusses about the researcher’s

method that will be applied in this research. Type of the research, population and sample,

technique of collecting the data, and technique of analyzing data are taken into account in this

chapter.

1.1 Type of Research

This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. According to

Creswell (1998:15), qualitative research is an inquiryprocess of understanding the complexity

of social or human problem.This method will be used to describe the stuttering utterances that

are produced by Rashad Nimr and Sharoon Steed. This research focuses on the types of

stuttering utterances produced by stutterers and the factors of stuttering that experienced by

the male speaker and the female speaker.

1.2 Data sources

According to Arikunto (2006:129), the data source contains the subject of where the

data can be obtained. The data of this research are taken from Rashad Nimr and Sharon Steed

speech videos at TEDx Green Farms Academy 2013. Rashad Nimr Video’s duration is (6:32)

minutes while Sharon Steed video’s is (17:44) minutes. The primary data are stuttering

utterances that occur in the speech.

 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the result of the data analysis is presented. The data are collected and

then processed in response to the problem posed in Chapter 1. The findings presented in this

chapter are purposed to figure out the types of stuttering and the factors of it which is

experienced by two stutterers, Rashad Nimr and Sharon Steed. The researcher presents the

findings into two sub-chapters. They are types of stuttering found in the videos of both

stutterers and the factors of the stuttering which may occur during the speech in the videos.

The data are the words, phrases and sentences that contain stuttering types. The

researcher identified the types of stuttering based on ASHA’s theory. Then, the researcher

identifies the factors based on Chaer’s theory. The result and the discussion are explained in

different sub-chapters. The first chapter is Result and the second is Discussion. Futher

explanation is described below.

4.1 Result

In this sub-chapter, the researcher serves the result of the data found in the videos.

Those data are coded and delivered into types of stuttering and factors of stuttering. There are

two parts of the result which are types of stuttering, and factors of stuttering as follows.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the conclusion of the research based on the

finding and the discussion on chapter IV. The researcher also gives some suggestions for

other researchers.

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the researcher found that there are several differences

between both stutterers in their utterances. The data showed that male stutterer can stutter

the words less than the female. It explained that his ability to overcome his anxiety is better.

The female stutterer mostly stutters the words. There was not any evidence showing her

stuttering the sentence while there was evidence in which the male stutterer repeats the

sentence. This repeated sentence was included in the repetition type of stuttering which was

the mostly type found in his speech while the female stutterer’s utterances were mostly

included in the prolongation type of stuttering. Since the female speaker frequently

prolonged the words, the data showed that she prolonged the words with initial letter s, t,

and i. It described the heavy stuttering which was in the female speaker. On the other hand,

the male speaker prolonged the vowels initial letter words which were not included in the

heavy stuttering letters.

The factor of stuttering of both speakers is also different. The female stutterer may be

affected by the stress factor because she often