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Ex A > Ex B
- }
Control Control Selective
attention
Tailored Baseline Parametric
A B C
Ex A > Ctl A
A B C
Ex B > Ctl B
>} A< A < A < A
A B C
Factorial Designs Mixed, Nested Designs
Conjunction Designs
Ex A Ex B
AxB Priming/Adaptation Designs
The subtraction method
• Acquire data under two
conditions
– These conditions
putatively differ only in
the cognitive process of
interest
• Compare brain images
acquired during those
conditions
• Regions of difference
reflect activation due to the
“subtracted” process of
interest
Petersen et al., 1988
Hierarchical subtraction
example from Petersen, 1991
• Rest Control
• Auditory words vs. rest: A1, - } Sensory
word recognition centers
• Visual words vs rest: visual
areas, word form areas
• Reading or repeating words vs - } Motor
From R. Raizada
Neural adaptation to repeated stimuli does show the difference:
What counts as repetition for neurons in a voxel?
FromSusan Y. Bookheimer,
Hariri et al 1999
Ph.D. Hariri et al., 1999
Event-Related Designs
• Event-related or single trial experiments
– Have stimuli presented 1 at a time rather than in
blocks
– Adjust for the hemodynamic response function
– Bin like stimuli, obtain averaged HRF
– Compare HRFs across stimulus types
– Long ISI studies (15 seconds) allow for complete
relaxation of HRF (implicit resting control)
– Short ISI studies model additive response of like
stimuli and adjust
Directed vs. averted gaze
Event-Related fMRI Design
Optimized Random Sequence
(Wager & Nichols 2003)
TR = 3 s
TR = 3 s
2s
+ + ISI = 500-1500 ms
Jitter = 0-500 ms
2s
+
2s
Episodic Retrieval:
R-K Distinction (Eldridge,
Knowlton et al 2000)
• Remember (R) - recognition with conscious
recollection
– Episodic memory
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Directed vs. averted gaze
TD: Directed vs Averted Gaze
(negative emotions)
Amygdala,
hippocampus, Visual and HC
Medial PFC,
lateral PFC
ASD
No task
Visual and HC
modulation
Between-group direct
comparisons
Direct Averted
TD > ASD TD > ASD
Functional Connectivity in fMRI
Functional Connectivity
Imaging Genetics
• Growing Field
• Examines differences in brain
structure/function/connectivity as a result of
possessing different genetic polymorphisms
• Usually chosen for conferring risk for a disorder
• Imaging differences seen in normal populations
with different, common polymorphisms in the
absence of obvious behavioral or phenotypic
differences
fMRI in normal subjects with
genetic risk for AD
Bookheimer, Small, et al, NEJM 2000
Cohort 1 Cohort 2
Applications
• Mapping normal functions: within group
• Clinical applications: between group
designs
– Surgical planning
– AD/AD risk
– Drug interventions
– Psychiatric disorders
Clinical Applications:
Neurosurgical planning
Recording
Strips
Language Tasks
• Object Naming
– Finding a name; expression
– Used in OR; alternate forms; reveals Broca’s area and
Basal temporal language area
• Auditory Naming
Smell with this “nose”
Color of grass “green”
– Finding a name; comprehension, expression
Conjunction Analysis
• Within task, repeat conditions (3 times)
• Across tasks, find areas of overlap
• Perform separately for receptive, expressive
tasks
• Allows low magnitude activations that are
consistent to show.
Areas of conjunction
Pharmaco- fMRI
• Use fMRI to identify brain changes
associated with treatment
• Eg, Acetylcholine agonist treatment may
improve memory in AD
• fMRI Pre- and post-treatment with Aricept
Donepezil Treatment- Mild AD
Pre-Treatment
Post-Treatment
Disgust
Threat
Control OCD
Susan Y. Bookheimer, Ph.D.