Foundation Types

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Type of Foundations
Shallow Foundation
• Spread footings
• Continuous footings
• Mats
Deep Foundations
• Piles (Driven Piles)
• Drilled Shafts (Pored Piles)
1. Reverse Circulation Pile — excavation protected by slurry
2. Fully-Cased Pile — excavation protected by casing
• Auger-Cast Piles (Continuous Flight Auger )
Other Foundations
• Excavation Types
(Deep Excavation)
• Fill Types
(Earth Retaining Structures)
 Excavation Type of Foundations
Sheet Pile Walls Braced Cuts
Fill Types of Foundations
Mechanically-Stabilized Earth Wall
 Shallow vs. Deep Foundations
D
Shallow Foundations
D/B<4 (but usually <2.5)
•Spread (Isolated) Footing
•Combined Footing B
•Continuous (strip) Footing
Deep Foundations
•Mat (Raft) Foundations
D/B>4
•Piles
•Drilled Shafts (Caisson)
•Auger Cast Piles 5
Shallow vs. Deep Foundations
Preliminary Selection of Foundation Type
Structural properties
Rules of Thumb:
• Small (1-4 Story) Probably Shallow Foundation
• Medium (5-10 Story) Depends
• Large (>10 Story) Probably Deep Foundation
Soil Conditions
The main considerations concerning soil conditions are the depth to layers with sufficient bearing
capacities, the potential for total and differential settlements, and groundwater conditions.
Rules of Thumb:
• Light load and stiff/ dense soilÎProbably Shallow Foundation
• Heavy load and thick layer of soft/ loose soilÎProbably Deep Foundation
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 Shallow Foundations
Spread Footing Combined Footing
Continuous Footing Mat Foundations
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Shallow Foundations
Spread Footing
Continuous Footing
Mat Foundations
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 Shallow Foundations
Pits for Combined Footing
Pits for Spread Footing
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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity
Spread Footing Continuous Footing Mat Foundations
Cost
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 Spread Footings
Definition: supports one column
Q Q
D
B
B B
Use:
•founded on a suitable thickness of stiff soil
•almost always above the water
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Spread Footings
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Construction ofⶍ⼙䇯ˣ䄏䇯
Spread Footing
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Sheet pile wall for excavation
 Combined Footings
Definition: supports two or more columns in a single row
Trapezoidal shape
Q Q
B
L
Rectangular shape
Use:
• for where column spacing is non-uniform
• to support of exterior columns near properties lines (no space for a typical spread footing)
• to resist eccentric or inclined loads 13
Large Combined Footings
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 Continuous Footings
Definition: an elongated shallow foundation that
typically supports a single row of columns or a wall
L >> B
B
Use:
• to reduce average pressure applied to soil
• to tie columns together at their base
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• to reduce construction cost thru use of appropriate equipment for trenching
Mats
Definition: supports a number of columns or walls
distributed in both horizontal directions
Use:
•to reduce average pressure applied to soil
•to resist hydrostatic uplift (water proofing basement)
•to reduce differential settlement 16
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 19
Deep Foundations
Piles
Definition: a structural member that is driven
into the ground by pounding or vibration
Single Pile
Size
x diameters typically 6 in. to 20 in. and lengths typically
less than 100 ft when used to support buildings;
xdiameters up to 90 in. and lengths to 200 ft for support
of bridges;
xdiameters of the order to of 30 to 120 in. when used
offshore with lengths in the 100's of feet
Use
•used where soft or loose soil is near the surface;
Group Piles Q
•readily used through standing water;
•used in profiles with vertical and lateral variations;
• has vibration (ground shaking) and noise problem
P ile
Cap
P ile s 20
 Deep Foundations
Piles
Typical Cross-Section:
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Steel Pipe Pile
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Pile
Driving
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Steel H Pile Splice
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from PileTips May-June 1982
 Overdriven
Steel H Pile
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from Bert Miner
Timber
Piles
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Timber
Piles
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Timber Piles
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 Limnoria (white)
WOOD PILES EATEN BY
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LIMNORIA IN CORPUS CHRISTI
ENDS OF PRECAST
CONCRETE PILES 30
Precast Concrete Cylinder Piles
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PRECAST CONCRETE PILES
BEING STABBED IN LOUISIANA 32
BROKEN CONCRETE PILES
(TxDOT) 33
from TexDOT
Drilled Shafts
Definition: a structural member
formed by drilling a hole and
filling it with concrete
Reverse Circulation Pile-
excavation protected by slurry
Fully-Cased Pile-
Excavation protected by casing
Size
•typically 12 in. to 48 in.
•the lengths are typically less than 100 ft.
Use
• where soils stand unsupported (in stiff clays),
can be much less expensive than piles in this case;
• no vibration problem and less noise problem;
• carry very heavy loads method 9of tons/pier34
- 100's
Casing
Construction of Fully-Cased Pile
ᶨˣ➢䢶㕥ⶍ⼙䇯ˣ䄏䇯
• ℐ⣿䭉➢㦩
35
Casing
ᶨˣ➢䢶㕥ⶍ⼙䇯ˣ䄏䇯
• ℐ⣿䭉➢㦩
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PREPARING TO PICK UP A CAGE 37
adsc
PICKING UP A CAGE 38
adsc
POURING CONCRETE
39
adsc
RETRACTED
BELLING
TOOL
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L. C. Reese?
 EXPANDED BELLING TOOL 41
adsc
Auger-Cast Piles
Definition: a structure member formed by drilling a hole with a hollow stem
auger and backfilling w/ grout as the auger is withdrawn
For soil conditions which
are not easy to collapse
without protection
during excavation.
(1) Spot; (2) Drill by auger; (3) inject grout (increase lateral earth pressure); (4) place reinforcing cage
Auger-Cast Piles
Auger Drive Head
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Auger-Cast Pile to
support a new
parking garage in
northern Shirlington,
VA
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Finishing
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