CM18151 – BASIC CIVIL

ENGINEERING
UNIT 2
FOUNDATIONS
 Unit 2- CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUB STRUCUTRE- FOUNDATIONS

Unit 2- Question pattern

i) Basic Site investigation
ii) What is the function of that particular
component
iii) What are the types of component with neat
sketches
 Foundation
• A structure essentially consists of two parts,
namely the super structure which is above the
plinth level and the substructure which is below
the plinth level.
• Substructure is otherwise known as the
foundation, and this forms the base for any
structure.
• Generally, about 30% of the total construction
cost is spent on the foundation.
• The soil on which the foundation rests is called
the “foundation soil”.
Objectives of a foundation :

• A foundation is provided for the following

purposes:
• To distribute the total load coming on the
structure on a larger area.
• To support the structures.
• To give enough stability to the structures
against various disturbing forces, such as
wind and rain.
• To prepare a level surface for concreting
and masonry work.
 Load on Foundations
• Dead Load-
• Loads which are permanently acting over a
period of years.
• Examples- Self weight of Building (walls,
columns, slabs, beams etc)

• Live Load-
• Loads which are not permanent (moving loads)
• Examples- Weight of persons on floor, furniture.

• Wind Load
• Load acting on building due to wind pressure.
• Mainly considered for Tall Rise Buildings
• Example Burj Al Arab
Bearing Capacity of Soil
• Soil is weaker than any construction material like concrete, steel etc.
• Hence a large amount of soil area is required to withstand load.
• Design of foundation is based on Bearing Capacity of soil

Bearing Capacity of Soil is the inherent strength property or capacity of

soil to withstand the loads.

Plate Load Test – to determine ultimate bearing capacity.

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

Ultimate Bearing Capacity=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Safe bearing Capacity =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
Usually factor of safety is taken as 1.5 to 3. (2 for normal structures)

Allowable Soil Pressure- It is the pressure which is safe soil pressure

against failure. It should be always less than Safe bearing Capacity
Tpes of Foundation

Foundation
Deep
Shallow foundation
foundation

Isolated
Wall
column combined
footing
footing
• Shallow Foundation
• Foundation when depth of footing is less than 3 to 4 times the width of
footing
• It is usually go to a depth of 3 to 4m.
• Moderate height Buildings, Construction site Soil (dry soil) has more
strength

• Deep Foundation
• Depth of foundation is more than 3 to 4 times of its width
• Most challenging type of construction
• Mega Project, Infra structure Projects, Tall Rise Building, heavy structures.
• When construction site has marshy, clayey soil in wet condition.
Foundation…

Footing :

Footings are structural members

used to support columns and walls.

Main Function:-

i) Transmit and distribute their

loads to the soil in such a way that
the load bearing capacity of the soil
is not exceeded.

ii) Also, excessive settlement,

differential settlement or rotation
are prevented
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing – Footing Supports only one column
• Simple footing, Stepped footing and Sloped Footing

Simple Footing
i) Load on column is light
ii) Soil has high Strength
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing – Footing Supports only one column
• Simple footing, Stepped footing and Sloped Footing

Stepped Footing

i) Load acting on column is high

ii) Width of footing is high
iii) This is attained by having
additional concrete in stepped
manner to withstand the
loads
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing – Footing Supports only one column
• Simple footing, Stepped footing and Sloped Footing

Sloped Footing
i) Concrete can be
moulded to any
shape
ii) Shape of footing is
sloped in top surface
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
 Foundation…
• Combined footing – Footing Supports more than one column

Types:
Strap Footing- A beam /slab which connects all Rectangular or Trapezoidal
columns Combined Footing
 Foundation…
• Combined footing:

• This type of footing is adopted

when the space between two
columns is so small that the
foundation for individual columns
will overlap.

• Combined footings are

proportioned in such a way that the
centre of gravity of the loads
coincides with the centre of gravity
of the foundation. Hence these
footings have either a trapezoidal
or a rectangular shape.
MAT or RAFT FOUNDATION

• Large spread footing

• Entire area is
covered

Uses

i) Low Bearing
Capacity soils
ii) Uniform Settlement
iii) Economical
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

• When the depth of the foundation is more than the width of

foundation.
• Deep foundations are prefer when large loads are to be
transferred through weak soils to the strong soil or rock beds at
great depth

• Types of Deep Foundations

• Piles
• Based on Material Compositions
• Installation Methods
• Functions and Uses and
• Ground Effects
• Piers and
• Well
 Deep Foundation…
• Pile :

• A slender, structural
member consisting steel
or concrete or timber.

• It is installed in the
ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at
some significant depth
below the base of the Pile
structure.
 Foundation…
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie
a group of piles together to support
and transmit column loads to the
piles.

Pile Cap

Pile
Why we are going for Deep Foundation

• When large loads are to be transmitted

• Mat or Raft foundation become uneconomical.
• When topsoil is very weak and hard strata soil is available
about 10m depth
• Water table changes abruptly
• To prevent the excessive settlement.
• When the structure is very tall on a sandy soil.
 Foundation…
• Deep foundation :
• Deep foundation consists of pile and
pier foundations.
• This consists in carrying down
through the soil a huge masonry
cylinder which may be supported by
the sides of soil or may be
supported on solid rock (hard
stratum).

• Pile foundation :
• Pile is an element of construction
used as foundation. It may be driven
in the ground vertically or with some
inclination to transfer the load safely.
Pile Types –
• Based on Materials
• Steel Piles -
• Rolled H section, T section steel
• Concrete piles –
• Commonly used- Circular shape is popular
• Pre Cast Driven Piles –
• Piles cast in yard and then transported to site
• Timber Pile
• Oldest method length should not exceed 20m
• Composite Pile

• Based on installation
• Cast in-situ piles – Concrete is casted at site
• Driven Piles – Concrete casted at yard and erected at site
by driving mechanism with huge machines.
• Based on Functions End Bearing Piles
i) Hard strata available at
• End Bearing Piles reasonable depth
• Friction Piles ii) Load is transferred directly to
hard strata
• Under-Reamed Piles

Friction Piles (Floating Piles)

i) Hard strata not available at
reasonable depth
ii) Load is transferred by friction
along pile length
 Load Friction Piles
Bearing Pile
Load bearing Friction Pile
pile
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
1. Displacement Piles
It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.

b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)

It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
Pile installation using Drop Hammer
Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that being
driven and to support the pile hammer.
Piers
• Piers are Large size piles having large diameter with or without Broad
Base at the bottom.
• Deep holes are made and piers are installed by placing R.C.C concrete.

• Advantages
• Vibration is not caused as in case of driven pile foundation
• Equipment's used in construction of drilled piers produce less noise.
• So most commonly used in hospitals and educational institutions.

Well Foundation
• Well foundation is hollow inside , resembling well structure( has no top and bottom cover)
• Used for heavily loaded structures like bridges , docks etc.