UNIT 3 AOS 1

CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND WELLBEING

 HEALTH AND WELLBEING

o DEFINITION: Relates to a person’s mental, emotional, physical, social, and spiritual existence, and how they
feel about their lives in relation to the various dimensions
o Buzz Words
 Self-Esteem (Mental)
 Express emotions in a way that can obtain a positive outcome (Emotional)
 Free from illness and disease (Physical)
 Productive relationships (Social)
 Sense of Belonging (Spiritual)
o Dynamic Health and Wellbeing: Health and wellbeing can be described as dynamic as it changes constantly
over time, and according to different factors and events.
 For example, someone who has a migraine can take medication and have symptoms to return to
good physical health and wellbeing.
o Subjective Health and Wellbeing: Health and wellbeing can be described as subjective as it can be
experienced differently by different people, and according to their personal beliefs, feelings, opinions, and
experiences.
 For example, an adult may view optimal health and wellbeing as being able to live independently,
whereas a teenager may view optimal health and wellbeing as being able to optimise academic
performance.
o Disease: A mental or physical disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage
o Illness: A subjective concept relating to personal experience of a disease.
 MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o DEFINITION: Refers to a person’s cognitive and thinking ability, for example, their capacity to think
coherently, express thoughts and feelings, and respond to situations constructively
o Key Words
 Self-Esteem
 Confidence
 Positive Mindset
 Stress levels/Anxiety
 EMOTIONAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o DEFINITION: The ability to recognise, understand, and effectively manage emotions, and to use this
knowledge when thinking, feeling, and acting
o Key Words
 Resilience (e.g recover from misfortune)
 Express emotions in a way that can obtain a positive outcome
 Express appropriate emotions given a situation
 Recognise and constructively respond to a range of emotions
 PHYSICAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o DEFINITION: A state of physical wellbeing in which an individual is able to physically complete their daily
activities without restrictions
o Key words:
 Body weight
 Adequate energy levels
 Quality sleep
 Free from illness/disease/injury
 Strong immune system
 SOCIAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o DEFINITION: Concerned with how an individual interacts with the people around them, and with social
values, social institutions, and norms.
o Key Words
 Strong support network
 Productive relationships
  Communicate effectively
 SPIRITUAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o DEFINITION: A positive sense of belonging, purpose, and meaning in life. It includes the values and beliefs
that influence the way people live, and can be influenced by an individual’s connection to themselves, others,
nature, and beyond.
o Key Words:
 Belonging
 Peace
 Religion/Culture
 Connection
 Values/Beliefs
 Purpose/Goals

BENEFITS OF OPTIMAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING

 INDIVIDUAL
o Reduce risk of premature death (Physical)
o Increase capacity to work towards finding or obtaining goal/purpose in life (Spiritual)
o Increase capacity to spend meaningful time with friends/family (Social)
o Decrease levels of stress/anxiety (Mental)
o More well equipped to recognise and respond positively to a range of emotions (Emotional)
 NATIONAL
o More people working  Increase income  More tax revenue  Spend more on health promoting
infrastructure  Increase national health and wellbeing
o Less people rely on social security/healthcare  People that actually need regular access to healthcare can
access more easily  Less waiting time for essential healthcare services
o Decreased levels stress/anxiety as a result of less loved ones experiencing premature death/terminal illness
 GLOBAL
o Reduced risk of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS spreading between countries
o Optimal HW  Less people need to resort to extremes to maintain health and wellbeing  People more
likely to work to improve themselves and others  Promote global peace and security
o Optimal HW  More people in workforce  People earn income to spend on goods and services 
Increase global trade  Promote development of global economy.

PREREQUISITES FOR HEALTH

 PEACE
o DEFINITION: The absence of conflict and/or war
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Decreased risk premature death/injury
 Reduced stress levels
 SHELTER
o DEFINITION: A shelter that provides protection from the elements such as weather
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Decreased risk premature death/injury
 No overcrowding = less risk of communicable diseases
 Promote feelings of privacy/security
 Promote adequate sleep
 EDUCATION
o DEFINITION: A basic human right that promotes access to knowledge and health promotion behaviours
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Understand health promotion messages (e.g wearing sunscreen)
 Increased capacity to find meaningful employment
 Attend educational institution, connection with peers
 FOOD
o DEFINITION: Having access to nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food that can be
obtained through local non-emergency sources.
 oHealth and Wellbeing Link
 Cultural links
 Adequate nutrition
 Healthy body weight
 Adequate energy
 Optimal immune function
 INCOME
o DEFINITION: Having a sufficient income increases access to resources such as food, healthcare, and
education
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Afford healthcare and adequate shelter
 Gym membership
 Afford transport
 STABLE ECOSYSTEM
o DEFINITION: A balance between an environment and the species that live within that particular
environment
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Spend time in natural environment
 Shelter made from natural materials e.g timber and wood
 Prevent climate change and associated impacts
 SOCIAL JUSTICE
o DEFINITION: Equal rights and equal access to opportunities for all, regardless of sex, gender, ethnicity, age,
class, income, and sexual orientation
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Equal access to education, healthcare etc
 Increase feelings of connectedness
 SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES
o DEFINITION: Being able to use health promoting resources to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to use these resources to meet their own needs.
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Sustainable fisheries
 Sustainable food
 Sustainable energy
 EQUITY
o DEFINITION: A concept that relates to social justice and fairness, equity is access to minimum levels of
income and fundamental resources that all people should be able to utilise
o Health and Wellbeing Link
 Everyone gets same amount of assistance, such as healthcare, social security etc.
 All people share same benefits of society, increasing connectednes

INDICATORS USED TO MEASURE HEALTH STATUS (DEFINITIONS)

Incidence Prevalence Morbidity

The number of new cases of a condition The number or proportion of cases of a Ill health in an individual and levels of
during a given period of time particular disease or condition in a ill health in a population or group
population at a given time

Mortality Maternal Mortality Ratio Infant mortality rate

Death in an individual or levels of death
in a population or group
Under 5 Mortality Rate
The rate of deaths occurring in children
under 5 years of age expressed per 1000
live births
The number of deaths per 100,000
women that have given birth to at least
one child (live or stillbirth) of at least 20
weeks completed gestation or a
birthweight of 400 grams or more
Health Status
An individual’s or population’s overall
health, taking into account various
factors such as life expectancy, amount
The rate of deaths of infants between
birth and their first birthday expressed
per 1000 live births
Burden of Disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and
injuries. Specifically, it measures the
gap between current health status, and

Disability Adjusted Life Years
(DALYs)
A measure of burden of disease. One
DALY equals one year of healthy life
lost due to premature death and time
lived with illness, disease, or injury.
Self-Assessed Health Status
A measure based on a person’s own
opinion about their health and
wellbeing, state of mind, and life in
general. It is commonly sourced from
population surveys.
of disability, and levels of disease risk
factors
Life Expectancy
An indication of how long a person can
expect to live. It is the number of years
of life remaining to a person at a
particular age if current death rates do
not change.
Years of Life Lost Due to Disability
(YLDs)
A measure of how many years of
healthy life are lost due to illness,
disease, or injury
an ideal situation in which everyone
lives to an old age free of disease and
disability. Burden of disease is
measured in a unit called the DALY.
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy
(HALE)
A measure of burden of disease based
on life expectancy at birth, but including
an adjustment for time spent in poor
health. It is the number of years in full
health a person can expect to live based
on current rates of ill health and
mortality
Years of Life Lost (YLLs)
A measure of how many years of
expected life are lost due to premature
death.

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS AND BURDEN OF DISEASE

 SMOKING
o DEFINITION: A practice in which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is inhaled and absorbed
into the bloodstream. Generally relates to tobacco smoking, but can also include marijuana and other drugs.
o Buzz Words:
 Cardiovascular disease
 Asthma
 Lung Cancer
 Second hand smoke
 ALCOHOL
o DEFINITION: The consumption of alcoholic beverages in excess, or having a constant desire to drink
alcohol.
o Buzz Words:
 High kilojoule (Obesity)
 Judgement/Risky behaviours
 Filtered through liver  Liver damage
 HIGH BMI
o DEFINITION: The Body Mass Index is an approximate measure of whether someone is overweight or
underweight, and is calculated through dividing their weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters.
A high BMI indicates that an adult that has a weight that is above a healthy weight. People with a high BMI
are often classified as overweight or obese.
o Buzz Words
 Strain on body
 Cardiovascular Disease
 Type 2 Diabetes (Insulin resistance)
 Hypertension
 Asthma
 Arthritis and osteoporosis.
 FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
o DEFINITION: Fruits and vegetables provide a range of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and
fibre, and are additionally low in fat and a good source of antioxidants. As a result, fruits and vegetables can
reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and neural tube defects.
o Buzz Words
 Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease, stroke)
 Colorectal cancer
 Overweight/Obesity
 Low kilojoule
  DAIRY FOODS
o DEFINITION: Dairy refers to milk, cheese, and yoghurt created from animal milk. The main nutritional
contribution of dairy is the provision of calcium, a mineral essential for a range of functions in the human
body.
o Buzz Words
 Osteoporosis
 Dental caries (strengthen teeth)
 HIGH INTAKE OF FAT
o DEFINITION: Fats play a number of roles in relation to health and wellbeing. One of the primary functions of
fat is to act as fuel for energy production.
o Buzz Words
 Overweight/Obesity
 Excess energy consumption
 Atherosclerosis (HDL)  Hypertension  CVD
 HIGH INTAKE OF SALT
o DEFINITION: One of the main components of salt is sodium. Whilst sodium is required for optimal human
functioning, too much can contribute to negative health outcomes.
o Buzz Words
 Sodium draws water into blood  Hypertension  CVD
 Excess sodium  Calcium excreted into urine  Osteoporosis
 Sodium draws water into blood  Increase blood volume  Heart has to work harder  Heart
failure
 HIGH INTAKE OF SUGAR
o DEFINITION: Sugar is a type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods such as honey and fruits, and
is added to various processed foods such as soft drinks and cordials. Sugars are required as fuel for energy
production, but if eaten in excess, may be stored as adipose tissue.
o Buzz Words
 Overweight/Obesity and resulting diseases.
 Sugar provide food source for bacteria in mouth  Dental decay/Development of dental caries
 LOW INTAKE OF FIBRE
o DEFINITION: Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing. It is found in
all foods of plant origin, and is not absorbed by the body.
o Insoluble Fibre does not absorb moisture
o Soluble Fibre absorbs moisture
o Buzz Words
 Promote feeling of fullness
 Overweight/Obesity
 Colorectal cancer (polyps)
 LOW INTAKE OF IRON
o DEFINITION: Iron is an essential part of the blood. It forms the ‘haem’ part of haemoglobin, which is the
oxygen carrying part of the blood.
o Buzz Words
 Anaemia (struggle to generate enough energy)

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO VARIATIONS IN HEALTH STATUS

 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
o DEFINITION: Biological factors relate to the structure of cells, tissues, and systems of the body and how
adequately they function. It includes factors that relate to the body that impact on health status, such as
genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and birth weight.
o Factors:
 Body Weight
 Blood Pressure
 Blood cholesterol
 Glucose Regulation
 Birth Weight (Low)
 Underdeveloped immune system
  High blood pressure
 CDV
 Genetics
 Sex
 Hormones
 Predisposition to disease
 SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
o DEFINITION: The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family, and cultural influences.
o Factors:
 Socioeconomic Status
 DEFINITION: Made up of income, occupation, and education, socioeconomic status is the
social standing of an individual in society in comparison to others.
 Unemployment
 Social connections/exclusion
 Social isolation
 Cultural influences (Food, Gender stereotypes)
 Food Security
 Early life experiences
 Access to Healthcare (Culturally Appropriate)
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
o DEFINITION: The physical surroundings in which we love, work, and play. Environmental factors include
workplaces, housing, roads, and geographical access to resources such as healthcare.
o Factors:
 Work Environment
 Housing
 Urban design and infrastructure
 Climate and climate change

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POPULATION GROUPS

 INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS

 MALES AND FEMALES

 LOW SES AND HIGH SES

 INSIDE MAJOR CITIES AND OUTSIDE OF MAJOR CITIES

 UNIT 3 AOS 2
MODELS OF HEALTH

 HEALTH PROMOTION: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
 HEALTH MODEL: Models of healthcare are a framework or ways of thinking about health. Health promotion
strategies are based on some of these models

NEW PUBLIC HEALTH

 DEFINITION
o An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that
considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural, and political environments impact on health

OLD PUBLIC HEALTH

 DEFINITION
o Government funded actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of
disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing
conditions, and better work conditions
 HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH
o Vaccines – Smallpox, polio, tuberculosis
o Antibiotics – Infectious diseases, e.g tuberculosis, syphilis
o MRI – Early detection, and therefore treatment, of cancers

BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH

 DEFINITION
o Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors
and/or health professionals associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS
o Focuses on the biological determinant and physiological aspects of disease and injury
o Works to treat an individual’s condition once symptoms are present
o Involves interventions by doctors and other health professionals
o Often delivered in a health care setting such as doctor’s surgeries and hospitals
o Attempts to return the physical health of a person to pre-illness state (solution focused)
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
Creates and advances in medical science, technology, and
research which can lead to improved treatments and therefore
improved health
Helps cure and treat diseases which can lead to extended life
expectancy
When ill, knowledge of disease increases, and contributes to
knowledge of the medical profession which can reduce
mortality and improve quality of life
DISADVANTAGES
Not everyone can afford the costs contributing to inequalities
(expensive as it relies on health professionals and
technology)
Treatment only considers the disease, not the whole person
Places major strain on the healthcare system (costs and
services)
Doesn’t promote health through people’s responsibility for
their own health

SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH

 DEFINITION
o A conceptual framework in which improvements in health are achieved by directing efforts to addressing
the social, environmental, and economic determinants of health. This model is based on the understanding
that in order for health gains to be made, these factors must be addressed.
  KEY CHARACTERISTICS
o Attempts to address the broader determinants of health as opposed to disease and injury
o Takes a community approach (target populations) to improve health
o Polices, education, and health promotion activities are key aspects of the social model of health
o Aims to empower people to take control of their health
o Based on the understanding that for health gains to occur, people’s basic needs must be met
o Relatively inexpensive as some diseases, and therefore associated treatment costs can be prevented
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cost effective by preventing the onset of disease Some diseases are out of one’s control (e.g type 1 diabetes,
some cancers)
Decreases pressure on healthcare system by reducing waiting Some people are powerless to change behaviour (poor
lists literacy skills, lack of willpower etc) so may not be able to
understand message/follow through
Educates people through health promotion which empowers Health promotion programs are often ignored or don’t
them to take control of their own health reach their intended targets
Intangible costs are reduced as family members are not as Coordination of services to promote the broader
stressed if people do not become ill as often determinants of health don’t always connect
Holistic approach to health (addresses all areas)
 KEY PRINCIPLES (AREAS)
o Addresses the broader determinants of health
 Relates to the broader sociocultural, environmental, and economic factors contributing to poor health
 Race, location, income, education
o Acts to Reduce social inequities
 Targeting health promotion programs towards those who experience barriers to improving health
 Low SES, Rural/Remote, Males, Indigenous
o Empowers individuals and communities
 Promoting individuals and communities with health knowledge and skills they need to make
positive changes to their health and empowering them by involving them in decision making
 Nutrition Australia
o Acts to enable access to health care
 Health related services and information need to be available to everyone in need regardless of their
social situation. It must be affordable, appropriate, and accessible
 Location, cultural barriers, education, transport
o Involves intersectoral collaboration
 Many different sectors working together towards a common goal

OTTAWA CHARTER

 DEFINITION
o An approach to health developed by WHO which attempts to reduce inequalities in health
o It was developed from the social model of health
o Provides organisations with a framework to incorporate health promotion ideas into the strategies, policies,
and campaigns
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS
o Ottawa charter identifies that there are a number of prerequisites for health that must be met if improvements
to health are to occur
 Peace, Education, Food, Shelter, Income, Stable ecosystem, Sustainable resources, Social Justice,
Equity
 PRIORITY ACTION AREAS (BAD CATS SMELL DEAD RATS)
o Build Healthy Public Policy
 Decisions made by governments and organisations regarding laws and policies that affect health and
wellbeing
 Compulsory wearing of seatbelts, banning smoking in enclosed public spaces
 o Create supportive environments
 Promote safe, stimulating, and enjoyable environments that promote health and wellbeing
 Walking/cycling tracks, Worksafe, rubber walking tracks, smoke free zones
o Strengthen community action
 Building links between individuals and the community to work towards achieving a common goal
 Walking school bus, fundraising
o Develop personal skills
 Through education, enabling individuals and communities to gain skills to have the ability to make
better health-related decisions
 Health education programs, Nutrition Australia recipes, MyQuitBuddy
o Reorient Health Services
 Redirect health services to promote health and wellbeing rather than just focusing on diagnosis and
treatment
 Prescribing exercise to prevent T2D, Health professionals educating people on mental health and
wellbeing
 3 BASIC HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES (EMA)
o ENABLE
 Allow people to access health resources
 Actions that ensure equal opportunities and resources are available to all to empower individuals and
communities to have control over health and wellbeing
o MEDIATE
 Working together to manage the conflict with making health changes
 Changes required to promote health include changes to funding, legislation, and policy
 The changes can cause conflict to groups involved
 Mediating relates to helping these groups resolve conflict and produce outcomes that promote health.
o ADVOCATE
 Lobby or gain support for good health
 Refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments to influence healthy public policy so
that improvements to health for everyone can occur
 Media, lobbying, conducting/publishing research

AUSTRALIA’S HEALTH SYSTEM IN PROMOTING HEALTH (SAFE)

 SUSTAINABILITY
o WHAT IS IT?
 The capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure that is able to respond to healthcare needs in
the future
o WHY?
 Different needs emerge as the population grows and ages
 To ensure continuity of quality care for those who need it
o KEY CONSIDERATIONs
 Ensure adequate funding and regulation of the health system
 Research and monitoring
 Promoting disease prevention and early intervention
 Ensuring an efficient health workforce and system
 ACCESS
o WHAT IS IT?
 An accessible healthcare system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health
services based on their needs, not ability to pay or where they live in the country. This means that
access must be available to all people regardless of socioeconomic status.
o HOW? (Outside Maj cities)
 Royal flying doctor services
 Rural Retention Program
 FUNDING
o WHAT IS IT?
 
Funding of the healthcare system relates to the financial resources that are provided to keep the
healthcare system adequately staffed and resourced so a high level of care is available for those who
need it
o HOW IS IT COLLECTED?
 Medicare levy
 Medicare levy surcharge
 General Taxation
 GST
 EQUITY
o WHAT IS IT?
 Everyone has the same ability to use the health care system regardless of factors such as income, SES,
Indigenous status, or other disadvantage.
o FOR EXAMPLE
 Culturally appropriate healthcare
 Bulk billed healthcare for people of low SES with a Medicare card

MEDICARE

 DEFINITION
o Australia’s universal health insurance scheme
o Provides Australian’s with access to essential health care subsidised by the government
 WHAT IS COVERED?
o Some of the cost involved in GP visits
o Covers some of the cost of visiting a specialist doctor
o Diagnostic tests needed to treat and diagnose illnesses
 Pathology
 X-Rays
 Eye tests by optometrists (1x every 2 years)
o Cost of all treatment by doctors and specialists if admitted as a public patient to a public hospital
o Subsidises treatment as a patient in a private hospital
 WHAT ISN’T COVERED?
o Cosmetic surgery or unnecessary procedures
o Treatment in a private hospital (75% of schedule fee covered only)
o Private hospital accommodation
o Dental examinations and treatment for adults
o Home nursing care or treatment
o Ambulance transport services
o Allied health services
o Speech Therapy
o Hearing aids, glasses, and contact lenses
o Prostheses
 MEDICARE LINGO
o Medicare benefits schedule fee indicates the amount that Medicare will contribute to selected procedures that is
considered reasonable and set by the government
 2018 schedule fee for GP visits is $37.05
 Medicare will reimburse 100% of the schedule fee for a GP and 85% for a specialist
 If the doctor charges > schedule fee, gap payed out of pocket – co-payment
 If doctor ONLY charges schedule fee, no out of pocket expenses – bulk-billed
 FUNDING OF MEDICARE
o MEDICARE LEVY
 Most income earners pay 2% of their taxable income towards Medicare
o MEDICARE LEVY SUCHAGE
 Extra 1-1.5% tax paid by high income earners who don’t have PHI. Income tested
o GEN. TAXATION
 Government directs some more money collected from taxes towards the healthcare system
  SAFETY NET: Medicare safety net ensures people who require frequent services covered by Medicare such as doctor
vists and tests receive additional financial support.

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Choice of doctor for out of hospital services No choice of doctor in in hospital treatments
Avaliable to all Australian citizens Waiting list for many treatments
Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries Does not cover alternative therapies
allows Australian citizens to access free health care in
selected countries
Covers test and examination, doctors, and specialist fees Often does not cover full amount of doctor’s visit
(schedule fee only) and some procedures such as x-rays and
eye tests
Medicare safety net provides extra financial contributions for
medical services once an individual or family’s co-payments
reach a certain level

PHARMACEUTICAL BENEFITS SCHEME

 A federal government initiative to subsidise the cost of a wide range of essential medicines, providing Australian’s with
vital medication at affordable prices
 PBS SAFETY NET: The PBS safety net ensures that people who require a lot of essential medicines receive additional
financial support
 Users make a co-payment with the government who pay the rest of the cost, making them affordable

PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE

 An optional and additional form of health insurance where people pay a premium to join in return for payment towards
health-related costs not covered by Medicare
o HOSPITAL COVER
 Covers private hospital care. Range of different levels are available
o GAP COVER
 PHI may not cover entire cost of hospital stay. Gap is out of pocket expense to patient over and above
what Medicare and PHI will pay for
o ANCILLARIES/EXTRAS
 Covers treatment outside of hospital that is not covered by Medicare
 PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE INCENTIVES:
o PHI REBATE
 In scheme, most policy holders receive a rebate from the government on their premiums paid. It is
means tested and so rebate is reduced if you earn over a certain amount.
o LIFETIME HEALTH COVER
 People who decided to take up PHI from the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every
year they are aged over 30, when they take out the policy (capped at 70%)
o MEDICARE LEVY SURCHARGE
 High income earners without PHI must pay an extra tax. Depending on their income, it ranges from
1.1-5% of their taxable income to Medicare

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Premiums are subsidised by the government to help ease Cost of premiums are unaffordable for low income earners
burden

Shorter waiting periods for some medical procedures
Choice of doctor while in a private/public hospital, own room
Can choose level of cover you require, and coverage. May
incl allied health services like dental and physio that aren’t
covered by Medicare
Reduces burden on the public health system and helps keep
Medicare costs under ctonrol
Enable access to Private hospital care
May have to pay excess before each hospital admission
May not use services you paid for
Some facilities are better in the public system
Sometimes have a ‘gap’ which means the insurance
companies may not cover the whole fee and the individual
must pay the difference
Waiting periods for some items especially existing illnesses
and disabilities can occur along with qualifying periods from
some conditions like pregnancy.

NDIS

 WHAT IS IT?
o National insurance scheme
o Provides services for people with permanent, significant disabilities, as well as their families and/or careres
o Funded by federal and state/territory governments
 ELIGIBILITY
o Residency Requirements
 Aus citizen/permanent visa/protected special category visa
 Live in Aus where NDIS is available
o Disability requirements
 Impairment or condition is likely to be permanent
 Impairment significantly reduces ability to participate effectively in activities or perform tasks unless
you have
 Assistance from others
 Assistive technology
 Impairment affects ability for social and economic participation
 Likely to require support from the NDIS for life
 WHAT DOES THE NDIS DO?
o Access mainstream services and supports
o Access community services and supports
o Maintain informal support arrangements
o Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
 NDIS pays for supports that are reasonable and necessary
 i.e related to a person’s disability and is required for an ordinary life

AUSTRALIA’S HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AND SAFE

 MEDICARE
o Funding
 Subsidised health services, Medicare Levy, Medicare Levy Surcharge, GST, General Tax
o Sustainability
 Determining which procedures and services are funded through Medicare, therefore reducing waste in
the health system by only prioritising the most pressing needs
o Access
 Fee free treatment in public hospitals, bulk billed consultations allow people without funds to access
healthcare
 o Equity
 Medicare safety net – people who require frequent services covered by Medicare receive additional
financial support
 PHI
o Funding
 Funded by people paying premiums (rebated by government)
o Sustainability
 Regulating PHI industry, incentivise people to take out PHI due to the Medicare Levy Surcharge to
decrease pressure and ensure sustainability of public health system.
o Access
 Allows access to allied health services that may be necessary, PHI rebate allows for lower income
earners to access
 PBS
o Funding
 Subsidised essential medicines, funded by federal government
o Sustainability
 Determines which medicines are essential, therefore reducing monetary waste in health system by
prioritising most pressing needs
o Access
 Subsidised cost of essential medicines
 Available in most chemists
o Equity
 PBS Safety net- protects individuals and families from large overall expenses for PBS medicines
 NDIS
o Funding
 Funded by federal, state/territory governments
o Sustainability
 Residency and disability requirements ensure that only those who will require NDIS support receive
provisions from the NDIS, reducing pressure and waste, allowing longevity
o Access
 Support from NDIS allows people from all SES backgrounds to obtain the necessary support to
participate fully socially and economically
o Equity
 Aids Australians in living an ordinary life where they can participate fully socially and economically
 NDIS helps Australians with severe disabilities to receive the care and support thy need to lead an
ordinary life.

SMOKING

 WHY IS IT TARGETED?
o Kills thousands of Australians every year
o Costs Australians millions in health related costs every year
o Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke causes disease and premature death in adults and children who
do not smoke
o It is a preventable risk factor
 PROGRAMS
o QUIT CAMPAIGN
 Quit aims to decrease the prevalence of smoking by assisting smokers to quit, and to prevent the
uptake of smoking in non-smokers. Quit employs a range of actions to achieve their aims.
 Effectiveness
o Number of regular smokers in Victoria has decreased
o There are over 800,000 Victorians not smoking today
 OCHP
o Quit develops personal skills by providing advice and practical skills for quitting
o Quit strengthens community action by being the work of the Cancer Council, which
is funded by VicHealth and the Victorian Government
 Quit reorients health services by providing a free online training program for
o
health professionals. These courses provide health professionals with skills such as
informing about the effects of smoking, and the benefits to the patient/client of
quitting
o ANTI-SMOKING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS
 These campaigns educate the population on the dangers and consequences of smoking
 Effectiveness
o People in low SES groups are more likely to be particularly responsive to
emotional or personal testimonial advertisements
o Greater exposure to these advertisements is associated with a greater likelihood of
quitting
 OCHP
o Develops Personal Skills by educating population on dangers and consequences of
smoking
o Creates Supportive Environments by providing information on how to access
resources to assist in quitting
o GOVERNMENT LAWS AND POLICIES
 Introduction of smoking related laws and policies (e.g Banning smoking on train platforms, tax on
tobacco, laws banning smoking in enclosed public areas)
 Effectiveness
o Lower prevalence of smoking among all population groups
o Reduced rate of smoking in Australia
 OCHP
o Reducing risk of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke creates supportive
environments for non-smokers
o Anti-Smoking laws are an example of building healthy public policy by making not
smoking easier.

INDIGENOUS HEALTH – APPROPRIATE, AFFORDABLE, EQUITABLE

 EVALUATING INDIGENOUS PROGRAMS

o Is it Affordable?
 Needs to be affordable in long term
 Involves partnerships to keep costs low
 Is it affordable (free/low cost) for communities and governments to implement?
o Is it Equitable?
 Provide all with equal access to services that promote HHD by removing barriers that prevent some
members improving
 Does it include women, men, those living in poverty, focus on those in need?
 Does it focus on those living in rural areas?
o Is it Appropriate?
 Must address specific needs of community, do thy get a say?
 Does it involve the local people in the planning, implementation, and decision making?
 Does it focus on education or training which can be passed on to others?
 Does it respect cultural values and ensure cultural sensitivity?
o Bonus Stuff
 Is it transparent, and are the organisations running the program held accountable?
 Does it focus on results?
 FEEDIN’ THE MOB
o A nutrition, physical activity, and healthy lifestyle program for Indigenous Australians in Whittlesea,
Victoria. It teaches the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyles, and targets teenagers, parents, carers, and
people living with chronic illness and Elders.
 Funded by the federal government and supported by the Whittlesea Council. This commitment to
funding is an example of building healthy public policy
 It develops personal skills by teaching the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyle
 THE 2 SPIRITS PROGRAM
 o Embraces a ‘whole community approach’ to improve the sexual health and wellbeing of Indigenous gay men
and sistergirls through education, prevention, health promotion, and community development activities
 Reorients Health Services by consulting community members to identify appropriate means of
addressing sexual health issues in the population
 Strengthens Community Action by having services directed at friends, family, and partners of
indigenous people living with HIV, gay men, and sistergirls
 Develops Personal Skills by increasing knowledge and understanding within Indigenous communities.

ROLE OF NGOS IN PROVIDING DIETARY ADVICE

 GENERAL ROLE OF NGOs

o Assist governments to develop nutrition policies and provide them with the expert knowledge and advice
o Work to raise awareness through media
o Provide health professionals with information
o Undertake research around their target groups and programs

NUTRITION AUSTRALIA

o Australia’s primary community nutrition seduction body

o Responds to local needs and opportunities or nutrition education and health promotion
o Members include dietitians, nutritionists, teachers and other public health nutrition professionals
o Provides a range of resources and services aimed at assisting groups and individuals to implement their own
health eating plan
o Information is dispersed via media campaigns, the Nutrition Australia website, and through seminars
o They also have a role in research
 NUTRITION AUSTRALIA PROGRAMS
o Nutrition Australia Website
 Provides a range of publications and resources for health professionals and general public
 Recipe ideas and tips for healthy eating (Provided free to the community and are low in fat, salt, and
are high in fibre)
 Nutrition fact sheets to educate about healthy eating
 Ideas for packing healthy lunch boxes
o Coordination and preparation of resources for NATIONAL NUTRITION WEEK
 Aims to increase knowledge and raise awareness about the importance of healthy eating
 Promoted through the media and different focus each year
 Prepares and sends resources to schools so they can educate students about the value of healthy eating
 National Nutrition Week Kit contains media reports and interviews, games, competitions, and
information on stalls and food tastings – this can be downloaded from their website to guide
activities in schools, health centres and shopping centres
o Healthy eating advisory services
 Supports schools to provide and promote healthy food choices
 Aims to improve knowledge and skills of canteen staff and work with whole school community to
increase the availability of healthy food
 Provides a canteen hotline for advice
o Workplace health programs
 Provides information to people in workplaces on healthy eating and how to read food labels
 Provides cooing demonstrations and health displays, one on one consultations with workers on
dietary advice
 Menu, catering, and vending machine assessments
 Shows people how to cook healthy meals and reduce intake of nutrients such as fat and salt
 E.g one hour demonstration showcasing smoothies, salads, and soups
o Menu assessments, advice provided to schools, hospitals, workplaces, childcare centres, and sporting
clubs
o Food industry consultations (assist manufacturers)
o Healthy Eating Pyramid
 A visual guide/model that separates foods into four layers by the type and proportion to which they
should be eaten in an indiviudal’s diet
  Foundation:
o Bottom 2 layers, fruits, vegetables, grains
o Largest portion – approx. 70%
 Middle Layer
o Meat and dairy products
o Calcium and protein, plus other minerals and vitamins
 Top layer:
o Healthy fats as required in small amounts to support health and brain health
 Enjoy herbs and spices
o Additional message on bottom left of pyramid
o Herbs and Spices add flavour and aroma without needing salt
 Choose water
o Avoid sugary options such as soft drinks, sport drinks, and energy drinks
o Bottom Right of pyramid with green tick
 Limit Salt and Added Sugar
o Limit salt and sugar intake by avoiding adding salt and sugar and avoiding
packaged foods
o Top left of pyramid with red cross
 Contains the five core food groups, plus healthy fats based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines
 Encourages the enjoyment of a variety of foods from every food group everyday
 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

STRENGTHS
Valuable when planning food meals and
assessing food intake
Simple model that can be used by children and
adults. Visuals, easy to interpret and remember
Can be used by people without detailed
knowledge of diet and nutrition such as
parents and canteen workers
WEAKNESSES
Serving sizes and how much from each level of
pyramid are not identified
Users can have some difficulty determining
where composite foods would be placed, e.g
pizza, hamburger, casserole, making following
the model difficult

ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING HEALTHY EAITNG

 AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING – NOT A HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

o Visual model/tool that reflects the dietary advice in the ADG (specifically 1 and 2)
o Model depicts a circle split into 5 main food groups where the size of each wedge indicates the proportion to
which they should be consumed in a person’s diet daily
o ADDITIONAL MESSAGES
 Consume plenty of water
 “Choose these sometimes or in small amounts” – essential fats and oils
 Only sometimes and in small amounts – discretionary foods
o STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Very visual and colourful Not a lot of detail compared to the ADG
Educates people with the knowledge and skills in a simple to Does not indicate which foods are better choices from each
understand format group (e.g wholegrain bread vs cereal)
Caters for people from non-english speaking backgrounds
or illiterate
Takes into account different cultures by food represented in
the plate
Can be adapted to different target groups or people with
different cirumstances
 AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINES (Developed by National Health and Medical Research Council)
o Includes portion sizes for different genders and age groups
o Discretionary foods: Food and drinks that are not necessary to provide nutrients that the body needs, but may
add variety in a diet. Intake of these foods should be limited as they are energy dense
o GUIDELINE 1
 To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active, and choose amounts of nutritious
foods and drinks to meet your energy needs
o GUIDELINE 2
 Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups every day
 Vegetables and legumes/beans
 Fruit
 Grain foods (whole grain and/or high fibre cereals/varieties)
 Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds, and legumes
 Milk, yoghurt cheese and/or their alternatives, mostly reduced fat.
o GUIDELINE 3
 Limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugar, and alcohol
o GUIDELINE 4
 Encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding
 Healthiest start for infants
 Recommended for first six months
 For infants, breast milk provides a unique mix of nutrients and other important substances
that can reduce the risk of infections and build immunity
 May reduce the risk of asthma, eczema, and other allergies and sudden infant death
syndrome
 May reduce risk of high blood pressure in childhood, and may reduce risk of becoming
obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
 Also reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke in
later life
 For mothers, breastfeeding can help recovery from birth and return them to pre-pregnancy
weight and reduce risk of some cancers
 GUIDELINE 5
 Care for your food, prepare, and store it safely
o All foods (esp fresh foods) need to be transported, stored and prepared properly to
avoid contamination
o Food poising occurs when we eat contaminated food or drinks
o Contamination can occur when:
 Foods aren’t kept at the right temperature
 Raw foods aren’t separated from cooked and ready to eat foods
 Food prep tools aren’t cleaned properly, or people preparing foods are
unwell and don’t follow good personal hygiene practices
o Get best from foods through retaining freshness and nutritional value by preparing
and storing it safely
 STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES

STRENGHTS
Suitable for large proportion of the
population and caters for all stages of lifespan
and gender
Promote physical activity as an important
part of a healthy lifestyle
Provide a basis for the development of other
food models
Identifies major features of the Ausralian diet
that need attention such as fat, sugar, fibre,
and alcohol intake
WEAKNESSES
Designed for healthy people (incl obesity), may
not be suitable for people with medical conditions
requiring a special diet or frail elderly people who
are at risk of malnutrition
Not very visual
Difficult for illiterate people or those from Non-
English speaking backgrounds to understand
 Includes information about safe food
handling and breastfeeding
Includes serving sizes to help people make
changes and analyse their food intake more
accurately
Simple guidelines that are very achievable.

CHALLENGES IN BRINGING ABOUT DIETARY CHANGE

 PERSONAL PREFERENCE
o Most people prefer certain foods to others  i.e foods high in salt, satfat, sugar  tastebuds stimulated  brain
reward system stimulated  dopamine released  create cravings for these foods
 ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS
o Did not try variety of food  healthier options seem bland  less likely to change diet
o People may consume based on philosophical belief (veganism, only organic)  overall intake may not be
considered healthy  restricting certain food items may not allow for balanced diet
o People follow diets (paleo)  restrict eating certain foods  difficult to follow nutritional advice due to
restricted food groups
 WILLPOWER
o The ability to resist short term temptation to achieve long term goals
 Dietary change requires commitment  unhealthy foods offered at social gatherings/work  choosing
healthy foods challenging  exposure to such foods makes dietary change hard
 FOOD SECURITY
o When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an
active and healthy life
 Higher income = more choice  As unhealthy foods cost less, LOW SES may experience food
insecurity  reduce ability to follow nutritional advice  dietary change difficult
 TIME CONSTRAINS AND CONVENIENCE
o Full time work  more time working  less time to purchase and prepare fresh ingredients from scratch 
may rely on purchasing processed foods or fast food  lack of time = hard to change diet
 EDUCATION, COOKING KNOWLEDGE, AND COOKING SKILLS
o Lack of education/cooking knowledge  Lack resources to change diet  consume
processed/packaged/familiar unhealthy foods
 FAMILY, CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND RELIGION
o May choose foods that family/culture eats more  reduce ability to choose healthier foods regardless of
knowledge/less willing
 FOOD MARKETING/MEDIA
o High fat, high sugar foods may be advertised frequently  lead to confusion  cant distinguish advertising vs
factual information  harder to make informed decisions about dietary change
 HEALTH AND WELLBEING FACTORS
o Experience poor mental health and wellbeing (Stress)  More likely to consume foods high in fat salt, and/or
sugar for dopamine release  Behaviour may lead to a cycle that will make dietary change diffcult
 UNIT 4 AOS 1
CLASSIFYING COUNTRIES

 DEFINITION
o GNI: The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned
by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES:
o Gross National Income (GNI) (i.e average income) of
 GNI $12,476 or more
 E.g Australia, Canada, USA, UK, Ireland, Chile, Greece, Japan
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES (upper/lower middle)
o Gross National Income (GNI) of:
 Upper Middle: GNI $4036-$12,475
 E.g China, Cuba, Fiji, Mexico, Turkey, South Africa
 Lower Middle: GNI $1026-$4035
 E.g Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW INCOME COUNTRIES
o Gross National Income of:
 GNI $1025 or less
 E.g Mali, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia

ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW, MIDDLE, AND HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES

 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES

o Lower levels of poverty (LE, U5MR, M/M)
 Poverty is living under $USD1.90 a day (Absolute)
 OR Living on less than 50% of a country’s average income (Relative)
o Wide range of industries (GDP, GNI/capita)
o Opportunities for global trade (GDP)
o High average incomes (GNI/capita)

SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LMH COUNTRIES

 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES

o High levels of gender equality (U5MR)
 Both males and females have opportunities and choice in education, employment, community
participation, family planning, and recreation
o Low birth rates and population growth (Infant mortality)
 Access to contraception, choice in family planning, career choices, education, gender equality, and
culture contribute to the difference of birth rates
 High population growth rates limit the ability of governments to provide services for its citizens
such as education, healthcare, and social security
o High levels of employment and education (Morbidity/Mortality, U5MR)
 People in HIC often have choices about the level of education and type of career they pursue
 LIC may not have a developed education system so career options are limited
o Developed social security systems (GNI/capita)
 High levels of economic development and stable political systems increase the ability of
governments in high-income countries to provide social security payments for those in need
 Therefore, people who are unemployed, unable to work, are often provided with financial support to
promote health and wellbeing
o Developed health systems (Life expectancy, U5MR)
 HIC have public health systems
 People can access basic healthcare when they need it regardless of their ability to pay
 L/MIC usually lack access to suitable healthcare
o Access to technology (Morb/Mortality)
  Access to communication systems, internet, and medical technologies
 Assist countries in building trade relationships, further education, and treating ill health
 More accessible in HIC due to economic resources, infrastructure, and education
o Developed legal systems (Morbidty/Mortality)
 HIC have stable political and legal systems
 Ensure human rights are upheld
 LIC lack strong legal system, health and wellbeing of citizens affected due to civil conflict etc
o No history of colonisation (M/M, GNI/capita)
 Many L/MIC have had a history of colonisation from western Europe nations such as Britain,
France, and Spain
 Often had resources exploited by colonisers
 Reduced ability of colonised countries to develop their own trade potential and generate decent
incomes for themselves
 Loss of land means Indigenous people can’t access resources required for decent standard of living
such as food and shelter

ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LMH COUNTRIES

 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES

o Access to safe water and sanitation (U5MR/Life Expectancy)
 Characteristic of H/MIC
 Access to safe water and sanitation is responsible for a large proportion of variations in health and
wellbeing between the three groups
o Food Security (U5MR)
 DEFINITION: The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe
food regularly through non-emergency sources
 HIC, have access to quality food supply
 Natural disasters such as floods and droughts may have a more profound impact on the availability
of food, as LIC lack financial resources to purchase food in emergencies
o Adequate Housing (U5MR)
 L/MIC lack access to adequate housing
 Substandard housing with poor ventilation, lack of heating and cooling, lack of gutters lead to
floods and communicable diseases such as cholera
o Adequate infrastructure
 HIC have adequate roads, piped water, sewerage systems, electricity grids, and
telecommunication systems
o High levels of CO2 emissions (M/M)
 HIC have a range of industries, therefore they emit high levels of carbon dioxide per capita into the
atmosphere
 Lead to climate change and impacts on sea levels and changing weather patterns
 L/MIC most impacted by climate change as they lack economic resources to effectively deal with
associated impacts

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH STATUS

 ACCESS TO SAFE WATER

o Water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such
as lead and mercury.
o What is it used for?
 Consumption, optimal functioning
 Food preparation and cooking, food safe for human consumption
 Washing and hygiene
 Agriculture and production
o How does it impact Low/Middle Income countries?
 Less likely to have infrastructure to supply clean drinking water  Greater risk of unsafe water 
More disease (e.g diarrhoea, cholera)  Morbidity, Mortality, U5MR, DALY
 ACCESS TO SANITATION
 o The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the
maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal
o How does it impact Low/Middle Income countries?
 Inadequate sanitation  contaminated water supply  Infectious diseases (e.g Diarrhoea, cholera) 
DALYs
 Inadequate sanitation facilities (toilets)  Girls menstruating don’t attend  Inadequate education 
Little knowledge about nutrition/sanitation  Greater risk of diseases  Infant mortality, mortality,
morbidity, U5MR, DALY
 Inadequate sanitation  Repeated infections need medical treatment  Associated costs often
responsibility of families in LMI Countries  Drain income  Can’t afford nutritious food  Infant
mortality, Morbidity
 POVERTY
o Living on less than $USD 1.90 a day (absolute/extreme poverty)
o Living on less than 50% of their country’s average income (relative poverty)
 Poverty refers to deprivation. This deprivation often stems from lack of income but presents as a lack of
material resources such as food, shelter, clean water, and healthcare; and deprivation of intangible resources
such as social inclusion, opportunities for education, and decision making.
 Malnutrition is often the result of an inability to afford nutritious foods. Malnutrition decreases immune
function, which increases the risk of infection and premature death, especially among children
o How does it impact burden of disease?
o Nutritious Food
 Low income  Can’t afford nutritious food  Malnourished  Decrease immune function 
Increased risk of infection  DALY, Mortality, Morbidity, Maternal/Infant Mortality, U5MR
 Low income  Can’t afford nutritious food if pregnant such as folate  More likely to die 
Maternal mortality OR Babies body system underdeveloped  Premature mortality  Infant
mortality/U5MR
o Access to clean water and sanitation
 Low income  Restricted ability of governments to provide clean water and sanitation  Increased
risk of infectious disease (E.g. Diarrhoea)  U5MR, Morbidity, Mortality
o Education
 Low income  Reduced access to education  Reduced opportunity for employment  Limited
income  Limited access to food, healthcare, and water  Morbidity/Mortality OR  Limited health
literacy  Risk of risky behaviours such as tobacco smoking  Mortality/Morbidity
o Healthcare
 Low income  Can’t afford/access healthcare (or no universal healthcare system)  Only those who
can afford can be treated  Children more likely to die from easily treatable conditions  U5MR
o Housing
 Low income  Can’t afford/access safe/adequate housing  Inadequate housing  Indoor air
pollution  Morbidity/Mortality
 Same  Inadequate housing  Increased risk of exposure to mosquitos carrying infectious diseases
such as malaria  Morbidity/Mortality

DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITY

 RACE
o Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation
because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, or immigrant status
o How does it impact on burden of disease?
 Lack of cultural sensitivity  Less likely to access healthcare  Undiagnosed, untreated  Mortality
 Victim of racial discrimination  Displaced by government  Displaced in own country  Lack of
access to safe water, food, and sanitation  Morbidity/Mortality
 Racially discriminated  Social exclusion from education  Lack health literacy  Risky behaviours
 Morbidity/Mortality
 RELIGION

o When members of religious or belief communities face discrimination based on their religion or belief. This
often results in an inability to realise their human rights and participate in the community in which they live in
 terms of accessing public education, health services and employment. In extreme cases, some people are
arrested or killed due to their religious beliefs.
o How does it impact on burden of disease?
 Religious discrimination  Social exclusion (E.g. Publicly harassed, denied jobs)  Increase risk of
anxiety, depression, stress  Morbidity
 Religious discrimination  May increase risk of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety/depression 
Morbidity
 SEX
o Sexual discriminations refers to when people are treated unjustly as a result of their physiological
characteristics, including DNA, and sex organs present in an individual at birth. In most cases, people are born
as either male or female, although some people are born with a combination of both male and female
characteristics, referred to as ‘intersex.’
o How does it impact on burden of disease?
 Females restricted/denied from accessing education in LMIC  Lack of health literacy  Increased
risk of risky behaviours such as tobacco smoking  Morbidity/Mortality
 Females restricted/denied from accessing education  Unable to work and earn an income  Can’t
afford healthcare/food  Morbidity/Mortality
o Forced Marriage
 Girls forced into marriage  Become pregnant before bodies adequately developed to deal with
pregnancy and childbirth  More likely to experience conditions such as obstetric fistula 
Morbidity, Infection OR Haemorrhage  Maternal mortality/Infant mortality
o Female Genital Mutilation
 Intentionally alter or cause injury to female genital organs for non-medical reasons  Cause excessive
bleeding, infections  Morbidity/Mortality
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
o Discrimination based on sexual orientation is when people are treated unjustly because of the sex that an
individual is sexually and romantically attracted to. It is also associated with discrimination and inequality
around the world.
o How does it impact on health status? Those who aren’t hettys are often subjected to…
 Face discrimination  Denied jobs, healthcare, services  Undetected, untreated conditions  M/M
OR Social exclusion  May lead to increased stress, depression, anxiety  Morbidity
 Face discrimination in some countries (esp LMIC)  Subjected to death penalty in some countries 
Mortality/Life expectancy
 GENDER IDENTITY
o Discrimination based on gender identity is when individuals are treated unjustly based on how they perceive
themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. One’s gender identity can be the same or different from
the sex assigned at birth.
o How does it impact on health status?
 Face discrimination  Higher rates of mental disorders OR Physical and sexual assault OR Increased
rates of self-harm including suicide  Morbidity/Mortality
 Face discrimination  Denied jobs, healthcare, services  Undetected, untreated conditions  M/M
OR Social exclusion  May lead to increased stress, depression, anxiety  Morbidity

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND PROCESSED FOODS

 GLOBALISATION
o DEFINITION
 The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated, allowing individuals,
groups, and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different
societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade ,communication, and
transport contributes to this process.
o WHAT DOES IT DO?
 A reduction in barriers to trade, communication, and transport. This makes it easier for companies to
distribute, market, and sell their goods and services in all corners of the globe.
 TOBACCO
o Tobacco companies have been targeting low- middle- income countries to make up for lost revenue in high-
income countries
 o How does it impact on health status?
 More people smoke  ETS or direct  Faults in cell division  Lung cancer 
Morbidity/Mortality/Life expectancy
 ALCOHOL
o Low/Middle Income countries lack the resources to educate the population about alcohol
o Alcohol manufactures have been increasingly marketing their products towards people in low- and middle-
income countries
o People in low- income countries use alcohol as a coping strategy
o People in the middle- income countries have some money to use for luxuries, and a result of lack of education,
they may become more inclined to buy more alcohol
o How does it impact on health status?
 Excessive drinking of alcohol  Negative effects associated with excess drinking (e.g. liver disease,
cardiovascular disease, cancer)  Morbidity/Mortality
 Excessive drinking of alcohol  Limited income goes towards purchasing alcohol  Can’t afford
nutritiously adequate food, shelter, healthcare  Can’t prevent/treat illness/obesity etc 
Morbidity/Mortality
 PROCESSED FOODS
o Companies producing processed foods have been marketing their products in LM countries
o Increasing incomes and migration of people from rural to urban areas has increased access to processed foods
o People neglect their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for westernised foods
o Processed foods are high in fat, salt and/or sugar, contribute to a more energy-dense diet.
o Increased incidence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and CDV
o How does this impact on health status?
 Processed foods marketed to people  Poor food choices  Overweight/Obesity  CDV/T2D 
Morbidity/Mortality
 People more likely to consume processed food high in salt  Malnutrition due to poverty,
Overweight/Obesity due to consumption of excess energy  ‘Double Burden’  Under resourced
health systems in L/MI Countries  Can’t treat conditions  Morbidity/Mortality

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE HDI (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX)

 DEFINITIONS:
o Human Development: Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead
productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and
enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating
in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
o Human Development Index: A tool developed by the UN to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and
economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions – a long and healthy life,
knowledge, and a decent standard of living – and four indicators – life expectancy at birth, mean years of
schooling, expected years of schooling, and Gross National Income per capita.
 The HDI Ranges from 0-1, the closer to one, the greater, level of development experienced
 In order to improve human development, people need to have certain capabilities, choices, and freedoms.
 Some of the critical elements relating to this are (BUZZ WORDS):
o Lead long and healthy lives
o Access to knowledge
o Access to resources needed for a decent standard of living (e.g housing, reliable food supply)
o Participate in life of community
o Participate in decisions that affect their lives

DIMENSIONS AND INDICATORS OF THE HDI

 DEFINITIONS
o Life expectancy: An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life
remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
o Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and
over
o Expected years of schooling: The number of years of schooling expected for a child of school entrance age
 o GNI (pc): The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by
the population of the country.
 DIMENSIONS AND INDICATORS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE HDI

ADVANTAGES
**Takes more than just average incomes into account,
provides a more comprehensive representation of the level
of human development experienced**
**Provides an indication of opportunities for education,
which reflects access to knowledge and the ability to enhance
choices and capabilities**
**Composite statistic, therefore provides a single statistic
relating to the three dimensions and four indicators. Makes
comparison easier, as numerous statistics do not need to be
sorted and compared**
DISADVANTAGES
**HD is a complex concept and encompasses many aspects
of human lives. The HDI only reflects selected aspects of
human development. Aspects of human development not
measured by the HDI include employment, levels of
discrimination, water**
**The HDI is still based on averages, therefore, does not
provide an indication of inequalities that exist within
countries. People with disabilities, females, minorities often
experience lower levels of HD than the rest of the
population.**
**Collecting data is complex and the reliability of data for
measuring human development is still a challenge.
Comparisons between countries are often difficult because of
the differing definitions and methods used in measuring
key components of the HDI. Comparisons within countries
is often difficult as data is collected at a national level.**

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

 DEFINITION
o Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
o DEFINITION
 Means ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of
living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future. Adequate incomes also
mean that the government can provide public services to promote the health and wellbeing of its
citizens.
o WHAT IS IT?
 Ensures that future generations have the ability to gain employment and earn an income
 That resources available allow economic growth in the future
o HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
  Ensure employment opportunities and the payment of fair wages in the future
 Promote economic growth at a national and international level through trade
 Invest in education for future generations to improve skills and knowledge of the work force
 Have access to technology including community systems to allow economic growth in the future
o HOW DOES IT PROMOTE HEALTH AND WELLBEING?
 Physical
 Purchase health promoting resources  Provide energy and means to be free of illness and/or
disease  Promote PHW
 Provide clean water and sanitation  Reduce risk of communicable disease  PHW
 Mental
 Earn income Individuals less stressed as they can provide for family  Promote MHW
 Public education + transport  Earn income in future  Positive feelings  MHW
 Social
 Children not forced into labour due to poverty  Promote social interaction  SHW
 Emotional
 Afford education  Become more well equipped to recognise and manage emotions  EHW
 Spiritual
 Education promote sense of meaning and purpose  SpHW
 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
o DEFINITION
 Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
o WHAT DOES IT DO?
 Ensures that future generations have the same or improved access to social resources such as human
rights, political stability, education, healthcare, and social security
 The underlying aim is to ensure that all people have their human rights upheld, can participate in
the society in which they live, participate in the decisions that affect their lives, and experience equal
access to resources such as food, shelter, education, healthcare, employment, clean water, sanitation,
clothing, and recreation and leisure
 To be socially sustainable, progress must lead to improvements in the health and wellbeing of all
people over time, especially those who currently experience inequality.
o HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
 The community needs to develop structures and processes to:
 Empower people to take control over their lives
 Educate people so they have knowledge to pass onto others
 Promote equity by including all people (males and females) in decisions and activity that will
impact on their community
o HOW DOES IT PROMOTE HEALTH AND WELLBEING?
 Physical:
 Create equity between genders, gender equality  Women less likely to experience violence
on basis of their gender  Less likely to become injured  Physical HW
 Achieve sustainable peace and security  Increase access to food sources  Prevent
malnutrition  PHW
 Mental
 Peace and security  People more likely to receive protection under law  Promote feelings
of security, reduce stress  MHW
 People have safe/decent working conditions  Feel safe at work and earn reliable income 
Lower stress levels  MHW
 Social
 Peace and security  Can freely go to school and work  Opportunity to socialise  People
have opportunity to form meaningful relationships  SoHW
 Gender equality  Females more empowered to make own decisions about their lives  Can
choose whom they marry  Positive family bonds  SoHW
 Emotional
 Have a decent standard of living  Safe housing, water, sanitation  People become more
equipped to deal with misfortune  EHW
 
Access to safe and decent working conditions  More likely to experience positive emotions
such as pride and satisfaction in their work  EHW
 Spiritual
 Access to safe and decent working conditions  Feel like they have a purpose in society 
SpHW
 Promotion of political and legal rights regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender etc  Create
feelings of connectedness between women, indigenous people, and ethnic minorities in
communities that they live in  SpHW
 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
o DEFINITION
 Ensuring that the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.
Human activities should use natural resources only at a rate that allows these resources to replenish
for future generations.
o WHAT IS IT?
 Refers to the way in which the natural environment is used by humans to ensure that natural
resources are preserved for use by future generations
 In Low- and middle-income countries, this is often a challenge as many of these countries exploit their
natural environment as a means of generating income and facilitating trade
o HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
 Protect natural resources such as water and farming land
 Reduce energy usage and promote greater efficiency in the use of energy
 Reduce pollution
 Encourage industry and agriculture to use natural resources responsibly

o HOW DOES IT PROMOTE HEALTH AND WELLBEING?

 Physical
 Sustainable use of natural resources  Sustainable energy  Hospitals can function
effectively  People can receive treatment for many conditions  Free of illness/disease 
PHW
 Less reliance on fossil fuels  Reduce smoke and fumes from these sources  Reduce risk of
respiratory conditions  PHW
 Mental
 Reduce climate change  Sea levels won’t continue to rise  Ensure people in low-lying
areas are not displaced  Reduce levels of anxiety and stress  MHW
 Waste removal and clean ecosystems  Nutrient rich soil provided  Crops fit for human
consumption grown  Food security  Reduce stress about finding food  MHW
 Social
 Reduce climate change  Reduce severity of natural disasters  Infrastructure such as
sporting clubs not damaged  Have place to form positive connections with community 
SoHW
 Sustainable energy sources  Transport systems sustained  Future generations can easily
access transport  Maintain and form social connections  SoHW

THE IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF CLIMATE CHANGE

 WHAT IS IT?
o DEFINITION
 Climate change is a difference in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land
surfaces, and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer, and has been attributed to an
increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
 SUMMARY
o Increased incidence of infectious disease
o Extremes in temperatures
o Changes in types of crops that can be grown and agriculture
o Reduced access to safe water
 IMPLICATIONS OF RISING SEA LEVELS
o Cities on coasts destroyed – people displaced
 o Less land to live on
o Less land for farming
o Less food security
o Less biodiversity
 IMPLICATIONS OF RISING SALINITY
o Rising sea levels bring salt water inland  Salt water would contaminate fresh drinking water
o Most crops cannot survive in conditions of salinity  Agriculture is often a major industry for low- and
middle- income countries
 IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING WEATHER PATTERNS AND EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
o Oceans warmer  Fisheries and farming
o More hot weather, less cool weather  Infrastructure can’t handle  Heatstroke
o Dry regions drier, wet regions wetter  Floods/Fires  Destroy infrastructure  HW
o More natural disasters
 IMPLICATIONS OF FLOODS AND CYCLONES
o Loss of life
o Damages to personal property and infrastructure (communities w/o access to healthcare when they need it
most), (food and water supplies, safe shelter damaged)
o Economic loss
o Increase cases of drowning/other injuries
o Increased risk of water and vector borne diseases such as malaria
o Mental health effects associated with emergency situations
 IMPLICATIONS OF DROUGHTS
o Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. It is a
slow onset phenomenon caused by rainfall deficit
o Water and food shortages
o Malnutrition (lack of food)
o Overall increase of population displacement
o Disruption of local health services due to lack of water supplies/healthcare workers forced to leave area
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING/HS/BoD
o Increase global temperatures  Heatstroke and dehydration  Mortality (esp elderly)
o Less land available for agriculture  Less food security  Incidence malnutrition  U5MR
o Rising sea levels  Displaced people  Increased migration  Increase conflict  Mort/Morb (Conflict)
o Increased flooding  Higher levels of stagnant water  Increased mosquito breeding  Increased risk of
malaria  LE
o Increased flooding (rising sea levels)  Increased salinity from water washing into land  Less farm land 
Can’t generate income  Poverty
o Increased natural disasters e.g hurricanes  Destruction of infrastructure such as hospitals  Decreased access
to healthcare  IM/MM due to complications in childbirth

THE IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF CONFLICT AND MASS MIGRATION

 DEFINITION
o Displaced people: Those who are forced to leave their home because of war or prosecution
o Mass Migration: The movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another.
o Link between conflict and mass migration: When conflict occurs, there is a mass migration of people who are
either seeking refuge in another country, or who are displaced within their own country.
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING (CONFLICT) (negative)
o Loss of life occurring during periods of armed conflict  Death of family, friends etc  Hope for future 
SpHW
o Already experiencing poor health and wellbeing  Most affected  Worse health and wellbeing
o Physical environment destroyed  Limited access to water, food, healthcare  Malnutrition, infections
treatable during peaceful times untreated
o Schools destroyed  Can’t access education  Etc
o Water and sanitation facilities destroyed  Communicable water borne diseases  Cholera etc
o Too dangerous for humanitarian aid  Can’t receive food  Food security  Malnourished  Etc
 o Blockades  Vital medicines, medical technologies (e.g ventilators) can’t get through  Hospital patients can’t
get treated  M/M
o Conflict increases fear for self and family  Affect values and purpose in life  SpHW
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING (MASS MIGRATION) (negative)
o Displaced  Forced to leave homes
o Seek shelter with relatives, friends, in schools, public and abandoned buildings  Overcrowding 
Communicable diseases e.g. tuberculosis
o Children drop out of school to work or beg  SpSo
o Displaced women and children more likely to experience sexual and gender based violence, domestic violence,
child abuse, alcohol related violence  P,M,EHW

WORLD TRADE, TOURISM, AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

 DEFINITION
o World Trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries driven by production costs in different
countries.
o Tourism: Plays a key role in developing jobs for people, as well as promoting local culture and produce.
o Communication Technology: The world becoming increasingly connected as a result of people, businesses,
and governments moving into the virtual world to deliver and access services, obtain knowledge, and undertake
transactions. This has been aided by developments in mobile phones and mobile networks.
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING (WORLD TRADE)
o Improved access to healthcare services
o Reduced levels of hunger
o Increased school attendance
o Negative: Unsafe working conditions, child labour, few safety standards, people exposed to toxic substances at
work
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING (TOURISM)
o Promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth
o Contributes to social inclusion and employment
o Promotes resource efficiency
o Preserves cultural values, diversity, and heritage
o Promotes mutual understanding, peace, and security
o Encourages governments to spend money on improving infrasturcture
o Negative: Overcrowding and strain on infrastructure
o Damaged ecosystems, impact on food or resource production
o Spread of infectious disease (zika, measles, gastro)
 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES)
o Increased social connections  Sense of belonging  SpHW
o Increased access to emergency health services  Reduce M/M
o Earlier diagnosis of illness  Reduce M
o Empower people to manage their own health and adopt healthy behaviours e.g MyQuitBuddy  Health status
o Negative: Facilitate bullying, abuse, and embarrassment online  MHW, SoHW
 UNIT 4 AOS 2
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 DEFINITION:
o Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs
o Sustainable development goals: Developed by the United Nations, there are 17 goals with 169 targets that aim
to eliminate poverty and promote wellbeing for people worldwide without depleting resources for future
generations.
 RATIONALES
o A new set of goals and targets were needed when the Millennium Development Goals finished in 2015. The
MDGs provided a global framework to address poverty, and make global progress on education, health and
wellbeing, hunger, and the environment. They resulted in significant improvements in health and wellbeing and
human development.
o Progress in all areas was uneven across regions and countries. The poorest and most disadvantaged due to
sex, age, disability, ethnicity, or geographical location were left behind. Therefore, a lot of work still needs to be
done.
o New global challenges had emerged that needed to be considered. This included the impact of increasing
conflict and extremism, mass migration, economic and financial instability, and large-scale environmental
changes. These challenges have the capacity to undermine the achievements made by the MDGs
 OBJECTIVES OF THE SDGs
o End extreme poverty
o Fight inequality and injustice
o Address climate change

SDG #3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

 WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
o Reducing maternal mortality rates by providing all people with access to sexual and reproductive healthcare
services including access to contraception, skilled birth attendants, and care during pregnancy to reduce
complications at birth.
o Achieving universal health coverage including essential medicines and vaccines for all regardless of ability to
pay. This can assist in reducing rates of infectious diseases such as measles an d tuberculosis, which will
decrease the U5MR.
 WHY IS THERE A GAP?
o Lack of vaccinations
o Lack of education
 WHY GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING?
o Deaths can be avoided through prevention and treatment, education, immunisation campaigns, and sexual
and reproductive healthcare
o SDGs commit to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases by 2030
o Aim to achieve universal health coverage, and provide access to safe and affordable medicines and vaccines
for all
o Supporting research and development for vaccines is an essential part of the process as well
 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
o HIV/AIDS
 What is it?
 AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), which damages and weakens the body’s immune system
 Body loses ability to fight infections, person eventually develops AIDS  Develop cancers,
infections, and other diseases  Mortality
 Transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids. Usually spread by sexual intercourse without
a condom and by sharing needles and syringes
  Can also be transmitted from infected mother to child during pregnancy, or via breastfeeding
 There is currently no cure for HIV and no vaccine to prevent the disease
 Antiretroviral (ARV) Therapy helps delay and in some cases, prevent the progression of
HIV to AIDS
 Why are low-income countries more vulnerable?
 Often don’t have resources to treat and help patients with HIV/AIDS
 Medication is expensive, not available everywhere in the world, and hard for poor countries
to afford
 Resources for educating public about risky behaviour (which often leads to HIV infections)
are also limited
o MALARIA
 What is it?
 Caused by parasites that are transmitted to people when bitten by infected female mosquitos
 Can disrupt blood supply to internal organs, mortality
 Can be prevented through :
o Anti-malaria insecticide treated bed nets
o Spraying of insecticide
o Anti-malarial medicines
o TUBERCULOSIS
 What is it?
 A disease that affects the lungs
 Can spread from person to person via air through coughing and sneezing
 TB can destroy lung tissue  Mortality
 Treatable and curable with access to appropriate medicines
 Preventable through vaccination, early detection of new cases and access to effective
treatment.
o ILLICIT DRUG USE
 Increases risk of transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B, and C
 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
o DOUBLE BURDEN OF DISEASE
o DEFINITION: When a low-income country has high rates of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis,
and also high rates of lifestyle diseases, such as obesity.
 Tobacco smoking  Lung cancer, CVD, respiratory conditions
 Air pollution  Lung cancer, Respiratory conditions
 Marketing processed foods and alcohol  Obesity, T2D
 Trauma, conflict, displacement, extremism  Mental Illness
o TOBACCO
 The WHO Framework
 Raise awareness about addictive and harmful nature of tobacco
 Limit interactions with tobacco industry and ensure transparency of interactions
 Do not give preferential treatment to the tobacco industry
 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEATH
o MATERNAL MORTALITY
 What is it?
 The number of deaths per 100,000 women who have given birth to at least one baby (live or
stillbirth) of at least 20 weeks completed gestation or a birthweight of 400 grams or more.
 Main causes
 Haemorrhage (Excessive bleeding)
 Sepsis (any infection that affects the whole body)
 Obstructed Labour (baby cannot pass through birth canal)
 Unsafe abortion
 Hypertensive disease (heart conditions caused by high blood pressure)
 TARGETS
o Reduce maternal mortality
o End preventable deaths under 5 years of age
 o Fight communicable diseases
o Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health
o Prevent and treat substance abuse
o Reduce road injuries and deaths
 WHY IS GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING IMPORTANT?
o Maternal mortality rates are too high in low-income countries
o If mothers are in good health, they can take better care of their families
o U5MR has reduced, but children are still dying from easily preventable diseases such as malaria and measles
o Children are the future of every society and economy
o Many children are orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS
 HOW DOES ACHIEVING GOAL 3 LINK TO SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
o If maternal mortality rates are reduced and the health of mothers is improved they will be able to continue
looking after their children. They will be able to work and earn an income to pay for their children to go to
school. Here they will gain knowledge and gain health related information that they can then pass on to their
children the next generation so they can also have improved health (social sustainability)

GOAL #1: NO POVERTY

End poverty in all its forms everywhere

 WHAT IS IT?
o Poverty relates to deprivation of resources (or an inability to access resources). It can also come from
discrimination and social exclusion
 Measured through:
 Living on less than $1.90USD a day (Extreme Poverty)
 Living on less than 50% of the average income of the country (Relative Poverty)
o Many people suffer from chronic poverty – poor for many years, passed onto children
o Impoverishment – return to poverty or become poor for the first time as a result of crises such as illness,
drought, or loss of work.
 WHY IS THERE A GAP?
o Poverty cycle
o Lack of education
o Lack of social security
 TARGETS
o Eradicate extreme poverty
o Reduce poverty by at least 50%
o Implement social protection systems
o Equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology, and economic resources
o Build resilience to environmental, economic, and social disasters
o Mobilise resources to implement policies to end poverty
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: NO POVERTY  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Those in poverty may not have enough income to afford healthcare  Diseases such as malaria untreated
o No income  Parents unable to afford to send children to school  Don’t attend school  Children less
likely to be educated  Lower health literacy  Unsafe health practices such as unprotected sex 
Increasing HIV infection rates
o Adequate income  Families can afford nutritious food with adequate vitamins and minerals  Reduce
risk of malnutrition  Improve immune function  Reduce risk of contracting communicable diseases such
as tuberculosis
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  NO POVERTY
* People in good health  Can work and earn income  Break out of poverty cycle  Earn enough money to
live above poverty line
o Children in good health  Can go to school and get education  Job opportunities  Generating income 
Increase GNI of country
o People in good health  Can work  Increase revenue available (taxes)  Spend on infrastructure such as
ports Open opportunities for global trade  Increase GNI
GOAL #2: ZERO HUNGER
End hunger, achieve food security, and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

 DEFINITIONS:
o Hunger:
 The continuing lack of food needed for an active and healthy life. When people are not hungry, they
are more likely to be well nourished.
o Food Security:
 Food security exists when all people can regularly obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally
appropriate, safe food, through local, non-emergency sources.
 WHAT IS ZERO HUNGER?
o Under nutrition: When people do not have enough food to meet their daily energy requirements. Continued
under nutrition can lead to wasting (substantial weight loss) and stunting (failure to grow). Children who are
stunted are much smaller compared to healthy children
o Malnutrition: When there is a lack of specific nutrients required for the body to function effectively. A
malnourished individual may have the required amount of food to sustain life, but they may not be consuming
the required range of nutrients, which may put their health at risk. Inadequate intake of micronutrients,
including iron, Vitamin A, iodine and zinc. Obesity is another form of malnutrition, and the incidence of
obesity in both developed and developing regions is increasing.
 TARGETS
o Universal access to safe and nutritious food
o End all forms of malnutrition
o Double the productivity and incomes of small scale food producers
o Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices
o Maintain the genetic diversity in food production
o Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks
 WHY IS THERE A GAP?
o Low-income, can’t afford nutritionally adequate food
o Government doesn’t restrict/police advertising on processed foods
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: ZERO HUNGER  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Children not hungry and well-nourished  Immune systems stronger  Assist fighting off infectious diseases
such as whooping cough, malaria, measles  Reduce premature deaths such as U5MR
o Children hungry/malnourished  Less likely to have energy to attend school  Reduce ability to learn
literacy skills  Can’t understand/follow health promotion messages  Increase risk of unhealthy behaviours
such as tobacco smoking  Increase incidence of lung cancer
o Not hungry due to improved farming  Improved food security  Can work  Increase GNI of country
and create income for governments  Spend on healthcare such as immunisations
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  ZERO HUNGER
o People in good health  Work and earn income  Afford food, feed themselves  Reduce hunger
o Improve health and wellbeing  Work in agriculture  Greater food supply/security  Improve amount of
food available  Reduce hunger
o Immunisation rates increased  Less people suffer from measles  Children can attend school, and learn
sustainable farming practices  Share with community  Improve food security

GOAL #4: QUALITY EDUCATION

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

 WHAT IS IT?
o Develops creativity and knowledge, literacy and numeracy skills as well as analytical, problem-solving and
other high-level cognitive, interpersonal and social skills.
o Develops the skills, values and attitudes that enable people to lead healthy and fulfilled lives, make informed
decisions and respond to local and global challenges, such as sustainable development
 HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
o Ensuring all children have access to complete free and quality primary and secondary education
o Ensuring all adults have equal access to affordable and qualify technical, vocational, and tertiary education
 o Increasing the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment
o Eliminating all inequalities that exist in education, including to people with disabilities, Indigenous people,
and vulnerable children.
 WHY IS THERE A GAP?
o Unable to afford education
o Gender inequality, females excluded from accessing education
 TARGETS
o Free primary and secondary education
o Equal access to quality pre-primary education
o Equal access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education
o Increase the number of people with relevant skills for financial success
o Eliminate all discrimination in education
o Universal literacy and numeracy
 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
o Promotes literacy, greater employment, generates income
o More likely to gain higher paid employment, help economy, contribute to tax
o Literacy skills, understand health promotion messages
o Educated parents more likely to ensure own children are educated so they can have greater opportunities and
choices, helps break poverty cycle
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: QUALITY EDUCATION  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Access to technical, vocational, and tertiary education  Work gain income  Afford healthcare such as
vaccinations to prevent measles and TB
o Children attend school  Health literacy, understand health promotion messages  Wash hands after toilet
 Prevent the spread of gastroenteritis  Improve health (reduced risk of communicable diseases)
o Children have access to immunisation programs at school  Immunised against tetanus  Increase
immunisation rates  Decrease ill-health
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  QUALITY EDUCATION
o Children in good health  Go to school  Increase literacy and numeracy skills
o Good health, able to work  Less likely to send children out to work  Increase ability of children to attend
school and be educated
o Communities in good health  Not suffering from communicable diseases such as influenza  Schools able
to stay open  Children gain education
o HIV rates decreased  People work in occupations such as teaching  Improve education rates.

GOAL #5: GENDER EQUALITY

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

 DEFINITION:
o Gender equality relates to both males and females having the same access to resources and the same
opportunities such as education and employment
 HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
o Elimination of harmful practice such as forced marriage and female genital mutilation
o Ensuring universal access to reproductive and sexual health
o Ensuring women have equal rights to financial services, education, ownership of land, inheritance, and natural
resources
o Providing equal opportunities for females and includes ending all forms of discrimination and violence
against women, including human trafficking
 TARGETS
o End discrimination against women and girls
o End all violence against and exploitation of women and girls
o Eliminate forced marriages and genital mutilation
o Value unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities
o Ensure full participation in leadership and decision making
o Universal access to reproductive health and rights
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GENDER EQUALITY  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
 o Women not discriminated against  Given equal opportunity  Access to education  Improve health
literacy  Learn health related information, such as wearing a condom  Prevent HIV  Improve health
and prevent spread of HIV
o Equal opportunities  Education  More likely to marry later  Lower likelihood of sexual violence 
Decrease injuries and mental health issues
o Women not discriminated against  Employment, work and earn income  More money to spend on
immunisations for family  Decrease diseases such as polio/TB
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  GENDER EQUALITY
o Girls in better health  Attend school and get education  Increase job opportunities  Earn income 
Expand choices
o Access reproductive healthcare (contraceptives)  Space births, have fewer children  Reduce risk of
obstetric fistula  Women can work and earn income
o Women in better health  Participate in decisions that affect lives, such as voting  Women have more
voice in community  Increase choices

GOAL #6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

 DEFINITION:
o Clean water: is access to water free of disease causing pathogens, bacteria, and contaminants such as lead
and mercury
o Sanitation: refers to providing facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as
well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of waste water
 HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
o Ensuring access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all
o Improving water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimising release of hazardous
chemicals into water sources
o Increasing the efficient use of water and ensuring sustainable access to clean water
o Supporting the participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
 WHY IS THERE A GAP?
o Government can’t afford adequate infrastructure
o Clean water is too far away to access
o Uneducated about sanitation
 TARGETS
o Safe and affordable drinking water
o End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene
o Improve water quality, wastewater treatment, and safe reuse
o Increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies
o Implement integrated water resources management
o Protect and restore water-related ecosystems
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Improve access to clean water and basic sanitation  Reduce risk of preventable diseases such as cholera,
hepatitis A and typhoid  Decrease U5MR
o Access to safe water  Fewer people get sick  People can work and earn income  Contribute to
economy  Government can spend more money on health infrastructure e.g hospitals
o Access to safe/sustainable water supply  Girls spend less time collecting water  Go to school, earn
meaningful paid employment  Income spent on insecticide treatments e.g treated mosquito nets, preventing
malaria
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  CLEAN WATER AND SANITIATION
o People in good health  Work and earn income  Improve economic growth  Increase funding to spend
on infrastructure (e.g pipes)  Improve access to clean and safe water
o People healthy and free of HIV/AIDS  Able to work  Large workforce, government is more able to
employ people in roles such as garbage disposal and waste management  Improve access to sanitation

GOAL #13: CLIMATE ACTION

 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

 WHAT IS IT?
o Helping vulnerable regions, such as land locked countries and island states adapt to climate change must go
hand in hand with efforts to integrate disaster risk measures into national strategies.
o The aim is to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
levels.
 HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
o Strengthen the capacity of all countries to cope with extreme weather events and natural disasters
o Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve access to renewable energy
o Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
o Increase climate change planning in all countries, particularly low-income countries and states.
 TARGETS
o Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related disasters
o Integrate climate change measures into policies and planning
o Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change
o Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
o Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: CLIMATE ACTION  GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Action taken to reduce effects of climate change (e.g rising sea levels)  Ppl in coastal areas not displaced 
No stress about where they live  MHW
o Emergency response to natural disasters improved  People warned of events earlier thru tech  Evacuate
before event  Reduce morb/mort from injuries
 INTERRELATIONSHIP: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING  CLIMATE ACTION
o Children in good health  Attend school  Learn about ways to reduce impact of climate change e.g low
impact farming
o People in good health  Participate in community and campaign for measures such as renewable energy 
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
o People in better health  Better able to cope with extreme weather events e.g excessive temperatures

DFAT AID

 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE?

o To promote our national interests by contributing to more sustainable economic growth
 AUSTRALIA’S AID PROGRAM
o DFAT focuses on two development outcomes:
 Strengthening private sector development
 Enabling Human development
o Through DFAT, government provides Official Development Assistance (ODA) to a number of countries
o We give 0.22% of our GNI, 22c for every $100 we earn
 PRIORITIES (BEEGAI)
o Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction, and social protection
 Providing resources in a crisis situation, such as after a natural disaster or during conflict, where
human life is at immediate risk
 Goal: Save lives, alleviate suffering, maintain human dignity during and after crises
 Help countries develop resilience by putting in place effective planning and risk-management
strategies
 Social protection – help countries provide services for people if they can’t afford education and
healthcare. Security if people are unable to work or injured from work
 Examples:
 DFAT works in partnership with UN World Food Programme to deliver food in an
emergency, such as to refugees within Syria.
 DFAT provides funds to NGOs such as Australian Red Cross, provide humanitarian
assistance such as temporary shelter during crisis
o Education and Health
 Health
  Australian government focuses on equitable, accessible, and affordable health systems so
men, women, and children can achieve better health
 Education
 AusGovt identifies education as one of best investments, reduces poverty and works to
ensure people can access regardless of income
 Provides funding for building schools, training teachers, funding school materials
 Examples:
 Health: Funds trained health professionals, to work in low-income countries. Provide
assistance and education to develop effective health systems
 Health: Funds to the GAVI the Vaccine Alliance to support immunisation in low-income
countries around the world
 Education: Fund to assist children in being able to attend school without cost
 Education: The Australian Government provides aid funding to ACER, which utilises
those funds to study teacher absenteeism in Indonesia’s primary and secondary schools to
inform and implement effective policies, strategies, and financing to increase teacher
attendance in schools and promote quality of student learning.
o Effective governance: Policies, Institutions and functioning economies
 Government is running the country in the best way possible
 Not corrupt and provides access to resources such as healthcare and education for all citizens.
People often have a say in the way the country is run, which is often achieved through lawful
elections
 Why?
 Effective government provides foundations for economic growth, private sector
investment and trade
 Governance affects virtually all aspects of a country’s society and economy
 Examples:
 DFAT provides advice to governments of low-income countries on financial management
and the establishment of strong institutions e.g health systems
 DFAT helps countries to improve their budget processes allowing them to meet debt
obligations and increase revenue.
o Gender Equality and empowering women and girls
 Relates to females having the same opportunities in life as males and not being discriminated
against because of sex
 Women and girls have same access to education, employment, land ownership, and can input into
decisions that affect their lives
 Examples:
 DFAT helps female survivors of violence access services such as emergency shelter,
counselling, and legal advice in countries such as Fiji
 DFAT supports United Nations Women Safe Cities program in PNG, help improve
infrastructure in produce markets in Port Morseby, female vendors have a safer place to
work.
o Agriculture, fisheries, and water
 Key focus is achieving food security
 Provides Food
 Employment
 Income
 Trade
 Water assists in growing food and reducing need to collect it
 Example:
 Australia works with Mekong River Commission on water resource planning and decision
making, better management of resources
 Australia assists farmers in developing countries like Cambodia with efficient use of
irrigation water, provides access to fertilisers, pesticides and training in modern farming of
increase income.
 DFAT works in countries such as Samoa to increase small scale farmers and fisheries
participation in global markets so they can export their produce to improve economic
growth
 o Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
 Improve infrastructure  Promote economic development  Trade opportunities, reduce poverty
 Infrastructure includes roads and transport, clean water structures, and accessible
healthcare
 W/o sustainable infrastructure, people have difficulty accessing markets to buy and sell goods,
families cannot access health clinics when needed, and children are less likely to attend school
 Examples:
 DFAT provides funding for infrastructure development, e.g road construction to assist
countries in trading, assists movement of goods and resources to other countries
 DFAT works to promote trade agreements between high- and low-income countries to
increase trading opportunities between them

PARTNERSHIPS

 DFAT work with a range of other government departments, agencies, NGOs, businesses, and community groups
o Whole Government Aid
 E.G Working with other government departments and agencies such as Australian Federal Police
o Private Sector Partnership
 E.G Working with Westpac Corporate Partnership to provide access to finance or ACER to provide
education
 For example, the Australian Government providing aid to ACER, which utilises those funds to study
teacher absenteeism in Indonesia’s primary and secondary schools to inform and implement
effective policies, strategies, and financing to increase teacher attendance in schools and promote
quality of student learning.
o Bilateral Partnerships
 E.G Partnerships with other countries such as Vietnam or Cambodia
 For example, the Australian and Vietnamese governments working together to build the My Thuan
Bridge over the Mekong River in Vietnam to facilitate trade.
o Multilateral organisations
 E.G World Bank, UN
 The UN then works in low-income countries to provide humanitarian aid to those who need it. For
example, one of the UN’s agencies the UNHCR providing vital aid and core relief items such as
blankets and food to Syrian refugees.
o NGOs
 E.G DFAT partners with organisations such as World Vision and Oxfam, who then utilise that
money to achieve promoting health and wellbeing in low-income countries, e.g building borehole
pumps for access to clean water.

TYPES OF AID PROVIDED

 BILATERAL
o Aid from one government to another, working through partnerships with 75 countries including nearest
neighbours, but also with other high-income countries to maximise aid programs in the region
o Benefits
 Australian Govt can form relationships with governments of other countries, and help them develop
their legal and political systems – reduce conflict and political instability
 Therefore, increase security in our region
 Assists in breaking cycle of poverty, improving wellbeing
 Help countries eliminate poverty  reduce threat of global diseases that could easily spread to
Australia
 MULTILATERAL
o DEFINITION:** Working with multilateral organisations such as UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN, Asian
Development Bank, GAVI, Global Partnership for Education
o Benefits
 Multilateral organisations have the ability to work on large scale projects that are too big for the
AusGovt to work on alone
  Organisations such as UN have a global influence and can often achieve more than an individual
country like Australia
 Multilateral organisations often have high level of expertise in relation to developmental issues
 Can reach countries which Australia does not have bilateral ties with
 Orgs like UN are effective at working towards the SDGs
o 1/3 of aid budget is dedicated to multilateral aid
 HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE/EMERGENCY AID (Through NGOs)
o Short term aid provided during crisis or natural disaster, providing food, water, shelter, and healthcare
(usually provided through partnership with multilateral organisations and NGOs)
o Benefits of working with NGOs
 NGOs often work on smaller scale development projects in communities, have a specific focus and
can reach people that Australia’s aid program would not normally reach
 NGOs often have specialised skills, through funding NGOs, projects are put in place that otherwise
would not have eventuated
 NGOs can provide aid quickly, and often to those areas that are difficult to access such as conflict
affected areas
 Engaging with NGOs better strengthens aid programs and is an efficient and effective use of
Australian funds
o Around 6% of total Australian aid funding goes to Aussie NGOs such as World Vision Australia

THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)

 DEFINITION
o The directing and coordinating authority for international health within the United Nations system
 WHAT DO THEY DO?
o Provide leadership on global health issues
o Setting norms and standards
o Provide resources and support to countries to assist in improving the health of people
o Work towards health care for everyone
o Coordinating authority on international health
o 8000 WHO experts produce health guidelines and standards to help countries to access public health issues
 HOW DO THEY PROMOTE GLOBAL HEALTH?
o Working (leadership and advice) to help communities affected with global disease such as HIV/AIDS and
malaria plan, implement, and monitor programs
o Help countries respond to crises such as disease outbreaks (ebola)
o Provide emergency relief when needed (natural disaster or conflict)
o Work towards achieving health-related SDGs (Good Health and Wellbeing)

 WHO LEADERSHIP PRIORITIES (HUNIIS)

o UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
 DEFINITION: All people and communities have access to quality health services they need without
causing financial hardship, and regardless of ability to pay.
 What does WHO do?
 Provide funding to train and employ more health workers
 Assist countries to build infrastructure such as hospitals
 Work with governments to provide more affordable healthcare
 Develop and publish guides to train health workers about diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of disease (e.g HIV, Malaria)
o INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS
 DEFINITION: The International Health Regulations (IHR) are a legal tool that requires countries to
report certain disease outbreaks and public health threats to WHO. It outlines what countries must
do to prevent further spread of disease.
 What does WHO do?
 Assist countries in implementing policies and measures, such as airport control, control at
ports, and quarantine to reduce spread of communicable diseases.
 o E.g Making people showing vaccination documentation, undertaking basic
examinations, and providing health information
 Send health workers, provide medication. and train local health workers
 Enforce procedures outlined in the IHR to uphold global health security.
o E.g Making people wear face masks and protective clothing in the event of an
infectious disease outbreak such as Ebola.
 Examples of IHR targeted diseases
 Polio
 Zika Virus
 Ebola
o INCREASING ACCESS TO MEDICAL PRODUCTS
 DEFINITION: The WHO works to ensure all people have access to essential medicines that are safe,
high quality, and at an affordable price
 What does WHO do?
 Help countries access drugs at an affordable price such as anti-retroviral drugs,
immunisation, antibiotics, insulin, and blood pressure tablets
 Provide grants to assist in low-income countries in developing their own medicines and
medicinal products. It promotes local production of these medical products
 Developed a list of essential medicines that each country can model and make available to
all its citizens
o SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
 DEFINITION: To improve people’s health, action is required across a range of determinants that
contribute to poor health, such as education, employment, safe water, income, and housing
 What does WHO do?
 WHO works with countries to improve governance by providing advice and training of
employees
 Works with countries to develop policies that address determinants such as education
 Works with countries to reorient health services towards promoting health and reducing
health inequities rather than just treating ill health
o NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 DEFINITION: This relates to dealing with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer as
they threaten to overwhelm health systems. They need to be addressed to ensure healthcare can be
sustainable in the future
 What does WHO do?
 Work with countries to develop policies, actions, and laws to protect people from
developing NCD’s
o E.g Physical activity guidelines, banning tobacco advertising
 Produce guidelines such as Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, to provide
countries with advice on how to reduce tobacco use, and its related NCD’s
 Providing funding to improve access to affordable pharmaceuticals to treat and manage
NCD’s
 Prepare a range of fact sheets relating to chronic diseases which highlights the risk factors
 Develop prevention programs that raise awareness and educate people about the dangers of
different behaviours (e.g smoking) related to NCD’s
o HEALTH RELATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 DEFINITION: This relates to trying to monitor the progress of Good Health and Wellbeing, a goal
of the SDG’s. This is a key to reduce poverty and social inequity globally
 What are they trying to achieve?
 Reduce child mortality
 Improve maternal health, reduce maternal mortality rates
 Reduce rates of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 What does the WHO do?
 Work to promote universal healthcare that creates equity in countries
 Provide access to essential medicines such as immunisation and treatment for HIV and
Malaria
 Monitor child growth
  Developing strategies that target global health concerns such as HIV/AIDS and malaria
such as improving access to anti-retro viral drugs, HIV testing, prevention activities, and
providing insecticide treated bed nets.

NON-GOVERNMENT ORAGANISATIONS

 DEFINITION:
o A type of non-profit organisation that works to promote health status and human development while
operating separately from the national government
 WHAT DO THEY DO?
o Work directly with people in local communities to increase knowledge, resources, and courses
o Focus on education (sustainable human development)
o Support projects that focus on community development, and participation
o Local people involved in decision making
o Works in areas that bilateral aid doesn’t reach
o May take form of emergency aid or long term development projects
 E.g Projects to develop safe water supplies, education programs to reduce spread of HIV/Malaria
 E.g World Vision Food for Work program
 WHY ARE NGO’S MORE SUCCESSFUL?
o NGOs provide aid directly to people in need
o Often small-scale programs involving the community, often beyond reach of government and large
multilateral organisations
 E.g People who are poor and live in rural areas
o Programs empower people and involve them in decision making process
o Often have specialised skills, may be able to put programs in place that would otherwise not exist
o Effective in promoting health and sustainable human development
 WORLD VISION
o Who are they?
 NGO that works with children, families, and communities around the world to overcome poverty
and injustice
 Safe spaces for children to learn, play, and receive other forms of support & borehole pumps
 WV Australia works in more than 67 countries, with local staff who appreciate and understand the
needs of the culture

 HOW DO THEY PROMOTE HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?

o Work directly with local people on programs (e.g building borehole pumps)  Improve access to safe water
 Reduce risk of diarrheal disease (health)
o Improved health  Work and earn income  Save and afford to educate children in future  Improve
literacy skills and capabilities  Increase opportunities for choices in life (Human Development)
o Children access knowledge  Greater choices in life in regards to occupation  Meaningful, paid,
employment, improve standard of living by accessing resources such as healthcare (Human Development)
o Purchase essential medicine  Treat conditions  Purchase and consume nutritious food  Improve
immune function (Physical Health and Wellbeing)

AID PROGRAMS PURSUING THE SDGS

 EVALUATING AID PROGRAMS

o Ownership by recipient country
 For aid to be effective and sustainable, countries receiving the aid must be involved in deciding the
type of aid that will best meet their needs.
 Programs need to consider the sociocultural and political aspects of the community and
implemented in a social and culturally sensitive way
 Example
 Delivering messages in local languages and using visual aids for those who are illiterate
o Results focused
  Making a difference and having a lasting impact on addressing poverty, reducing inequality and
promoting health and wellbeing and human development should be the main purpose for
implementing an aid program.
 Example
 Monitoring changes to patterns of disease and levels of poverty
o Partnerships
 By forming partnerships, the differing strengths of government, non-government organisations
(NGOs) and local communities can be used to implement effective programs that make efficient use
of the resources available and avoid duplicating other programs with the same objective.
 Example
 Having people implement the program in the local community
o Transparency and shared responsibility
 Transparency means that all necessary information is made available to everyone who is involved in
developing and implementing a program. Transparency and openness ensures that funding that has
been provided to implement a program is used for its intended purpose and is not diverted to serve
the needs of other stakeholders.
 Example
 Regular monitoring and assessment of progress against the aims and objectives of the
program, which is published and available to the community
o Bonus
 Community engagement
 Focuses on ‘at risk groups’ (e.g women and children)
 Includes education
 Focuses on biggest needs of community

AID PROGRAMS

 SDG 5: GENDER EQUALITY

o Solar Mamas: India’s Barefoot College Solar engineering program
 SDGs Addressed:
 No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Wellbeing, Quality Education, Clean Water and
Sanitation, Climate Action
 Implementation:
 In partnership with local and national organisations, a team from the Barefoot College and
the Village Energy and Environment Centre look for rural communities where they
believe solar energy will make a sustainable difference (Partnership)
 Travel to community, establish relationship with village elders who help ensure there is
community support (Ownership by recipient country)
 The communities decide how much they can contribute each month for the maintenance
and repair of the equipment. This amount is usually based on what they currently spend
buying kerosene, batteries, or candles (Transparency and shared responsibility)
 Community choses two women in their mid to late 40s, who travel to Tilonia in India to live
for 6-9 months to become trained as solar engineers (Ownership)
 Funding is provided by a range of donor organisations, including Indian govt, UN
Development Program, International aid agencies, and private and corporate foundations.
(Partnership)
 Partnerships:
 Local and national organisations (Indian Government)
 Barefoot College
 Village Energy and Environment Committee
 Health and Wellbeing Links:
 Gender equality  Provided knowledge and skills to contribute to community and earn
income  Increase self-esteem, as they become more confident in abilities to provide for
community  Mental HW
 Women attend education with other women in Tilonia, India for 6-9 months  Able to
socialise with peers and form meaningful connections  SoHW
 Women attend education and are able to earn income as engineers  Women feel proud to
give back something to community  Sense of belonging and purpose  SpHW
 Human Development Links:
 Attend education  Able to earn income  Can afford resources such as healthcare  Better
standard of living
 Women are given opportunity to access education and learn new skills, such as how to repair
solar panels  Develop to their full potential as a result of education  Lead productive and
creative life.
 SDG 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
o Immunisation Program: GAVI Alliance
 Made up of range of organisations including WHO, World Bank, UNICEF (Partnerships)
 Local people trained and assisted in administering immunisations to prevent immunisations to prevent
infectious diseases such as measles and polio (Ownership by recipient country)
 Information provided to people so they understand importance of vaccination

TAKING SOCIAL ACTION

 WHAT IS SOCIAL ACTION?

o Social action is about doing something to help create positive change. Individuals can take social action at a
personal level, or join an organised group to advocate for change
 WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE SOCIAL ACTION?
o To help those less fortunate than themselves
o To ensure the needs of all are represented
o To prevent harm or damage to the community or environment
o To eliminate discrimination
o To preserve something of historical value
 WAYS OF TAKING SOCIAL ACTION
o Organise boycott of particular products  Highlight to manufactures that community disapproves of
working conditions/impact on environment  Place pressure on manufacturers to make positive change
o Donate money to NGOs such as World Vision, Oxfam, and the Red Cross  Local agencies have more
resources to work in low- middle-income countries  Change/Improve living conditions  Promote Health
and Wellbeing
o Conduct fundraising events in the school or community to support a social change project
o Lobby governments or decision makers by organising a group of people to write letters to newspapers or
politicians  Shows that large portion of society wants positive social change  Place pressure on
government to take action
o Find out more about social issues and implement an awareness campaign through social media such as
petition  Shows support from the international community  Place pressure on governments to take
action