3 The Physical Layer

● Course outcome 3
● Describe the physical layer by illustrating and
discussing the concept of signal and how it
represents data

Duties of Physical
Layer

Bit Signal Bit Multiplexing

Bit-Rate Circuit
Trans- Synchroniz and
formation Control ation Spreading
Switching
 Learning Outcomes
● Describe how data and signals can be analog or digital
● Draw and describe the sine wave as mathematical
model for representing signals, identifying its properties
(namely amplitude, frequency, period, phase,
wavelength, bandwidth)
● Identify and describe transmission impairment and its
causes
● Compute data rate limit of noiseless and noisy channels
● Illustrate and describe how data are represented and
transmitted by digital or analog signal
 Signals as used in Data
Communication
● Data and Signals ● Data rate limits
● Periodic Analog ● Digital Transmission
Signals ● Analog Transmission
● Digital Signals
● Transmission
Impairment

B. Forouzan, Chp 4-5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-154, 2012
 Digital data via digital signal
transmission
Involves three
techniques:
1.Line coding (always
necessary)
2.Block coding
3.Scrambling
● The last two (2) are
added for
security/privacy and
error
detection/correction
B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
 Unipolar and Polar Schemes
● Unipolar NRZ Scheme ● Polar RZ Scheme

● Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I

schemes
● Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I
schemes

B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
 Unipolar and Multi-transition schemes
● Unipolar NRZ Scheme
● 8B6T Scheme

uses three levels: positive, zero, and

negative.
● Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme Multilevel schemes
● In mBnL schemes, a pattern
of m data elements is
encoded as a pattern of n
signal elements in which 2m ≤
Ln.
Rule: 00 = -3; 01=-1; 10=+1; 11=+3
B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
 Block Coding
● Normally referred to as E.g. Use block coding 4B/5B
mB/nB coding; with NRZ-I line coding scheme
● Replace each m-bit group
with an n-bit group.

Sample coding schemes:

● 4B/5B and 8B/10B encoding

B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
 Project 1a
Block code and line code the binary equivalent of
your first name and surname using 4b/5b block
and 8B6T line coding schemes respectively
Analog Data via Digital Signal Transmission

Pulse Code Modulation Delta Modulation

1. The analog signal is sampled. - finds the change from the
2. The sampled signal is previous sample
quantized.
3. The quantized values are
encoded as streams of bits.

B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
Digital Voice Communication

J. FitzGerald, A. Dennis, and A. Durcikova, Business Data

Communications and Networking, 12th Edition, 12th ed. Wiley, 2014.
 Transmission Modes

B. Forouzan, Chp 4, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 95-134, 2012
 Analog Transmission of Data
● Digital Data via ● Analog Data via
Analog Transmission Analog Transmission
● Digital Modulation ● Analog Modulation
– Amplitude Shift – Amplitude Modulation
Keying – Frequency Modulation
– Frequency Shift – Phase Modulation
Keying
– Phase Shift Keying
– Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
 Digital Data via Analog Transmission
● Digital Modulation
– the process of
changing one of the
characteristics of an ● Baud rate or symbol rate
analog signal based
vs bit rate
on the information in
digital data. ● Bit rate is bit per second
● Symbol rate is baud per
second
● N = 2B x log2L
● C = Bx log2(SNR+1)

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
Digital Data via Analog Transmission

Frequency shift keying

Amplitude shift keying Phase shift keying

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
● Constellation diagram
π/2

0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

0
π
2π

3π/2

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
 Phase (ϴ) of a Sine Wave
● Constellation diagram
π/2
4-QAM
0 0 π/2
π π 3π/2 2π
2π

3π/2

8-QAM

ϴ=0 ϴ = π/2

ϴ=π ϴ = 3π/2

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
Constellation diagrams for some QAMs

Signal Implementation
e. 8-QAM

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
 Project 1b:
Block code the binary equivalent of your first
name and surname using 4b/5b block then use
the result to modulate a carrier using 8 QAM.
 Analog Data via Analog Transmission

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation

B. Forouzan, Chp 5, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 135-154, 2012
End of Part 2 of 2 Parts.
Thank you!
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