PRIMARY AUTHORITIES

A. Constitutions
1. Incumbent Constitution ................................................. 3
2. Repealed Constitutions .................................................. 3

B. Codes and Statutes

3. Codes ..........................................................................3
4. Statutes .......................................................................4

C. Cases
5. Reported Supreme Court Decisions ................................. 6
6. Unreported Supreme Court Decisions .............................. ?
7. Bar Matters as Decisions ................................................ ?
8. Supreme Court Decisions Other than the
Majority Opinion ....... .................................................... 8
9. Unreported Cases Available in the Supreme Court
Website ....................................................................... 8
10. Unreported Cases Not Available in the
Supreme Court Website ................................................ 9
11. Decisions of Other Philippine Courts in General ................ 9
12. Unreported Decisions of the Court of Appeals,
Court of Tax Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan ............... 10

D. Legislative Materials
13. Bills ........................................................................... 10
14. Resolutions ................................................................ 11
15. Committee Reports ..................................................... 11
16. Congressional Records ................................................ 12
17. Congressional Journals ................................................ 12

E. Executive and Administrative Materials

18. Executive Issuances .................................................... 13
19. Advisory Opinions ....................................................... 14
20. Supreme Court Circulars and Administrative Orders ........ 14
21. Bar Matters ................................................................ 14
22. Implementing Rules and Regulations ............................ 15
 F. Rules of Procedure
23. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court ................ 16
24. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court
Not Incorporated in the Rules of Court ........... ...... .. ...... 16
25. Superseded Rules of Court ........................... ....... .. ...... 17
26. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies ............... 17
27. Legislative Rules of Procedure ..................... ................ 18
G. Ordinances
28. Municipal Ordinances ....... ........................................... 18
29. City Ordinances ................ ............ ....... ..... ........ .......... 19
30. Provincial Ordinances .... .. ....... ...... ............................... 19
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
H. Books and Other Non-Periodic Materials
31 . Single Author ..... ....... .. .... ......... ... .......... ....... .............. 20
32. Single Author with Multi-Volume Work ..... ...... .......... ..... 20
33. Two Authors ........... ........ ................ ...... ...... ............... 21
34. More than Two Authors ............... ........................ ...... .. 21
35. With Editor or Translator ............ ........ ...................... ... 21
36. Institutional Authors ... ...... ................ .......................... 22
37. Works in Collections ............ ...................................... .. 22
38. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues ...... .. 23
39. Compilations ... ................ ....... ......... ...... ..................... 23
40. Annotations .......... ....... ... .... ........... .... ........ ................ 24
41. Treatises ..... ....... ...... .................... ......... .. ........ .......... 24
42. Special Citation Forms ... ......... ...... ...................... ......... 25
I. Journals and Periodical Articles in General
43. Consecutively Paginated Journals .. ........... .................... 25
44. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journals .... ......... ............. 25
45. Citation of Student Works in Law Journals ......... ..... ...... 26
J. Other Periodical Articles
46. Magazine Articles ..... ... ...... .. ...... ...... ............. ........ ..... .. 27
47. Signed Newspaper Articles ....................... .................... 27
K. Internet Sources
48. I nternet Sources in General ........................... .............. 28
49. News Articles Online ...... ....... ....................................... 28
50. Paginated Unpublished Materials Online ............... ......... 29
51. Non-Paginated Unpublished Materials Online .......... ....... 29
L. Interviews
52. I n-Person Interview ................ .................... ......... ....... 30
53. Telephone Interview ................. .................. ........... ..... 30
54. Interview Not Personally Conducted ........... ................... 30
M. Speeches
55. Unpublished and Untranscribed Speeches .... ... .... ......... .. 31
56. Transcribed Speeches .... .... ........ ........... ....... ... ............. 31
57. Published Speeches .. ....... ..... ...... ........................ .... ..... 32
N. Theses
58. Dissertations and Theses ............... ............... ......... ...... 33
0. Electronic Databases
59. Westlaw Sources .................................. .................... .. 34
INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS
P. Resolutions
60. U.N. G.A. Resolutions .................. ................... .... ......... 35
61. U.N. G.A. Resolutions from Online Version ......... ........ .... 36
62. U.N. G.A. Resolutions Better Known by Titles ......... ....... . 36
63. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations ....................... 37
Q. Reports
64. U.N. Reports .... .. .. ...... .................... .... .... ... .. ............... 38
65. Reports by the Secretary-General or Other Officials ........ 38
66. Conference Reports ......... .......................... ..... .... ......... 39
 R. Treaties
67. Multilateral Treaties .... .................. .......... ........ ............ 40
68. Bilateral Treaties ........................................................ 41
69. Founding Documents .................................................. 42
70. U.N. Charter and League of Nations Covenant ............... 42
S. International Law Cases
71. World Court Decisions (I.C.J. and P.C.I.J.) .................. .. 43
72. World Court Advisory Opinions ...... ............................... 45
73. Online I.C.J. Cases ...................... ............................... 45
74. Decisions of the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights ....... .......... .... ......... ........... ........... ........ 46
75. Decisions of the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights .. .................... ........................ .......... .. .. 46
76. International Criminal Tribunals Cases ...... ................ .... 47
77. International Arbitration Cases ............. .............. .......... 47
T. WTO and GATI Materials
78. WTO Panel and Appellate Body Reports ........................ 48
79. Reports by other WTO Bodies ........................ .............. 48
80. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Panel
Decisions ........... ...... .... ...... ........................................ 49
81. WTO Ministerial Documents .. .. .... ..... .... .... ............ ..... ... 49
U. Other International Materials
82. Materials by International
Non-Governmental Organization ............ ........ .............. 50
83. Sales Publications ........ ............... .... ... ..... ................. ... 50
FOREIGN MATERIALS
V. United States Code
84. Entire Statutes Codified in the U.S.C. ............................ 52
85. Individual Provisions in the U.S.C. .......... ........ ........... ... 53
86. Citations to U.S.C. Supplements ....... .......... ......... ......... 54
87. U.S. Internal Revenue Code ..... ..... .. ... ......... ........ ......... 54
W. U.S. Rules of Procedure and Evidence
88. Federal Rules of Procedure ................................... ....... 55
89. Uniform Rules of Evidence .............. ............................. 55
X. U.S. Session Laws
90. Session Laws .............................................................. 56
Y. U.S. Cases
91. U.S. Supreme Court Cases ............ .... .............. .......... ... 57
92. United States Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, and
District Court Cases ..................................................... 58
93. State Court Cases ....................................................... 59
94. Unreported Cases Available in Electronic Databases ....... 60
Z. Codes of Selected States in the U.S.
95. California Codes ........... ..... ... .................................... ... 61
96. Louisiana Codes ... ...... ....................... ........ .................. 61
97. New York Codes ..... ........ ........ ...... ...... ...................... .. 62
AA. Spanish Codes
98. Spanish Civil Code ......................... .......... .................... 63
99. Spanish Criminal Code ................ ............... ......... ........ . 63
BB. German Codes
100 . German Civil Code .................. .................. .............. ... 64
CC. French Codes
101. French Civil Code ............ .. ......... .......... ...................... 65
INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS
102. Signals that signify support ................................ ......... 66
103. Signals that signify comparison .. ................... ..... ......... 67
104. Signals that signify divergence of views .. ..... .............. .. 68
105. Signals as verbs .............................. .... .. ....... ............. 68
 SHORT CITATION FORMS ANNEX- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

106. !d. ........................................................................... 69 A. Selected Geographical Terms

107. Supra....................................................................... 72 B. Months
108. "Hereinafter" ............................................................ 72 C. Periodicals
D. Other Selected Terms and Periodicals
GENERAL RULES OF USAGE E. Government Issuances
F. Subdivisions
DD. Quotations
109. Quotations in General ................................................ 75
110. Alterations ................................................................ 77
111. Omissions ................................................................ 77
112. Emphasis ................................. ...... .......................... 78

EE. Punctuations
113. Periods .................................................................... 78
114. Commas ................................................................... 78
115. Semicolons ............................................................... 79
116. Colons .......... .... ....................................................... 79
117. Hyphens ............................................... ................... 79
118. Em Dash .................................................................. 79
119. Ellipses .................................................................... 80
120. Brackets ................................................................... 81
121. Parentheses ............................................................. 81

FF. Other Rules

122. Capitalization ............................................................ 82
123. Numerals ................................................................. 84
124. Ordinals ................................................................... 84
125. Symbols ................................................................... 85
126. Italicization ....................................... ....................... 85
 PRIMARY AUTHORITIES

A. Constitutions

1. Incumbent Constitution

l . l. The incumbent Constitution is cited as fol lows: {STATE OR

COUNTRY} CONST. {subdivisions}.

I. PI-liL. CONST. art. VI , § I.

2. PHIL. CONST. art. VII , § Il , ~ 2.

1.2. !d. may not be used to refer to the Constitution (see Notes 1
and 2 above).

2. Repealed Constitutions

2. 1. Repealed constitutions may be cited as fo llows: {Year of

adoption} {STATE OR COUNTRY} CONST. {subdivisions}
({year superseded}}.

3. 193 5 PHIL. CONST. art. I, § I (superseded 1973).

2.2. Tip: CONST. is in a format known as SMALL CAPS. If you are using
Microsoft Word, you may simply press CTRL + SHIFT + K to
change the text to SMALL CAPS.

B. Codes and Statutes

J.Codes

3. 1. The initial citation style for codes is as follows: {Full title}

[{sHORT TILE}], {statute number}, {subdivisions}
({year}}.
4 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL PRlMARY AUTHORlT l ES 5

3.2. The SHORT TITLE is in SMALL CAPS if the statute being cited is a II. Id. § 2.
Code (e.g. REVISED PENAL CODE, INTELLECfUAL PROPERTY CODE, CIVIL 12. An Act Penalizing the M aking or Drawing and Issuance of
CoDE, LABOR CoDE, etc.). The short title may be in abbreviated a Check Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other
form. Refer to the Annex for selected citation abbreviations.
Purposes, Batas Pamba.nsa Blg. 22, § 6 (1978).
3.3. If the code's short title includes the phrase "of the Philippines",
such must be omitted (e.g. "LABOR CODE" instead of "LABOR CoDE
1.3. If t he statute has undergone express amendments, place "as
Amended" after the statute number. However, do not include
OF THE PHILIPPINES").
"as Amended" in subsequent citations.
4· An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws
1 3. A Decree instituting a Labor Code Thereby Revising and
[REVISED PENAL CODE], Act N o. 3815, art. 2 (1932).
Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection
s. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the to Labor, Promote Employment and Human Resources
Philippines [CIVIL CODE), Republic Act No. 386 (I950) . Development and Insure Industrial Peace Based on Social
Justice [LATIOR CODE), Presidential Decree No . 442, as
3.4. The subsequent citation style for codes is: {SHORT TITLE}, An1ended, § r (1974).
{subdivisions cited}. Do not use supra.
'1.4. The subsequent citation style for statutes is as follows: {Short
3.5. Id. may also be used for subsequent citations when applicable. Title or abbreviated statute number}, {subdivision
cited}. Do not use supra.
6. REVISED PENAL CODE, arts. I7I-I73.
7· Id. 4.5. Jd. may also be used when applicable. If the statute has no
short title, use the statute number for short citation.
8. Jd. art. 180, ~~ 2.
14. e-Commerce Act of 2000, § 34·
4. Statutes 15. Id.
16. B.P. Blg. 22, §§ 3 & 5·
4.1. The initial citation style for statutes other than codes is as 17. ld. §§I, 3, & 5·
follows: {Full title} [{short title, if any}], {statute
number}, {subdivision cited} ({year}). 4.6. There is a space between the section symbol (§) and the
subdivision number.
4.2. The short title for statutes is in ordinary Roman font, not SMALL
CAPS. Follow the short title used in the statute itself. If no short 4.7. When citing multiple sections which are non-consecutive, two
title is provided, do not indicate any. section symbols (§§) are used plus an ampersand (&) and
commas to separate the subdivision numbers cited. If the
9· An Act Providing for the Recognition and U se of subdivisions cited are consecutive, use a hyphen (-) to delineate
Electronic Commercial and Non-commercial Transactions them (e.g.§§ 1-7).
and Documents, Penalties for Unlawful U se Thereof and
For Other Purposes [e-Commerce Act of 2000), Republic 4.8. There is a space between the section number and the specific
Act No. 8792, § 33 (2ooo). paragraph in the section cited (e.g. § 2 (a)).
ro. Id.
. 6 ATE N EO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORITI ES 7

C. Cases Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) and the Philippine Reports

(Phil.).

5. Reported Supreme Court Decisions

5.1. When citing a court decision, om it the names of al l the parties
other than those first listed from the contending sides. Also, use
"v." (not "vs.") to distinguish the contending parties in the case.
5.2. The initial citation style for Supreme Court (SC) decided cases is
as follows: {Case name}, {volume number} {reporter}
{first page}, {cited page} ({year}).
6. Unreported Supreme Court Decisions
d. If the case cited has not yet been reported, the citation is as
follows: {Case name}, {case or G.R. number}, {date}.
This is appl icable to cases that have not yet been reported
because they have only been recently decided by the SC. If the
decision can be found on the SC website, cite the decision
thereto.

r8 . Laurel v . Abrogar, 483 SCRA 243, 245 (2006). 22. People v. Fragante, G.R. No . 182521, Feb. 9, 20II .
T9. Garcia v. People, 410 SCRA 582, 58 3 (200 3) . 23. Id.

5.3. If the case being cited is a consolidation of two or more actions .2. For subsequent citations of unreported cases, follow this format:
cite only the first listed case. ' {Abbreviated case name}, {case or G.R. Number}. The
date of promu lgation is omitted. Do not use supra. However, !d.
5.4. For subsequent citations of a case, follow th is format: may be used when proper.
{Abbreviated case name}, {volume number} {reporter}
at {cited page}. The abbreviated case name is italicized. The 24. Fragante, G.R. No. J82521.
year and first page of the cited decision are om itted. This format
is generally applicable to any kind of court decision.
7. Bar Matters as Decisions
5.5. Id. may also be used when proper.

5.6.
7. 1. There are also Supreme Court decisions involving concerns of
Supra may not be used for subsequent citations of cases. the Phil ippine Bar. These are referred to as Bar Matters. The
citation style is similar to that of unreported cases above. Refer
5.7. Choose an abbreviated case name that would not cause to the examples below.
ambiguity or confusion with other cited cases. Do not use for
short citation the name of a geographical or governmental unit, 25. Pomperada v. Jochico, Bar Matter No. L-68, Nov. 21,
government position, or other common names of litigants like,
1984.
for example, "People " or "Commissioner".
26. In Re : Petition to T ake the Lawyer's O ath by Arthur M .
20. Laurel, 483 SCRA at 269. Cuevas, Jr., Bar M atter No. 8:r o, J an. 27, 1998 .
2r. Id.
7.2. For subsequent citations of bar matters, use the ru le for
5.8. unreported cases above (6.2).
If a cited case has been reported, the reported source of such
case must be cited . Examples of case reporters are the Supreme
8 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORITlE S 9

8. Supreme Court Decisions Other than the Majority 3 r. Dulalia, Jr. v. Cruz, A.C. No. 6854, Apr. 27, 2007, available
Opinion at http:! /sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2oo7/april2007/
6854.htm (last accessed Feb. 16, 2orr).

8.1. When citing a decision other than the main opm1on (e.g. 9.2. For subsequent citations, follow the rule for unreported cases
Separate, Dissenting, Concurring, Separate and Concurring above (6.2).
Opinions, and the like), indicate that such other opinion is being
cited. Thus, the format is: {Case name}, {volume number}
{reporter} {first page}, {cited page} ({year}) ({Name 10. Unreported Cases Not Available in the Supreme Court
of Justice}, {separate/ concurring/ dissenting opinion}). Website

27. Garcia v. Philippine Airlines, 576 SCRA 490, 5II-I2

(2009) a.Velasco, Jr., separate opinion). 10.1. SC decisions which, although not recently decided, are not
reported nor found on the SC website, are cited as follows:
28. Serrano v. National Labor Relations Commission, 323 {Case name}, {case or G.R. Number}, {date}
SCRA 445, 503 (2ooo) a.
Puno, dissenting opinion). (unreported).

8.2. To short-cite the above decisions, follow the examples below. 32. Malate Taxicab Garage, Inc. v. Del Villar, G .R. No . L-
Id. may also be used when proper. 7489, Feb. 29, 1956 (unreported) .

29. Garcia, 576 SCRA at 5II-I2 a. Velasco, Jr., separate I 0.2. For subsequent citations, follow the rule for unreported cases
opinion). above (6.2).
30. ld.

8.3. There is generally no need to indicate whether a decision is the
opinion of the majority or was promulgated per curiam.
Nevertheless, if, in the same work, other opinions have already
been referred to, indicate the fact that what is being cited is the
majority or main opinion. This is also done through
parentheticals.
11. Decisions of Other Philippine Courts in General
Ll.l. Generally, the citation format for reported decisions of other
Philippine courts is as follows: {Case name}, {volume
number} {reporter} {first page}, {cited page}
({deciding court abbreviation} {year}).

9. Unreported Cases Available in the Supreme Court
Website
9.1. Usually, copies of new decisions of the SC are released
electronically on its website before they are published in case
reporters. For unreported cases which are available in the SC
Website, cite as: {Case name}, {case or G.R. Number},
{date}, available at {internet address} (last accessed
{date}).
33. People v. Collantes, 37 O.G. r8o4, 1805 (CA 1926).
11.2. If not evident from the reporter name or other detail, the
deciding court must be indicated so as to distinguish from
binding precedents decided by the SC.
11.3. For subsequent citations, follow the rule for reported SC
decisions in 5.4 above.
IO ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
12. Unreported Decisions of the Court of Appeals, Court of
Tax Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan
12.1. Unreported decisions of the Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax
Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan are cited as follows: {Case
name}, {case number} ({deciding court} {date}).
34· Tafiedo v. Tafiedo, CA-G.R. CV No. 76382, Dec. 8,
2006.
35. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum C orporation v. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, C TA Case No . 6003 , Aug. 2, 2004.
36. People v. Estrada, et al. , SB Crim. Case No . 265 58, Sep.
! 2, 2007.
12.2. The name of the deciding court need not be indicated if it can
be gleaned from the docket number of the case.
12.3. Subsequent citations must fol low the fol lowing format:
{Abbreviated case name}, {case number}.
37· Tafiedo, CA- G.R. C V No. 7638 2.
38 . Pilipinas Shell, C TA Case No. 6003.
39. Estrada, SB Crim. Case No . 2655 8.
D. legislative Materials
13. Bills
13.1. Generally, legislative materials, particularly bills, are cited as
follows: {Title, if needed}, {House of Representatives Bill
(H.B.) or Senate Bill (S.B.) No.}, {subdivision cited, if
any}, {legislature}, {session} ({year}).
40. H.B. No. 604, 15th C ong., rst R eg. Sess. (2on).
41. An Act Amending R epublic Act No . 7898, Otherwise
Known as the AFP M odernization Act, And For Other
PRIMARY AUTHORlTl ES II
PUlposes, S.B. No. 2938 , 15 th C ong. , 2d Reg. Sess.
(20II).
13.2. Subsequent citations for House or Senate bills shou ld use the bill
number, not the title of the bill. Thus: {H.B. or S.B. No.},
{subdivision}. Just omit the legislature number, session
details, and the date. !d. may also be used when proper.
42. H.B . No. 604, § I.
14. Resolutions
14.1. Resolutions are cited analogously to bills, as follows: {Title, if
needed}, {Senate (S.) or House of Representatives (H.)
Res. No.}, {subdivision cited, if any}, {legislature},
{session} ({year}).
43 · S. R es. No. 599, 15th C ong. , 2d R eg. Sess. (2on).
44· H . R es. No . oo2, 15th Cong., rst Sess. (201 0) .
14.2. Subsequent citations for House or Senate resolutions should use
the resolution number, not the title of the resolution. Thus:
{Senate (S.) or House of Representatives (H.) Res. No.},
{subdivision, if any}. Just omit the legislature number,
session details, and the date. Id. may also be used when
proper.
15. Committee Reports
15. 1. Once a bill is introduced, it is sent to a committee or comm ittees
to hold hearings regarding the proposed legislation. Reports of
these committees may be cited as fol lows: {Title of relevant
bill, if needed}, {committee/committees}, {Senate (S.)
or House of Representatives (H.) Rep. No.},
{legislature}, {session} ({year}) .
45· C ommittees on H ealth and D emography, Finance, and
Youth, Women, and Family Relations, S. R ep. N o. 49,
15th C ong., 1st R eg. Sess. (2on).
 12 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORITIES 13

15.2. These may be subsequently cited as: {Senate (S.) or House , Executive and Administrative Materials
of Representative (H.) Rep. No.} {report number} at
{page number, if any}. Id may also be used when proper.
18. Executive Issuances
46. S. Rep. No. 56.
47· S. Reo. No. 49. 111.1. For executive issuances, as a general rule, the citation is as
d
follows: {Issuing agency}, {title, if any}, {issuance or
series number, if any} [{short/ abbreviated title, if
16. Congressional Records applicable}], {volume and official reporter, if any},
{page or subdivision cited} ({date}). Always cite from a
16.1. For Congressional Records, citations should be in SMALL CAPS and reporter (e.g., Official Gazette (O.G.)) if published therein.
should include the following: {CONG. REc.} {volume and
number}, at {page cited}, {legislature}, {session} 51. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Revenue Memorandum
({date}). Circular No. 37-93 [BIR RMC No. 37-93], 89 O.G. 4476
(Aug. 9, 1993).
48. CONG. REc. Vol. I-I, at 5. ISth Cong., 2d Reg. Sess. 52. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Revenue Regulation No. r6-
Ouly 25, 20II). 2005 [BIR Rev. Reg. r6-2005], effectivity cl. (Sep. I,
2005).
16.2. For subsequent citations, follow this format: {CoNG. REc.}
53 . Bureau of Internal Revenue, Ruling No. DA- 176-04
{volume and number}, at {page cited}. Just omit the [BIR Ruling No. DA-r76-o4] (Apr. 6, 2004).
legislature number, session details, and the date. Id may also
be used when proper. 54. Office of the President, Instituting the Presidential Award
for Heroism in Times of Disaster, Executive Order No.
421 [E.O . No. 42I] (Sep. 7, I990).
17. Congressional Journals 55. Securities and Exchange Commission, Code of Corporate
Governance, SEC Memorandum Circular No. 2, Series of
17.1. To cite Congressional Journals, follow this format: {Volume, if 2002 [SEC Memo. Circ. No. 6, s. 2002] (Apr. 5, 2002).
any} {S. or H. JouRNAL} {journal or session number}, at
{page number cited}, {legislature}, {session} ({date}). l .2. For subsequent citations, indicate the acronym or abbreviation
of the administrative agency before the issuance or series
49· S. JOURNAL Sess. No. 75. at I204, ISth Cong., Ist Reg. number. Then, include the pertinent subdivisions, if any.
Sess. (Mar. 15, 2on).
so. H. JOURNAL No. I4, at !7. ISth Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
56. BIR RMC No. 37-93·
(Aug. 23 & 24, 20II). 57· SEC Memo. Circ. No. 6 (2002), art. I.

17.2. For subsequent citations, follow this format: {S. or H.

JouRNAL} {journal or session number}, at {page cited}.
Just omit the legislature number, session details, and the date.
Id may also be used when proper.
14 ATE N EO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORI T I ES 15

19. Advisory Opinions 63. Supreme Court, R e: Proposed Reform in the Bar
Examinations, Bar M atter No . II6I [B.M . No. II61] (Feb.
19.1. Advisory opinions are cited ana logously to administrative 3. 2009).
issuances . Cite as: {Issuing agency}, {title, if any},
{issuance or series number, if any} ({date}). JI, . For subsequent citations, follow Ru le 20.2 above.

s8. Department of Justice, D OJ Opinion No . 001, Series of

22. Implementing Rules and Regulations
2009 (Dec. r8, 2008).

19.2. For subsequent citations, indicate the acronym of the J) . l. For Implementing Rules and Regu lations of various statutes, the
administrative agency then the issuance or series number. following format is be used: {Issuing agency, if needed},
Rules and Regulations Implementing {full title, if
59. D O] O pini on N o. 009, s. 2009. relevant or short title of statute, if any}, {statute
60. DO] Opinion N o. 001, s. 2009. number}, {subdivision} ({year}).

64. R ules and R egulations Implementing the Anti- Violence

20. Supreme Court Circulars and Administrative Orders
20.1. Supreme Court circulars and administrative orders are akin to
administrative issuances. Cite them as: {Supreme Court},
{title, if any}, {issuance or series number, if any}
[{short title, if applicable}], {subdivision} ({date}).
6r. Supreme Court, R e: Designation of Pilot Courts for Small
Claims Cases, SC Administrative O rder No. 141-2008 [SC 22.2.
A.O. N o. 141] (Sep. 29, 2oo8).
20.2. For subsequent citations, just indicate the {short title} and
{subdivision} referred to. Jd. may also be used when proper. 22.3.
62. SC A.O. N o. 141, § r.
against W omen and T heir Children Act of 2004, Republic
Act N o. 9262, § 14 (a) (2004) .
6s. Id.
66. R ules and Regulations Implementing the e-Commerce
Act of 2000 [e-Commerce Act of 2000), Republic Act N o.
8792, § I (2000).
67. Id.
The ful l title of the statute need not be given if not relevant. If
there is no short title, indicate the fu ll title or the statute
number.
For subsequent citations, indicate: Rules and Regulations
I mplementing {short title, if any or statute number},
{subdivision cited}. Jd. may also be used when proper.

21. Bar Matters

21.1. A Bar Matter may be a Supreme Court issuance or case . For

issuances, the rules for SC circulars above is followed.
 I6 ATEN EO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORIT I ES 17

F. Rules of Procedure 79· THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO, A.M . N o. 07-9-
r2-SC, Sep. 25, 2007, § 9.

23. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court U. For subsequent citations, indicate: {TITLE OF RULEs},
{subdivision}.
23.1. The Rules of Court cannot be cited in the footnote text as a
collective repository of rules. It may only be mentioned in the 25. Superseded Rules of Court
body to refer to the Rules of Court as a collective.

23.2. If a specific rule is cited, the following form is observed: {Year, ''·I. Rules already superseded must be accordingly cited .
if applicable} {TITLE OF RULEs}, {rule number},
{subdivision cited}. The title is in SMALL CAPS. 8o. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, mle Il2, § 6 (a)
(superseded 2000).
68. 2000 REVISED R ULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, mle 81. r983 RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN SPECIAL
110, § 4· CASES, rule II2 , § 10 (superseded 1991).
69. Id.
70. 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rule 41, § 2 (a) .
1
1.2. For subsequent citations, retain the year. Just omit the year it
was superseded .
71. Id.
72. REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE, rule 128, § I.
26. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies
73 · Jd.
74· SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 73, § 1.
llh. l. Generally, if rules of procedure of administrative agencies,
75. Id. exercising their quasi-judicial functions, are promulgated as
76. 1991 REVISED R ULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE, § 10. official issuances, cite them as in Executive and Administrative
77· Id. Materials (Section E above). Thus: {Issuing agency}, {title}
[{short title}], {subdivision} ({date}).
23.3. For subsequent citations, just omit the year, if any is used. Id.
may also be used when proper. 82. Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board, T he
2009 Departm ent of Agrarian Refom1 Adjudicatio n Board
R ules of Procedu re [2009 D ARAB R ules of Procedure],
24. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court Not rule III, § I (Sep . I, 2009).
Incorporated in the Rules of Court 8 3. National Labor Relations Commission, The 200 5 Revised
R ules of Procedure of the N ational Labor Relations
24.1. Cite ru les of procedure which are not under the Rules of Court Commission [2005 N LRC Revised R ules of Procedure],
as: {TITLE OF RULES}, {rule or issuance number}, {date, if rule III , § 6 (a) (2005).
any}, {if annotated, indicate such fact} {subdivision}.
6.2. For subsequent citations, follow this format: {Short title},
78. RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CASES, {subdivision cited}.
A.M. N o. 09-6-8-SC, Apr. 13, 2oro, annot. § r.
r8 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
27. Legislative Rules of Procedure
27.1. Cite congressional rules of procedure as fol lows:
{Congressional body} {title} [{short title, if any}],
{subdivision cited}, {legislature} ({date}).
84. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings [H.
Rules on Impeachment], rule I, § I, 13th Cong. (Aug. I,
2005).
85. S. Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of
Legislation [S. Rules on Inquiries in Aid of Legislation], §
2, 15th Cong. (Aug. 2I, I995).
27.2. For subsequent citations, use this format: {Short title},
{subdivision cited}.
G. Ordinances
28. Municipal Ordinances
28.1. Municipal ordinances are cited by: {Ordinance No.},
Sangguniang Sayan of {Municipality}, {title of
ordinance} [{short citation}], {subdivision} ({date}).
86. Municipal Ordinance No. 002-2006, Sangguniang Bayan of
Balete (Aldan), An Ordinance Enacting the Gender and
Development (GAD) Code of the Municipality of Balete
and Mandating the Implementation of a Comprehensive
and· Sustainable GAD Program [Balete Municipal
Ordinance No. oo2-2oo6], § 6 (Mar. 9, 2006).
28.2. For subsequent citations, Id may be used when proper.
Otherwise, use the short citation and the subdivision number.
This is applicable to all kinds of ordinances below.
87. Balete Municipal Ordinance No. 002-2006, § 6.
PRIMARY AUTHORITiES 19
29. City Ordinances
II, I , City ordinances are cited by: {Ordinance No.}, Sangguniang
Panlungsod of {City}, {title of ordinance} [{short
citation}], {subdivision} ({date}).
1!8. Tagum City Ordinance No. 508-2ou, Sangguniang
Panlungsod of Tagurn (Davao del Norte), An Ordinance
Granting Separation/Disability/Death Benefits to All
Qualified Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) in Tagum
City [Tagum City Ordinance No. 508-20II], § 4 (May I6,
20II).
30. Provincial Ordinances
Ill. I , Provincial ordinances are cited by: {Ordinance No.},
Sangguniang Panlalawigan of {Province}, {title of
ordinance} [{short citation}], {subdivision} ({date}).
89. Provincial Ordinance No. 5-2009, Sangguniang
Panlalawigan of the Province of Davao Oriental, An
Ordinance on Environmental Regulations and Resource
Management in the Province of Davao Oriental [Davao
Oriental Provincial Ordinance No. 5-2009], § 7 (a) (Nov.
17, 2009).
 SECO NDARY AUTHORITIES 21

SECONDARY AUTHORITIES 33. Two Authors

H. Books and Other Non-Periodic Materials II. I . If the book has two authors, separate their names with an
ampersand ("&") as follows: {FIRST AUTHOR} & {SECOND
AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited page} ({year of publication} or
31. Single Author
{edition number} {year of edition}).

31.1. A book by a single author is cited as: {AUTHOR}, {TITLE} 94· JUSTICE JOSE C. VITUG & JUDGE ERNESTO D. ACOSTA,
{cited page} ({year of publication} or {edition number} TAX LAW AND JURISPRUDEN CE 150 (3d ed . 2006).
{year of edition}). 95. ]OVITO R . SALONGA & PEDRO L. YAP, PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW 77 (5th ed. 1992).
31.2. The AUTHOR and the TITLE are both in SMALL CAPS form.
96. VlTUG & ACOSTA, supra note 94, at 175 .
90. RUBEN F. BALANE, jOTTINGS AND JURISPRUDENCE IN
II . ~. For subsequent citations, fol low Ru le 31.4 above.
CIVIL LAW: SUCCESSION 59 (4th ed. 2010).
9I. jOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 34. More than Two Authors
II95 (2009 ed. ).

31.3. For subsequent citations, !d. may be used when proper. H. I . If the material was written by more than two authors, follow
this format: {FIRST AUTHOR}, ET AL., {TITLE} {cited page}
31.4. Supra may also be used for other subsequent citations following ({year of publication} or {edition number} {year of
this format: {AUTHOR}, supra note {footnote number of edition}).
initial citation}, at {page number cited}.
97· NAR.CISO PENA, ET AL., REGISTRATION OF LAND TITLES
92 . BALANE, supra note 90, at 103 . AND DEEDS 200 (2008 ed.).
98. JOSUE N. BELLOSILLO, ET AL., OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
181 (2007).
32. Single Author with Multi-Volume Work
99. PENA, ET AL., supra note 97, at 225.

32.1. For materials by a single author with multi-volume work, follow I . . For subsequent citations, fol low Ru le 31.4 above.
th is format: {Volume number} {AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited
page} ({year of publication} or {edition number} {year
of edition}). · 35. With Editor or Translator

93· 2 OSCAR B. HERRERA, REMEDIAL LAW ISO (2007 ed.).

l 11.l. If the material has an indicated editor or translator, the format
is: {AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited page} ({Editor or
32.2 . For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. Translator} {ed(s). or trans.}, {year}).
22 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL SECONDARY AUTHORlTlES 23

roo. ADAM SMITH, THE WEALTH OF NATIONS 30-31 (Edwin
Cannan ed., 2000).
101. WOMEN AND AMERICAN JUDAISM 108-09 (Pamela S.
Nadell &Jonathan D . Sarna eds., 2001).
102. WOMEN AND LANGUAGE IN LITERATURE AND SOCIETY
284-99 (Ruth Broker, et al. eds., 1980).
103 . NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, THE PRINCE 45-50
Marriott trans., 1908).
35.2. For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above.
36. Institutional Authors
36.1. If the indicated author is an institution, cite as: {INSTITUTIONAL
AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited page} ({year of publication} or
{edition number} {year of edition}).
104. WORKING GROUP FOR AN ASEAN HUMAN RIGHTS
MECHANISM, TOWARDS AN ASEAN HUMAN RIGHTS
MECHANISM 3 (1999) .
36.2. For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above.
1/ I, he indicator "in" must be italicized.
II I, or subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. However, the
f rmat of the author's name in the short citation must follow
hat used in the initial citation, i.e., ordinary Roman font.
, Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues
(W.K.
Ill I . or prefaces, forewords, introductions, and epi logues by
omeone other than the author of the cited material, use this
format: {Author of the preface, foreword, etc.},
I ntroduction 1 Preface I Foreword I Epilogue to
{ AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited page of preface, foreword, etc.}
({year of publication} or {edition number} {year of
edition}).
1 o6. Ricardo Paras, Foreword to JOSE Y. FERIA & MAKIA
CONCEPCION S. NOCHE, CiVIL PROCEDURE
ANNOTATED iii (2001) .
Ill, , For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. However, the
format of the author's name in the short citation must follow
that used in the initial citation, i.e., ordinary Roman font.

39. Compilations
37. Works in Collections

Certain legal compi lations combine several issues of a periodical

37.1. For works in collections, the citation style is: {Author}, {title
or journal into a multi-volume work. These compilations may be
Of the shorter WOrk}, in {TITLE OF THE WHOLE COLLECTION}
divided into chapters or divisions based on specific topics. While
{cited page} ({year of publication} or {edition number}
the initial edition is attributable to the authors, further editiog,s
{year of edition}).
are updated or expanded by a new team of editors. The~e
works may be cited as follows: {Volume number} {AUTHOR},
37.2. The author and the title are not in SMALL CAPS but, rather, in
{TITLE}, {division} {cited page}, ({editor} {ed(s).},
ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively. The TITLE OF THE
{year of publication} or {edition number} {year of
COLLECTION, however, is in SMALL CAPS format.
edition}).
105. Lola Rodriguez de Tio, Ode to October 10, in HERENCIA:
l07. T CHRISTOPHER SHAWCROSS & K.M. BEAUMONT,
THE ANTHOLOGY OF HISPANIC LITERATURE OF THE
SHAWCROSS & BEAUMONT: AIR LAW, VII 3! 7 0- David
UNITED STATES 562 (Nicolas Kanellos ed. & Manuel
McClean, et al. , eds ., 4th ed. 2003).
T ellechea trans. , 2002) .
24 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL SECO NDARY AUTHORLTlES 25

108. 2 CHRISTOPHER SHAWCROSS & K.M . BEAUMONT, 42. Special Citation Forms
SHAWCROSS & BEAUMONT: AIR LAW, A 43-67 (].David
McClean et al., eds., 4th ed., 2003).
I I 1, Below are examples of frequently cited works that require
39.2. For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. pecia l citation:

1 1 r. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 714 (9th ed . 2009).

40. Annotations
40.1. Annotations, which are discussions in selected case reporters
(like the SCRA and the Phil.), are cited as follows: {Author},
Annotation, {title}, {volume number} {reporter} {first
page}, {cited page} ({year}) .
1 12. L7 AM. JVR. 2D Contracts§ 74 (1964) .
1 £3. I john 4:7-8 (KingJames).
I 1 , enerally, short-cite them by omitting the year or edition
number. !d. may also be used when proper.

109. Jorge R. Coquia, Annotation, The National Computerized • uurnals and Periodical Articles in General
Identification Riference System as Violation of the Right to
Privacy: A R eview of the Principles and Jurisprudence on Privacy 43. Consecutively Paginated Journals
as Human Rights, 293 SCRA 201, 203 (1998).

40.2. For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. However, the I 111. Cite consecutively paginated journals as: {Author}, {title},
format of the author's name in the short citation must follow {volume number} {JOURNAL} {first page}, {cited page}
that used in the initial citation, i.e., ordinary Roman font. ({year}).

I I. • A journal is consecutively paginated if the works are paginated

41. Treatises
41.1. Treatises are formal discourses covering specific subject
matters. These may come in volumes. When citing a single II, I.
volume of a multi-volume work, give the main title of the
specific volume cited. If the title ends with a numeral, or if
distinguishing between the title and page number could
otherwise be confusing, the page number should be set apart
and preceded by a comma and the word "at" as follows:
{AUTHOR}, {TITLE} {cited page} ({year}) Or {AUTHOR},
{TITLE ENDING WITH A NUMBER}, at {cited page} ({year}).
In sequence throughout the whole volume. Author name and
title are in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively.
The JOURNAL NAME is in SMALL CAPS and abbreviated (refer to the
Annex for selected abbreviations).
1 14. Dawn N agatani, U.S. -japan Enhanced Initiative as an
Instrument of Change: The Efficacy of Japan 's Latest Effort at
Telecommunications Deregulation, 22 ASIAN-PAC. LAW &
POL'Y]. 29 I, 296 (200 I) .

ITO. SAMUEL WILLISTON, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF

44. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journals
CONTRACTS, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TREATISE 120- 21
(1990). 11.1. Cite non-consecutively paginated journals as: {Author},
{title}, {JOURNAL}, {date, month, quarter, period or
41.2. For subsequent citations, follow Rule 31.4 above. year}, at {cited page}.
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL SECONDARY AUTHORlTIES 27

44.2. Non-consecutively paginated journals are those whose issues I Oth r Periodical Articles
per volume are separately paginated.

I 15. Victor L. Streib, Sentencing Women to Death, CRIM. JUST. , 46. Magazine Articles
Spring 2000, at 23.
lit I, Cite magazine articles as: {Author}, {title}, {NAME OF
45. Citation of Student Works in Law Journals MAGAZINE}, {date, month, quarter, period or year}, at
{page number cited}.

45.1. Cite student works in journals as: {Author}, 1 2 1. Usha Tankha, Traniforming Miifortune into Opportunity,
{Comment/Note/Case Note}, {title}, {volume number} ADB REv., Apr.-May 2006, at 30.
{JOURNAL} {first page}, {cited page} ({date, month,
quarter, period or year}}.
47. Signed Newspaper Articles
116. Kristoffer James E. Purisima, Comment, The Public
Character of Coconut Levy Funds in Republic v. COCOFED,
I , I, lte sig ned newspaper articles as: {Author}, {headline},
47 ATENEO L.J. 154, 155 (2002).
{ABBREVIATION OF NEWSPAPER}, {date of article}, at {page
rr7. Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran, Note, Psychological Incapacity on which article appears}.
Revisited: A Review of Recent jurisprudence, 52 ATENEO L.J.
392, 416 (2007). 122. John M. Broder, Clinton Adamant on 3D World Role m
Climate Accord, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 12, 1997, at A1.
45.2. For subsequent citations under this Section (I), Id may be used
when proper. 17, , or subsequent citations under this Section (J), Jd may be used
when proper.
45.3. Supra may also be used accord ing to this format: {Author},
supra note {footnote number of initial citation}, at I , I, Supra may also be used according to this format: {Author},
{page number cited}. supra note {footnote number of initial citation}, at
{page number cited}.
uS. Hans Leo ]. Cacdac, The 2006 ILO Maritime Labor
Convention: Prospects for Philippine Ratification, 55 ATENEO 123. Ronnel W. Domingo, Philippine insurers expect rise in sales,
L.J. 4.7 (2oro). PHIL. DAILY INQ., Sep. 21, 201!, at B3.
II9. Jd. 124. Id.
120. Nagatani, supra note II4, at 293. 125. Broder, supra note 122, at A1.
28 ATEN EO LAW JOURNAL
K. Internet Sources
48. Internet Sources in General
48.1. In general, internet sources are cited as follows: {Author or
organization, if any}, {title}, available at {internet
address} (last accessed {date}). The author and title are
both in ordinary Roman font.
126. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Tamaraw
Conservation Proj ect, available at http://www.p awb.
gov.ph/ progs/ta maraw.htm (last accessed Dec. 27, 2002).
127. Barry M. Leiner, et al., A Brief History of the Internet,
available at http://www.isoc.org/intem et/ history/brief
shtml# Introduction (last accessed Apr. 26, 2007).
128. D. Ian Hopper, Destructive ' ILOVEYOU ' computer virus
strikes worldwide, available at http://archives.cnn.com /
2ooo/TECH/ computing/ o sl 04/ iloveyou/ (last accessed
Aug. 27, 2006).
129. PlagiarismdotORG, What is Plagiarism?, available at http :!/
www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_what_is_pl agiarism. html
(last accessed Jan. 26. 2on).
49. News Articles Online
49.1. News articles online are cited as follows: {Author, if
available}, {headline}, {ABBREVIATION OF NEWSPAPER},
{date of publication/report}, avaHable at {internet
address} (last accessed {date}).
49.2. Use only the official website of a news publication .
49.3. The format for signed newspaper articles above is followed. The
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and last accessed date,
however, are added and the page number is omitted.
130. Lira Dalangin-Femandez, House bill seeks to criminalize
plagiarism, PHIL. DAILY INQ., N ov. 25, 2010, available at
SECO NDARY AU THORITI ES 29
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/ breakingnews/ nation/view/
20 I 0 r I 25-3 0 52 7 5/House-bill-seeks-to-crim.inalize-plagiarism
(last accessed Jan. 24, 20II ).
0. Paginated Unpublished Materials Online
'•II I , Pag inated unpublished materials available online are cited as:
{Author}, {title} ({description of material}) {page
number cited}, avaHable at {internet address} (last
accessed {date}). The author and title are both in ordinary
Roma n font.
1 3 L. Rita Simmons, Political Inclusion and Decentralization
(An U npublished Paper Submitted to the Canadian
Democratic Forum) 37, available at http://www.
canadiandemocratic. com/ 467 390/ papers/simmons/political
inclusioni7288.pdf (last accessed July 9, 2010).
•,n,; , If the online material has a published/printed version, cite that
instead.
51. Non-Paginated Unpublished Materials Online
'• 1. 1. Non-paginated unpublished materials available on line are cited
as: {Author}, {title} ({description of material}),
available at {internet address} (last accessed {date}).
The format is substantially the same as in paginated materials
above, except that the page number is omitted.
ltl ,:l. If the online material has a published/printed version, cite that
instead.
'• 1. . These unpublished materials may be in the form of Working
Papers, Discussion Papers, and the like.
'• 1/1. For subsequent citations under this Section (K), I d. may be used
when proper.
30 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
51.5. Supra may also be used according to the following format:
{Author or organization or web site}, supra note
{footnote number of initial citation}, at {page number
cited, if any}.
13 2. Dalangin- Fernandez, supra note 130.
I, .
L. Interviews
52. In-Person Interview
52.1. Cite personal interviews as: Interview with {name}, {title
or position}, {institutional affiliation, if any, of the
interviewee}, in {location of the interview} ({date of
the interview}).
133 . Interview with Dick C heney, Vice-President, United
States of America, in Washington, D .C. (Oct. 24, 2006).
53. Telephone Interview
53.1. When citing a telephone interview, fol low this format:
Telephone Interview with {name}, {title or position},
{institutional affiliation, if any, of the interviewee}, in
{location ofthe interviewee} ({date of the interview}).
134. Telephone Interview with Orban Pamuk, in Stockholm
(Oct. 12, 2006).
54. Interview Not Personally Conducted
54.1. When the author did not personally conduct the interview,
provide the name of the interviewer. Follow this format:
Interview by {name of interviewer} with {name of
interviewee}, {title or position}, {institutional
affiliation, if any, of the interviewee}, in {location of the
interview} ({date of the interview}).
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES 31
135· Interview by Harry Keisler with Kofi Annan, Secretary
General, United N ations, in University of California,
Berkeley (Apr. 19, 1998) .
For subsequent citations under this Section (L), Id. may be used
when proper.
Supra may also be used according to this format: Interview
with/Telephone Interview with {interviewee}, supra
note {footnote number of initial citation}; or Interview
by {name of Interviewer} with {Interviewee}, supra
note {footnote number of initial citation}.
136. Telephone Interview with Orban Pamuk, supra note 134.
137. Interview by H arry Keisler with Kofi Annan, supra note
13 s.
eches
55. Unpublished and Untranscribed Speeches
Cite unpublished, untranscribed speeches as fol lows:
{Speaker}, {title or position}, {institutional affiliation,
if any}, {title of speech, if any}, Address I Remarks at
{event or place of address} ({date of address}).
If t he speech does not have a formal title, provide a description.
LJ8. Cesar L. Villanueva, D ean, Ateneo de M anila School of
Law, Opening R emarks at the Ateneo Law Journal 6oth
Anniversary Commemorative Dinner (Sep. 10, 20II ).
56. Transcribed Speeches
Cite transcribed speeches as: {Speaker}, {title or position},
{institutional affiliation, if any}, {title of speech, if any},
Address 1 Remarks at {event or place of address}
({date of address}) (transcript available in/ available at
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL ECONDARY AUTHORITIES 33

{location of transcript or internet address} {last , lh es

accessed {date}}).
58. Dissertations and Theses
56.2. If the transcript is available online, use available at

139· Artemio V. Panganiban, Ret. Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, Bulwark of Filipino Catholicism, Remarks at the
5th Manila Cathedral-Basilica (MCB) Pipe Organ Concert
at the Manila Cathedral-Basilica (Nov. 12, 2010) (transcript
available at http:// cjpanganiban.ph/speeches/bulwark-of-
filipino-catholicism (last accessed Dec. 17, 2010)).
57. Published Speeches
57.1. Cite published speeches as: {Speaker}, {title or position},
{institutional affiliation, if any}, {title of speech, if any},
Address 1 Remarks at {event or place of address}
{{date of address}), in{source}.
140. Sedfrey M. Candelaria, Postscript to the Supreme Court
MOA-AD Judgment: No Other Way But to Move
Forward, Address at Peace Process and National
Development: An Academic Symposium (Apr. rs, 2009),
in 54 ATENEO L.J. 269 (2009).
141. Ricardo C. Puno, Justice of the Court of Appeals, Missions
of Judicial Administration in Asia and the Pacific, Address
at LAWASlA Conference of Chief Justices (Aug. 19-
23, 1986), in 30 ATENEO L.J. l i (1986).
III I I , lssertations and theses are cited as follows: {Author},
{title}, at {page number cited} {{date}) {{type of
work}, {institution that awarded the degree})
{{source}) .
111 5· WiUiam M. Howard, Mandatory Arbitration of
Employment Discrimination Disputes: Can Justice Be
Served?, at 5 (May 1995) (unpublished Ph.D . dissertation,
Arizona State University) (on file with author).
146. Archie E. Blake, Daubert and Reality: A Survey of Nevada
Judges (1996) (unpublished thesis, University of Nevada)
(on file with Reno Library, University ofNevada).
14 7. Rosalyn C. Rayco, Cyber Prostitution at a Click of a
Button: Evaluating the Applicability of Prostitution
Statutes in Criminahzing Paid Video-based Cybersex, at 2
(2006) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila
University) (on file with the Professional Schools Library,
Ateneo de Manila University).
148. Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran, Are We Ready for Another
Lovebug? Delving into Cybercrime and Re-Examining the
e-Conu11erce Act of 2000 and Other Pertinent Laws (2008)
(unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila University) (on
file with the Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de
Manila University).

57.2. For subsequent citations under this Section (M), !d. may be For subsequent citations, !d. may be used when proper.
used when proper.
Supra may also be used following this format: {Author},
57.3. Supra may also be used according to the following format: supra note {footnote number of initial citation}, at
{Speaker}, supra note {footnote number of initial {page number cited}.
citation}, at {page number cited, if any}.
r 49· Rayco, supra note 147, at 3·
142. Candelaria, supra note 140, at 270.
143. Villanueva, supra note 138.
144. Panganiban, supra note 139.
34 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

0. Electronic Databases INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS

59. Westlaw Sources olutlons

59.1. Westlaw and other electronic databases are recognized as
reliable, up-to-date, and convenient repositories of authorities.
Legal encyclopedias like American Jurisprudence (second
edition) and Corpus Juris Secundum are regularly updated and
available in Westlaw.
59.2. For American Jurisprudence (second edition), cite as follows:
{Volume} {AM. JuR. 2o} {topic} {subdivision} (Westlaw
{year updated}).
150. 64 AM.JUR. 2D Public Works and Contracts§ 104 (Westlaw
2010).
151. 71 AM. JUR. 2D State and Local Taxation § 32 (Westlaw
20II).
59.3. For subsequent citations, remove (Westlaw {year updated})
but retain it if the cited subdivision was updated in a different
year. !d. may also be used when proper.
152. 64 AM.JUR. 2D Public Works and Contracts§ 104.
153. Id. § 3·
59.4. For Corpus Juris Secundum, cite as follows: {Volume}
{C.J.S.} {topic} {subdivision} (Westlaw {year
updated}).
154. 98 C.J.S. Witnesses§ 361 (Westlaw 20II) .
155. 67A C.J.S. Parent and Child § 140 (Westlaw 20II ).
59.5. For subsequent citations, remove (Westlaw {year updated})
but retain it if the cited subdivision was updated in a different
year. Id. may also be used when proper.
156. 67A C.J.S. Parent and Child § 140.
157. Id. § 346.
60. U.N. G.A. Resolutions
ttll 1. United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly (G.A.) Resolutions or
I clsions, if published in the General Assembly Official Records
(GAOR), are cited as follows: {Resolution or decision
number}, {paragraph number, if applicable}, U.N.
GAOR, {session number}, {supplement number},
({volume number}), {document designation and volume
number, if applicable}, at {page number} ({full date}).
0.1.1. After 1976, G.A. resolutions are indicated by the
session number and the specific resolution number in
the said session. For example, the second resolution
adopted during the sixty-second G.A. will appear as
G.A. Res. 62/ 2. Refer to Notes 158 and 159 below for
examples.
0.1.2. Prior to 1976, G.A. resolution numbers are increased
from year to year with the session number indicated by
Roman numerals. Thus the format is: {Resolution or
decision number} ({session number in Roman
numerals}), {paragraph number, if applicable},
U.N. GAOR, {session number}, {supplement
number}, ({volume number}), {document
designation and volume number, if applicable},
at {page number} ({full date}). Take for example,
G.A. Res. 832 (IX), contained below in Note 160.
158. G .A. Res. 471I63, ~ 5, U .N . GAOR, 47th Sess., Supp.
No. 49, (Vol. l), U.N. Doc. A/47/49 (Vol. I) , at u6 (Dec.
18, 1992).
159. G.A. Dec. 62/557, U.N. GAOR, 62d Sess., Supp. No. 49,
(Vol. III), U.N. Doc. A/63/49 (Vol. III), at 104 (Sep . 15,
2008).
 ATE N EO LAW JOURNAL
160. G.A. R es. 832 (IX ), U.N. GAOR, 9th Sess., Supp. No .
21, U.N. Doc. A/2890, at 17 (Oct. 21 , 1954) .
61. U.N. G.A. Resolutions from Online Version
61.1. If the resolution is from an online version, specifical ly the
Official Document System (ODS), cite as follows:
61.1.1. After 1976: {Resolution or decision number}, {at
page number, but if applicable, paragraph
number}, {document designation} ({full date}) .
16r. G.A. R es. 57/377 , ,-r 3, U .N . Doc. A/ RES /5 7/ 377 (July 3,,
2003).
61.1.2. Before 1976: {Resolution number} ({session
number in Roman numerals}), {at page number,
1 I I,
but if applicable, paragraph number},
{document designation} ({full date}).
162. G. A. R es. 2625 (XXV), at 76, U.N. Doc. A/ 8o28 (Oct.
24, 1970).
62. U.N. G.A. Resolutions Better Known by Titles
62.1. For resolutions that are better known by their titles, cite by
placing the title at the beginning of the citation. This is followed I ,
whether the cited resolution or decision is from the GAOR or
from the online version .
I, I,
62.1.1. If from the online version, the citation format is:
{Title}, {resolution or decision number}, {at
page number, but if applicable, paragraph
number}, {document designation} ({full date}).
163. Establishment of the World H ealth Organization, G.A.
R es. 61 (I) , at 96, U.N. Doc. A/ RES /61(I) (Dec. 14,
1946).
INTE RNATIONAL DOCUMEN TS 37
2.1.2. But if from the GAOR, the format is: {Title},
{Resolution or decision number}, {paragraph
number, if applicable}, U.N. GAOR, {session
number}, {supplement number}, ({volume
number}), {document designation and volume
number, if applicable}, at {page number} ({full
date}).
1 •4· Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to
N ational or Ethnic, R eligious and Linguistic Minorities,
G.A. Res. 47lr 35 , Annex, U.N. GAOR, 47th Sess. , Supp.
No . 49, (Vol. 1) , U.N. Doc. A/ 47/49 (Vol. I) , at 210 (Dec.
18, 1992).
63. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations
Resolutions issued by other organizations are cited ana logously
with t he above citation types for resolutions and decisions.
165. S.C. Res. 508, ~ 3, U.N. SCOR, 37th Year, U.N . Doc.
S/IN F/ 38, at 5 (June 5, 1982).
106. S.C. Pres . Statement 2008/48 , U .N. Doc.
S/PRST12oo8/ 48 (Dec. 22 , 2oo8).
167. E.S.C. Res. 1990/26, U.N. Doc. EIRESir990!9o (May
24, 1990).
For subsequent citations under this Section (P), Id. may be used
when proper.
Supra may also be used following this format: {Title, if
applicable, otherwise, resolution number} ({session
number, when applicable}), supra note {footnote
number of initial citation}, {at page number or, if
applicable, paragraph number}.
168. G .A. R es 57/377, supra note r 61, ~ 6.
r69. Id. ~ 8.
170. Establishment of the W orld Health O rganization, supra
no te 163, at 96.
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL IIIII I NATI NAL DOCUMENTS 39

66. Conference Reports

Q.Reports

11 1H r t Is the result of a conference or a series of

64. U.N. Reports
' "''" IIIII I'' 1 lte as follows: {Conference name or name of
1 I 111 r meeting of the conference, if it is part of a
64.1 Reports published by U.N. organs or committees are generally 11 ) 1 {pi ce of conference, except when it occurs in
cited as follows: {Name of the issuing body and 111 <. of the headquarters of the organization},
subcommittee, if any}, {title of the report, if any}, Indicating duration}, {report title}, {paragraph
{paragraph number or the pinpoint citation, if any}, 1 1 IJ lnt citation}, {document designation, when

{document designation} ({full date}) (by {author, if Y I hi } ({official date of document, if different from
indicated}). 11111 ••n date}).

171. U .N . Econ. & Soc. Council, United Nations Forum on 1 1 11111 1 "·'' in11a l Conference on the Dialogue of Civilization s,
Forests, Report of the Seventh Session, Ch. I, A. I. r at r, U.N. l11~ yu and Kyoto, Jap., July 3t-Aug. 3, 2001 , Conference
Doc. E/CN.r8/2oo7/8 (Feb. 24, 2006 & Apr. 16-27, /.'"l'fltl, ,, A.2.
2007). Wnild Conference on Human Rights, June T4-25, 1993,
I it'll/Ill /)ec/aration and Programme of Action , ~ 34, U.N. Doc.
/\/( '( )NF.157/23 Ouly 12, 1993).
65. Reports by the Secretary-General or Other Officials
I 111 'olll>'l quent citations under this Section (Q), Id. may be
65.1. If the report was by the Secretary-General or by anyone acting 11 ,, tl wll n proper.
in an official capacity as in the position of an envoy or
spokesperson, cite as follows: {Capacity or position}, '•11/11.1 m y also be used fol lowing this format: {Report title},
{report title}, {paragraph or pinpoint citation, if any}, upr. note {footnote number of initial citation}, {at
{name of the institution or committee to which the 11 1 number or, if applicable, paragraph number}.
report was delivered, if indicated}, {document
designation} ({full date}) (by {author, if indicated}). flollrlh Rep. on the Expulsion of A liens, supra note 173, at 7.
lrl. at 12.
172. U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on Ht '/)(JT/ 011 the Situation of Women in Afghanistan, supra note
the Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, ~ 8, 48th 172, ,, 8.
Session of the Conmuttee on the Status ofWomen, U .N .
Doc. EICN .6/2004/5 (Dec. 19, 2003) [hereinafter Report II 1•, u ually advisable to use " hereinafter" in order to indicate a
on the Situation qf Women in Afghanistan] . ' I
•IH ' lfl short citation form for all kinds of reports, especia lly
173. Special Rapporteur on the Expulsion of Ali ens, Fortrth Rep. wll n the report title is lengthy. The specific short citation form
on the Expulsion qf Aliens, lnt'l Law Comm'n, U.N. Doc. ll 'ol I must be in the same typeface as that in the ful l citation,
A/CN-4.594 (Mar. 24, 2008) (by M aurice Kamto). 1.1•1 In th is case, it must be italicized. See, for example, Note
1/8, In connection to Note 172, above.

''' 11 Ill short citation form of the report, regardless of whether

"11 reinafter" was used, must be in italics(see Note 176) .
40 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
R. Treaties
67. Multilateral Treaties
67.1. Treaties or agreements among three or more parties are cited
as follows: {Name of agreement}, {abbreviated names of
parties, if relevant}, {subdivision cited or pinpoint
citation}, {full date of signing or other significant date},
{international treaty source}.
179. U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea pmbl., opened for
signature Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397 [hereinafter
UNCLOSJ.
r8o. Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted Nov . 20,
1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter CRC].
181. !d. art. 23.
182. UNCLOS, supra note 179, art. 192.
183. North Atlantic Treaty art. 4, Apr. 4, 1949, 34 U .N.T.S.
243-
67.2. There is no comma between the name of the treaty and the
subdivision or paragraph cited.
67.3 . The citation of a treaty or other agreement must always include
the full name of the agreement; the parties, when applicable;
the full date of signing or other significant date; and the treaty
source citation. The on ly exceptions to this are citations to the
U.N. Charter and the League of Nations Covenant. For these
documents, fol low Ru le 70 below.
67.4. Treaties may be in one of the following forms: Agreement,
Convention, Protocol, Treaty, Memorandum, etc. Thus, in
indicating the fu ll name or title of the treaty, specify its form as
used in the first designation that appears on the title page of
the treaty.
67.5. The exact date of signing must be indicated. If for some reason
the date of the signing cannot be indicated (as when a treaty
was not signed on a single date), the date on which the treaty
INTERNATlONAL DOCUMENTS 41
w 1 opened for signature, approved, ratified, or adopted may
IH used. The signification of the date used must be indicated in
IItil/cs typeface.
1 H'i· Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,
opened for signature July I, 1968, 729 U.N .T.S. 161.
, ,, II r levant, the entry into force of a treaty may be added by
ll II ating it through parentheticals at the end of the citation.
1 H~ - U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea pmbl., opened for
sig1wture Dec. ro, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S . 397 (entered into
force Nov. r6, 1994) .
I When citing multilateral treaties, the names of the parties may,
II n cessa ry, also be indicated using their country abbreviations.
1 H6 . North American Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Can.-Mex.,
Dec. 17, 1992, 32 l.L.M. 289.
68. Bilateral Treaties
•II I rraties between two parties are cited as: {Name of
greement}, {abbreviated names of parties to
greement}, {subdivision or pinpoint citation, if any is
used}, {date of signing}, {international treaty source}.
1 R7. Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, U .S.-T h., art. 2,
May 29, 1966, 652 U.N.T.S. 253 (entered into force June
8, 1968) [hereinafter T.A..E.R.].
1!!8 . !d.
rill , If the Philippines is a party to the agreement or treaty cited,
place its country abbreviation (Phil.) before that of the other
party.
189. Mutual Defense Treaty, PhiL-U.S., Aug. 30, 1951, 177
U.N.T.S . 133-
42 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
68.3. Indicate the exact date of signing. If there are multiple dates of
signing (like in the case of exchanges of notes), give the first
and last dates of signing to indicate the period covered for the
signings.
I I
190. Agreement Relating to Visa Requirements, U.S.-Neth.,
July 30-August 20, 1947, 84 U.N.T.S. II.
69. Founding Documents
69.1. Treaties which result in the creation of new institutions are cited
analogously to other treaties, as follows: {Title of the treaty
or agreement}, {parties, if applicable}, {article or
subdivision cited}, {date of signing or other significant
date}, {international treaty source}. Exceptions to this are
citations to the U.N . Charter and the League of Nations
Covenant.
191. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court art. 5
(a), July I, 2002,2187 U.N.T.S. 90.
192. Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
art. 2, Dec. ro, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 561. I I
70. U.N. Charter and League of Nations Covenant
70.1. For citations to the Charter of the United Nations or the
Covenant of the League of Nations, follow this style: {Short
Title} {article number}, {paragraph number}.
193. U.N. Charter art. 43, ~I.
194. League ofNations Covenant art. 8.
70.2. For subsequent citations under this Section (R), !d. may be used
when proper.
70.3. Supra is generally used for subsequent citations under this
Section (R) following th is format: {Title}, supra note
/ I ,'J. ,
{footnote number of initial citation}, {at page number
or, if applicable, paragraph number or pinpoint citation}.
IIIII I NAT IO NAL DOCUMENTS 43
I~~~~ !11 American Free Trade Agreement, supra note r86,
Ill H
1 I'' 1\·llltll.ill cfcnse Treaty, supra note 189, art. 1.
llttWI VI r, upra may not be used for subsequent citations to t he
II N. < llt11l r and the League of Nations Covenant. Nevertheless,
hi 111 ty 11 used for these documents.
II j, tdvl ble to use "hereinafter" to indicate a specific short
1ll.rllon form especially for treaties with long names or in cases
Will 11 ltlng the ful l name of the treaty may cause confusion
wll II olh r cited materials.
111 7 'I'.A. ·. R.., supra note 187.
I•JH UNCLOS, supra note 179, art. 97.
"I • World Court Decisions (I.C.J. and P.C.I.J.)
, 'I rally, decisions of the International Court of Justice (I.C.J .)
or the Permanent Court of International Justice (P.C.I.J.)
(dl solved in 1946) are cited as: {Case name} ({parties'
bbreviated names, if any}), {type of court document, if
r levant}, {volume number and name of publication}
{page or case number}, {page number cited or pinpoint
citation} ({date}) .
1 <;9 . Asylum (Colom. v. Peru), 1950 I. C .J. 266, 277-78 (Nov.
20).
.1.00. Id.
201. Diversion of Water from M euse (Neth. v. Belg.), T937
P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No . 70, at 4 Qune 28) .
202. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against
Nicaragua (Nicar. V. U.S.), 1986 I. C .J. 14, 138 Qun e 27).
The case name t hat appears on the first page of the case report
must be used .
44 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL IN I I:RNAT !ONAL DOCUMENTS 45

71.3. The word "Case" may be used only if a person's name was used m of publication} at {page or subdivision number
as the case name. •II• 1}.

203 . The Nottebohm Case (Liech. v. Guat.), 1955 I. C .J. 4 (Apr. h)'l11111 , 1950 I.C.J. at 277- 78.
6) . It!.
N11clear Tests, 1973 I.C.J. at I37·
71.4. Do not include the abbreviated names of the parties anymore if
/1/ilitary and Paramilitary Activities, 1986 I. C .J. at 5, ~ 7·
they are already found in the case name.

71.5. The indicator "v." between the abbreviated names of the parties
is used if the case was brought by unilateral application of one
party against the other (e.g., Nicar. v. U.S.). If the controversy
was brought by special agreement of the parties, the
abbreviated names must instead be separated by a slash (/).
204. Delimitation of Maritime Boundary in Gulf of M aine Area
(Can./U.S .), 1982 I.C.J. s6o (Nov. 5).
71.6. If important or relevant, the type of court document being cited
(i.e. Interim Protection Order, Provisional Measure, Judgment,
Preliminary Objection, etc.) may be indicated.
I II rules that pertain to World Court decisions may be
ously applied to other citation types of international law
covered below.
72. World Court Advisory Opinions
I or dvisory opinions, the citation style is analogous to those of
oth r kinds of decisions: {Case name}, Advisory Opinion,
(volume number and name of publication} {page or
e number}, {page number cited or pinpoint citation}
({date}).

205 . Nuclear T ests (N.Z. v. Fr.) , Interim Protection Order, •1o. Reservations to the C onvention on th e Prevention and
1973 I.C.J. 135 Q'une 22). Punishment of th e Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion,
1951 I. C .J. I S (May 28).
71.7. For I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases, the year is used to identify the
volume number. Thus, the year is omitted from the date at the I
I rhe parties are not listed.
end of the citation where only the month and day are given
(e.g., 1981 I.C.J. 64 (Jan. 15) or 1925 P.c.I.J . (ser. A) No. 3 I, or subsequent citations, follow Ru les 71.9 and 71.10 for World
(March 22)). ourt cases above.

71.8. I.C.J. cases are cited to the page on which they begin in the
volume. P.C.I.J cases, meanwhile, are cited by the number 73. Online I.C.J. Cases
indicated in the case report.
/I I , I.C.J . cases that have not yet been published may be cited from
71.9. For subsequent citations of World Court cases, Id may be used
the International Lega l Materials (I.L.M.) or from the I.C.J.
when proper.
Website (http:/ /www.icj-cij.org).
71.10. Supra may not be used for subsequent citations. Instead, a
2 1 r. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicar. V. Colom.) ,
short name of the case being cited must be indicated as in other
Judgment, ~ 19 (MaY 4, 201 I) , available at http: //www.icj-
types of cases (see Primary Authorities, Section C). Generally,
the format is: {Short case name}, {volume number and
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL INl ER.NATlONAL DOCUMENTS 47

cij .org/docket/files1I24/r6soo.pdf (last accessed Sep. 23, 'I , International Criminal Tribunals Cases
201 r).

73.2. For subsequent citations of on line I.C.J . cases, Id. may be used I h 1 1•,1 ns of ad hoc or regional tribunals such as the
when proper. Otherwise, follow Ru le 71.10 for World Court lltlt 111 tiona! Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and
cases above. IIW 111d are cited as follows: {Case name}, {case number},
( yp of ruling or court document}, {subdivision cited}
((cl t }).
74. Decisions of the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights 11msccutor v. Kunarac, Case No . ICTY-IT- 96-23 & IT-
•Ir, 23/r-A, Appeals Chamber,~ II9 (Oct. II, 2001).

74.1. Decisions of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights l'rosccutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT -94-1-l, Decision on
(Inter-Am . Comm'n H.R.) have the following citation format: I krcnce Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction ,
{Case name}, {case number}, {volume name}, {report ,I 14 (lnt'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. 2,
number}, {series and docket numbers}, {at page or I 1)\15).

paragraph number, if available} ({year of reporter}). !d.

74.2. For subsequent citations, Id. may be used when proper. name of the tribuna l which rendered the decision
Otherwise, follow Ru le 71.10 for World Court cases above. 1 11111 t be gleaned from the case number, indicate the
tiiiH .vlated name of the tribunal before the date. For exa mple,
11 111p r Notes 213 and 214 above.
75. Decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human
Rights
I I lnt ubsequent citations, Id. may be used when proper.
( lllu 1wlse, follow Rule 71.10 for World Court cases above.
75.1. Generally, contentious cases (which excludes advisory opin ions,
provisional measures, and compliances) decided by the Inter- • 1r1 ~11narac, Case No. ICTY- IT-96-23, ~ II7.
American Court of Human Rights (Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.) are cited 1;. 'l ltdic, Case No. IT-94-1-l, ~ 9·
as: {Case name}, {matter of decision}, {type of court
document}, {report and volume number}, {subdivision
or pinpoint citation} ({date}). 77. International Arbitration Cases

212. Velasquez Rodriguez Case, Merits, Judgment, Inter-Am.

A1lltr I cases are cited quite analogously to World Court
Ct. H.R. (ser. C), No . 4, ~ 3 (July 29, 1988).
d1 I Ions above.
75.2 For subsequent citations, Id. may be used when proper.
1 H Ambatielos Arbitration (Greece v. U.K.), 12 R .I.A.A. 83,
Otherwise, follow Ru le 71.10 for World Court cases above.
I! ([956).

I or the case name, the indicated names of the adversaria l

p 11 I s may be used. Otherwise, the subject matter of the case
tillY be indicated as the case name.
 AT EN EO LAW JOURNAL
77.3. Do not indicate anymore the countries involved through
parentheticals when their names are already evident in the case
name.
77.4. For subsequent citations, Id. may be used when proper.
Otherwise, follow Rule 71.10 for World Court cases above.
219. A mbatielos A rbitration, 12 R .I.A.A. at 87.
T. WTO and GATT Materials
78. WTO Panel and Appellate Body Reports
78.1. To distinguish reports rendered by the World Trade Organization
(WTO) panels or appellate body from reports of other WTO
bodies, the form er must be cited by using the official document
symbol and indicating whether it is by a Panel or by the
Appellate Body, to wit: {Panel or Appellate Body Report},
{title of dispute}, {subdivision or paragraph number
cited}, {document symbol} ({date}).
220. Panel R eport, Indonesia - Certain Measures Affecting the
A utomobile Industry, W T /DS5 4/ R (July 2, 1998)
[hereinafter Automobile Industry R eport] .
221. Appellate Body Report, Canada - A ircraft,
W T /DS7o/ AB/R (Aug. 20, 1999).
79. Reports by other WTO Bodies
79.1. Cite reports by the WTO Secretariat and other WTO bodies
analogously with panel decisions by using the following format:
{Body}, {report title}, {document designation}
({date}).
222. GATT Secretariat, A n Analysis of the Proposed Urugttay
Round Agreement, with Particular Emphasis on Aspects of
Interest to Developing Countries, MT N .TN C/W II22 (Nov.
29, 1993 ).
I Il l I: I ~NAT I O NAL DOCUM ENTS 49
I Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Panel
Decisions
I I ''' 1111 tlly, for Genera l Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATI)
p 1111 I d ' I Ions, Basic Instruments and Selected Documents
(ill •,,J .) must be cited. The format is as follows: {Body},
(1/1/;}, {case number, if listed} ({document date}),
I B.I.S. D. ({annual volume}) at {page} ({year of
1hl tlon}).
ll••JHllt of the Panel, United States- Taxes on Petroleum and
I;,.,,,;,,
Imported Substances, L/6175-34SII36 (June 17,
1•1H7), GATT B. I. S.D. (34th Supp .) at 154 (1988).
81. WTO Ministerial Documents
I I Wl1111 Jllng a ministerial document, the following must be
IIHih 11 d: {World Trade Organization}, {title, if any},
( clu ument number and unofficial source, such as I.L.M,
rII r In} ({year}).
• 1 World Trade Organization, Doha Work Progra mme -
M111 isterial Text, WT/MIN(o5)/ W / 3 (2005) [hereinafter
I >o ha Work Programme].
~ 2,
1•11 '•Iii) quent citations under this Section (T), Id. may be used
wlu 11 proper. Supra may also be used following this format:
(I tl of the ministerial document or title of the report
dl pute}, supra note {footnote number of initial
ton}, {at page or subdivision number}.
C:r111r1da -Aircraft, supra note 22 r, ~ r.
1 I >o ha Work Programme, supra note 224.
Id.
Jill hort citation form must be in the same typeface as that
11 ,t•clln the initial citation (i.e. whether the title of the document
w ,., Italicized or was in ordinary Roman font).
so ATENEO LAW JOURNAL 111111 NATIO NAL DOCUMENTS 51

81.4. It is advisable to use a specific short citation form for materials
under this Section (T) by using the indicator "hereinafter"
especially for materials that have long or confusing titles.
U. Other International Materials
82. Materials by International Non-Governmental
Organizations
I lt'l ll l' l 1 NATIONS OFFICE ON D R UGS AND C RIME, A
I I N II mY F INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTR OL, at 6 8,
I J N Saks No . 09.XI. r8 (2010) (hereinafter CENTURY OF
1 Ill 1 H: <:oNTROLl.
'' I Ill U 'II l )p THE H IGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN
ll I! .II'I'S, SELECTED DECISIO NS OF T HE HUMAN RIGHTS
C t tMMI I'TEE UNDER T HE OPTIONAL P ROTOCOL:
IN 1 I 1 N!\TI NAL COVENANT ON C IVIL AND POLITICAL
It II 111 1'S, at t67, U. N . Sales N o. o 8.XIV.9 (2009).

lilt Alii II( I ~ nd TITLE must be in SMALL CAPS. The AUTHOR name
82.1. Materials published by international NGOs (such as the 11 ttd 11111 I Indicated if such name is apparent in the title.
International Committee of the Red Cross and the Amenesty
International) are cited by: {Name of the organization} 1111 llli' o«' JU nt citations, !d. may be used when proper.
[abbreviation], {title of the document}, {document
designation, if any} ({date}}. '·lll't, / 111 1y lso be used using the fol lowing format: {AUTHOR
11 tN uuTIONAL AUTHOR}, supra note {footnote number
228. Amnesty International [Amnesty In t'l], N igeria: R ape - uf 1 II I citation}, at {page or paragraph number, if
The Silent Weapon, A I Index A FR 44/ 020/2006 (Nov. 28, I y) ,
2006) [h ereinafter Amnesty In t'l, Nigeria].
11 /,/
82.2. For subsequent citations, !d. may be used when proper.
C 1 N l IJil.. Y OF DRUG CONTR.OL, supra note 229, at 27.
82.3. Supra may also be used following this format: {Title of the
II 1 ulvl•, bl to use " hereinafter" in order to indicate a specific
document}, supra note {footnote number of initial
citation}, {at page number or, if applicable, paragraph lu1l 1 II 111 n form.
number}.

83. Sales Publications

83.1. Many U.N. agencies release materials (other than official

documents and records) for sale to the public. These materials
may be in the form of reports, studies, or statistics. These
materials are cited quite analogously to books and other non-
periodic materials. Cite these materials using the following
format: {AUTHOR OR INSTITUTIONAL AUTHOR}, {TITLE}, {at
page or paragraph number}, {document designation, if
any}, {U.N. Sales No.} ({year of publication}).

FOREIGN MATERIALS
v. United States Code
84. Entire Statutes Codified in the U.S.C.
84.1. Generally, to cite an entire statute as codified in the United
States Code (U.S.C) I United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.)
by West 1 United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.) by LexisNexis,
the following must be cited: {Official name of act} ({short
name, if any}), {title number} U.S.C./U.S.C.A/U.S.C.S.
{span of sections containing the statute} ({year of code
edition cited}).
233 . Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 50 U .S.C. §§ r8o r-
I87I (2000) .
234. Controlling the Assault of N on-Solicited Pornography and
Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act) , 15 U .S.C. §§
7701-7713 (2006) .
84.2. Give the official name of the act as indicated by the statute, if
any is provided.
84.3. If the statute was not cited from an official source (U.S.C.),
indicate the name of the publisher or compiler (e.g., LexisNexis
and West) of the material. The unofficial publisher or compiler
of materials referred to in this Ru le are in print form and not
electronic databases like, for example, Westlaw.
235. Labor Management R elations Act of T947 (T aft-Hartley
Act) , 29 U .S.C.A. §§ 141-197 (W est 20II ).
84.4. If, due to unavailability of or extreme inconvenience in locating
printed sources, the statute or a provision therein was cited
from an electronic database, indicate the publisher or compi ler,
if any, and parenthetica lly indicate the currency of the source.
P 1\E lG N MATERIALS 53
Ill' Wl1 n using Westlaw, the currency of the statute can be
h11 •11 t<tl l>y licking "Currentness" on the web page containing
111 tilt d rn terial.
1 ' II; llt ' l !-l'l lntelligence Surveillance Act, 50 U.S .C.A. §§
tH11 1 1H7 1 (West, Westlaw through P.L. 11 2-28).
1)11t II h pr visions in a statute or act may also be cited in the
1111 lo11n t as above, with the cited section or sections being
llldh II I'd .
I 1!1 lloll n me of the statute may be indicated if the statute is
'•lltllllllllly cited by such name and to prevent confusion. For
Utlplt , Notes 234 and 235 (CAN-SPAM Act, Taft-Hartley
1\tl)
II lilt Vllllt, the date of effectivity of the statute cited may also
lu liull<lll d in parentheticals ( e.g., effective Sep. 23, 1967) at
1111 1 111 I of the citation.
111 !Itt c I ' of foreign materials (including U.S. materials), the
111111111 y F origin must be indicated at the end of the citations
( t/. 1 (U .S.)). Refer to the Annex for selected country
tltltll vl111i ns. Nevertheless, for U.S.C. citations, the country
tltllll vl11tl n (U.S. ) need not be indicated since the country of
1111 1111 I• vldent from the context of the citation.
111 1111 lJ. S.C. Is the officia l federal code of the U.S. It is published
1 VI 1y •,lx y ars, with annual cumu lative supplements for each
11111 1v« nlng year. Thus, it is advisable to cite the most current
till hHI r upplement.
1I All 1 XII t
copy of the U.S.C. may be accessed at
www. 111 ccess.govluscodelindex. html. When a statute or
)llltVhlcm Is cited from this address, there is no need to indicate
1111 11111 1n t address.
H . Individual Provisions in the U.S.C.
1 ,, 111 1,lily, to cite an individual provision in the U.S. C., follow this
111111111 : {Title number} U.S.C./U.S.C.A./U.S.C.S. {section
54 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL FO RElGN MATERlALS 55

cited} ({date of code edition cited}). This citation format is
especially applicable to provisions that are not covered under a
specific act or statute. The rules above, including those for
unofficial sources and electronic databases are also applicable
here.
I or ther subsequent citations, use the following short citation
101m: {Title number} U.S.C./ I.R.C. {section cited}. As an
111 rnative, the official name or title or short title of the statute
lillY lso be used, omitting the U.S.C. title number. The year
111 I ou ntry abbreviation are omitted .

237· 36 u.s.c. § 136 (1996). ' I . 7 U.S.C. § roo8.

238. 7 U.S.C.A. § 1008 (West 2011). II · Porcign Intelligence Surveillance Act,§ r814.
239. 42 U.S .C.A. § 1987 (West, W estlaw through P.L. II2-28). II Taft-H artley Act, § 148.
I l. ll.... C. § n
86. Citations to U.S.C. Supplements ' jll ld. § 67.
I Z CAN- PAM Act,§ nro.
86.1. Supplements are published every year within the six year
intervals of publication of the U.S.C. To cite a prov1s1on , I ules of Procedure and Evidence
published in a supplement, follow this format: {Title number}
U.S.C. {section cited} (Supp. {volume} {year
supplement was released}). In case the cited provision 88. Federal Rules of Procedure
appears both in a main volume and a supplement, indicate also
the year of publication in the main volume, as in the following
I I 11 11 dera l Rules of Civil or Criminal Procedure, follow this
example.
1111111,, : {ABBREVIATION OF RuLES CITED} {number of rule
I ' d} (U.S.).
240. s6 U. S.C. § 1784 (b) (1986 & Supp. I 1988).

IH li HD. R . Clv. P. 12 (U.S.) .

87. U.S. Internal Revenue Code 1'1, ill ·.l>. R.. CRIM. P. 39 (U. S.).

1111 •,ubdlvision number is not preceded by a subdivision sign

87.1. The Internal Revenue Code of the U.S. is included in the U.S.C.
as title number 26 so any citations thereto may be changed ( r• /., ,I
or§ ).
from "26 U.S.C." to "I.R.C." in order to properly reflect the title.
Thus "26 U.S.C. § 77 (2000)" should be cited as in the following
89. Uniform Rules of Evidence
example. The year of code edition must still be indicated.

87.2. The country of origin (U.S.) must be indicated at the end of the !111 lJ.S. rules of evidence, follow the same format as that for
citation since such is not evident from the details in the citation. llli ll'o f procedure above: {ABBREVIATION OF RULES CITED}
( uumber of ru le cited} (U.S.).
241. I.R. C. § 77 (2ooo) (U.S .).
11 lJ N IF. R . EVID . 82 (U.S .).
87.3. For subsequent citations under this Section (V), !d. may be used
when proper.
 AT EN EO LAW JOURNAL
89.2. For subsequent citations under this Section (W), !d. may be
used when proper. For other subsequent citations, simply
remove the country abbreviation.
251. FED. R . CIV. P. 12.
252. U N rF. R. EVTD. 82.
25 3. !d.
X. U.S. Session Laws
90. Session Laws
90.1. u.s. session laws, whether federa l or state, are generally cited
according to the fol lowing format: {Name of the statute;>-
({short name, if any}), {public law or chapter number, 1f
any}, {subdivision cited, if any}, {volume n~mber}
{official/privately published federal or state sess1on law
repository} {page number} ({year passed}) (U.S.).
254. Parental Notice of Abortion Act, § I, Fla. Stat. §
390.0II15 (3) (a) (2003 ) (U. S.).
255. Omnibus Consolidated R escissions and Appropriations Act
of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104- 134, § 504 (a) (16), I 10 Stat.
13 21 (1996) (U.S .).
Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA), Pub. L.
No. 104-104, tit. v, I ro Stat. 56 (1996) (codified as
amended at 47 U.S. C. § 223 (a)- (e) (2000)) .
257· Securities Act of 1933, ch. 38, 48 Stat. 74 (codified as
am ended at r 5 U.S. C. §§ 77 (a)- 77 (aa)) .
90.2. The official repository of federal session laws is the "Statutes at
Large" (Stat.). Other state session laws . re~ositories exist. The
names and abbreviations of these reposttones can be found 1n
the Bluebook.
90.3. The specific sections or paragraphs may be cited along with the
page or pages where these subdivisions are found.
FO REIGN MATERlALS 57
II I II th session law has been codified in the U.S.C. or other
1 ompllations, indicate such U.S.C. citation parenthetically at the
t 11cl. See, for example, Notes 256 and 257.
Ill I 01 ubsequent citations, !d. may be used when proper.
I >Ill rwise, follow this format: {Title of the statute or short
n me, if any}, {volume number} {official/privately
published federal or state session law repository} {page
111 mber cited}.
91. U.S. Supreme Court Cases
I I I 01 1t1 initial citation of a U.S. Supreme Court case, the
lollowlng format should be used: {First party} v. {second
p 1 y} , {reporter volume number} {reporter
hhr vlation} { first page of case}, {specific page cited}
( ( y r of decision}). The fact that the decision was rendered
l1y Ill U.S. Supreme Court need not be indicated.
H l ~ i ~ 11 ·r v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 191 (1920).
11 Il ock ·fe ller v. United States, 257 U. S. J76, 177 (192 1) .
II 1 1 ti S Is published in the U.S. Reporter, use such citation .
1111 c untry of abbreviation (U.S.) is omitted since such is
• vldt 111 from the citation context.
'•I11 1'.1 qu nt citations of the same case should be formatted
IIIII'• : Abbreviated name of the case}, {volume number}
( • port r} at {specific page referred to}. !d. may be used
wl1111 pi p r. Follow abbreviation rules in 5.7 above.
'" 1 lt't l llt 'r, 252 U.S . at 193 .
lol /r/,
II I • It v mt, the action of the Supreme Court on a case elevated
11 11 lillY I o be indicated (e.g., aff'd, rev'd, aff'd en bane, rev'd
 ATE N EO LAW JOURNAL
en bane). In such cases, the citation style is as follows: {First
party} v. {second party}, {reporter volume number}
{reporter abbreviation} {first page of case}, {specific
page referred to, if any} ({deciding court and year of
decision}) ({phrase describing the decision of the
Circuit Court, if any}), {action of higher court}, {citation
of the decision of reversal/affirmance} .
262. Uni ted States v. M acDo nald, 53 1 F.2d 196, 199-200 (4th
Cir. 1976) (resting review of the dispositive issue on the
principle ofjudicial economy), rev'd, 435 U. S. 850 (1978).
92. United States Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, and
District Court Cases
92.1. Most Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, and District Court decisions
are published in the Federal Reporter (i.e., F., F.2d, F.3d, F.
Supp., F. Supp. 2d) which are contained in series covering
different periods or material. When published therein, cite cases
to the Federal Reporter.
92.2. Generally, for the initial citation of federal court decisions other
than Supreme Court decisions, the following format should be
observed: {First party} v. {second party}, {reporter
volume number} {reporter abbreviation} {first page of
the case}, {specific pages referred to} ({deciding court}
{year of decision}) (U.S.). The name of the deciding court
must be indicated .
263. Ahmad v. Wigen , 910 F.2d ro63 , 1070 (2d Cir. 1990)
(U .S.).
264. Jhirad v . Ferrandina, 536 F.2d 478, 482 (2d Cir. 1976)
(U .S.).
92.3. The country of origin (U.S.) must be indicated since it is not
evident from the context of the citation.
92.4. For abbreviations of reporter and court names, refer to the
Bluebook.
F R.E l G N MATE R.JALS 59
lrll quent citations use: {Abbreviated name of the
111>
t h
{volume number} {reporter} at {specific page
l't' d to}. !d. may also be used when proper. Follow
1lrl11r Vllllon rules in 5. 7 above.
lillllrl!l, 910 F.2d at 1073.
'"· ,,, 1075·
f/r/rm/, 536 F.2d at 483 .
93. State Court Cases
I h•r 1•11< n of state courts are cited ana logously to citations of
111111 I f 'd ra J courts other than the Supreme Court (see Rule 92
tlurvt ). he format is: {First party} v. {second party},
( porter volume number} {reporter abbreviation}
U I t page of the case}, {specific pages referred to}
( ( t t abbreviation} {deciding court, except when
cl cld ng court is the highest state court} {year of
cl cI lon}} ( U.S.).
ttl ltl',l ms v. City of Grand Junction, 676 P.2d II89, 1191
(< 'olo. t984) (U.S.).
ll or hstedler v. St. J oseph County Solid W aste M gmt.
I lr~t., 770 N .E.2d 910, 91 4 (Ind. C t. App . 2002) (U .S.).
Jltr •,l t name need not be indicated when such is evident
1111111 lh reporter abbreviation. In the examples below, it is
1 vldt nt from the reporter name that the jurisdiction of the court
I within the state of California.
llu rnctt v. M ayor & C ommon C ouncil of Sacramento , 12
Cal. 76, 81-82 (1859) (U.S .).
r County of Alameda v. C ity & County of San Francisco, 97
<:al. Rptr. 175, 178 (C t. App . 1971) (U. S.) .
lrll bbreviations of reporter and court names, refer to the
11/llr •book.
6o ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
93.4. For subsequent citations, !d. may be used when proper.
Otherwise, follow this format: {Abbreviated name of the
case}, {volume number} {reporter} at {specific page
referred to} . Follow abbreviation rules in 5.7 above.
272. R eams, 676 P.2d. at 1192.
273· !d.
274. Hochstedler, 770 N .E.2d at 912.
94. Unreported Cases Available in Electronic Databases
94.1. Some U.S. cases are unreported. It may also happen that the
reporter volume containing the cited case is unavailable or
extremely inconvenient to locate. In these situations,
commercial electronic databases may be referred to. These
databases provide citation numbers. Cite as follows: {Case
name}, {docket number}, {database citation}, at
*{page cited} ({deciding court {date}} (electronic
database name}.
275. Rivas v. Dinwiddie, No . 07-CV-152-GKF-Pj C, 2010 WL
476651, at *4 (N.D. Okla . Feb. 4, 2010).
276. Aguilar v. Cabrillo Mortgage, No. 09-CV-1799-IEG
(AJB), 2010 WL 476650, at *3 (S.D . Cal. February 3,
2010).
94.2. The electronic database name must be indicated if such is not
clear from the database citation. In the examples above, it may
be inferred that the database used was Westlaw (WL).
94.3. For subsequent citations, cite as follows: {Abbreviated case
name}, {database citation}, at *{cited page}. Follow
abbreviation rules in 5.7 above.
277 . RiiJas, 2010 WL 476651, at *1.
278 . Id.at*3 .
FOREIGN MATERlALS 6r
. Codes of Selected States in the U.S.
95. California Codes
l'~o l . ~a lifornia (Cal.) codes or statutory compilations are generally
Cited In the following format: CAL {ABBREVIATION OF SUBJECT OF
CODE} CODE, {section} ({publisher name} {year}}
({U.S.}}.
279. CAL. Bus. & PROF. CODE,§ r6ooo (West 1997) (U.S.) .
280. CAL. PENAL CODE, § 632 (Deering 2004) (U.S.).
1
1't ,) , There is a comma after the CODE NAME ABBREVIATION.
'"•· l. For Cal. codes, it is required to indicate the publisher name
before the year. Refer to the 8/uebookto determine which state
codes require this information to be included in the citation.
•P,,IJ. Refer to the 8/uebookfor subject abbreviations of Cal. codes.
96. Louisiana Codes
'111. 1. L?ui~iana (La.) codes are cited ana logously to the previous
otatron style. Follow the following format: LA. {ABBREVIATION
FO~ LOUISIANA STATUTE OR CODE ANNOTATED}, {section or
art1cle number} ({year}} (U.S.}.
281. LA. REV. STAT. ANN., § 9:4521 (1991) (U.S.).
282. Id. § 9:4522.
28 3. LA. CHILD. CODE ANN., art. r6o (1995) (U.S.).
284. LA. CIV. CODE ANN., art. 86 (1996) (U.S.).
285. LA. CODE Crv. PROC. ANN., art. I 23I (1984) (U.S.).
286. LA. C DE EV!D. ANN., art. 22 (2001) (U.S.) .
'It! ,), The different codes and statutes of La. include the Revised
Statutes Annotated (LA. REv. STAT. ANN.), the Children's Code
Annotated (LA. CHILD. CODE ANN.), the Civil Code Annotated (LA.
62 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL F R.E l GN MATE RIALS

Civ. CODE ANN.), the Code of Civil Procedure Annotated (LA. CODE AA. Spanish Codes
Civ. PRoc. ANN.), the Code of Criminal Procedure Annotated (LA.
CODE (RIM . PROC. ANN.), and the Code of Evidence Annotated (LA.
CODE Evm. ANN.). 98. Spanish Civil Code

96.3. The publisher or compiler name need not be indicated.

98.1. Forth Initial citation of the C6DIGO CIVIL, use the said name of
th od (In SMALL CAPS), indicate next in brackets the
97. New York Codes bbr vi tlon of the code that will be used subsequently (C.C.),
th n p lfy the particular subdivision being referred to, if any.

97.1. New York (N .Y.) codes or statutory compilations are cited
analogously to the above styles as follows: N.Y. {ABBREVIATION
OF SUBJECT OF CODE} lAW, {section cited} ({publisher
name} {year}) (U.S.).
287. N .Y. STAT. LAW,§ 12 (Gould 1993) (U.S.) .
288. N .Y. ELEC . LAW,§ 4 (McKinney 1997) (U. S.).
98.2. If n p 1tl ul r provision is being cited, immediately place the
untr y bbr vlatlon in a parenthetical at the end of the citation.
98.3. hU , II format is: { NAME OF CODE} [{ABBREVIATION OF
oo } ) { ubdlvision cited} (Spain). Since it can already be
I , n •d fr m th appellation of the code (C6orGo CIVIL), the
I n, m In English need not any more be indicated .

97.2. Instead of using "CODE", use the word "LAw". <J • 0 <'c>I >ll a> ( :rv 11 1 .C.] art. 289 (Spain).

97.3. For N.Y. codes, it is required to indicate the publisher name
before the year. Refer to the 8/uebookto determine which state
codes requ ire this information to be included in the citation.
98!1. ltatlons, !d. may be used when proper.
II H twl•,c, •,ul) qu nt citations of the C6orGo CIVIL are made as
r llow• ,: AllOR VIATION OF CODE} {subdivision cited, if
bl I h r ference to t he country of origin is omitted.
0

97.4. Refer to the 8/uebookfor subject abbreviations of N.Y. codes.

,•JJ , ( J' ollf • Ht) ,

97.5. For subsequent citations under t his Section (Z), use !d. when ''Jol <' < '. ,u t • HIJ
proper. Otherwise, just omit the year and the country
J I)\ /,/
abbreviation.
1 1)(1 /,/ oil f, ' I) I ;o_ _ _____
289. LA. CHILD. CODE A NN., art. r6o.
290. CAL. PENAL CODE, § 632.
29!. Jd.
99.L I ot 1111 lnllltl cllt~tl n of the C6DIGO PENAL, follow the same
97.6. The rules and styles under this Section (Z) may be analogously
applied to other states' codes or statutory compilations. f01111 tl fl •,r•<l Ill t 11111 th C6DIGO CIVIL.

99. 0 11 111 , 1111 fo1111tt I : {NAME oF coDE} [{ABBREVIATION oF

cem ) I ( uhdlvl Jon cited, if applicable} (Spain). Since it
t 111 tit 1 tdy Ill tlr • m d from the appellation of the code ( C6orGo
 ATENEO LAW JO URNAL F RHG N MAT ERIALS

PENAL), the code name in English need not any more be Th ountry of origin is omitted. !d. may also be used when
indicated . prop r.

297. C6DIGO PENAL [C.P.) art. 745 (Spain). 30J . C.P . ~rt . 745·
J04 0
BGB art. w.
99.3. For subsequent citations, maintain the same format used in
short-citing the C6DJGO CIVIL. Thus, the format is as follows: ]Cl~ 0 /d.
{ABBREVIATION OF CODE} {subdivision cited, if applicable}. 106. ld. ~ l l. 11 .
The country of origin is omitted. !d. may also be used when
proper.
CC. French Codes
298 . C.C. art. 289.
299· C.P. art. 745· 101. French Civ il Code
300. Id.
301. Id. art. 746. 101.1. r lh In I I I ltation of the CODE CIVIL, follow the citation format
Ih C Dl CIVIL.
BB. German Codes

100. German Civil Code

101. . II II< I 1 lh f rm t is: {NAME OF CODE} [ABBREVIATION OF CODE]
{ ubdlvl lon cited} (Fr.).
100.1. The BORGERUCHES GESETZBUCH (Civil Code) should be initially cited
by indicating the name of the code, then place in brackets the 10'/. ( 'c llll • < 'l V II IC. IV.] art. t52 (Fr.) .
abbreviation, followed by the translation of the code in English,
also in brackets. 101!'1. 11111 II I II h C d s are analogously cited .

100.2. Specify the particular subdivision being referred to, if any. The 101. ·. I o '•tth•,t q11 ntly it , use the following format: {ABBREVIATION
country of origin must be indicated. o <em } { ubdlvlsion cited, if applicable}. The country of
011 1111 I• 011111 t d. !d. may also be used when proper.
100.3. The format is: {NAME OF CODE} [{ABBREVIATION OF CODE}]
[{code name in English}], {subdivision cited} (Ger.). 1uH . II< ,JI .11 t. 11>.

I ~.I.
0

IIIIJ ( I IV 1111
302. B ORGERLICHES GESETZBUCH (BGB) [Civil Code) art. 10
(Ger.). 1111 ld
Ill /d olll I
100.4. Other German Codes are analogously cited.

100.5. For subsequent citations, the format is as follows:

{ABBREVIATION OF CODE} {subdivision cited, if applicable}.
 I N 'l R L U TORY SIG NALS

INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS

Signals are used to convey the relation between the text an? the
102.6. " Cf. " Is u d If th cited authority supplies a distinct, yet
authority cited in the footnote text. Generally, signals may s~g.mfy
p II I, upp 1t for the text.
support, comparison, divergence, or opposition. They are ttaltCized
for emphasis.
I0 . I . "Cf. " lit rally means compare.

102. Signals that signify support 10 r ommended that parenthetical explanations

mp ny this introduction in order for the reader
d quately understand the analogy or
102.1. Direct citation, without any introduction, is used if the cited mp rl on.
authority

102.1.1. directly maintains the text, 0 . lgnals that signify comparison

102.1.2. names the source of the quotation, or

103.1. " ( 111/J "' ' /md/wlth]" or "Contrast [and/with]" is used if
102.1.3. names the authority relied upon in the text.
llt •d Hllil till upport or demonstrate the text when
>tnpru1 d t h other, or if they supply divergent
1 o•,lt Ion• on t11 t xt.
102.2. "See " is used if the cited authority

102.2.1. indirectly maintains the text,

I 0 1. 1. 1. Ilk In "Cf. ", parenthetical explanations may
t,
lilt l better understanding of the
comp rl on.
102.2.2. is paraphrased by the text, or
II , ( .'tiiiiJ'•II• ' IIIli HN T . M EDINA, THE FILIPINO FAMILY
102.2.3. supplies an inferential link between itself and the
17 1 ( •oo 1 t·d.) (asserting that traditionally, the Filipino
text.
wtft• 1 lllllrt' n•lationship- oriented and dependent on
102.3. "See, e.g.," is used if the cited authority tlu· hu ~h.uul, and is often considered as the one mainly
II' pomtblt• lm k •cping the marriage intact), with

102.3.1. supplies an example of what is asserted in the lutt·lvl!·w wuh Dr. Ricardo G. Abad, Ph.D.,
text, or l'roll- 111, I kpartment of Sociology and
Anthrnpolo~w . At ·neo de Manila University in
102.3.2. is supplemented by other authorities stating the < lll'~on < ' uy (/unc 12, 2007) (explaining that at
same proposition, but stating all of them is not p11• ' Ill , llu· t•du r ated Filipina is more independent
necessary. p Y• l11 ''"K" .dly .111d economically, and is becoming
"'""' 1 omc 1011 ~ of the discrimination she has been
102.4. "See also" is used if the cited authority supplies an additional II ,Hllll llll,dly ~ llhjt• t •d to) .
direct authority for the text, when the main authorities have
already been previously cited.
 ATEN£0 LAW JOURNAL
68

. d. gence of views SHORT CITATION FORMS

104. Signals that sigmfy •ver
r normally used for subsequent citations of
. d 'f the cited authority directly maintains the
104.1. "Contra" IS use I
contrary of the text. proper
o contradict a direct citation
104.1.1. It should beducts~dnt(refer to Rule 102.1 above).
with no mtro u IO
106.Id.
104 1 2 A parenthetical explanation may facilitate a better
. . . understanding of the companson.
106.1. d when citing the immediately preceding authority
"But see " is used if the cited authority maintains a view within th same footnote or when citing the authority in the
104.2. lmm dl t ly preceding footnote and such footnote indicates
contrary to the text. on ly on authority (otherwise, use a specific short citation
"But cf. " is used if the cited authority maintains analogous form).
104.3.
support to the reverse of the text. 106.2. It should be capita lized only when it is the first word in a
. "But see~' and "But sentence.
"B t, should be omitted from .
104.3.1. u · fter a negative s1gnal.
cf." if they come a
106.3. It cannot be used to refer to the Constitution but it may be
used for all other laws, jurisprudence, and secondary
105. Signals as verbs authorities.

106.4. As a general rule, follow this format: Id at {cited page}.

. note text which may otherwise
105.1. Terms used m the foo_t I eed not be italicized when
qualify as introductory Signa s n h n they form part of a 3I3. M acalintal v. Commission on Elections, 405 SCRA
used as verbs in sen~ences, as w e 614, 643-44 (2003).
parenthetical explanation. " 314· Id. at 645.
b "See' becomes see , " " "See eg
' . ·~, 315. Id. at 643-44 (citing Transcripts of Senate Proceedings,
105.2. When used as ver s, " d "Cf.~' becomes "compare .
becomes "see, for example , an . Oct. I, 2002).
316. Macalintal, 405 SCRA at 644.

106.5. In the example, Id. was not used in Note 316 since
Footnote 315 indicates more than one authority.

106.6. Use the specific short citation form if the material has been
cited five consecutive times as Id. in the same footnote or
in the preceding footnotes.
70 ATENEO LAW JOUIZNAL
Slf lt'l ITATION FORMS
71

106.7. Thus, on the sixth consecutive similar citation, indicate the 10 .I.'.
specific short citation form and do not use !d. anymore. In x mple Notes 319, 321, and 322 above which
other words, use !d. only five times consecutively. For .ubdlvlsion "§". Distinguish these frdm the
example: In Notes 314 and 315, which indicate page

317. An Act Strengthening the Workers' Right to Self-

Organization, Amending for the Purpose Presidential
Decree No . 442, as Amended, Otherwise Known as
the Labor Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No .
9481 , § I (2007).
3 r8. ld.
319. ld. § 2.
320. !d.
32I. Jd. § 6.
322. Id. § 3·
323. R.A. No. 9481, § 5·
106.8. In the example, !d. may no longer be used in Note 323 in
accordance with this rule so the specific short citation form
is used instead.
106.9. Every time Jd. appears or is used, whether within a single
footnote or in a set of successive footnotes, it is counted for
the application of the said rule. The same rule applies for
cases and secondary authorities.
106.10. The indicator "at" is only placed after !d. if indicating page
numbers and not subdivision numbers. In the case of
subdivision numbers, the format is: Id. {subdivision
cited}.
106.11. Subdivision numbers are those pertaining to statutes or
other legal documents that are not separated by pages, but
rather, by subdivisions or parts.
106.18.
106.12. Page numbers, meanwhile, usually pertain to cases and
paginated secondary authorities.
10 .JIJ . 11111 o<lu l 1Y lgnals may not precede I d. Use the short
It til 11 ~ rm In tead when introductory signals are placed.
I •I Vt'JH'r.t r ion v. Mancilla, 495 SCRA 712 , 714 (2 oo6) .
J.l~. ,o..,•,., •• f!,'lll'lfll/y Veneracion, 49S SCRA .
712
106.1 · N ~: h I s , !d. may be used when an immediately
pr din footnote whtch has an introductory signal is the
m uthorlty for the cited text.
(1 , s,.,, M:tna op v. Court of Appeals, 277 SCRA 57
(11)1)7) .
J 7· ld,
106.16.
h pr ding rule is observed regardless of whether or not
.~h ~b quent Note 327 also needs the introductory signal
5 e for the same cited authority.
106.17.
!d. may also be used when there are quoted passages in
th footnote text. When a direct quote which is less than 50
words Is ~ade and !d. may be properly used, place it right
after the dtrect quote.
328 . !: fil L. . NST. ar.t. XI, § r. This Section provides that
lplubhc office IS a public trust. Public officers and
employees must, at all times, be accountable to the
~eople, serve them with utmost responsibility,
mtef?n~, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism
and JUStice, and lead modest lives." Id.
If a di.rect. q.uote in the footnote text is 50 words or more
(mea~mg 1t IS a bloc~ quote) and !d. may be properly used,
place 1t on the next hne after the direct quote.

329. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § I2. This Section provides-

72 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
Sll ItT ITATION FORMS
73
The State recognizes the sanctity of fami ly life and shall
protect and strengthen the fami ly as a basic autonomous '•t Vt I tl Hllll r of a work or
social institution. It shall eq ually protect the life of the HIIIHtl I II< <lin one article. several works by the same
mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The
natural and primary right and duty of parents in the 10 . . 11 1'• 11 '• 11 II void confusion or · · .
rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the tlllluu lndl t his own .;,~btgwty. By usmg this, the
development of moral character shall receive the support wlllt II will 11pt1y Identify th:~~~~~ri;,hortened citation form
of the Government.
Id. 108.. II 1•, 1dcl 'CI t the end of .
p II IIIII tl I xplanation :n Cited authority, before any
lo Jl lilt r with the special shorte~ed ~or~l.aced in brackets
1
107. Supra
108.4. f oil w lhl
format: {Full citation of the mat . I
[h r In ft r {special short citation form}]. ena }
107.1. Supra may be used to subsequently cite an authority which
has been fully cited previously (but not in the immediately
l.fl , IIIII liN 'I' ME
preceding footnote, where !d. may be proper), excluding . . : DINA, THE FILIPINO FAM
statutes, cases, constitutions, legislative materials, and t•tl.) Ihereinafter MEDINA F ILY I73 (2oor
, ILIP INO fAMILY]
regulations. .f.f J. ll\'1(·11 ·r M I' ..
. · et tna, Issues Relating to R'f' · .
hllllil)', ill TI JE FIUPINO F ltpmo Mamage and
107.2. For subsequent citations of previously cited statutes and Vll ·. WS ANI) ISSUES 29 (AAMIL:r, A SPECTRUM OF
cases, refer to the specific rules discussed above. I . urora Perez ed )
I ' ' t't' JJtolflcr Medina, Issues]. ., 1995

107.3. The shortened form should appear in the same way as it 108.5. "H r Inafter" Is never used h . . .
appears in the full citation (i.e. whether in SMALL CAPS, italics, and us d only once. w en the Citation IS mentioned
or in ordinary Roman font).
108.6.
A subsequent citation based h
107.4. If the author is an institution, use the full institutional always accompanied by supra.on t e use of "hereinafter" is
name. If no author is indicated, use the title of the work.
108.7.
Whden the simple supra form suffices
107.5. Follow this format: {Author's last name}, supra note an should not be used. ' "hereinafter" need
{footnote number of initial citation}, at {cited
page}. 108.8. The shortened form should a .
appears in the full citation. ppear m the same way as it
330. BALANE, supra note 90, at 76.
333. MED INA, f iLIPINO fAMILY sunra not
. ' :r e 331, at 231
108. "Hereinafter" 334. Medma, luues, supra note 332, at 30. .
108.9.
There could arise extraordina cir
108.1. "Hereinafter" is used when the authority would be too tn conJUnction with "hereinaft~r"
cumstances where supra,
burdensome to cite repeatedly, such as when there are statutes, cases, legislative mat '. ~ay be used to refer to
when the title of the author'ty ~na s, regulations, etc., as
I IS extremely long or when
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
74

GENERAL RULES OF USAGE

the use of ordinarily pres_cri~ed short ~i~at~~n1o:'!t ~~~
cause confusion or ambiguity. Keep I .
purpose of these indicators is to prevent confusion. DO. Quotations
I the Matter of the Charges of Plagiarism, Etc.,
335 · n .
A ainst Associate Jusnce
M ·
anano
c . del . Cast1llo. ' 109. Quotations in General
g . SC Oct 12 2010 [heremafter In
A.M. No. 10-7-17- , · '
Re: Plagiarism}.
109.1. Quot tlons consisting of less than 50 words should be enclosed
within double quotation marks (" ").

109.1.1. Quotations within the quoted material should be

enclosed in single quotation marks (' ').

109.1.2. If the exact passage being cited is itself quoted

material in the original, only one set of double
quotation marks should be used.

109.1.3. All punctuation marks should be placed inside the

quotation marks, except question marks (?) and
exclamation points (!), if they were not part of the
original quotation. Thus, commas (,) and periods (.)
are placed within the quotation marks, even if the
original text of the quoted material does not contain
them. This is for plain aesthetic purposes and must
only be used if the integrity of the quoted material will
not be compromised.

109.1.4. The footnote number or footnote reference should be

placed at the close of the quotation marks.

109.1.5. The footnote reference must be placed after a comma

(,)or a period (.)when such is used to indicate a break
or signify the end of a sentence, except if the integrity
of the quoted material will be prejudiced by doing so.

109.2. Quotations consisting of 50 or more words should be quoted as

a block quotation.
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
109.2.1. A block quotation should be single-spaced, indented on
both sides, and justified.
109.2.2. Block quotations are not enclosed within double
quotation marks.
109.2.3. Quotations within the block quotation should be
retained using single quotation marks.
109.2.4. The footnote reference should be placed after the final
punctuation of the block quote.
109.2.5. If the block quote is not contained in the text or body
but, rather, in the footnote text, the citation reference
should not be indented but shou ld beg in at the left
margin on the line immediately following the quotation.
336. Under the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, a motor
vehicle is defined as
any vehicle propelled by any power other than
muscular power using the public highways, but
excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers,
sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts,
amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public
highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks,
and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds
used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
An Act to Compile the Laws Relative to Land
Transportation and Traffic Rules, to Create a
Transportation Commission and for Other Purposes
(LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE),
Republic Act No. 4136, § 3 (a) (1964) .
109.2.6. The first line of a block quote is only further indented
on the left margin if it is also the first line of a
paragraph in the original text being cited.
109.2.7. If a word or words at the beginning of the paragraph in
the original text is omitted in the block quotation, do
-NERAL RULES OF USAGE 77
no~ further indent on the left side nor use an ellipsis to
lnd1cate the omission.
109.2.8. Indicate the omission of an entire paragraph or
~aragraphs 1n the block quote by placing on the next
line of th.e quoted paragraph an ellipsis consisting of
three penods (" ... "). This is only done when one or
more paragraphs are om itted in the length of a single
block quote.
110. Alterations
110.1. Alterations (such as the substitution or omission of letters or
words) made . to quotations shou ld be indicated by enclosing
such changes 1n square brackets ("[ ]").
110.2. Significant mistakes in the original, if maintained and
~~c~rrected, should be followed by "[sic]" but otherwise left as
1t IS 1n the original.
110.3. Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated by empty
square brackets ("[ ]"). The rules on the use of brackets are
enumerated below in Rule 120.
111. Omissions
111.1. O':lis~ions i~ .the quoted material should be indicated by an
~~hps1,~ con~1stmg of three periods with a space before and after
( .. . ), tak1ng the place of the omission.
111.2. An ellipsis s~o~ld ~o.t begin a quotation. It is used generally
when the om1ss1on 1s m the middle of the quotation.
111.3.
!he rules on the use of an ellipsis are further enumerated below
m Rule 119.
 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
ENERAL RULES OF USAGE
112. Emphasis
114..
lements in a series are long and complex or involv~
112.1. When em hasis is added to or omitted from quoted ~e~t, in~ert lnt rn I punctuation or internal conjunctions, separate them by
a parenth~tical
clause indicating. such_add,~tion
or omiSSIOn (I.e.,
ml olons.
"emphasis supplied" or "emphasis omitted ).
115. Semicolons
112.2. There is no need to indicate that the emphasis was sustained
from the original text, if such was the case. 115.1.
Whil commas are used to connect dependent clauses to
independent clauses, semicolons (;) are used to connect closely
related independent clauses.
EE. Punctuations

113. Periods 116. Colons

116.1.
113.1. Periods (.) are used to end declarative sentences and indirect A colon (:) is used to introduce a list or an illustrative quotation,
amplification, or appositive.
questions.

113.2. If the sentence ends With

. an abb revla I , only one period is
· t"on
117.Hyphens
used .
117.1. Use a hyphen ( -)
113.3. When indicating initials or abbreviations, there should be no
spaces between periods.
117.1.1. to connect continuing or inclusive numbers, such as
113.4. Periods are used for abbreviations (e.g., I.C.J.), but not for dates, times, and reference numbers;
acronyms (e.g., ASEAN).
117.1.2. to separate numbers that are not inclusive, such as
telephone numbers and social security numbers; or
114. Commas
117.1.3. to separate the elements of a compound word that is
114.1. In a series of three or more elements, separate the elements by ordinarily hyphenated in a dictionary or other
commas(,) . authoritative source, such as a wordbook;

114.2. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a 117.2. There should be no space before or after the hyphen.
comma is placed before the conjunction (e.g., Math, English,
and Physics).
118. Em Dash

118.1. Use an em dash(-)

So ATENEO LAW JOURNAL EN ERAL RULES OF USAGE 81

118.1.1. to denote a sudden break in thought that causes an 11 .7. IF th omitted passage consists of
abrupt change in sentence structure; or
p: ~rf,~:s(s~~e~u~~e1~~i~~)~ust appe~~~lo~e ~o;;e ~~~~~e~~
118.1.2. to set apart an element added to give emphasis or
explanation by expanding a phrase occurring in the 119.8. An ellipsis should not begin a quotation.
main clause.

118.2. Em dashes should be preceded and followed by a space. 120. Brackets

118.3. To avoid confusion, do not use more than a single em dash or, 120.1. Where only one letter w d
in the proper case, a pair of em dashes in any given sentence. quoted sentence u ' or ' or punctuation is removed from a
an ellipsis. Be su~e t~ep~~c=~pty squbare bracket "[ ]" instead of
space etween the brackets.
119. Ellipses 120.2. When the first letter ·
from lower to upper ~~s! ~uot~d sentence must be changed
119.1. An ellipsis is a group of three consecutive dots with a space on
both sides of the ellipsis, but no spaces in between the three
~~~~~~ts. The ru les on capit;,i:~~~nv~;~~tt~~~~~~~ ~n~~~~:;~
dots (" ... ").
120.3. Substituted wo d 1
119.2. Indicate the om1ss1on of a word or words within a quoted bracketed. r s or etters in a quoted sentence should be
passage by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis.
120.4.
When quoting a passage signific t . .
119.3. The general rule is that the quotation may end with a original should be followed,by "[sic]~~ tmltshtake~ found ~~ the
punctuation mark even if some words in the original text are original. u 0 erw1se left as m the
thereby omitted (see Rule 109.1.3).

119.4. Nevertheless, if it is important to show that a portion of the 121. Parentheses

passage has been omitted, indicate still the omission by an
ellipsis at the end of the quotation. 121.1.

119.5. To indicate the omission of a word or words at the end of a

quoted sentence, replace the omitted text with an ellipsis
followed by the final punctuation of the sentence as in (" .... "). 121.2. Parentheses are also used to . t d
abbreviations. m ro uce acronyms and
119.6. Indicate the omission of a complete sentence within a quoted
text by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis between the 121.3.
final punctuation of the preceding quoted sentence and the first When parentheses are used to enclose .
sentence, a punctuation is placed before the cloan Independent
word of the following sentence as in (" .... "). This may be used smg parenthesis.
in a single, continuous quotation or in a block quotation.
82 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
121.4. When parentheses are used to enclose on ly part of a sente~ce
or a phrase, the punctuation, if any, is placed after the closmg
parenthesis.
121.5. If a fu ll sentence is quoted in parentheses, such as in
explanations or supplements attached to citations, periods are
placed both inside and outside the parentheses.
337· PHIL. CONST. art. III, § 8 ("The right of the people,
including those employed in the public and private sectors,
to form uni ons, associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.").
FF. Other Rules
122. Capitalization
122.1. Quotations embedded in the text of a piece may begin with an
uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on the context.
122.2. A quotation used as an essential syntactic part of a sentence
should begin with a lowercase letter.
122.3. In most cases, the Rule above means that a . quotation
introduced by "that" will not be capitalized, while one Introduced
as a free-standing sentence will be.
Justice Cru z stated that, " [h] e may seem boorish or speak
crudely or sport tattoos or dress weirdly or otherwise fall short of
our own standards of propriety and decorum . N one of these
makes him a criminal although he may look like a criminal."
Justice Cruz stated, "He may seem boorish or speak crudely or
sport tattoos or dress weirdly or otherwise fall short of our own .
standards of propriety and deco rum. N one of these makes him a
criminal although he may look like a criminal. "
Justice C ruz reiterated the value of due process in Malmstedt:
"He may seem boorish or speak crudely or sport tattoos or dress
EN ERAL RU LES OF USAG E
wt·ird ly or othenvise fall short of our own standards of prop riety
.1 nd de orum. None of th ese makes him a criminal although he
111 ay look like a criminal."
122.4.
The words ~rti~le, Essay, Comment, Note, Work, or Paper
should be capitalized when referring to the written work itself.
122.5.
When ref~rri~g to a specific part, section, or chapter of a written
work, capitalize Part, Section, or Chapter.
122.6.
Words in a heading or title are capitalized, including the first
word a~d the word immediately following a colon (e.g., Holmes'
Ideological Influence: An Examination).
122.7.
Articles, conjunctions, and propositions in a heading or title
should not be capital ized when they consist of four or fewer
lette~s, unless they are used as the first word of the title or
h~ad1ng or when they immediately follow a colon (e.g., The
H1story of Plea Bargaining and Criminal Prosecution).
122.8.
Capi~a~ize nouns referring to people or groups ( e.g., the
Adm1mstrator or the Board, etc.) only when they identify specific
persons, officials, groups, or government offices.
122.9.
Similarly, capitalize such phrases as "the Act " "the Code " "the
Executive," "the Senate," "the Congress," "the Petition," ~nd so
forth only when the reference is unambiguously identified.
122.10.
Th~ phrases "the Court" and "the Constitution" should be
capitalized only when referring to the Philippine Supreme Court
and the current Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
122.11. Names of parts of a constitution or statute may be capitalized
when used as proper nouns, as in "First Amendment, " "Article
III, " or "Section 8 (e)."
84 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL
123. Numerals
123.1. The numbers zero to nine (0-9) are spelled out.
123.2. The first word of any sentence must always be spelled out.
Thus, any number that begins a sentence must be spelled out.
123.3. When a series includes numbers both less than 1.00 .and equal
to or greater than 1.00, numerals should be used untformly for
the whole series.
123.4. If the number includes a decimal point, use the numeral. Do not
spell out.
123.5. When percentages or peso or other currency amounts _are
referred to, use numerals accompanied by the ap~ropnate
symbol (%) (P) ($), except when the amounts are wtthm the
range of zero to (nine 0-9), in which case the whole amount
must be spelled out, including the word per cent, pesos, or
dollar.
123.6. Numerals must always be used when referring to sections or
subdivisions of statutes or other legal documents.
124. Ordinals
124.1. Ordinal numbers used in the text or footnote text must not be
indicated by superscripts (e.g., 4th, 27th, 43d).
124.2. For ordinal numbers in the footnote text ending in the numb~rs
two or three, use "2d" or "3d" and not "2nd" or "3rd." Spelling
out ordinals found in the text is advisable.
EN ERAL RULES OF USAGE H,
125. Symbols
125.1. Spell out the words "Section" and " Paragraph " when they 1t
contained in the text; use their respective symbol forms (i. e.
and ~) when used in citations and footnote text. Nevertheles ,
the first word of any sentence must always be spel led out. Thus,
spell out the words "Section" and "Paragraph" when they begin
a sentence in the footnote text.
125.2. When using a subd ivision symbol, put a space between the
symbol and the numeral corresponding to the subdivision cited
(e.g., ,114).
125.3. The percentage, dollar, or peso symbols are used when the
numbers accompanying tem are in numeral form. Otherwise,
spell them out. They should be spelled out when the numbers
are spelled out. Also, spell out when these symbols begin a
sentence.
125.4. Do not insert a space between the (%), ($), and (P) symbols
and the corresponding number or amount.
125.5. TIP: Indicate the peso sign by applying the double strikethrough
function on the letter "P" in the fonts window.
126. Italicization
126.1. Italicize words and phrases to indicate emphasis.
126.2. Italicize non-English words and phrases except if they have
been incorporated into common English.
126.3. Latin words and phrases are generally italicized unless they are
considered to be of common usage and are widely used in lega l
writing.
126.4. Id is always italicized.
86 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL

126.5. Letters representing hypothetical parties, places, or things are

also italicized for distinction.

126.6. Mathematical expressions, like formulas and variables, are

italicized.