Taller #2 - Geología B

TALLER N° 2 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - INGENIERÍA CIVIL
UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
INGENIERÍA CIVIL
ASIGNATURA: GEOLOGÍA
GRUPO: B
PRESENTADO POR:
 LIZ VALENTINA CHICA C - CÓD: 1114049

 LINDA GABRIELA RODRIGUEZ DURAN - CÓD: 1113671
 ARLEY OSWALDO MANOSALVA CÁCERES - CÓD: 1113090
 ANDRÉS FELIPE CUCUNUBA LARA - CÓD: 1113778
PRESENTADO A:
ING. CARLOS ANDRPES MARTÍNEZ SALCEDO
CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER.
OCTUBRE -2020
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PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

A.
MINERALS
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Earth, in its presentation of components and other areas that make it the only known planet until
the moment that encompasses life, gives us the right to delve into the different conjugations of
natural ecosystems that, over time, have served as a mechanism for the transcendental development
of living beings and the environment that surrounds them.
Development means anything that drives human growth in all sectors that life represents, therefore,
and highlighting matter under study, can be deepened into the components that since the beginning
of time encompass the earth, and which, through years of great evolution have suggested introducing
them into the daily life of man. Such is the case of the wide variety of useful and essential minerals
emanating from the Earth's crust, minerals that are defined as natural inorganic crystalline materials
with unique chemical structures.
However, it is important to note that, of the minerals, its variety and its wide functionality in aspects
of the daily life stand out; for example, copper and gold, materials/minerals, which are used for
activities such as electrical wiring and jewelry, respectively. However, it is relevant not to discriminate
against the contents that are derived from metamorphic rocks or mineral quartz, such as baby
talcumbanks and the much-used glass.
On the other hand, a metamorphic rock, can be defined as the alteration of pre-existing rocks in the
depths of the Earth; is in solid state once aspects such as heat, pressure and/or chemically active fluids
are involved.
Granite rock, on the other hand, can be characterized simply as an aggregate of one or more minerals;
'added' as the implication of minerals being together as a mixture in which the properties of individual
minerals are preserved.
Limestone calcite gives us the image that most rocks are composed of more than one mineral,
however, there are minerals that are found in exorbitant amounts and impurely.
However, on the basis of the foregoing, it can be inferred that Halita defines minerals as inorganic
solids of natural origin, composed of a fully ordered internal structure with an absolutely defined
chemical composition and arrangement.
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2. MAJOR MINERAL GROUPS
Delving into the minerals, about 4 thousand different minerals have been denoted, however,
it is noteful that no more than a few dozen are abundant, of which you can see: Gypsum,
malachite, graphite, sulfur, etc.
Now, it can be said that, together, the few minerals known to still student minds make up
most of the rocks that exist in the Earth's crust, classifying these as rock-forming minerals.
Specific groups are derived from any sector or field of study, and the present theme would
be no exception; so, according to the prior consultation concerning forming minerals, the
most common group, which is referred to as Silicates, was known; silicates range from Quartz
to biotite. But they will say, what is a silicate? well, a silicate is defined or composed of any
of the minerals that the tetrahedron of lithium-oxygen has in its basic structure.
All silicates are composed of a structure composed of four atoms, these being oxygen, which
surround a silicon atom that eventually constitutes the basic building block of silicate
minerals; but more than that, it's a negatively charged ion.
If nature is demarcated as the source of neutral chemical compounds, to which positively

charged ions are subsequently added, it can be inferred in this way, the production of
chemically stable structures, consisting of individual tetrahedrons that together form
positively charged ions. In addition, and based on what is predisposed in this paragraph, the
unfolding variation of a tetrahedron may provide the guideline for new formations of
different structures where the sharing of oxygen atoms with silicon atoms in nearby
tetrahedrons is denoted.
It is important to mention, that there are two types of chain in the structuring of a silicate,
can be of sheet structure, which are through shared atoms, or double chains.
Double chains: one of several crystalline structures of varied silicates.
Sheet Structure: one of several crystalline structures of varied silicates.
Complex three-dimensional frames: very complex silicate structures.
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It can be inferred from the above that the ratio of silicon atoms to oxygen atoms differs
according to the structure of silicate; so, it can be concluded that as more oxygen atoms are
shared, the percentage of silicon in the mineral increases.
On the other hand, silicate ore is the cream definition of a high or low silicon content in
relation to oxygen; while in the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, most of the rest of the silicates
are not structuring with neutral chemical compounds, but are neutralized by the inclusion of
positively charged metal ions, which subsequently join them in varieties of crystalline
configurations.
Silicate minerals are divided into different groups; where it can be shown that each mineral
group has a particular silicate structure that determines the segmentation to be exhibited:
1. Metal
2. Semimetal
3. Non-metallic
Because of the strength between silicon and oxygen bonds, silicate minerals tend to be cut
between silicon and oxygen structures rather than through them. For example:
1. The micas – Sheet structure, tendency to be cut into flat plates.
2. Quartz – Silicon and Oxygen Structure – Non-segmented – It has fractures in place.
Silicates are divided into two main groups:
3. Ferromagnesian or dark silicates:
They are understood as minerals in which iron ions (iron-ferro) and or magnesium join
silicate structures.
4. Ferromagnesian:
They are those minerals that have iron and/or magnesium ions in their structure, and
that are mostly dark in color.
Ferromagnesian silicates are dark in color and have a specific gravity higher than non-
ferromagnesian, and that is due to the iron content in the silicates first mentioned.
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Another important group of minerals that form rocks, are carbonates (CO32-), which by
definition are the compositions of the carbonate ion and one or more types of positive ions.
Finally, sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing products that have been transported,
deposited and lithified; the difference between present and silicates ranges from the
economic to the inclusion of oxide sulfides, halides and native elements.
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3. PROPORTIES USED TO IDENTIFY MINERALS
The physical properties are derived from the defined chemical composition that have the
various ordered arrangements of the atoms in each mineral. For example, the ordered
internal arrangement of a mineral's atoms results in the crystalline shape as an external
expression, while brightness is the appearance and quality of light reflected from the surface
of that mineral
Color is among the physical characteristics of a mineral, the most obvious and intangible,
however, it is not significance of utility. On the other hand, hardness is one of the ways to
measure the strength of a mineral; so, it gives us room to understand that any mineral with
unknown hardness can be collided, rubbed and so on, with another mineral of unknown
hardness.
Clivaje is the way a mineral break along smooth planes. Breaks in minerals occur along planes
that denote weakness, however, if the ore breaks irregularly, it has no division. However,
when the ore is irregularly broken, breaks are called fractures, which can be irregular, curved,
or chipped.
Tenacity is described as the resistance of the mineral to breakage, which is described as:
1. Brittle
2. Malleable
3. Sectil
4. Flexible
5. Elastic
This provides the mineral with a crushing in angular fragments, such as quartz; to a shaped
modification without breaking flattening into a leaf, such as copper and gold; it can be cut
into thin shavings with a knife, such as baby talcum talc; can be bent without returning to its
original shape, such as selenite and plaster; and can be bent by regaining its initial form, such
as mica muscovite and biotite, respectively.
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There are features such as transparency, translucency, opacity, taste, magnetism, glass
shape, which can be useful for identifying some mineral than other mineral.
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4. MINERAL IDENTIFICATION KEY
To obtain the name of a mineral from various questions and answers about its physical
properties and/or characteristics is made through the identification keys; thus, we can
highlight the following minerals by means of the following keys:
Group 1. Metallic luster: Harder than glass (>5.5)
Group 2. Nonmetallic luster (dark colored) Harder than glass (>5.5.)
Group 3. Nonmetallic luster (light colored)
Station 1 - Luster and Color 1. metallic luster minerals = galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite,
hematite nonmetallic luster minerals = calcite (dull), quartz (glassy) luster - appearance of
reflected light from a mineral surface (shines like metal, or not, in our case)
2. Quartz colors = smoky gray (smoky quartz), milky white (milky quartz), and pink (rose
quartz). All the quartz specimens are the same general chemical composition (SiO ), but
small amounts of elemental 2 impurities (like food coloring) can cause color changes (e.g.
iron, Fe, commonly creates a reddish color).
3. No, color seems variable, and is not necessarily a distinguishing property for minerals.
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B.
MINERALS
REVIEW
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C.
ROCK CYCLE
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D.
INGENEOUS
ROCKS
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1. INTRODUCTION:
Igneous rock , or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being
sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a
planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes:
an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification
into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive
rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or
without crystallization to form natural glasses. Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of
geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended
crust and oceanic crust.
Intrusive igneous rocks make up the majority of igneous rocks and are formed from magma
that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet (known as plutons), surrounded by pre-
existing rock (called country rock); the magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are
coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked
eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive
body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive
formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies within
the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or
diorite.
The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks, usually granite.
When exposed by erosion, these cores (called batholiths) may occupy huge areas of the
Earth's surface.
Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or abyssal)
rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are
termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually medium-grained. Hypabyssal
rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths,
lopoliths, or photoliths.
Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical
composition, and the geometry of the igneous body.
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The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important
information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used
for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling
history, and the mineral composition of the rock. Feldspars, quartz or feldspathoids, olivines,
pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas are all important minerals in the formation of almost all
igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals
present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory
minerals. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, and these rare
rocks include those with essential carbonates.
Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks. The texture of volcanic
rocks, including the size, shape, orientation, and distribution of mineral grains and the
intragrain relationships, will determine whether the rock is termed a tuff, a pyroclastic lava
or a simple lava.
However, the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks, as most often
there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine-grained
groundmass or from airfall tuffs, which may be formed from volcanic ash.
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2. IGNEOUS TEXTURES:
Igneous textures include the rock textures occurring in igneous rocks. Igneous textures are
used by geologists in determining the mode of origin igneous rocks and are used in rock
classification. There are six main types of textures; phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy,
pyroclastic and pegmatitic.
Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) rocks, in contrast to phaneritic rocks, typically form from
lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth's surface. When extrusive rocks make contact
with the atmosphere they cool quickly, so the minerals do not have time to form large
crystals. The individual crystals in an aphanitic igneous rock are not distinguishable to the
naked eye. Examples of aphanitic igneous rock include basalt, andesite and rhyolite.
Glassy or vitreous textures occur during some volcanic eruptions when the lava is quenched
so rapidly that crystallization cannot occur. The result is a natural amorphous glass with few
or no crystals. Examples include obsidian.
Pegmatitic texture occurs during magma cooling when some minerals may grow so large that
they become massive (the size ranges from a few centimeters to several meters). This is
typical of pegmatites.
Phaneritic (phaner = visible) textures are typical of intrusive igneous rocks, these rocks
crystallized slowly below Earth's surface. As magma cools slowly the minerals have time to
grow and form large crystals. The minerals in a phaneritic igneous rock are sufficiently large
to see each individual crystal with the naked eye. Examples of phaneritic igneous rocks are
gabbro, diorite and granite.
Porphyritic textures develop when conditions during cooling of a magma change relatively
quickly. The earlier formed minerals will have formed slowly and remain as large crystals,
whereas, sudden cooling causes the rapid crystallization of the remainder of the melt into a
fine grained (aphanitic) matrix. The result is an aphanitic rock with some larger crystals
(phenocrysts) imbedded within its matrix. Porphyritic texture also occurs when magma
crystallizes below a volcano but is erupted before completing crystallization thus forcing the
remaining lava to crystallize more rapidly with much smaller crystals.
Pyroclastic (pyro = igneous, clastic = fragment) textures occur when explosive eruptions blast
the lava into the air resulting in fragmental, typically glassy material which fall as volcanic
ash, lapilli and volcanic bombs.
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3. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are classified according to their mineral content:
1. Ultramafic rocks are dominated by olivine and/or pyroxene.

2. Mafic rocks are dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene (even if you can't see them
with the naked eye) and smaller amounts of olivine.
3. Intermediate rocks are roughly even mixtures of felsic minerals (mainly plagioclase)
and mafic minerals (mainly hornblende, pyroxene, and/or biotite). There is little or no
quartz.
4. Felsic rocks are mostly feldspar (especially K-feldspar), at least 10% quartz, and less
than 15% mafic minerals (biotite, hornblende).
Within these four groups, rocks are named depending on whether they display coarse-
grained or fine-grained textures. The coarse-grained textures indicate intrusive rocks whereas
the fine-grained textures generally indicate extrusive rocks. Extrusive rocks defined mainly
by texture are discussed under rock textures: obsidian, scoria, pumice, tuff, and volcanic
breccia.
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The method of estimating the percentage of minerals works well for phaneritic igneous
rocks, in which individual crystals are visible with little to no magnification. If an igneous
rock is porphyritic but otherwise aphanitic, the minerals present as phenocrysts give clues
to the identity of the rock. However, there are cases where mineral composition cannot be
determined by looking at visible crystals. These include volcanic rocks without phenocrysts,
and glassy igneous rocks.
In the absence of visible crystals or phenocrysts, volcanic rocks are be classified on the basis
of color and other textural features. As you may have noticed in Figure 7.13, the colour of
volcanic rocks goes from light to dark as the composition goes from felsic to mafic. Rhyolite
is often a tan or pinkish color, andesite is often grey, and basalt ranges from brown to dark
green to black.
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4. NAMING IGNEOUS ROCKS
Because the mineral composition of a volcanic rock depends more on the crystallization
history than the mineral composition of a plutonic rock, agreeing upon names for volcanic
rocks was more problematic. For example, two very different volcanic rocks may form from
the same magma: one with few minerals and much glass and the other with many minerals
and little glass. Should these two rocks be given the same name or different names? The Sub
commission recommended that whenever possible, the name of a volcanic rock should be
based on its modal mineralogy following a scheme analogous to the QAPF scheme used for
plutonic rocks (see handout). • The IUGS scheme for the naming of igneous rocks is based in
part on the fact that igneous rocks do not have both quartz and feldspathoid in their mode.
Why is it that quartz and nepheline, for example, do not occur in the same rock? What
determines whether two minerals can occur together in equilibrium? The simple answer is
that two minerals will not occur together if a third mineral with an intermediate chemical
composition is stable. In the case of quartz (SiO2 ) and nepheline (NaAlSiO4 ), the mineral
with the intermediate composition is albite (NaAlSi3 O8 ). • The longer answer is that the
mineral assemblage with the lowest Gibbs energy will form at equilibrium. The Gibbs energy
of a mixture of two minerals is given by a straight line connecting the Gibbs energies of the
two minerals on a Gibbs energy-composition diagram. The Gibbs energies (per oxygen unit)
of nepheline, albite, and quartz at 800 K are shown in the figure. It is apparent from the figure
that for any mixture of quartz and nepheline, there is a feldspar-bearing assemblage (either
Ab + Qz or Ne + Ab) that has a lower Gibbs energy.
use igneous rock textures and mineral compositions (i.e. dark vs. light minerals) to classify
igneous rocks
1. Felsic (granitic) rocks (70% silica) ‑ granite and rhyolite are common in mountainous
areas; granite is widely used for building stone, monuments, and headstones
2. Intermediate (andesitic) (60%) ‑ andesite and diorite found near subduction zones
3. Mafic (basaltic) rocks (50%) ‑ basalt is the most common rock on Earth and is found
mainly in the upper part of oceanic crust and in volcanic islands; gabbro is formed
mainly in lower oceanic crust
4. Ultramafic (45%) peridotite is probably the main rock in the upper mantl
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E.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
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1. INTRODUCTION
In this paper we will talk about the common between all sedimentary rocks and their
formation by the action of external agents - that is, on the surface of the earth in
conjunction with sedimentary processes. The product of all these processes, such as rain,
acidic substances, wind, among others, make possible the rock formation on the banks of
rivers, in the form of strata - sedimentary rock unfortunately as a group does not follow a
common homogeneous line: A sample of a clastic rock has a different appearance than a
chemical sedimentary rock. That is why it is highly recommended to use the classification
"clastic - chemical - organic" as the main structure or group.
Giving primacy to the mode of formation or the mineral components and the texture of
the rock, which includes the size and shape of the grains, and thus the different
classifications and types of sedimentary rocks that exist are obtained.
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2. TYPES OF REDIMENTARY ROCKS

There are two main país to classify sedimentary rocks: by their formation and by their
composition. On the one hand, the different types of sedimentary rocks according to
their formation are classified as:
Detrital or clastic sedimentary rocks: these are sedimentary rocks that have been formed
due to the accumulation of sediments over long periods of time from the erosion of large
rocks, slopes or mountains, and deposited by the simple effect of gravity. According to
the size of the clasts that compose them, they are classified in turn into conglomerates,
sandstones and clay rocks.
Organogenic rocks: these rocks are made of living things. The most common is to find
them formed by the biomineralization of skeletons, but there are also those formed from
cellular matter, called organic rocks.
Chemical sedimentary rocks: when chemical processes such as the evaporation of sea
water occur, a residue of salt and other minerals remains. Chemical rocks are formed by
the deposition and accumulation of chemical processes like this.
Marls: This is a type of mixed sedimentary rock that is formed by the accumulation of
detrital rocks with chemical rocks. Because of this, some experts prefer not to consider
them a type of sedimentary rock per se.
On the other hand, the types of sedimentary rocks according to their composition are
classified as:
Territory: they are formed by terrigenous sediments, mainly granite or siliceous organic
particles, and usually with high amounts of quartz.
Carbonatic. Composed mainly of carbonate minerals, usually calcium. They constitute a

third of the total sedimentary rocks.
Siliceous: these rocks are made up of organic silicon particles or granite weathering.
There are a lot of sedimentary rocks that we see in our day to day. Some examples of
sedimentary rocks are as follows:
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Coal: You can't talk about organic sedimentary rocks without mentioning coal, and even
oil. These very valuable substances have now been formed from the lithification of
organic remains, and are therefore sedimentary rocks.
Evaporites: gypsum and rock salt are some of the best known evaporites, formed from
the evaporation of seawater and the crystallization of its remains.
Limestone: limestone, used both in construction and gardening, is a carbonate-type

sedimentary rock that forms in shallow sea waters in areas.
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3. INTERPRETING ENVIRONMENTS
Making the interpretation of the environment we can realize that these rocks are formed
with the accumulation of sediments that are created from particles of various sizes, and are
transported by water, ice or wind that give rise to consolidated materials, the which we can
find formed on the banks of rivers, at the bottom of ravines, lakes, seas and river mouths and
according to the study it is said that it covers more than 75% of the earth's surface.
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F.
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
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1. INTRODUCTION
Metamorphism is a response to physical or chemical changes in the environment of a pre-

existing rock, which essentially refers to variations in pressure, temperature, stress or fluid
infiltration. This involves the recrystallization of pre-existing minerals into other new crystals
and / or the appearance of new minerals, and the decomposition of other minerals. The
metamorphic processes develop, essentially, in the solid state, although the overall mass of
the rock is not disintegrated (that is, without experiencing a complete loss of cohesion);
however, fluids are often present in a small proportion and can play an important catalytic
role; in the case of high metamorphic gradients, fusion processes can occur.
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2. AGENTS OF METAMORPHIC CHANGE
Metamorphic rocks are one of the great types of rocks. They are the product of what happens
when sedimentary and igneous rocks undergo changes due to the conditions in which they
are found underground.
The four main agents that cause these changes in rocks are:
• The heat
• The pressure
• The fluids
• The tension
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3. TEXTURE AND MINERALOGICAL CHANGES
TEXTURES
Textures of metamorphic rocks fall into two broad groups, FOLIATED and NON-
FOLIATED. Foliation is produced in a rock by the parallel alignment of platy minerals (e.g.,
muscovite, biotite, chlorite), needle-like minerals (e.g., hornblende), or tabular minerals (e.g.,
feldspars). This parallel alignment causes the rock to split easily into thin layers or
sheets. Foliation is common in aphanitic as well as phaneritic metamorphic rocks. Some
foliated rocks are also banded. Banding means that the rock consists of alternating, thin
layers (typically 1 mm to 1 cm) of two different mineral compositions. Normally, the two
types of layers have the same kinds of minerals, but in different proportions, giving the rock
a striped appearance. Banding, by itself, defines a foliation.
In order of increasing grain size, foliated textures are referred to as SLATY (aphanitic, very
fine-grained), PHYLLITIC (aphanitic, fine-grained), SCHISTOSE (phaneritic). The
corresponding rock types are called SLATE, PHYLLITE, and SCHIST. These rocks are not
normally banded. The composition of the rock (as expressed by it's minerals) is uniform
throughout the volume of the rock. The banded, foliated texture is referred to
as GNEISSOSE. The corresponding rock type is GNEISS. Gneiss is normally phaneritic, but in
some cases the layers are aphanitic.
As the term implies, NON-FOLIATED rocks lack foliation or banding. Such rocks are most
commonly composed of minerals that are neither platy nor needle-like, but rather more
equidimensional (more or less the same dimension in all directions). Quartz, calcite and
dolomite are the most common such minerals. In phaneritic rocks the texture is referred to
as GRANOBLASTIC. Common granoblastic rocks included QUARTZITE (quartz),
and MARBLE (calcite or dolomite).
The textures of some metamorphic rocks do not fit neatly into any of these categories. In
such cases, where the protolith is obvious because the texture of the protolith is well
preserved, the prefix "META" is simply used in front of the protolith name,
e.g., METAGRANITE, METABASALT, METAWACKE, METACONGLOMERATE, etc.
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MINERALOGY
Most of the minerals in igneous rocks and many minerals in sedimentary rock can occur in
metamorphic rocks. However, depending on the protolith, many minerals form only during
the course of metamorphism. In this sense, minerals such as chlorite, garnet, epidote,
staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, and several others are generally thought of as
"metamorphic." A shale protolith (initially clay minerals with lesser amounts of quartz and
feldspar) undergoes a number of mineralogical changes when exposed to progressively
higher pressures and temperatures during the course of metamorphism. These
mineralogical changes are marked by the appearance and growth of metamorphic index
minerals at the expense of original minerals (such as clay in shale) and previously former
metamorphic minerals. Starting with shale, the order of appearance of index minerals with
increasing grade of metamorphism (from slate to phyllite to schist to gneiss) is typically
chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite (Fe,Mg)2Al9Si4O22(O,OH)2, kyanite (high pressure Al2SiO5)
or andalusite (low pressure Al2SiO5), sillimanite (high temperature Al2SiO5), K-
feldspar. Normally, by the time kyanite or andalusite appears, previously formed
metamorphic chlorite has long since become unstable and replaced by higher grade
minerals. Thus, the kinds of metamorphic minerals in a rock reflect the changing conditions
of pressure and temperature that the rock experienced. This kind of information is important
for understanding aspects of plate tectonics and the formation of mountain ranges.
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4. COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Examples of Common Metamorphic Rocks
Quartzite is a coarse-grained metamorphic rock
derived from sandstone.
Marble is a metamorphic rock that comes from

metamorphosed limestone or dolomite.
Slate is a fined grained metamorphic rock.
Phyllite is a fined grained metamorphic rock.
Schist is a coarse grained metamorphic rock.
Gneiss is a medium to coarse grained

metamorphic rock.
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G.
ROCK REVIEW
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Taller #2 - Geología B

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TALLER N° 2 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - INGENIERÍA CIVIL

UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER

 LIZ VALENTINA CHICA C - CÓD: 1114049

ING. CARLOS ANDRPES MARTÍNEZ SALCEDO

CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER.

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

2. MAJOR MINERAL GROUPS

If nature is demarcated as the source of neutral chemical compounds, to which positively

Double chains: one of several crystalline structures of varied silicates.

Sheet Structure: one of several crystalline structures of varied silicates.

Complex three-dimensional frames: very complex silicate structures.

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

1. The micas – Sheet structure, tendency to be cut into flat plates.

2. Quartz – Silicon and Oxygen Structure – Non-segmented – It has fractures in place.

Silicates are divided into two main groups:

3. Ferromagnesian or dark silicates:

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

3. PROPORTIES USED TO IDENTIFY MINERALS

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

4. MINERAL IDENTIFICATION KEY

Group 1. Metallic luster: Harder than glass (>5.5)

Group 2. Nonmetallic luster (dark colored) Harder than glass (>5.5.)

Group 3. Nonmetallic luster (light colored)

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

3. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks are classified according to their mineral content:

1. Ultramafic rocks are dominated by olivine and/or pyroxene.

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

4. NAMING IGNEOUS ROCKS

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

2. TYPES OF REDIMENTARY ROCKS

Carbonatic. Composed mainly of carbonate minerals, usually calcium. They constitute a

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

Limestone: limestone, used both in construction and gardening, is a carbonate-type

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

Metamorphism is a response to physical or chemical changes in the environment of a pre-

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

2. AGENTS OF METAMORPHIC CHANGE

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

3. TEXTURE AND MINERALOGICAL CHANGES

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

PROGRAMA GEODe – SUMINISTRADA POR EL PROFESOR Y TUTOR DE CLASE GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

4. COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Marble is a metamorphic rock that comes from