HEALTH

What is the Health (waa maxay caafimaad)?

Health is a state of mental physical and social well being

(WHO).

Taas oo macnaheedu yahay qofku waa inuu ahaadaa mid

u caafimaadqaba maskax ahaan jir ahaan iyo bulsho
ahaan.

How to Maintain the Health

Caafimaadka waxaa lagu dhoowri karaa iyadoo

lasameeyo qodoba soo socda:

1. cunto dheelis tiran (Blance diet)

2. hurdo kugu filan (Enough sleep).

3. jimicsi (Exercise)

4. in balwada lajoojiyo (Limite the smook)

5. in gogol dhaafka lajoojiyo (One partiner).

 Kalkaaliye (Nurse)
Nurse ama kalkaalye waa qof katirsan habdhiska
caafimaadka waxa eeyna shaqadiisu tahay kor uqaadista
caafimaadka, kahortagga cudurrada, wacyigalinta
bulshada (community orientation) daaweeynta iyo
xaanaaneeynta bukaanka.

Waxaa jira nuucyo badan oo kalkaalye ah

waxaana ugu caansan:

Registred nurse (RN): waa qof wadata heer

waxbarasho waxa uuna kawarqabaa lana tacalaa
bukaanka, waxa uuna wacyigalin talabixin
laxiriirta caafimaadka siiyaa bukaanada iyo
bulshada.

Regestred nurse waxa uu lahoowl gala

dhaqaatiirta iyo xirfadleeyd caafimaad meelo
kala duwan (various settings).

Certified registred nurse anesthetists (CRNA):

waa qof wata heer waxbarasho oo master degree
gaarsiisan lehna xirfad iyo tababar aad u sareeya,
waxa eeyna shaqadiisa tahay suuxinta bukaanka
xilliga qaliinka (assisting with anesthesia during
surgery).

Clinical nurse: waa qof aqoon sare leh

(advanced) waxa uuna u tababaranyahay sida
dhaqtarka oo kale waxa eeyna shaqadiisa tahay
kawarqabka bukaanada, tababaridda kalkaaliyaha
iyo iskuxirxa bahda caafimaad ee goobta.

Critical care nurse: waa qof aad u tababaran

waxaana lookaashtaa in uu wax ka qabto
xaaladaha aadka u daran sida dhaawacyada
xooggan, iyo in uu xalliyo dhibaatooyinka
caafimaad ee dhimasho horseedi kara.

Perioperative nurse or scrab nurse: waa qof

aqoon sare leh una tababaran kashaqeeyna
saalada iyo diyaarinta qalanba qaliinaka ee
markaas lobaahanyahay.

Scrab nurse waxa uu si toos ulashaqeeyaa

dhaqtarka xilliga qalliinka.
Mental health nurse: waa qof u tababaran
daaweeynta iyo xanaaneeynta dadka qaba
xanuunada dhimirka (psychological disorders in
patients)

Nuse midwife: waa qof aqoon iyo xirfa uleh

uureeyda, waxa eeyna caawiyaan hooyada
xilliga uurka (pregnancy), foosha (labor) iyo
dhalmada (delivery).

Waxa eey hooyada siiyan wacyi galin laxariirta

xanaaneeynta cunuga iyo qaabka noloshiisa
biloog ah loomaareeyo (adjesting to life with a
newborn).

Nurse educator: waa qof aqoonyahan ah

xirfadne uleh in uu wax baro nurse.

Shakhsiga nuucaan ah waxa uu badanaa ka

shaqeeyaa kulliyada caafimaadka iyo goobaha
wax lagu baro dadka noqonaya kalkaliye.
Medical cases management

First aid: gar gaarka deg dega ah waa kaalmada uga

horeysa caafimaad ee loo fidiyo qof shil galay ama ay ku
timid jiro kedis ah isbitaal ama aqoon yahan caafimaad
hortiis ujeedaduna waxay tahay si loo babbaadiyo
qofkaas shilka galay waayo waxaa suurta gal ah in uu
dhaawacaas u dhinto ama u naafoobo.

Dunida aan joogno Goobaha shaqada dhaawacyadu iyo

jirrooyinku waxa eey dilaan dad kor udhaafaya labo
milyan oo ruux sanad kasta. Taas macnaheedu waa in uu
qof dhinto 15 daqiiqo kasta.

Waxaa lagu taliyaa in goob kasta laga helo ama uu ka

agdhawaadaa qof u taba baran badbaadinta dadka.
Waxyaabaha laga rabo qofka gargaarka bixinaaya
(first aider)

Waa in uu xirtaa qolabka qofka wax ka difaacaya

sida:
a. Sterile gloves
b. Ookiyaale (safety goggles or glasses)
c. Boots
d. First aid kit

Haddii aad noqoneeysid dhibane looma bahna in aad

noqotid gargaare (first aider).

Waa in aad sameeysaa tillaabooyinkaan si dhaqso ah

sida:

a. Waa in aad qiimeeysaa goobta haddii eey

ammaan tahay ama eey Qatar noqonkarto.
Kabax goobta haddii eey Qatar tahay.
b. Qiimeey bukaanka. Bukaanku mahadal
celin karaa? Isku sheeg; weeydii mala
aawin karaa. Hddii uu Bukaanku aad
ujiranyahay, tabardaranyahay, dhaawaan
yahay, ama uusan hadal celin Karin…
 c. Uwac ambulance ama 999.
d. Hubi habka loo yaqaan ABCs.

Habka ABCs waxa uu utaagan yahay sida hoose:

A. Airway

Waa in aad hubisaa marinka hawa mareenka adiga oo

qofka mdixiia gadaal ulaabaya garkisana circa u taagaya.

B. Breathing. Check breathing

Hubi qofka in uu si wanaagsan u neefsanaayo.

Dhageeyso xabadkiisa ama gacan saar feeraha.

C. circulation

Waa in aad hubisaa in uu sifiican u shaqeeynayo dhiig

wareega dhibanaha.

Ujeedooyinka loo sameeyo gargaarka deg dega waa

saddex oo ah:

• Prevent further injury

• Life preserve life
• Promote recovery
Wax yaabaha dhaawac yada sababa (What cause
injuries and how they are divided by)

Waxyaabaha qofka waxyeleyn kara waxaa ka mid

ah:
• Waxyaabaha caaradda leh (blunt or sharp objects)
• Meel sare laga soodhaco (falls from high)
• Xawaaraha (speed)
• Qaniinyada bahalada (animal or insect bites)
• Dabka ( fire or extreme heat)
• Kiimikada (exposure to chemicals) and
• Sunta (toxins).

Sida Looga Hortago Shilalka

Qodo badaan ayaa ah habka shilalka loo yareeyn karo:

1- Waa in caruurta laga ilaaliyaa wax alle iyo wixii

qalab ah ee wax yeeli Kara sida dhalooyinka
burbursan, dabka toorayda iwm.
2- Waa in ay dadku ku dadaalaaan kabo qaadashada
marka ay guuraynayaan habeenkii si ay uga
badbaadaan qaniinyada bahalada hoose iwm.
3- Waa in ay dadku ku dadaalaan nabadda marka uu
is afgaran waa ka dhex dhaco bulshada
dhexdeeda.
 4- Waa in wadayaashu si wanaagsan u wadaan
gaadiidka.
Si kasta oo loo dadaalo koley shilku waa kii dhaca
hadaba daryeelaha caafimaadka ama Dhakhtarka
caafimaad waa in uu fuliyo gar gaarka deg dega ah
hadii shil agtiisa ka dhaco.

HEAMORRHAGE

Ereyga Heamorrhage waa luqada giriiga

micnihiisuna waa dhiig lumid (lost of blood) ama
dhiig bax.

Dhiig baxa hadii dibada ku socdo waxaa looya qaan

(External Heamorrhage).

Dhiig baxa haddii uu gudaha kusocdo waxaa looyaqaan

(Intenal Heamorrhage).
Wax yaabaha ugu waa weyn ee keeni kara dhiig
bax (main couses of bleeding)

Dhiigbax waxa uu imaan karaa marka eey go’aan

sadexdaan xidid midkood:

1) Artery 2) Veinous 3) Capillary

Artery: Xididadaan halboowlaha waa kuwo hoos
jira oo lafta dulsaaran si eey u nabadgalaan.

Artery marka uu go’o ama uu dhaawcmo wxaa ka

yimaada dhiig casaan cad leh oo xowli u socda
waxaan loo yaqaanaa (Arterial bleeding) ama dhiiga
halbowlaha.

Venous: oo ah xididada arorayaasha marka ay

go’aan ama ay dhaawacmaan waxaa ka yimaada
dhiig madow waxaana loo yaqaanaa (Veinous
bleeding) ama dhiiga aroorayaasha

Capillary: oo ah xididada teeftaafyada marka ay

go’aan ama ay dhaawacmaan waxaa ka yimaada
dhiiga caadi ah oo xowli u socda waxaana loo
yaqaanaa (Capillary bleeding) ama dhiiga
teeftaafyada.
Calaamadaha Dhiig Baxa (Sing and Symptoms Of
Heamorrhage)

Calaamadaha dhiig baxa waxaa ka mid ah:

1) Naxdin ama argagax ( Shock)

2) Doorsoon (Pale)
3) Dhidid qabow oo loo yaqaano (Cold Sweat)
4) Cadaadiska dhiiga oo hoos u dhaca oo loo yaqaan
(low blood pressure)
5) Garaaca wadnaha oo bata oo loo yaqaano (Tachy
Cardia)
6) Garaaca wadnaha oo hoos u dhaca oo loo yaqaan
(bredycardia)
Hemorrhage management

1. Waa in aad baneeysaa meesha dhiig baxeeysa

(remove any clothing).
2. Dhiigga jooji adiga oo faashad nadiifa ama maro
nadiif ah dhaawaca ku cadaadinaya. Isha oo kale
cadaadis xoogan hasaarin sidookale haddi qofka
wax kumudanyihiin hakusii cadaadin, waa in aad
dhaawaca geesihiisa cadaadisaa.
3. Qofka waa in uu ahaadaa mid dhulka yaala.
4. Dhiig baxa daran waxaa loo adeegsadaa cirbad
dhiig joojin (Transamin Inj) ama vitamin k3.
5. Qofka aadka udhiig baxay, wareeraaya ama
shooksan faleenbo ayaa lasiinayaa sida NS
infusion.
6. Haddii uu jiro xanuun daran sii cirbad xanuun
joojin ah.
7. Haddii uu dhaawucu leeyahay wasaq badan ku
dhaq NS infusion.
8. Haddii uu dhaawacu u baahan yahay tolmo waa
in latolaa.
Marka aad xireysid dhaawaca haku xirin waxyaabaha
ad adag sida siliga iyo waayirka sababtoo ah waxaa
roon in la dabciyo nabarka dhaawicii la xirraba 30
daqiiqaba mar si aysan u dhiig waayin inta ka
hooseysa ee jirka qofka.

SHOCK

Shock waa xaalad dhiig wareega hoos uridda ama

joojisa waxaana kadhasha in xubintii dhiigweeyso
iyo oxygen taas oo xubinta hoowlgab ka dhigta.

Waxaa jira afar nuuc oo shock ah:

1. Hypovolemic shock
2. Distributive shock
3. Cardiogenic shock
4. Obstractive shock
Hypovolemic shock: shooga nuucaan waxa uu ka
dhashaa dhiig baxa daran, shubanka iyo matagga daran,
iyo gubashada daran.

Distributive shock: waa xaalad eey yaraaneeyso amaba

eeynan xididdadu geeyneey xubnaha dhiig ku filan.

Cardiogenic shock: shooga nuucaan ah waa mid uusan

wadnahaagu bambeeyneeyn dhiig kufilan jirka waxa
uuna badanaa kuyimaadaa dadka ka xanuunsan wadnaha.

Obstractive shock: shooga nuucaan ah waxa uu

dhashaa marka eey xirmaan xididada waaweeyn ee
dhiiga ama irdaha wadnaha.

Waxa Keena Shock (Causes of Shock)

Wax yaabaha shooga keeni kara waxaa kamid ah:

1. Marka qofku dhiig baxo oo loo yaqaaano (

Heamorrhage)
2. Gubasho oo loo yaqaan (Burns)
3. laf jabtay oo loo yaqaan ( Fracture)
4. Fuuq bax oo loo yaqaan (Dehydration)
5. Shil galid (Accident)
 6. Sumoobid (Poisoning)
7. Xajiin (Allergic reaction)
8. Jugta (trauma)

Sign and Symtoms of Shock

Calaamdaha Shooga waxaa ka mid ah:

1- Qofka shoogsan waxaad moodaa in uu hurdayo

ama uu miir la’yahay
2- Jirka qoow noqda
3- Jirka oo doorsooma (pale)
4- Wadna garaac (rapid pulse)
5- Neeftuur (rapid breathing)
6- Lalabo iyo matag (nausea and vomiting)
7- Tabardarri iyo daal (weakness and fatigue)
8- Dawaqid (Dizziness)

Xalinta Shooga (Shock Management)

1- Qofka shoogsan wa in la jiifiyaa qaarkiisa

dambena lag sara mariyaa Qaarkiisa hore
 2- Qofka shoogsan waa in la dadaa laguna dadaa
waxyaabaha ad adag sida bustaha iwm.
3- Hadii qofka miir la’yahay waa in loo seexiyaa
dhaban dhaban si uusan candhuuftiisa ugu
margan hana siin cuno iyo cabitaan midna
4- Hadii qofku dhiig baxayo jooji dhiiga baxaaya
5- Fiisito guud u samee qofka shoogsan.
6- Haddii uu xanuun jiro cirbad xanuun joojin sii
(diclofen)
7- Haddii qandho jirto cirbad qandho jabin sii.
8- Waa in qofka lagu xiraa oxygen ama vintolator.
9- Waa in qofka lagu xiraa faleenbooyin (fluid
therapy)

ASPHYXIA
Asphyxia ama asphyxiation waa xaalad eey yaraaneeyso
oxygen ta loogudaabulaayo jirka taas oo ka dhalata
neefsi aan caadi eheeyn (abnormal breathing). Asphysia
ama neef qabatiin waxyaabaha keeni karo waxaa kamid
ah margashada (chocking).
Asphyxia waxa eey sababtaa oxygen la’aan guud taas oo
saameeysa xubnaha iyi nudaha jirka. Waxyaabo badan
oo udeeda qofka in uu neef qaato ayaa sababa neef
qabatinka.
Asphyxia waxa uu sababi karaa koomo iyo dhimasho
(coma and death).

Waxyaabaha sababa neef qabatiin (causes of asphyxia)

Waxyaabaha sababa neefqabatiinka waxaa ka mid ah:

• In uu sheey isku qataaro dhuunta (A foreign

object lodged in the respiratory system or throat)
• Cabur (Suffocation)
• Ceejada (Strangulation)
• Hafashada (Drowning)
• Carabka oo dib u dhaca (The tongue blocking the
airway when a person is unconscious)

Examples of injuries or illnesses that can cause

asphyxiation can include:
 • Sanbabada oo iskudhaga (Collapsed lung)
• Qiiq suna in aad jiido (Inhalation of toxic fumes
(like carbon monoxide))
• Xiiq dheer (Whooping cough)
• Goowracatada (Diptheria (bacterial infection))
• Wadne howl gaba (Heart failure)
• Xoowlmariidyada oo barara (Swollen veins in the
head or neck)
• Paralysis
• Asthma
• Sumoow (poisoning)

Sida Loo Baneeyo Marinada Neefta

Labadaada gacmood mid ka mid ah wajiga ka saar hoos

kaga cadaadi gacantaada kale luqunta dibna hoos geli
korna uga soo qaado madaxiisa qaarkiisa adigoo kor ugu
soo qaadanaayo sidaa daraadeed carabkiisana mar danbe
isugu gudbimaayo marinada neefta markaas ka dib
dhegayso inuu neefsanaayo iyo in kale hadii uu
neefsanaayo u jiifi si haboon haddii uu neefsan Karin si
deg deg ah u neefsii
Calaamadaha Neef Qabtiin
1. Neefsiga oo kordho
2. Neefta oo shanqar yeelato
3. Miir la’aan
 4. Cijiyaha oo midab kooda is bedela

Habka Loogu Gar Gaaro Neef Qabtiin

Qofka waa in lageeyaa meel hawafiican leh.

waa in lagu duraa qofka cirbadaha naqaska sida

dexamethasone.

haddii uu qofku ubaahan yahay oxygen waa in lagu

xiraa.

waa in lagu caawiyaa sida vintolator machine oo kale in

lagu xiro.

xadii qofka xanuun jiro xanuun baabi’in sii sida diclofen.

qofka vutal signs usameey.

Ogsoonow haddii uu qofka uu muddo afar daqiiqo ah

neef wayo waa uu dhimankaraa.

Blocking Air Ways

Qofku marka uu margado sababtu wax kastaba ha

keentee waxaa ku xirma ama ku istaaga neefta waxaana
suurta gal ah in uu neef la’aan u dhinto
Gar Gaarka Margashada

1- Dhaawaca qaba gacmahaaga oo aad duubto

caloosha ka saar oo xoog kor uug riix si ay
hawadu u soo tuurto shaga dhuunta xiray.
2- Waxaad kalood ugu gar gaari karta qofka
mergaday inta aad dhabarkiisa is taagto oo aad
gacmahaaga caloosha kaga qabatid xoogna ugu
qabatid sidii adiga oo kale jaraya oo kale intaa
kadib hawada aad kor u eriday waxay soo tuuri
kartaa shaygii dhuunta xiray
3- Hadii ay ceego jirtana ka fur.

Trauma
Jugta waa in aad qiimeeysaa haddii uu xanuun jiro sii
xanuun baabiye sida diclifenac.

Haddii uu barar jiro sii barar barar dajiye eborofen.

Haddi meesha jugta gaartay eeysan dhaawac laheey

waad ugu dari kartaaqofka boomaato diclofenac ah.

Haddi uu qof suuxsan yahay ama jab looga shakiyo waa

in raajo loodiraa.
EPISTAXIS OR NASAL BLEEDING

Epistaxis: Goror waa dhiig ka yimaada sanka waxaan

sabaaba waxyaaba badan mar marka qaarna waxaa
sababa jug ama cudur sanka gaarta

Gar Gaarka San Gororka

1. Qofka san ka ka dhiig baxaya waa in la jiifiyaa

ama la fadhiisiyaa
2. Sankiisa qabo oo haay ilaa iyo 30 daqiiqo ama
inta uu ka istaagayo dhiiga
3. Sanka ka geli maro nadiif ah ama gabal faashada
ah
4. waa in uu qofka sanka ka dhiiga baxaya afka ka
neefsadaa
Dhiiga baxyada sanka way kala duwa naan karaan
waayo waxaa jiri kara dhiiga bax gudaha ah ama dhiig
bax dibada ah
DHAAWACA (THE WOUND)

Dhaawac waa marka nuudaha jirka uu jeexmo ama jug

halis lihi gaarto sidoo kale whaawacyada ay keenaan
sida toorayda, rasaasta, wraranka, iwm.

Waxaa roon in lagu daweeyo isbitaalka waayo waxaa

roon in lagu daweeyo isbitaalka waxaa jiri kara hurgumo
ama caabuq.

Nuucyada dhaawaca

Dhaawaca waxaa loo qeeybiyaa:

1. Dhaawac furan (open wound)

2. Dhaawac xiran (closed wound)

Dhaawaca furan waxaa looqeeybiyaa:

• Sarmid (Incisions or incised wounds), nuucaan

waxaa sababa midiyaha oo kale
• Ruqid (Lacerations), nuucaan waxaa sababa
qofka meel kazoo dhacay oo kale
• Murxid (Abrasions), qofka waa ka murxaa
maqaarka haddii lajiido oo kale
 • Kala wareeg xubinta ah (Avulsions).
• Mudid (Puncture wounds)

Nuucyada dhaawaca xiran (closed wounds types)

• Contusions,
• Hematomas
• Crush injury
Wound management

Dhaawaca haddii uuyahay mid cusub kajooji dhiiga

socda.

Hadii uu dhiig baxu yahay mid daran kudur cirbada

dhiig joojinta sida transamin.

Haddii uu xanuun jiro sii xanuun joojin.

Waa in laga nadiifiyaa dhamaan sida tinta, wasaqda,

hilbaha go’ay.

Dhaawaca waxaa wanaagsan in lagu dhaqo normal

saline.

Dhaymo usameey adiga oo adeegsanaya sida Iodine iyo

wixii lamid ah.

Haddii uu yahay dhaawucu mid tolmo ubaahan waa in

latolaa.
FRACTURE

Jab waa marka laftu jabto ama burburto sidoo kale jabku
wuxuu u qeybsamaa laba nuuc oo kal ah:-

1) Simple Fracture
2) Compound Fracture
Simple Fracture

Simple Fracture: waa marka laftu jabto oo aysan ka soo

bixin haragga waxaana loo yaqaanaa jabniinka xiran ama
(Close Fracture)
Compound Fracture

Compound Fracture: waa marka laftu jabot oo ay

dibadda u soo baxdo waxayna qoysaa oogada jirka
waxaana loo yaqaanaa jabniinka furan ama (Open
Fracture)

Symptoms of Fracture

Jabniinka waxaa lagu gartaa habka loo soo gaabiyo

DOTS: D for deformity, O for open wounds, T for
tenderness and S for swelling.

Oo macnahedu tahay Barar, Qalooc, Xanuun iyo

dabacsanaan meesha jabtay ah.

Gar Gaarka Jabniinka Luqunta Iyo Dhabarka

1- Hadii uu qofku ka jabo luqunta ama dhabarka

waxaad soo diyaarasataa qalabka lagudhiso.
2- Waa inlagu wadaduubaa faashad kadibne
lamariyaa jeesto si uusan u nuuxnuuxsan.
3- Qofka marka la dhisayo ama laqaadayo ugu
yraan waa in ay qaaadan 4 qofod si aysan u sii
kala fakan lafta jabtay
Ogow jabniinada nuucaas ah ahadii qofka la jiid jiido
waxay keeni kartaa shcok waxaana fiican in la ilaaliyo
qofka
4- Xanuun baabi’iye sii si uusan u miir beeline
qofka jaban.
Gar Gaarka Lugaha Iyo Gacmaha

1- waa in ladhisaa oo nuux nuuxsiga laga ilaaliyaa

xubinta jabtay
2- Haddii shock jiro jooji
3- Hadii jabniinku yahay mid furan dhiigna ka
socdo jooji oo nadiifi
Ogoow waxaa jiri kara hurgumo ama caabuq marka
meesha jaban furan tahay oo aysan helin dhaymmo
wanaagsan.
Treatment of Fracture

Qeexid: Bukaanka jaban waxaad ku daaweyneysaa

hadii dhaawacu yahay mid af furan daawooyinka
qalajiyayaassha ah ee loo yaqaaano (Antibiotics or
antipain)

Waxaan ka mid ah

1- Ampicilline 1gr Injection 1x2x6 days

2- Diclofen Injection 1x2x10 days
3- Erothromycine Tablet 1x3x5 days
4- Vitamin Bk3 Injection 1x2x10 days
5- Paracetomle Tablet 500mg 1x3x5 days
BURNS (GUBASHO)

Gubashada waxa eey waxyeelo daran ugeeysataa

maqaarka ama xubnaha kale ee jirka.

Causes of burn

Gubashada waxaa keena:

1. Dabka (fire)

2. Electric (korontada)
3. Kimikaaliska (chemicals)

Heerka gubashada waxaa lookala saaraa:

1. Gubashada koowaad (first degree)
2. Gubashada Labaad (second degree)
3. Gubashada Saddexaad (third degree

Gubashada koowaad (first burn degree)

First degree burn: Gubashada Koowaad waa gubasha

yar oo aan daryeel caafimaad u baahneyn laakiinse
xanfaf yar leh.

Gubashada koowaad waxaa lagu xalinayaa sida tan:

1- Biyo Nadiif ah halagu dhaqo meesha gubatay

2- Ka ilaali Caabuq
3- Xanuun Baabi’iye sii si uusan u miir beeline
Gubashada Labaad (second degree)

Second degree burn: waxaa gubashada maqaaarka

waxaan meesha gubatay lagu arkaa bacoolo biyo ku
jiraan (blister).
Xubashada nuucaan ah waxaa lagu xalinayaa:

1- Bacoolah dushooda nadiifi hana burburin

2- Hadii Bacooluhu burburaan nadiifi oo shay nadiif
ah ku xir dabool faashad si aysan wasaqa u
gaarin una daawey qaabkaan:
• Faleenbo sii (Rehydration)
• Qalajiye sii (antibiotic)
• Boomaatada dabka (Sulfadiazine or silver nitrate)
• Anti teetana ku dur (Tetanus toxoid)

Guabshada Saddexaad (third degree)

Third degree: Gubashada sadexaad waa gubasho Culus
oo Murqaha qaar qabtaan waxayna u baahan tahay
daryeel guud sidaas darteed waa in dhaawac qabaha
lageeyaa qojiif ah.

1- Kudhaq meesha gubatay normal salin.

2- Dhaawac qabaha sii xanuun baabi’in
3- Faleenbo sii (Rehydration)
4- Qalajiye sii (antibiotic)
5- Boomaatada dabka (Sulfadiazine or silver nitrate)
6- Anti teetana ku dur (Tetanus toxoid)
Treatment Of Burns

Qeexid: Daawooyinka soo socda waxaa loo isticmaalaa

dhaawacyada sida Gubashada oo kale waxaana ka mid
ah:-

1. Tetracycline skin ointment 1x3x7 days

2. Iodine Solution 1x3x7 days
3. Ampicilline Injection 1x2x6 days
4. Sulfadiazine or silver nitrate
POISON 0R T0XINE

Dadka waxay sumoobi karaan marka ay cunaan ama ay

cabaan waxyaabo loogu talagalay in lagu fuliyo hoowlo
kale oo si hubsiino la’aan ah loo cuno ama loo sumoobi
sida cabidda Gaaska, Naaftada, Badrolka aashitada.

Sidoo kale waxaa lagu sumoobi karaa cunidda daawo

aan qiyaas laheyn (over dose) iyo qaniinyada bahalada
suntan daran leh.

Suntu wxa ay dhaawcdaa meelah jiljilicsan eejirka sida

cunah , Caloosha, iyo Afka.
Symptoms of Poison

Qeexid: Calaamdaha sumowga waxaa ka mid ah:

1- Xnuun Caloosha ah
2- Neefsiga oo istaaga
3- Wareega dhiiga iuyo shaqada keliyaha oo istaaga
4- Xis la’aan iy indhaha oo taagma
Gar Gaarka Sumoowga

1) Dhaawac qabaha sii biyo cusbo lagu dary isla

markaana far ka geli afka oo ka soo mataji
2) Waxaad kalood siisaa caano dhanaan iyo ukun
cayriin ah iyo cabitaan badan candhuuftiisa ugu
margan han siin cunno iyo cabitaan midna
3) Hadii uu neef u baahan yahy sii neef
4) Hadii uu wadnuhu istaago ka garaac laf sakarta
fiisito guud u samee qofka sumeysan
5) Markii lakeeno goob cafimaad waxaa loogu
gargaaraa sida hoose:
6) Activated charcoal: waa daawo diideeysa in
suntaan lanuugo dhiigane lagu daro.
7) Antidotes (atropine): waa daawooyin yareeynaya
saameeynta sumoowga.
8) Sedatives: daawadaan waxaa lasiinayaa qofka
hadii uu noqdo qof aan daganeeyn maskax ahaan
9) Diuretic drug: qofka kaadi badan ayuu dhigaayaa
si suntan u baxdo.
10) Emetic drug: waa eey ka matagsiinayaan qofka si
suntan u baxdo.
11) Ventilator: mashiinka hawada ayaa qofka lagu
rakibayaa haddii uuna si wacan u neef qaadan
Karin.

BITES

Qaniinyadu waxay u qeybsantaa dhowr nuuc

waxaana ka mid ah:

1- Qaniinyada Cayayaanka
2- Qaniinyada dadka
3- Qaniinyada Masaska Abeesooyinka
4- Qaniinyada Eeyaha, Bisadaha iwm.
5- Qaniinyada duurjoogta
 6- Qaniinyada aad by halis ugu tahy noloshda
aadanaha
Symptoms of Bites

Cudurka Rabies waa cudur eeyahay ku dhaca hadAna

waalA ama wareeriya sidoo kale

- Qaniinyda eeyga oo loo yaqaan (Dog Bites)

- Qaniinyada yeyda oo loo yagaan (Jackle Bites)
- Qaniinyada bisadaha oo loo yaqaan (Cat bites)
ayaa sabab u noqon kara cudurkas raabiyada
Rabie’s Diseases

Cudurka raabiyada waa cudur eeyahay ku dhaca hadana

waala ama wareeriya sidoo kale cudurkaan raabiyda
waxaa u lahaan kac jirka ugu maqnaan kara muddo 3 – 6
Months marka uu bilowdan lama daaweyn karo laakiin
waxaa looga hortagi karaa tallaal Muddo 14 Maalmood
ah

Gar Gaarka Qaniinyada Eeyaha Iyo Yeyda

1- Qofka Eygu qaniinay hadii uu dhiig ka socdao ha

joojin
 2- Dhaymo wanaagsan u samee qofka eeygu qninay
3- Waa in latalaalaa qofka eeygu qaniinay
Eye’s Diseases

Cudurada indhaha ku dhac waxaa ka mid ah cudurka

Conjectivits ama daaf. Cuduradaan waxaa sababa
jeermisyo ay ka mid yhiin Bacteriasis iwm.

Symptoms of Conjectives

• Xanuun indhaha ah
• Madax Xanuun
• Cun cun Labada indhood ah
• Malax ama jeermis ka yimad indhaha
• Indhaha oo barara
• Indhaha oo gaduuta
Gar Gaarka Indhaha

1. Hadii Isha wax ku dhacaan hubi waxaa ay yihiin

2. Hadii la soo saari karo soo saar
3. Hadii isha wax latga garan waayo ku dhaqa biyo
nadiif ah
 4. hadii wax laga garan waayo u gudbi goob
Caafimaad ama Dhakhtar indhaha
Treatment of Eye Disease

Daawooyinka antibiotics waxaa lagula dagaalamaa

jeermisyada (Bacteria) Sababto sida cudurka
Conjective iwm. Waxaana ka mid ah daawooyinkaas loo
isticmaalo Eye Diseases.

1- Tetracycline eye ointment 1x2x6 days

2- Penicilline V 250mg 1x3x7 days
3- Leaf Buoy Soap 1x3x7 days
4- Amoxicilline tab 250mg 2x3x5 days
5- Avil 25mg 1x3x5 days
6- Archefen eye drops 1x3x6 days
7- Chlorophenicol eye drops 1x3x6 days.
VITAL SIGNS

Calaamadaha guud ee nolosha aadanaha

Calaamdaha guud ee nolosha aadamiga guud ahaan

waxaa ay ka kooban yihiin afar qeybood oo kala ah:

1- Respiration
2- Pulse of Heart Beating
3- Blood pressure
4- Temperature
Respiration

Respiration: waa habka xubnaha jirka ay u gasho

(Oxygen) iyada oo ay la socoto hawada (Atmosphere)
ah hadana looga soo saaro wasaqda karboonka jirka.
Neefsashadu waxay u qeeybsantaa laba qeybood:

Hawo ku dhacda dibada ama hawo saarid sanbabada ah

waxaana loo yaqaanaa (Expiration)

Hawo ku dhacda gudaha ama hawa qaadasho wxaana loo

yaqaanaa (Inspiration)
Habka Loo Cabiro Respiration

Qofka degan waliba nasan hadana caafimaad qabka ah

waxaa laga rabaa in uu neefsado daqiiqdiiba hadii uu
yahay qaaan gaar

A: Adult 12-20 Neefsashadu daqiiqadiiba waa normal

B:Children 20-30 Neefsashadu daqiiqadiiba waa normal

C: Babies 30-40 Neefsashadu daqaiiqadiiba waa normal

Waxaa jira mashiin yar oo looyaqaan oxymeter waxaa

ciyaalka looga cabiraa neefsiga in uu saxanyahay iyo
inkale.

Fikirka badan iyo shaqada neefta way koradhaa.

Xilliga sahqada neeftu way korodhaa.

Hadii neefsashadu qofka dhaafto Normal –ka loogu talo

galay waxaa loo yaqaanaa (Hypercapnia)
Sidoo kale marka ay ka hooseyso Normal –ka loogu
talagalay waxaa loo yaqaanaa (Hypocapnia)

Pulse or Heart Beating

Pulse: waa tirada dikaanka ama garaaca wadnuhu

sameeyo muddo daqiiqad ah ujeedada loo cabirayana
waxa ay tahay si loo ogaado fir fircoonida wadnahu
sameeyo
Habka Loo Cabiro Pulse Or Heart Beating

Qofka degan waliba nasan hadana caafimaad qabka ah

waxaa laga rabaa in uu dikaamo wadnihiisa daqiiqadiiba
hadii uu yahay qaan gaar :

A: Adult 60-80 Beats per minute is Normal

B: Children 80 -100 Beats per is minute Normal

C: Babies 100 -140 Beats Per is Minute Normal

Waqtiga La Cabirayo Pulse

1. Pulse waxaa la cabiraa marka qofku xanuun san

yahay ama qandhaysan yahay
2. Marka qofka la siinayo Oxygen –ta ama marka la
siiyo kadib
3. Marka la siinayo daawooyinka sida kuwa wax ka
bedela garaacista wadnaha kuwa fura hawada iyo
luwo kale.
Pulse marka uu dhaafo Normal-ka loogu talagalay waxaa
loo yaqaanaa (Teachycardia) sidoo kale marka uu ka
hooseeyo Normal-ka loogu talagalay waxaa loo
yaqaanaa (Predycardia)
Blood Pressure

Dhiig karku waa cadaadiska dhiiga ee jirka artery –ga

ayadoo laga soo cadaadinayo gudaha wadnaha loona
soo cadaadiyo dibada ayaa shanqarta dhiiga waxaa lag
dareemaa darbiga sare ee artery –ga wadnaha

Habka Loo Cabiro Blood Pressure

Habkaan waxaa la cabiraa oo keliya dadka waaweyn

sidoo kale qofka Dagan waliba nasan hadan caafimad
qbaka ah waxaa laga rabaa cadaadiska dhiigiisu in uu
noqdo 120 – 80 MM4G

Cadaadiska dhiiga oo kaca waxaa sababi kara cuduro

badan, sida cudurada ku dhaca wadnaha, cudurada
keliyaha iyo dadka Cayilan oo inta badan dhiigooda
kacsan yahay.

Cadaadiska dhiiga marka uu kaco ama uu dhaafo

Normalka looga talagalay waxaa loo yaqaaan
(Hypertenion)

Marka uu ka hooseeyo Normal-ka loogu talagalay waxaa

loo yaqaanaa (Hypotension)
Temperature

Tempreture: waa calaamda muujisa in xaalada kulka

jirka kacday iyo in kale ujeedada loo cabiraayo waxay
tahay si loo ogaado in xaalda kulka kacday iyo in kale.

Waxaa jira labo heer kulbeegyo ah oo loo adeegsado

cabirka heer kulka jirka waxyna kala yihiin

(Centigrade) (Co) iyo (Fehreinheit) (FO), waana isku mid

waayo marka C yahay 40Co santigareed Fo kuna waa
104Fo waana heerkulka ugu sareeya ee qofka

Marka La Cabirayo Temperatue

1. Temperature waxaa la cabiraa marka uu si kadis ah

uu udego ama u kaco kal ka qofka
2. Marka qofka caadiga ah uu dareemo caafimaad daro
guud
3. Marka lasiinayo daawooyinka sida kuwa talaalka
4. Marka aad aragato dhidid fara badan iyo qofka
jirkiisa oo soo gaduuta ama aad aragto xumad iyo
indhihiisa oo isbedela.
Habka Loo Cabirayo Temperature

1. Qofka weyn waxaa lag cabiraa kilkisha

hoosteeda Muddo 35 daqiiqo ah
2. Haweenka waxaa laga cabiraa ( in the vagina)
Muddo 17 daqiiqo ah
3. Caruurta waxaa laga cabiraa Carabka hoostiisa
Muddo 5 daqiiqo ah
N.B: Heerkulka udu sareeya ama Normalka ah waa 35
Co sidoo kasle kan ugu sareeyana waa 40 Co hadii her
kulka qofku dhaafo Normal-ka looguu talgalay waxaa
loo yaqaan (Hyperthermia) sidoo kale marka uu ka
hooseeyo Normasl-ka loogu talagalayna waxaa loo
yaqaan (Hypothermia)

Marka aad isticmaasho qalabka loo yaqaano

(Thermometer) nadiifi oo biyo iyo saabuun ama aalkolo
ku dhaq adigoo ruxaya illaa uu ka dego.

INJECTION SITES

Duriimda caadiga ah ee illaa iyo hadda loo isticmaalo

waa afar duriin sida
 1- Duriinka loo isticmaalo muruqa oo loo yaqaano
(Intra muscular Injection)
2- Duriin loo isticmaalo xiddidada oo loo yaqaano
(Intra Vienous Injection)
3- Duriin loo isticmaalo Maqaarka oo loo yaqaano
(Intra Derma Injection)
4- Duriin loo isticmaalo Baruurta oo loo yaqaano
(Subcutaneous Injection)
5-Duriin loo isticmaalo xangulaha oo loo yaqaano
(spinal injection)

Intra Muscular Injection

Intra muscular injection waa ku shubid daawo oo si toos

ah loogu shubo Nuudaha Muruqa dhexdiisa ujeedaduna
waxay tahay si loo nuugo loona gaarsiiyo jirka intiisa
kale waqti ku siman muddo 10-30 daqiiqo ah sidoo kale
meelah la duro waa

1- Muruqa Gacanta
2- Muruqa Xabadka
3- Muruqa Cajarka
4- Muruqa sinta
Muruqa Gacanta

1. Bukaaka waa in la fadhiisiyaa

2. Gacantaada Muruqa ku soo qabo adidoo soo
uruurinayo
Muruqa Xabadka
Muruqa xabdak isticmaalkiisu wa amid aad u yar
waxaana loo isticmaalaa oo keliya raga:

1. Bukaanka wa in aad fariisisaa

2. waa in aad baneysataa Muruqa inta ad u baahan
tahay
3. Hal gacan ah ku soo qabo Muruqa adgoo ka
dhigay wax soo jiidaya oo kale gaar ahaan qaybta
ku aadan kilkisja hoosteeda
Muruqa Sinta

Bukaanka waa in aad u jiifisaa dhinaca midig ama

dhinaca bidix dhinaca la durayo lugteedea lab oo dulsaar
midda kale.

1. Gacantaada nadiifi
2. Bukaanka wargeli
 3. Hadii bukaaku wato qoraal warqadeed Medicfal
prescription ama rijeeto akhri si aad u controsho
magaca daawada taariikhda dhicitaankeeda,
qiyaasta, keydinteed, saacadha la siinayo iyo
habka loo siinayo
4. Bnaeyso Muruqa Meehsa aad duraysid
5. Duro Muruq meesha aad duraysid
6. Si tartiib ah u garaac meesha ad duraysid adigoo
koontoroolaayo barar ama in meeshau casaan
thay ama daawo hore fadhiso

Intra Veinous Injection

Intra Veinous injection waa kubid daawo ama infusion

faleebo si toos ah loogu shubo xididka dhexdiisa
ujeedaduna wxay tahay

1. waxqabad deg deg ah

2. Tiro badan oo Solution ah ama daawo ah in laga
siiyo bukaank dxidika taas oo uusan ka qaadan
Karin afka
Waqtiga La Durayo Xididka

1) Marka qofka uusan awood u laheyn in uu dareere

ku filan uu afka ka qaato
2) Marka lasiinaayo cusbooyinka jirkiisu u baahan
yahay.
3) Marka cunto ahaan xididka laga siinaayo sida
(Glucose & protein)
4) Marka qofka uusan awood u laheyn in uu afka ka
qaato wixii nafaqo ah ee uu jirkiisu u baahan
yahay
5) Wa in xididka laga siiyaa marka qofku ubaahan
yahy dhiig kushubid (blood transfution) Marka
qofku dhiig baxo ama Anemia daran hayso
Material’s Of Infusion

1. Port Phaleebo
2. Kagylatore
3. Dis- Infection
4. plaster
5. Tornicate
6. Diplasoore
Maaterial’s Of Doctor
1. Flash light
2. Sphegnomamonometer
3. Stethes cope
4. Otes cope
5. Fetos cope
6. thermometer
7. Catheter

Instrument of Dreasing

1. Scissors
2. Forcepe
3. Toothed forcepe
4. Nontoothed forcepe
5. Needle holder
6. Cut cut
7. Bandage
8. Cotton
9. Gloves
10. Dis – Infection
 SUTURES

Qeexid: Marka aad wax tolaysid ugu horeyntii waa

in aad ka fiirsata qodobada saddexda ah ee soo
socda:-

1- Nooca dhaawaca
2- Xilliga uu dhaawaca ku siman yahay lix saac ka
dib waxa imaan kara (Infection) hurgumo ama
Caabuq
3- Waa in aad soo diyaarasataa qalabka toliinka sida
dunta iyo cirbadda wax lagu tolo ama jeermiska
dila sida: Iodine, Normal Saline, Anti Saptic,
Forcepe, Gloves iwm.
Sida Wax Loo Tolo

Toliinku wuxuu u qeybsamaa saddex qeybood

1- Muruqa Hoose
2- Baruurta Hoose
3- Maqaarka sare
Marka hore hadii uu xiidi go’anyahay waa in xirtaa
xididka dhiig baxaya aadna ogaataa Kan uu yahay
 waayo xididadu waxay ay u qeybsamaan saddex
qeybood oo kala ah:

1- Artery
2- Veinous
3- Capilaries
- Hadii uu xidika go’anyahay arrore (Veinous )
Xir.
- Hadii uu xidika go’anyahay Halbowle (Artery) u
dir saalada qaliinka si la isugu xiro ama la isugu
tolo intaas ka dib isku tol muruqa hoose, baruurta
hoose, kadibna maqaarka sare.
Marka aad wax tolayso gacmahaaga nadiiffi kuna dhaqa
(Antibiotic) sidoo kale Lodine, Normalsaline isticmaal
faashad oo kudabool dhaawc qabaha sii antibiotic ama
qalayie si uusan nabarka infection u qaadin

Xiliyada Jaritaanka Toliinka

- Toliinka wajiga waxaa lagu jaraa muddo lix

maalmood ka dib
- Toliinka lugaha iyo gamha waxaa lagu jaraa muddo
1-7 maalmood
- Toliinka jirka intiisa kalena waxaa lagu jaraa muddo
10 maalmood
Hadaboolin toliinka dhaawacyada ka yimada
qaaniinyada sida Eeyaha, Bisadaha iwm. Qofka
dhaawacmay dhaymo wanaagsan u samee

Noocyada Dunta Wax Lagu Tolo

1- Chromic
2- Sastageto
3- Darvin
4- Dyslilk
5- Cut cut
CATHETER

Kateetarka waa qalab loo isticmaalo soo saaridda kadida

sidoo kale kataatyarku wuxuu u qaybsamaa laba
qeybvood oo kla ah kateetar bir ah iyo mid caag ka
sameeysan.
Nuuc yada kateetarka waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Curved or Coude
Curved Catheters nuuca layiraahdo waxa uu leeyahay
qeeyb hore oo xoodan (rounded curved tip )sida sawirka
ka muuqata waxaana loo isticmaalaa mudka nuucaan ah
raga uu qanjirkoodu weeynaaday ( have enlarged
prostates) kaas oo eey wadadu xirantahay.

2. Straight-single

Kateetarka nuucaan ah waa mid halmar la adeegsado

waxa uuna leeyahay af hore oo aad uyar (a small 1¼ cm
opening) sida sawirka kaaga muuqato.
3. 2-way Foley catheters (retention catheters)

Sida sawirka kaaga muuqata kateetarkaan waxa uu

leeyahay lafo a foo gadaal kagataal manalaha qeeyb hore
oo xoodan.

Kateertarka waxa uu qeeybta hore ku leeyahay meel

hawadu gashu amaba biyaha si uuna usoo sibxan markii
qofka lagaliyo (Have an inflatable balloon)
Guud ahaan Catheters waxa uu lama huraan uyahay
marka uusan qofku Karin in uu kaadiyo.

Haddii uusan qofku kaadid kaadidu waa eey

buuxasmeeysaa waxa eeyna cadaadis saareeysaa kilyaha
waxana ka dhalan kara kilyo fariisad (kidney failure),
taas oo ah mid Qatar ah horseedine karta dhibaato ebid
(permenent damage to the kidneys).

Waxyaaabaha loobahanyahay markii catheterization

lasameeynaayo:

4- Sterile gloves
5- Syringe 10 cc
 6- Gell
7- Normal saline water
8- Urine bag
9- Catheter

How to Use the Catherter for Men

1- Marka hore wa ainaad soo diyaarsataa xoogaa saliid

ah ama subag ah
2- Gacmahaaga sabuun ku dhaq
3- Glooifs isticmaal intyaa ka dib gacmaha iska dhaq
iskana qalaji ka dibna galoofis gasho
4- Kateetarka mari xoogaa saliid ah (Peins-ka)
gacmaha bidix ku soo qabo
5- Hadii uu gali waayo ( Penska) jiid jiid oo soo kici
mar labaad
6- Kateetark geli ( penis-ka hadii uu geli waayo u
isticmaal kateetarka birta ah
7- hadii uu galana waa sidii loo baahnaa
The Catheter for Women

Kateeterka naaguhu wa amid gaan wuxuuna ka gaaban

yahay kan raga.
How to Use the Catheter FOR Women

Marka hore waa in aad ku diyaarsataa kateerka meesha

sare ee kaadida waayo dumarku waxa ay leeyihiin meel
ay kaadidu ka timaado iyo meel ay caadadu ka timaado
inkastoo ay labo qaybood kala yihiin hadana afkooda
hore waa hal meel oo keliya. kateetarka soo qaado
xoogaa saliid ah ama subag ah mari markaa ka dibna
meesha kaadida geli hadii ay kaadidu ka timaado waa
sidii loo baahnaa

Nasogastric tube (NGT)

Labo ujeedo ayaa ugu waaweeyn sababta loo isticmaalo
NGT waxa eeyna yihiin:

1. In lasoonadiifiyo wadada dheefshiidaka ama

qofka laga quudiyo
2. Ujeedo daawo in loo galiyo (therapeutic reasons).

Nasogastric tubes waxa eey ku timaadaa caborro

kala duwan sida (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 Fr).

Waxaa wanaagsan in NGT lagu keeydiyo talaajada

ama biyo laladhigo si eey u fududaato markii qofla
lagalinaayo.
 Qaabka lo galiyo NGT

1. Xiro gloves nafiid ah.

2. Bukaanku waa in uu ahaadaa mid jiifa garkiisana

circa u jeedi si hawamareenku usaxmo.

3. Asoondada kucabir sanka ilaa dhagta, kadibne dhagta

ilaa caloosha afkeeda.

4. Calaameeyso inta uu dhirirku kuu noqday oo mari

gell ama saliid.

5. Dulka sanka gali kuna wad si tartiib ah ilaa uu

cabirku dhamaado.

6. Hal saliingo oo aaryo ah raacsii asoondada.

7. Adiga oo adegsanaya stethoscope dhageeyso codka

eey aaryadu sameeyneeyso.

8. Asoondada ku sharooteey wajiga bukaanka afkane ka

dabool.

9. Waxaa la adeegsadaa 60ml syringe Position the

patient sitting upright with their neck straight.

10. Measure the desired length of NG tube to be inserted:

Measured from the bridge of the nose to the ear lobe.
Then down to 5cm below the xiphisternum. Position
the patient sitting upright. Don gloves
NGT waxa eey qofka ku jiri kartaa muddo lis sitimaan
ah.
NUUC YADA FALEENBADA
Waxaa jira nuucyo badan oo falenbo ah midkastane
ujeedo gooni ah loo adeegsado iyo waxa eey u
roontahay.

Nuucan faleenbo ee uu bukaan u baahanyahay waxa eey

ku xirantahay taariikhda caafimaad ee uu bukaanku
leeyhay.

Normal saline, 0.45NaC

Faleenbadaan waxa eey ka koobantahay biyo saafi

ah iyo xaddi yar oo cusbo ah.
Normal saline faleenbo waa midda loogu isticmaal
badanyahay uguna caansan faleenbooyinka, waxaana
lagulatacaalaa dadka shubmaya, kuwa matagaya, kuawa
soo dhiig baxay, iyo kuwa shoogsan.

Waxaa kale oo lasiiyaa dadka eey cusbadu ku badatay

jirkooda (hypermatremia) iyo waliba dadka eey
kubadatay maadada kitone (diabatic ketoacidosis)

Falenbadaan ma wanaagsana in lasiiyo dadka guban iyo

kuwa qaba xanuuno beerka ah.

5% Dextrose (D5W)

5DW waxa eey ka mid tahat fleenbooyink loogu

adeegsiga badanyahay.
Faleenbadaan waxaa loo isticmaalaa dadka eey
sonkortoodu dhacsantahay, kuwan tabarta daran ama
aanba afka wax ka qaadan Karin.

Halkii liter oo 5DW ah waxa uu jirka ku kordhin karaa

170 colories oo tamar ah.

Dadka ka xanuunsan beerka ee ladhaqaayo waxaa u

wanaagsan 5DW.

Dadka eey kilyuhu fariisteen ama wadna xanuunka qaba

uma wanaagsana 5DW.

Ringers Lacate, RL

Faleenbadaan waxa eey ka koobantahay cusbooyin sida:

Sodium Choloride Potasium Choloride, Calcium
choloride and sodium lactade.

Faleenbadaan waxa eey u wanaagsantahay dadka

fuuqbaxay, kuwa korontadu sooqabsatay, kuwa gubtay.

Faleenbadaan qaabka eey u sameeysantahay waxa eey

aad iskugu dhawyihiin qeeybta dhiiga ee PLASMA.

Dadka ka xanuunsan beerka uma fiicna RL waayo waxaa

kujira sodium lactade.
DRUG CALCULATION

Cutubkaan waxa aan ku baraneeynaa sida ilmaha

loogu xisaabiyo daawada marka lasiinaayo.

Waxaa jira lix xuquuq oo ku aleeysan

qaadashada daawada waxaana ka mid ah right
dose ama kuuro sax ah in qofka lasiiyo.

Ilmaha oo kale daawada waxa eey kuqaataan

iyada oo loo eegaayo miisaan.

Qaacidada hoos ka muuqata waa habka loo

xisaabiyo sharoobada iyo cirbadaha markii
ilmaha lasiinayo.

Haddii aan iftiimiyo waa:

Kilogram (kg) lagu dhuftay qiyaasta uu

dhaqtarku sooqoaray (required dose) oo mililitey
ah loona qeeybiyey daawada aan haayo.
Example: cunugu waa 5kg, dhaqtarka waxa uu
soo qoray 100ml (required dose), farmashigane
waxaa yaal sharoobada oo 250ml ah (dose on
hand).

Syrup + injection: Kg × required dose × ml

Dose of Hand

Qaacidadaan waa habka loogu xisaabiyo ilmaha markii

kaniini lasiinaayo.

Tablet : Required dose × kg

Dose of Hand

Choice of I.V fluid

▪ Resuscitation Normal saline / Ringer

solution
▪ Maintenance Mixed solution (
NS/D5) or ringer with D5%.
 Drug calculation formula:
Results:=
Weight(KG)xRequired Dose(RD)xml
𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒( 𝐻𝐷)

No Drug Hand Required Dose

Name Dose
1 Ampicilin 250mg/50 100-300mg/kg
0mg(5ml)/
1000mg(1
0ml)
2 Gentamyci 80mg/2ml 5-8mg or 4-7mg/kg
n /40mg/20
mg
3 Ceftriaxon 250mg/50 80-100mg/kg
e 0mg(5ml)/
1000mg(1
0ml)
4 Artisunate 1Box( <20Kg= 3mg > 20kg 2.4mg
60mg
pow, 5ml
sal and
1ml 𝐻𝐶𝑂3

5 Co-artem( 20mg 1- 5-15 Kg-> 6 tab= 3days

artemethe /120mg 2- 15-25->12 tab = 3days
r 3- 25-35kg-> 18 tab= 3day
+lumefanti
 ne)

6 Quinine 600mg/2 Loading dose: 20mg/kg Maintenance dose: 10ml/kg

ml
7 Diazepam Rec: IV: 0.3MG/kg Rec: 0.4-0.5
2.5/10/20
mg IV/IM:
5mg/ml
8 Phenobarb 80mg iv or Iv or tab 1-2 mg/kg
ital tab 30mg
9 Amox Syr 125mg/5 50ml/kg
ml
250mg/5
ml
10 Pracetamo 120mg/5 10mg/kg
l ml
11- Ibuprofen 125mg 10mg/kg
12- Penicillin 5meg/3m 100000-300000mg/kg
G eg(
1mg:1000
000mg/kg
)
13- Dexameth 4mg/ml 0.6-0.8mg/kg
son
14- Ferro-folic 60mg 4-6mg
15- Amox tab 125mg/5 50mg/kg
ml
16- Lasix inj 20mg/2 0.5mg/kg
17- Metra syr 200mg/5 Syr/tab 20-30mg/kg
ml
18- Chloraph 1-2yr: 2-
syr 3ml 3-4yr:
4ml 7yr:
7-20ml
19- Cefazolin 500mg 50mg-100mg
inj
20- Erythromy 200mg/5 50mg/ml
cin ml
21 Co- 250/5ml RD = 40mg /kg
trimoxazol
e syrup
22 Arthemete 40- 80 mg loading dose = 3.2mg/kg
r injection
Maintenance = 1.6mg/kg
23 Albendazo 200mg - RD = 1-2 year = 200mg single dose ˃ 2 year = 40
le 400mg

24 Zinc tablet ˂ 6 month = half tablet (10mg ) × 14 day

˃ 6 month = 1 tablet (20mg ) ×14 day
25 Vitamin A ˂ 6 month = 50,0000 ug
˃ 6 month = 100,000 ug
˃ 1 year = 200,000 ug
History taking/pediatric
Should Ask
▪ Informed consent
▪ Growth and development
▪ Immunization history
▪ Birth History
1) Personal Data
Name, Age and address for last 6 months.
2) Chief complain - on mommy own words
3) History of present illness
4) Past medical History
o History of chronic disease
o Hospitalization
o Drug allergy
o Blood transfusion
5) Immunization History
➢ Complete
➢ Incomplete
➢ Up to date
6) Drug History - present taking drugs and past
taking drugs
7) Birth History
Antenatal:
▪ Vaccination
▪ blood sugar
▪ Blood pressure of the mother
▪ Conditions of the mother
▪ HIV
Natal:
o Location of birth
o way of deliver
o presentation of the child
o TIN
Postnatal
❖ Cry
❖ Colour
❖ Apgar Score
8) Feeding History
▪ Type of feeding
▪ Frequency
▪ Time of feeding - at least 10 month
9) Growth and development
➢ Growth History
➢ Measure weight /Heigh / Head circumference/
Chest circumference
➢ Developmental
o Speech
o Motor ( Gross , fine)
o Social
Family History
▪ Name of the mother
▪ Age
▪ Any sibling - yes - ask number
▪ Consequenty
Social
o Housing
o Numbering of housing
o water sources
Physical Examinations
1- General Appearance
• Conscious
• Colour of the skin
 • Oedema
• Lumphnates
2- HENT
o Hair
o Fontanella /sutures
o Eyes - sunken or puffy
o Nose- discharge
o Mouth- cown, ulcer
o Tonsil - oedema , pus
o Neck - lymphnode
3- CHEST
❖ Inspection - indrawing, deformity
❖ Palpitation - mass
❖ percussion- dullness/tumpan
❖ Ausculatation - wheeze, crepitation and Rhonhi
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
What is the anatomy and phydiology?

Anatomy: waa barashada xubnaha jirka aadanaha.

Physiology: waa barashada shaqada xubnaha jirka

aadanaha.

Human boby systems (habdhisyadajirkaaadanaha).

Jirka aadanaha waxa uukakoobanyahay 9 habdhis waxa

eeyna kalayihiin sida hoos kuqoran:

1. Skeletal system (habdhiskaqalfoofta).

2. Muscular system (habdhiskamurqaha)
3. Nervous system (habdhiskadareenwadka)
4. Digestive system (habdhiskadheefshiidka).
5. Respiratory system (habdhiskaneefmareenka).
6. Urinary system(habdhiskakaadimareenka).
7. Reproductive system(habdhiskataranka).
8. Circulatory system(habdhiskadhiigwareega).
9. Intogomentry system(habdhiskamaqaarka).

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Habdhiskaan waxa aan kubaran doonnaa lafaha

aadanaha, qaababka lafaha, iyo shaqada lafaha.

Bones
Dadka waaweyn waxaa jirkooda kujira 206 lafood.

Ilmaha aadka uyar waxaa jirkooda kujirta 300lafood.

Function of the bones

1. Taageeridda jirka(support).
2. Ilaalinta xubnaha muhimka ah(protection of the
main internal organs).
3. Kaqeey qaadashada sameysmadka
dhiigga(participate blood production)
4. Bedelaada iyo keeydinta kaalshiyaamta iyo
phosphate – ka( storage and exchange of calcium
and phosphate).
Shapes of the bones

Qaababkalafahawaa afar nuuc

1. Long bones :tusaale =humer bones.

2. Short bones:tusaale =phalanges.
3. Flat bones: tusaale = frontal bone
4. Irregular bones: tusaale =vertebral bones
Classification of the Bones

Bones of the head

Bones of the trunk

Bones of the upper limbs

Bones of the lower limbs

Skull bones (22)

Skull bones waxaa loo qeeeybiyaa labo qeeybood

1. Cranium bones (8), lafahamadaxa.

2. Facial bones (14), lfahawajiga.
Cranium bones

Qeeybaha cranium bones waa

a. Frontal bones (1)

b. Temporal bones(2)
c. Parietal bones(2)
d. Occipital bone(1)
e. Ethmoid bone(1)
f. Sphenoid bone(1)
Facial bones

Qeeybahalafa facial bones waa

a. Mandible bone
b. Zeugmatic bones
c. Maxilla bones
d. Vomer bone
e. nasal bones
f. Lacrimal bone
g. Hyoid bone
h. Hard plate bones
i. Soft turbinate bones

Shaqada lafaha skull bones waa ilaalinta maskaxleeyda,

waxa eeyna kuhareereeysanyihiin qeeybaha maskaxda.

Thorax bones (58)

Thorax bones waa lafaha saableeyda waxa eey u qeeyb

samaan saddex qeeyb

1. Ribs bones(24)
2. Sternum
3. Vertebral bones(33)
Ribes

Feeraha oo katirsan flat bones waxaa looqeeybiyaa

saddex qeeyb

a. True ribs(feeraharunta ah),waa 14

Lafood waxaana magacaan loogu bixiyey waxa eey ka

soo tagaan laf dhabarta waxa eeyna sitoos ah ugu
dhagaan lafsakaarta waxaana iskudhajiya carjaw
layiraahdo costal cartilage.

b. False ribs:kuwaan waa lix lafood markii eey

kasootagaan lafdhabarta waxa eey siiqabsadaan
feeraha runta ah.
c. Floating ribs: (feerahasabeeya), lafahaan waa
afar lafood markii eey kasoo tagaan lafdhabarta
waxa eey kuhakadaan meel dhexe.
Sternum

Sternum waa lafsakaarta waana ha llaf waxa eey isku

heeysaa feeraha sidookale waxa eey isku heeysaa
kalxamaha.

Vertebral bones

Lafdhabartu waa 33 ricirood oo xiriirsan loona

yaqaano(vertebral clumn).

Laf dhabartu waa tiir qotoma is la markaana iskuxira

qaarka sare iyo kan hoose, waxa eeyna leedeahay
kalagooysyo(joints) taas oo usahasha in uu
dhaqdhaqaaqo dhankii uu rabo.

Waxa eeyna uqeebsantaa shan qeeybood, waxa eeyna

kalayihiin:

a. servical bones waa 7 lafood

b. Thorax bones waa 12 lafood
c. Lumber bones waa 5 lafood
d. Sacrum bones waa 5 lafood
e. Coccyx bones waa 3 lafood

Function of the vertebral bone

Laf dhabartu waxa eey qabataa shaqooyin oo kala ah

Support

Protection
 1. Support: iskuxirka adimada sare iyo kuwa hoose
iyo celinta culeeyska madaxa.
2. Protection: ilaalinta xangullaha.

N.B lafta ugusareeysa 7 – da lafood ee vertebralclumn

waxaa loo yaqaan (Atlas), waana lafta iskuxirta
lafdhabarta iyo madaxa. Lafta uguhooseesa lafdhabarta
waxaa looyaqaannaa( Axis).

Lafdhabarta waxaa kudhaca T.B – da lafaha ( T.B of the

bones).

Upper limbs (64)

Lafaha adimada sare waa 64 lafood waxa eeyna kala

yihiin

a. Clavicle bones (2) lafaha kalxamaha.

b. Shoulder bones (2), lafaha garbaha.
c. humer bones(2), lafaha cududada.
d. Ulna and radius(4), lafaha dhudhumada.
e. Carpus (16), lafaha camaacumta.
f. Metacarpus(10), lafaha calaacasha.
g. Phalanges(28), lafaha faraha.
Lower limbs

Lafaha kujira adimada hoose waa 62 lafood waxa eeyna

kala yihiin sida hoos ku xusan:

a. Pelvic bones :lafaha miskaha

b. Humer bones: lafaha cajirada
c. Tibia and fibula:lafaha shanshada.
d. Tarsal :lafaha camaacumta cagta.
e. Meta tarsal: lafaha calaacasha cagta.
f. Phalanges: lafaha faraha cagta.

Function of the limbs

Waxa eey kaalin xooggan kaqaataan dhaqaajinta

jirka.Sidookale waxaa loo adegsadaa in wax
lagusooqabto.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Murquhu waxa eey shaqooyin aad ubadan

kadhexqabtaan jirka waxaana kamida dhaqaajinta iyo
kashaqeeysiinta xubnaha.Murqaha waxaa looqeeybiyaa
saddex nuuc oo kala ah:

a. Skeletal muscles
b. Smooth muscles
c. Cardiac muscles

Skeletalmuscles: waa murqo lamaamulikaro waxa

eeyna kuduldhaganyihiin lafaha iyagoo dhaqdhaqaajiya.

Function of the skeletal muscle

1. Is uruurin 2. Is wareejin 3.Is fidin 4. Is laabid

Murqahaan waxaa lagu keeydiyaa oxygen-ta iyo

glycogen-ta iyadoo laga yaryareeyo.

Smoothmuscles: waa murqo aan lamaamulikarin waxa

eeyna kujiraan xubnaha gudaha sida sanbabada minka
kilyaha kaadiheeysta caloosha iyo kuwo kale oo badan
waxa eeyna tahay shaqadoodu in eeydhaqaajiyaan
xubnahaas.

Cardiacmuscles: murqahaan waa kuwo aan

lamaamulikarin waxa kaliya oo laga helaa darbiyada
wadnaha waxa eeyna tahay shaqadoodu kashaqeeysiinta
wadnaha.
Tendo (carjaw)

Carjow waa cad muruq oo kale ah waxa uuna is kuxiraa

laf iyo muruq

Ligament (seedo)

Seedo waa eey ka adagyihiin murqaha iyo carjawda

waxa eeyna tahay shaqadoodu iskudhajinta laf iyo laf.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Hab dhiska dhiigwareega waa habka loogaarsiiyo

nudayaasha iyo jirka cuntada oxygen- ta biyaha iyo
waxyaabo kale oo muhiim u ah islamarkaana
loogasooqaadayo waxyaabaha wasaqda ah ee uuna
ubaahneen sida carbon dioxide.

Parts of the circulatory system

Habdhiska dhiig wareegu waxa uu kakoobanyahay

saddex qeeybood oo kala ah.

a. Heart
b. Blood
c. Blood vessels

Heart: wadnuhu waa xubin muruqleey ah waxa uu ku

yaalaa dhanka bidix ee jirka waxa uuna udhowyahay
lafsakaarta.

Culeeyska wadna waxa uu gaarayaa

Men=300gr

Women= 250gr

Qofkasta wadnihiisu waxa uu la egyahay duubka

gacantiisa.

Shaqada wadnuhu waxa eeytahay tuuridda ama

banbeeynta dhiigga si loogaarsiiyo jirka intiisa kale.

Blood

Dhiigu waa dareere casaan birqaaya leh waxa uu katagaa

wadnaha isaga oo wada oxygen and nutrient waxa uuna
geeyaa jirka qeeybihiisa kaladuwan waxa uuna dib ugu
soo laabtaa wadnaha isagoo sida carbondioxide and
waste.

Parts of the blood

Dhiiggu waxa uu ka koobanyahay labo nuuc

a. Cells( amaunugyo)
b. Plasma (amaqeeybtabiyaha ah)

Cells

Unugyada dhiigu waa saddex nuuc

a. Red blood cells

b. White blood cells
c. Platelets
Red blood cells (RBCs): ugugyada cascas aad ayeey
utiro badanyihiin waxaana laguqiyaasaa 405 – 505
million/ul.

RBCs waxa eey kasameeysanyihiin ama kudhexjira

protein looyaqaanno hemoglabine ( Hb).

Sameeysanka RBCs waxuu kadhacaa dhuuxa cas ll

lafaha waxaana kaqeeybqaata viyamin B12 with iron and
calcium.

N.B: RBCs waxa eey noolaankaraan 120 cisho.

Platelets

Xinjireeyayaashu waa kuwo aad uyaryar kana siiyar

RBCs, waxaana lagasameeya dhuuxa cas ee lafaha
dhaadheer . tiro ahaan waxaa lagarabaa 250,000/hpf.

Function of the platelets

Xinjireeyuhu waa kan sameeya xinjirta taas oo joojisa

dhiigbaxawaayo waxa eey xireeysaa meesha xididku
kago’ay.

Waxa eey ku shaqo lee yihiin qaadista neefta oxygen iyo

neefta carbondioxide

White blood cells (WBCs): waxa eey jirka kadifaacaan

jeermiska.
Platelets: waa kuwa kushaqadaleh kahortagga dhiigbaxa
iyagoo xira meesha dhaawacantey

Blood vessels

Xididada jirka kujiraahi waa saddex nuuc oo kala ah

a. Artery
b. Vain
c. Capillary

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Habdhiska dheefshiidku waa xubno siwadajir ah

kushaqeeya xilliga lagugudojiro cunto shiididda.

Qeeybaha habdhiska dheefshiidka waxaa kamid ah:

a. Mouth
b. Teeth
c. Tongue
d. Eosophagus
e. Stomach
f. Small intestine and
g. Large intestine

Waxaa jira xubno aan katirsaneeyn dheefshiidka laakiin

kaalin mug weeyn kaciyaara cuntoshiididda waxaana
kamid ah:
 - Liver
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder

Mouth: afku waa xubinta ugu horeeysa e dheefshiidka.

Teeth:I lkaha shaqadoodu waa jaridda jeexidda iyo

burburinta cuntada, waxa eeyna uqeeybsamaan afar
nuucookala ah:

- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars

Types of the teeth

Ilkaha waxaa loo qeeybiyaa labo nuuc

Temporary teeth

Permanent teeth

Temporary teeth

Waa ilkaha kudhaca 6 – 7 sano marka laiskugeeyo waxa

eey noqdaan 20 ilkood oo isugu jira

1. Ilko 2. Miciyo 3. Gowso

Permenant teeth
Waxa eey bilaawdaan 6 sano waxa eeyna
dhameeystirmaan 12 – 15 sano marka laga reebo goows
caqliyaadka (wisdem tooth), tiradooduna waa 32ilkood
oo isugujira

1. Ilko 2.miciyo 3.gowso

Tongue: carabka shaqadiisu waa in uu cuntada udhigo

ilkaha kana saaro waxyaaba aan cuntada eheen sida
dhagaxda oo kale.

Esophagus: waa hunguriga, waxa uu isku xiraa caloosha

iyo afka.

Stomach: caloosha , halkaan waxaa kadhaca qeeyb

cunto shiididda kamid ah. Darbiyada caloosha waxa eey
soodaayaan dheecaanno cuntada waxkashiida iyo kuwo
cuntada jeermiska kadila sida(HCl).

Small intestine: halkaan waa meesha ugu badan ee

cunto shiididdu kadhacdo. Darbiyada mindhicirada
yaryar waxa eey leeyihiin xidido kuwaas oo nuuga
cuntadii lashiidey sijirka loogu qeeybiyo.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Hahdhiska neefsashadu waa xubno wada shaqeeya

xilliga neefsashada.
Function of the respiratory system

Shaqada neefsashada shaqadu waxaeeytahay

a. Inhale, waaneefgudahakudhacda
b. Exhale, waaneefdibaddakudhacda

Inhale ama inspiration waa habka oxygen-tu jirka

ugasho siloosoosaaro energy.

Exhale ama expiration waa habka neefta wasaqda ah

jirka looga soosaaro loona tooro banaamka.

Parts of the respiratory system

Qeeybaha neefmareenka waxaa kamid ah

a. Nose
b. Nasal cavity
c. Larynx
d. Pharynx
e. Trachea
f. Bronchus
g. Lungs

URINARY SYSTEM

Kan waa habdhiska kaadimareenka waxa uuna

kamidyahay habdhisyada jirka kasaara qashink

Parts of the urinary system

Habdhiska kaadimareenka waxa uu kakoobanyahay
qeeybo eey kamidyihiin:

1 Kidneys(2)

2 Uretra

3 Bladder

4 Urethra

Function of the urinary system

Kilyuhu waxa eey sifeeyaan dhiigga waxa eeyna

kasifeeyaan wasaqda iyo waxyaabaha dheeraadka ah ee
dhiiga lasocda.

Waxyaabaha qashin ahaan jirka laga saaro waxaa kamid

ah

- Urine

Urine: waa dareere ka kooban biyo dheeraad ah, cusbo,

urea,iyojeermisyobadan.

Kidneys: kilyuhu waa xubin qaab digirta oo kale ah

waxa eeyna kuyaalaan qeybta gadaale ee jirka iyagoo
udhaw lafdhabarta. Shaqada ugu badan ee kilyaha waa is
kudheelistirka dareeraha kujira jirka iyo saarista
wasaqda.
Entogomentry system

Kan waa habdhiska maqaarka ,waxa uuna jirka

kadaboolaa dhanka sare.

Qeeybaha uu kakoobanyahay habdhiska maqaarka

waxaa kamid ah

- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous

Function of the skin

Shaqada uu qabto maqaarku waxaa kamid ah:

Ilaalinta xubnaha gudaha

Qaboojinta jirka iyo ka ilaalinta qaleelka iyodoo qoyaan

lasiideeynayo.

Saarista wasaqda sida cusbada iyo biyaha dheeraadka ah.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Habdhiska dareenwadku waa kan maamula dhammaan

shaqooyinka jirka kasocda

Qeeybaha ugu waaweeyn ee habdhiska dareen wadka

waxaa kamid ah

1. Brain
 2. Spinal cord
3. Neorons

Brain :waa qeeyta ama xarunta wax laga hago waana

halka eey kuxiranyihiin dhammaan qeeybaha kale
eedareen wadka katirsan.

Maskaxdo waxa eey kakoobantahay dhoowr qeeybood

midkastane waxa uu qabtaa shaqo ugaar ah.

Spinal cord: xangulluhu waa xarig kuxiran maskaxda

kaasoo maamula intabadan jirka sidaaragga, maqalka,
taranka,dhaqaaqaiyokuwo kale oobadan.

Neorons: dareen sidayaashaan waa saddex nuuc

- Sensory
- Motor
- Inter neorons

Sensory: waxa uu joogaa jirka dacalladiisa

isagoofarrimaha ugudbiya maskaxda.

Motor: waxa uu joogaa maskaxda waxa uuna qaadaa

farrimaha kusocda jirka.
Horu-dhac Tallalka

Waa maxay Erayga Immunization?

❖ Immunization: waa midka ugu muhiimsan

dhaqalahan horumarinta caafimadka carrurta iyo
dhalintaba.

Waa maxay erayga Immunity?

❖ Immunity: - waa awooda jirka uu ku garanayo,

ku burburinayo, kagana takhalusayo jeermis ka
taas oo u horsed doonta in uu la haado is ka cabin
xagga cudurada. Jeermis ku waxa uu noqon karaa
bacteria, virus, iyo protein.

Difaaca jirka (immunity)

Nuucyadiisa:-

a) Difaaca jirka mid gaar u ah cudura gaar ah waxa

loo yaqaana specific immunity.
b) Difaaca jirka mid la dagaalama wax walbo oo
aan jirka ka tirsaneyn (antigen) waxa loo yaqaan
Non-specific Immunity.
 Isbar-bardhiga Nuucyada Difaaca Jirka

Nuuca Non-Specific Specific Immunity

Immunity
Waqtiga Waqti Hore Waqti danbe
uu hawl
galo
Gaar Caam Khaas
nimada
uu u
yahay
cudurada
Awooda A wood yar Awood badan
Tusaale 1. Skin 1. Antibody
2. Tear 2. WBC

Guulaha Talaalka

1. 1979 aduunku waxa uu ku guuleystay dabar-

goynta cudurka Smallpox (__________),
2. Waxa uu hir-galin yareynta cudurada badan oo
aad dhib weyn ugu hayay addunka.

Nuucyada Difaaca Jirka ee gaar-ka ah iyo

shaqadooda (Immunoglobulins)

1. Ig M
2. Ig A
3. Ig G
 4. Ig E
5. Ig D

Acronym: - MAGED

Nuuc yada difaaca jirka ayada oo loo fiirinaaya

waqtiga:-

1. Primary Response :- waa weerar koowaad ee

lagu antigen, 3-10 maalin ugu horeysa. Waxaana
hawshaa is ka leh Ig M.
2. Secondary Response :- waa weerar celis ka dib
mar ki uu ku filnaan waysay dagaal ka koowad.
Waxaana shaqadaa leh Ig G.

Nuuc yada Immunity (difaaca Jirka): -

a) Passive Immunity:-
i. Natural:- waa mid dabiici ah oo aad ka
hesho hooyadaa ayadoo kuu soo maraaya
xudunta iyo caanaha naaska.
ii. Acquired:- waa difaaca jirka aad heleysid
marka laguugu duro Immunoglobulis.
b) Active Immunity:
i. Natural: waa mid dabiici ah oo aad hesho
marki ay kugu dhacaan infectionada,
waxa ay noqon karaan ku wa waqti dheer
jira sida measles ama jadeecada.
ii. Acquired: waa mid aad hesho marka lagu
duro Vaccine.
TALLALKA (VACCINE)

Vaccine:- waa wax aan ka tirsaneyn jirka markii lagu

duro kicinaya difaaca jirka si uu isaga caawiyo
infectionada.

Vaccines are prepared from:

1. Live attenuated organisms:- noole la

khafiifiyay.e.g. BCG, Salk, Measles,
2. Killed organisms: noole la dilay. Sabbin, DPT.
3. Toxoids: Sun khafiif ah. e.g. Tetanus Toxoid.
4. Genetically engineered. Ayada oo lab-ka lagu
diyaariyay. E.g Hepatitis B,

EPI

Expanded Programme of Immunization:- waa ololo

looga hortago cuduro todoba ah kaasoo oo ay dar dar
galineyso heyada caafimaad ka adduunka (WHO).

Routine
vaccination
schedule

1. At birth.

2. 6 weeks.
 3. 10 weeks.

4. 14 weeks.

5. 9 months.

Routine vaccination schedule

NO. Watiyada tallalada la Inta tallal ee la qaadanaayo.

qaato
1. At birth. BCG
6 weeks. DPT, OPV,
10 weeks. DPT, OPV,
14 weeks. DPT, OPV, Hepatitis, H. Infleuza
9 months MMR.

Give these 4 Key Messages to the

Care-giver

1. What vaccine was given and what disease it

prevents (e.g. BCG for preventing TB)
2. When to come for the next visit.
3. What are the minor side-effects and how to deal
Dhibaatada uu leeyahay tallalka:-
with them.
4. To keep the vaccination card safe and to bring it
along for the next visit
Tallaalka ma ahan 100% mid wax tar leh oo kali ah.

1. Qandho
2. Meesha laga duray oo cuncunta
3. Cunugi oo neefta dhib ta
4. Qallal

Waxa keena ciladaha ka yimaada tallalka:-

1. Vaccine reaction.
2. Program error
3. Co-incidental
4. Injection reaction
5. Unknown

Moowduuca Sedexaad

Nuucyada Tallalada & waxa loo isticmaalo

Site of Injection of Vaccines

BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)

Disease: Tuberclosis

Age: Give at birth or as early as possible in the

first 12 months. do NOT give BCG if child is
over one year old.

Route:- Intra-dermal Injection

Site:- Left Upper Arm

Side Effect:- small scar

Dose: 0.1 ml (0.05ml for less than 1 month);

Diluent: 1 ml sodium chloride; Vial: 20 doses

Dose: 0.1 ml (0.05ml

for less than 1
month);
Diluent: 1 ml sodium
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)

Disease: Polio

Age: Birth till 15 days, 1 ½ mths (6 wks), 2 ½ mths

(10 wks), 3 ½ mths (14 wks).

Route:- Oral administration.

Site:- Mouth

Side Effect:- small scar

Dose: 2 drops; Vial: 20 doses

Two types of oral
polio-Vaccine

1. Sabin – Killed
Vaccine, IM.
2. Salk – Life
Attenuated,
DPT (Diptheria,
Oral Tetanus)
pertusis,

❖ Diphtheria: Sore
throat with gray patch(es) in throat
❖ Pertussis (whooping cough): repeated &
violent coughing, with: cough persisting for 2+
weeks, fits of coughing, cough followed by
vomiting, typical whoop in older infants.
 ❖ Tetanus: suck & cry in first 2 days of life,
Illness between 3- 28 days of life, Inability to
suck foll. by stiffness of neck & body &/or
muscle jerking

Diphtheria Pertussis
Age: - 1 ½ mths (6
wks), 2 ½ mths (10 wks), 3 ½ mths (14 wks)

Route:- Intramuscular Injection

Site:- Outer Mid-thigh (Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh)

Dose: 0.5 ml; Vial: 10 doses

Side effects:- tenderness, pain, redness, swelling at

Injection site
Give Cold cloth at injection site. Give Paracetamol
Measles

Disease: - Measles fever with rash with cough or

running nose or red eyes.

Age: - 9 months completed - 12 months (39 – 52

weeks). If a child does not receive Measles before the
12th month, give a dose as soon as possible before 5
years of age.

Route:- Subcutaneous Injection

Site:- Right Upper Arm

Dose: 0.5ml; Diluent: 2.5 ml double distilled water;

Vial: 10 doses

Side effect:- slight skin rash

This is a sign that the vaccine has been effective. Do not

treat.
Give with Vitamin A supplementation.
Tetanus

Disease:- Illness between 3- 28 days of life, Inability to

suck foll. by stiffness of neck & body &/or muscle
jerking.
Tetanus Toxoid

Early in pregnancy and 4 weeks later For women of

childbearing Age (15-49
years)-

TT1
TT2- after four weeks
of TT1
TT3- after six months
of TT2
TT4 after one year of
TT3
TT5 -after one year of
TT 4
 Site:- Deltoid Muscle

Stretch skin flat between

finger and thumb on
either side of injection site
 Mowduuca Afaraad

Cold Chain (Qalabka lagu keydiyo Tallalka)

Cold Chain: waa qaab lagu keeydiyo & laguna tallalada

ayada oo la siinayo tallal walba heerkulka uu doonayo
laga bilaabo barti tallalka lagu sameeyay ilaa meeshi
lagu isticmaali lahaa.

Wax yaabaha wax yeeleeya tallalka

 1. Kuleelka
2. Qabowga xad ka baxa ah
3. Ileyska

Qalabka lagu keydiyo Tallalka : -

Deep freezer:- waa qalab weyn oo lagu keeydiyo

tallalka heer kulkisuna uu u dhaxeeyo -15oC to -25 oC.
Ice barges:- waa caag ay ku juraan biyo la barafeeyay
oo loo isticmaalo baraf ahaan si ay wax u qaboo jiyaan.
Cold boxes:- waa weel lagu qaado tallalka kaaso ay
garabka ku wataan badanaa dadka tallaalada qeybiya.
Expended Program Of Immunization

EPI program