DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

Third Year Project Proposal on

PHASE SEQUENCE CHECKER AND THREE PHASE
VOLTAGE PROTECTION

Submitted By

Pushparaj Kandel (020429-16)

Nabin Khatri (020431-16)
Samiksha Koirala (020432-16)
Lamin Lama (020433-16)

3rd October, 2018

 Abstract
This report describes you the basic theme for the project. Firstly it describes about the phase
sequence in three phase supply and what it do when the three phase supply is not in phase
sequence. And it describe about the voltage controlled supply where it mainly focuses on over
voltage and under voltage. Hence it proceeds with the introduction of the projects and
describe about the method and working of the project. It also describe about its merit and
demerit, and focuses mainly on the application of the project in the real field. And finally the
conclusion is made relating the various things discussed ahead.

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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background..............................................................................................................................1
1.2. Problem Statement and Motivation of the work......................................................................1
1.3. Research question.....................................................................................................................1
1.4. Objectives.................................................................................................................................1
1.5. Applications.............................................................................................................................2
1.6. Scope of the project..................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................2
2.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................2
2.2. Literature Survey on Faults......................................................................................................4
I. Series Faults.............................................................................................................................4
II. Shunt Faults..............................................................................................................................4
2.3. Literature survey on Protection................................................................................................5
2.4. Literature survey on over voltage and under voltage...............................................................5
2.5. Components..............................................................................................................................7
2.5.1. Arduino................................................................................................................................7
2.5.2. Transformer.........................................................................................................................9
2.5.3. LCD...................................................................................................................................10
2.5.4. ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS....................................................................................11
2.5.5. Relay..................................................................................................................................12
3. METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................12
3.1. Problem Formulation.............................................................................................................12
3.2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................13
3.3. Model Development...............................................................................................................13
3.4. Analysis..................................................................................................................................13
3.5. Result verification and Demonstration..................................................................................13
4. WORKING......................................................................................................................................13
4.1. PHASE SEQUENCE DETECTOR.......................................................................................13
4.2. VOLTAGE PROTECTION...................................................................................................14
4.2.1. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION...................................................................................14
4.2.2. UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION................................................................................14
5. COST ESTIMATION......................................................................................................................16
6. TIME SCHEDULE (Gantt chart)....................................................................................................17
7. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................18
8. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................19

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List of figures
Figure 1: ADRUINO UNO (Pinterest)......................................................................................................7
Figure 2: Step Down Transformer (ECETUTORIALS)...........................................................................10
Figure 3: LCD Display (Haneef Puttur)..................................................................................................10
Figure 4: ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR (htt)......................................................................................11
Figure 5: Block diagram of Phase Sequence Detector............................................................................12
Figure 6: Block Diagram of voltage protection unit...............................................................................14

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
The order in which the three phases attain their peak or maximum value and the three
generated electrical voltages or currents rotate is called the phase sequence. Each voltage is
separated from the next generated voltage by 120 degrees. The 3-phase has only three
possible sequences RYB , RBY, zero , positive and negative and zero sequence respectively.
In normal balanced condition, the 3-phase sequential order is positive i.e. RYB. In unbalanced
condition, this sequence changed and turned into negative sequence. Unbalanced loads faults
will reduce the proportion of positive sequence current and will produce negative sequence
currents. This negative sequence components results the sequential order to change.

For the satisfactory working of all electrical and electronic devices, it is recommended to
allow voltage at prescribed limits. Voltage fluctuations on electric power supply certainly
have adverse effects on connected load. These fluctuations can be over and under voltages
which are caused by several reasons like voltage surges, overload, lightening etc. [ CITATION
Elp \l 1033 ]

1.2. Problem Statement and Motivation of the work

Due to change of the phase sequence it mainly affects in the three phase induction motors. In
big factories there is wide use of induction motors and due to the change in phase sequence
the required rotation of the motors cannot be acquired which causes the problem in the
factories. So to avoid the problem we focused to develop the system.

1.3. Research question

i. How can we detect the fault in the three phase supply?
ii. How can we send the information to the user?

1.4. Objectives
 To detect the phase sequence
 To protect from voltage supply
 Under voltage protection
 Over voltage protection

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 1.5. Applications
 For detecting the phase sequence.
 Protect the equipment’s from over and under voltage supply.
 Can be used in the Sub-stations after maintenances of machines.

1.6. Scope of the project

 It is used to check the phase sequence.
 It protects the components from over and under voltage supply.
 It is widely used in industries to check the phase sequence, so that the correct phase
supply is given to the machines and the chance of the damage of induction machines
gets reduced.
 The direction of rotation of three phase motors can be changed by changing the phase
sequence of supply.
 It is used for tracking the electrical connection during both, the installation and
maintenance of the electrical connection.
 It is also used for wiring switch boards when three phase supply is matter of concern.
 It protects the components from over and under voltage supply.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed via large interconnected power
systems. The generation of electric power takes place in a power plant. Then the voltage level
of the power will be raised by the transformer before the power is transmitted. Electric power
is proportional to the product of voltage and current this is the reason why power transmission
voltage levels are used in order to minimize power transmission losses. The primary objective
of all power systems is to maintain the continuous power supply and reduce the power
losses[ CITATION Cir \l 1033 ]. By minimizing the power losses the system may acquire longer
lifespan and have great reliability. Appropriate load allocation in a distribution system can not
only balance the feeder loading but also reduce the real power loss.

Many papers have studied the phase swapping in distribution substation based on intelligent
algorithms and reduce the losses in distribution systems. The phase swapping in distribution
substation will be making phase sequence problems for rotating machines. So with the

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applying load-balancing maneuvering in distribution substations, three phase loads in
distribution systems will need another device to correct phase sequence. To correct this
problem should be used an analyzer to detect the phase sequence of rotary load’s input. The
phase sequence analyzer should detect phase sequence in the shortest time possible and
produce output signal. An appropriate method that is used in the controller should be
considering many factors such as speed of detection, reliability, simplicity and ease of
implementation.[ CITATION MAl11 \l 1033 ]

During normal operating conditions, current will flow through all elements of the electrical
power system within pre-designed values which are appropriate to these elements’ ratings.
However, natural events such as lightning, weather, ice, wind, heat, failure in related
equipment and many other unpredictable factors may lead to undesirable situations and
connection between the phase’s conductors of a transmission lines or the phase conductors to
ground, these types of events are known as faults. A falling tree on a transmission lines could
cause a three-phase fault where all phases share a point of contact called fault location. In
different occasions, fault could be a result of insulation deterioration, wind damage or human
vandalism.[ CITATION Cir1 \l 1033 ]

Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the system voltages and currents under
normal & abnormal scenarios. The fault currents caused by short circuits may be several
orders of magnitude larger than the normal operating currents and are determined by the
system impedance between the generator voltages and the fault, under the worst scenario if
the fault persists, it may lead to long-term power loss, blackouts and permanently damage to
the equipment. To prevent such an undesirable situation, the temporary isolation of the fault
from the whole system it is necessary as soon as possible. This is accomplished by the
protective relaying system.[ CITATION Pau95 \l 1033 ]

The process of evaluating the system voltages and currents under various types of short-
circuits is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary safety measures & the
required protection system to guarantee the safety of public. The analysis of faults leads to
appropriate protection settings which can be computed in order to select suitable fuse, circuit
breaker size and type of relay. The severity of the fault depends on the short-circuit location,
the path taken by fault current, the system impedance and its voltage level. In order to
maintain the continuation of power supply to all customers which is the core purpose of the
power system existence, all faulted parts must be isolated from the system temporary by the
protection schemes. When a fault exists within the relay protection zone at any transmission
line, a signal will trip or open the circuit breaker isolating the faulted line . To complete this
task successfully, fault analysis has to be conducted in every location assuming several fault

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conditions. The goal is to determine the optimum protection scheme by determining the fault
currents & voltages. In reality, power system can consist of thousands of buses which
complicate the task of calculating these parameters without the use of computer software such
as MATLAB. In 1956, L.W. Coombe and D. G. Lewis proposed the first fault analysis
program. Many exiting texts offer an extensive analysis in fault studies and calculation. Two
worth mentioning are Analysis of Faulted Power System by Paul Anderson and Electrical
Power Transmission System Engineering Analysis and Design by Turan Gonen. In addition to
offer a very illustrative and clear analysis in the fault studies, they also offer an impressive
guideline for the power systems analysis understanding in general. [ CITATION Pau95 \l 1033 ]

2.3 Sequence networks of machines

Positive Sequence Network
The windings of a synchronous machine are symmetrical. Thus, generated voltages are of
positive sequence only. The neutral impedance Zn does not appear in this circuit because the
phasor sum of Ia1, Ib1 and Ic1 is zero and no positive sequence current can flow through Z n.
[ CITATION DrB \l 1033 ]

Negative sequence network

A synchronous machine does not generate any negative sequence currents in the stator
windings create an mmf which rotates at synchronous speed in a direction opposite to the
direction of rotor i.e., at twice the synchronous speed with respect to the rotor. [ CITATION DrB \l
1033 ]

Zero sequence network

No zero sequence voltage is induced in a synchronous machine. Three phasors that is equal in
magnitude and phase.[CITATION DrB \l 1033 ]

2.2. Literature Survey on Faults

There are two types of faults which can occur on any transmission lines; balanced faults and
unbalanced faults also known as symmetrical and asymmetrical faults respectively. Most of
the faults that occur on power systems are not the balanced three phase faults, but the
unbalances faults. In addition, faults can be categorized as the shunt faults, series faults and
simultaneous faults. In the analysis of power system under fault conditions, it is necessary to
make a distinction between the types of fault to ensure7 the best results possible in the
analysis

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 I. Series Faults
Series faults represent open conductor and take place when unbalanced series impedance
conditions of the lines are present. Two examples of series fault are when the system holds
one or two broken lines, or impedance inserted in one or two lines. In the real world a series
faults takes place, for example, when circuit breakers control the lines and do not open all
three phases, in this case, one or two phases of the line may be open while the other/s is
closed. Series faults are characterized by increase of voltage and frequency and fall in current
in the faulted phases.

II. Shunt Faults

Shunt Faults the shunt faults are the most common type of fault taking place in the field.
They involve power conductors or conductor-to-ground or short circuits between conductors.
One of the most important characteristics of shunt faults is the increment the current suffers
and fall in voltage and frequency. Shunt faults cab be classified into four categories

1. Line-to-ground fault: this type of fault exists when one phase of any transmission
lines establishes a connection with the ground either by ice, wind, falling tree or any
other incident. 70% of all transmission lines faults are classified under this category
2. Line-to-line fault: as a result of high winds, one phase could touch anther phase &
line-to-line fault takes place. 15% of all transmission lines faults are considered line-
to-line faults
3. Double line-to-ground: falling tree where two phases become in contact with the
ground could lead to this type of fault. In addition, two phases will be involved
instead of one at the line-to-ground faults scenarios. 10% of all transmission lines
faults are under this type of faults.
4. Three phase fault: in this case, falling tower, failure of equipment or even a line
breaking and touching the remaining phases can cause three phase faults. In reality,
this type of fault not often exists which can be seen from its share of 5% of all
transmission lines faults.

The first three of these faults are known as asymmetrical faults.

2.3. Literature survey on Protection

Method of Analysis In order to analyze any unbalanced power system, C.L. Fortescue
introduced a method called symmetrical components in 1918 to solve such system using a
balanced representation. This method is considered the base of all traditional fault analysis
approaches of solving unbalanced power systems. The theory suggests that any unbalanced
system can be represented by a number of balanced systems equal to the number of its
phasors. The balanced systems representations are called symmetrical components. In three-

5
phase system, there are three sets of balanced symmetrical components can be obtained; the
positive, negative and zero sequence components. The positive sequence consists of set of
phasors which has the 9 same original system sequences. The second set of phasors has an
opposite sequence which is called the negative sequence. The zero sequence has three
components in phase with each other.

2.4. Literature survey on over voltage and under voltage

Overvoltage is less common than under voltage but they also arise due to system faults.
Overvoltage can occur due to single line to ground fault, which in turn will raise the voltage
of the other phases. It can also cause due to disconnection of heavy industrial loads or
switching on the capacitor banks. This is generally due to ungrounded or floating ground delta
systems, where a change in ground reference would give voltage rise to the ungrounded
system. Causes of overvoltage are mainly due to energization of capacitor bank. It can also be
generated by sudden load deduction. Due to the disconnection of load there is a sudden
reduction of current, which will give rise the voltage, where L is the inductance of the line.
The effects of overvoltage are more severe and destructive. It may cause the electrical
equipment to fail, due to overheating caused by high voltage. Also electronic and other
sensitive equipment are prone to malfunction some more causes of Overvoltage are given
below

i. Loss of a Secondary Neutral (When the neutral wire is broken by falling

branches).
ii. Ferro resonance (is a special form of series resonance between the
magnetizing reactance of a transformer and the system capacitance).
iii. Accidental Contact to High-Voltage Circuits.
iv. Over voltages Due to Poor Voltage Regulation.

Under voltage is caused mainly by short circuits, starting of large motors and equipment
failures. Furthermore, under voltage may be classified by their duration as shown in .Under
voltages are the most common power disturbance whose effect is quite severe especially in
industrial and large commercial customers such as the damage of the sensitivity equipment’s
and loss of daily productions and finances. The examples of the sensitive equipment’s are
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) and Chiller control.
Under voltage at the equipment terminal can be due to a short circuit fault hundreds of
kilometers away in the transmission system. Causes of under voltage

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 i. Closing and Opening of Circuit Breakers
ii. Due to Fault
iii. Due to Motor Starting
iv. Due to Transformer Energizing
v. Equipment Failure
vi. Bad Weather and Pollution (Lightning strikes, Flash over, etc.)
vii. Construction Activity(damage to underground)
viii. cables

2.5. Components
2.5.1. Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy to use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read both analog and digital signals as inputs. We can
tell our board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board.
To do so we use the Arduino programming language and the Arduino software based on
processing.[ CITATION 1 \l 1033 ]

There are many types of Arduino and they are,

Arduino UNO, Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, Arduino Micro and Arduino Lily pad.
[ CITATION 2 \l 1033 ]

But in our project we are using Arduino UNO,

Arduino UNO has different features and capabilities. The microcontroller used in UNO is
ATmega328P, which is an 8-bit microcontroller. UNO has 14 digital input and output pins
which can be used as either input or output by connecting them with different external devices
and components. Out of these 14 pins, 6 pins are capable of producing PWM signal. All the
digital pins operate at 5V and can output a current of 20mA.

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 Figure 1: ADRUINO UNO[ CITATION Pin \l 1033 ]

2.5.1.1. Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from our computer or a wall
power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is
labeled and the barrel jack is labeled.

The USB connection helps us to load code into our Arduino board.

We should not use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as it will overpower the Arduino.
The recommended voltage for most Arduino is between 6 and 12 Volts. [ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

2.5.1.2. Pins

The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and
used for different functions.

 GND: There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground the circuit.
 5V & 3.3V: The 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3
volts of power

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  Analog: The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label A0 toA5 is Analog In pins.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it into a digital
value that we can read.
 Digital: Across from the analog pins there are the digital pins 0 to 13 on the board.
These pins can be used for both digital input and digital output.
 PWM: There is the symbol (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11).
These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).
 AREF: It stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

2.5.1.3. Reset Button

Arduino has a reset button. Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and
restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if the code doesn’t
repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

2.5.1.4. Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on the circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next
to the word ‘ON’. This LED should light up whenever we plug your Arduino into a power
source. If this light doesn’t turn on then there is something is wrong. [ CITATION 3 \l 1033
]

2.5.1.5. TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. There are two places on the Arduino UNO
where TX and RX appear once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and
RX indicator LEDs. These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our
Arduino is receiving or transmitting data.[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

2.5.1.6. Main IC
The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type to board type, but is usually
from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL Company. We need to know the IC type
before loading up a new program from the Arduino software and the IC used is ATmega328P.
[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

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 2.5.1.7. Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. It will
turn away an extra voltage that might harm the circuit. It has its limits, so Arduino should not
be hooked up to anything greater than 20 volts.[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

2.5.2. Transformer

A Transformer is a static apparatus, with no moving parts, which transforms electrical power
from one circuit to another with changes in voltage and current and no change in frequency.

There are two types of transformers classified by their function: Step up Transformer and
Step down Transformer.[ CITATION 4 \l 1033 ]

A Step up Transformer is a device which converts the low primary voltage to a high
secondary voltage i.e. it steps up the input voltage. [ CITATION 4 \l 1033 ]

A Step down Transformer on the other hand, steps down the input voltage i.e. the secondary
voltage is less than the primary voltage.[ CITATION 4 \l 1033 ]

2.5.2.1. Step down transformer

A Step down Transformer is a type of transformer, which converts a high voltage at the
primary side to a low voltage at the secondary side.

If we speak in terms of the coil windings, the primary winding of a Step down Transformer
has more turns than the secondary winding. The following image shows a typical step down
transformer.

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 Figure 2: Step Down Transformer [ CITATION ECE \l 1033 ]

2.5.3. LCD

Figure 3: LCD Display[ CITATION Han \l 1033 ]

It has 16 pins and the first one from left to right is the Ground pin. The second pin is the VCC
which we connect the 5 volts pin on the Arduino Board. Next is the VO pin on which we can
attach a potentiometer for controlling the contrast of the display.

The RS pin or register select pin is used for selecting whether we will send commands or data
to the LCD. For example if the RS pin is set on low state or zero volts, then we are sending
commands to the LCD like: set the cursor to a specific location, clear the display, turn off the
display and so on. And when RS pin is set on High state or 5 volts we are sending data or
characters to the LCD.

Next comes the R / W pin which selects the mode whether we will read or write to the LCD.
Here the write mode is obvious and it is used for writing or sending commands and data to the

11
LCD. The read mode is used by the LCD itself when executing the program which we don’t
have a need to discuss about it in this tutorial.

Next is the E pin which enables the writing to the registers, or the next 8 data pins from D0 to
D7. So through this pins we are sending the 8 bits data when we are writing to the registers or
for example if we want to see the latter uppercase A on the display we will send 0100 0001 to
the registers according to the ASCII table.

And the last two pins A and K, or anode and cathode are for the LED back light.

2.5.4. ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS

Zero crossing detectors are the devices which take the ac input and the output of the devices
becomes high whenever the inputs becomes zero.

Figure 4: ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR[ CITATION htt \l 1033 ]

As shown in the above circuit diagram the first section is a bridge rectifier, which provides
full wave rectified output. This is applied to the base of the transistor through a base resistor,
R2. The capacitor charges to maximum of the bridge rectified output through the diode, D5.
This charge is available to the transistor as VCC. The capacitance value is kept large in order to

12
minimize ripple and get perfect dc. The transistor remains OFF until the Cut-in voltage VBE is
reached. During the OFF period of the transistor the output will be high and approximately
equal to VCC. Once the transistor is ON and IB increases according to the input wave, the
transistor moves slowly towards saturation where the output reduces to the saturation voltage
of the transistor which is nearly equal to zero. [ CITATION visionics \l 1033 ]

2.5.5. Relay

Figure 5 Relay[CITATION 3xxx \l 1033 ]

Relays are the switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically.
Relays control one circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. When a relay is
normally open there is an open contact when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact
is normally closed there is a closed contact when also the relay is not energized .In either
case, applying electrical current to the contacts will change their state. Relay are generally
used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not usually control power
consuming device except for small motors and solenoids that draw low amps. Relay can
control larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying effect because a small voltage
applied to a relay coli can result in a large voltage being switched by the contacts. Protective
relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical abnormalities, including
overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In addition, relays are also widely
used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot lights and audible alarms. [ CITATION h \l
1033 ]

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3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Problem Formulation
Numbers of faults occur in the electrical systems. If the faults are not addressed, it can cause
great damage. So these faults should be addressed. It is not so easy to detect the fault and
repair it. Permanent faults cannot be repaired so, the fasted part should be isolated. For this,
the fault should be detected. But, if the fault is temporary, it can be solved. We thought that,
phase sequence swapping is also a type of fault for many rotary devices and also other
devices, we should and we can make it. Then we thought that over voltage and under voltage
also create great problems. So, we should make a automatic tripping unit when over or under
voltage.

3.2. Literature Review

After knowing what problem is, we researched many papers, reports, journal articles, existing
technologies, so can we can get more ideas for making our project the effective one. We
should continue researching for more effective project.

3.3. Model Development

Our project will detect the phase sequence and displays it through LCD. It also checks the
over voltage and under voltage and if it is high, it trips out the system .

3.4. Analysis
From this project, we will be able to know the phase sequence of the machine. We will also
be able to know if over or under voltage. As it helps in automatic tripping out, our system will
not get damaged.

3.5. Result verification and Demonstration

We will first try to design our circuit diagram and verify it on software’s. Only after
verification, we will apply it on hardware.

4. WORKING
4.1. PHASE SEQUENCE DETECTOR
The project is designed to check the sequence of the three-phase supply. For this, from three-
phase supply, each phase is stepped down to 12V and the output of the transformer is fed to
the rectifier (half-wave).And then the output is send to zero crossing detector.Then the output
i.e. the 12V DC is fed to the voltage divider. Voltage divider taps certain voltage. As in
Arduino the maximum voltage we can feed is 5 volts, it is the reason why the voltage divider

14
circuit is used. Using voltage divider, we can tap the voltage less than or equal to 5 volts. The
output of voltage divider is given to the analog pins of Arduino and by programming in
Arduino, we can detect the phase sequence of three phase and it is displayed on LCD using
Arduino programming.[ CITATION MrA17 \l 1033 ]

Figure 6: Block diagram of Phase Sequence Detector

4.2. VOLTAGE PROTECTION

This project is designed to protect the electrical equipment’s from over and under voltage
supply.

4.2.1. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

It is the one of very important parameter to control the voltage supply of any three phase
system. An overvoltage protection circuit is a circuit which protects electronics from excess
voltage, which could potentially damage or destroy the electrical components. [ CITATION Lea \l
1033 ]

The overvoltage protection is one of important part of our project which can be provided by
two units as follows-

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  over voltage sensing device
It senses the occurrence of the over voltage in supply system .

 Tripping Unit
It receives the signal from the sensing device in case of occurrence of over voltage
and cut off the further supply.

4.2.2. UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

Occurrence of under voltage can have very dangerous and adverse effect on the equipment’s
connected to the three phase system, so it is required to give the under-voltage protection to
the supply system.

The under voltage protection is also one of the very important part of our project which can
be provided by two units as follows-

 under voltage sensing device

It senses the occurrence of the under voltage in supply system.

 Tripping Unit
It receives the signal from the sensing device in case of occurrence of under
voltage and cuts off the further supply.

Figure 7 Block Diagram of voltage protection unit

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5. COST ESTIMATION

S.N COMPONENTS COST(Rs)

1. Arduino 1000

2. Zero Crossing Detector

3. Relay

4. Transformer

5. Rectifier

6. LCD

7. Resistors

8. Capacitors

Total

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6. TIME SCHEDULE (Gantt chart)

SEP,OC NOV,DE JAN,FE MAR,AP MAY,JU JULY,AU

SN
T C B R N G

Proposal
Submissio
n

Literature
Survey

Prototype
Designing

Circuit
Designing
&Testing

Product
Assembli
ng & PCB
Designing

Final
report

TASK
COMPLEDTED

TASK 18
REMAINING
7. CONCLUSION
There are many faults in electrical systems which are caused due to various reasons as
lightening, weather, ice, heat, rain, falling of trees etc which may lead to various conditions.
These faults should be addressed. Among them some of the faults are over and under voltage
supply. Though, the change in phase sequence was done for some important and intelligent
reasons, it is also a fault for rotary machines. So, it should be checked and addressed. Our
circuit not only checks the phase sequence of the three phase circuit but also protects the
components under three phase supply from over and under voltage.

19
8. REFERENCES
[Online] http://www.visionics.a.se/Zero-Crossing-Detector1.aspx.

[Online] http://www.visionics.a.se/Zero-Crossing-Detector1.aspx.

[Online] http://www.galco.com/comp/prod/relay.htm.

1. [Online] https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction.

2. [Online] https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-introduction/.

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