•Range

•Average Deviation
•Variance and Standard Deviation
Situation 1:

If a prospective medical sales associate is told that the average

weekly wage is PhP4,000, he might be very pleased to have the
position. On the other hand, if he is also informed that the department
has 6 medical sales associate each earning PhP2,000 per week and
that the department head earns PhP16,000 per week, he might be a
little more wary of his prospects.
Situation 2:

Most manufacturers are interested in producing uniformly high quality

products. Example, the mean life span of a certain battery used in
flashlights may be ten hours. If there is a very large variability around the
mean(say, about half of the batteries lasted one hour and the other half
lasted 20 hours), there would soon complaints from those with the one
hour batteries. If the manufacturer measures the extent of the variation,
then the possible need to produce of more uniform product will be
apparent.
 A measure of central tendency is not sufficient to describe the
picture of a set of data. Some set of data may have the same mean,
median, and mode, but of different spread of values.

 Some points for requiring a measure of dispersion:

 It gives an indication of the reliability of the average value.
 If the amount of variation is known, then it may be possible to control it.
Measure of Dispersion or Variability

 Tells how much the observations spread out from the mean.
 The higher the variability, the more dispersed are the observation.
 The lower it is, the more consistent are the observation.

 Dispersion – is the difference between the actual value and the

average value.
RANGE

 Gives the simplest and easiest way to determine the measure of

variation.
 The difference between the highest value and the lowest value (for
ungrouped data).
 The difference between the upper boundary (UTCB) of the highest
class interval and the lower boundary (LTCB) of the lowest class
interval.
 Disadvantage: It can be distorted by a single value and only two
values are used in the calculation.
Example 1: Find the range of the ff. sets of
scores.

Class
1) 11, 14, 12, 15, 14. interval f <cf
2) 81, 101, 101, 121, 191. 98 - 100 2 29
3) Grouped data 95 - 97 1 27
92 - 94 9 26
89 - 91 6 17
86 - 88 6 11
83 - 85 5 5
AVERAGE DEVIATION
(MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION)

 The absolute difference between an element and a given

point. Typically the point from which the deviation is measured
is a measure of central tendency.
 More reliable than the range.
 It makes use of all the scores in a distribution.
 It is a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability.
Example 2: Find the average deviation of the
ff. sets of scores.

1) The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at ABC

Hospital are ₱550, ₱420, ₱560, ₱500, ₱700, ₱670, ₱860,
₱480.
2) The data below shows the frequency distribution of the
amounts of electric consumption of a typical
household in Davao City for the month of January 2017.

Amount of
700 - 849 850 - 999 1,000 - 1,149 1,150 - 1,299 1,300 - 1,499
Electric Bill

Number of
2 9 15 9 5
Families
VARIANCE (S2)
AND
STANDARD DEVIATION (S)

The variance and the standard deviation are the most practical and
commonly used measures of variation.

Variance – is the quotient of the sum of the squared deviations from the
mean divided by
N – 1.

Standard Deviation – is a statistical term that provides immediate

comparison about the spread of different sets of data. It measures
how widely values are dispersed from the average.
Variance – is the quotient of the sum of the squared deviations
from the mean divided by
N – 1.

Standard Deviation – is a statistical term that provides immediate

comparison about the spread of different sets of data. It
measures how widely values are dispersed from the average.
Example 3: Find the variance and standard
deviation of the ff.

1) Consider the data set {5, 9, 3, 15,

5, 8, 4}

2) The frequency distribution of the

weights (in pounds) of 57
children at a day care center.