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GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

KOTHA BARRAGE MAJOR PROJECT
PROPOSED IN KEN BETWA LINK PROJECT PHASE-II
TEHSIL:-KURWAI DISTRICT:-VIDISHA
VOLUME-I
REPORT
CHIEF ENGINEER
CHAMBAL BETWA BASIN
BHOPAL (M.P.)
1
PREAMBLE
The Betwa basin is one among the six major river basins of Madhya Pradesh. The river
Betwa which is also called river Vetrawati in Sanskrit and is an interstate river flowing between
MP and UP. The river basin is a part of Yamuna basin which ultimately forms part of Ganga basin.
The river flows about 216 km in MP , makes common boundary there afterwards in 98 kms and
then it runs for about 261 kms in UP before finally joining river Yamuna. The river Betwa covers
areas of Sehore, Bhopal, Raisen, Vidisha, Guna, Shivipuri and Datia district of MP. Out of these for
the districts of Bhopal, Raisen and Vidisha the river by all means acts as a main lifeline for all the
activities related to irrigation, domestic water supply, industrial water needs, nistar and other
minor activities.
The Betwa sub-basin for the purpose of use and in accordance with the interstate
agreement with UP is divided in three subparts namely upper, middle and lower Betwa sub-
basins. The river Betwa has 14 principal tributaries and out of which 11 lies completely in M.P.
whereas, 3 lies partly in both of the states. Fast industrial development , outbreak of population
due to formation of capital and setting up of industrial hub in Mandideep and other places and
promotion of high intensity, high yielding crops, in the agricultural sector has resulted in multifold
increase in water demand as compared to other part of the basin and in comparison of other
river basins.
This growing need of water has to be satisfied within the constraints of limited surface
water and ground water availability in the upper Betwa basin. So for construction of one major
project and four medium project (seven medium projects on u/s of rajghat dam) along with
about 100 odd minor irrigation schemes were completed, thereby providing about 800 - 900
Mcum of water. However, there is a further increased demand from irrigation and water supply
particularly in the middle part of upper Betwa basin. The most water short area in this context is
in between Gulabganj to Kurwai of M.P. Efforts were made for creation of storage reservoir at
various identified locations such as Richhan Dam, Neemkheda Barrage, Barri Barrage, Darriya
Dam and at other locations also, but construction of this structures were not found techno-
economic feasible due to submergence of large areas of good agricultural land, number of
villages and habitations and rail road infrastructures etc. Thus Proposals of number of dams and
barrages are to be dropped on account of this problems in past on this account. Furthermore the
middle and lower part of upper Betwa basin do not offer good sites for construction of large dam
and reservoirs.
It is in this situation the concept of creation of river bank confined storage schemes were
analyzed. This would unable to store sufficient quantity of water for various growing demand in
the areas of Vidisha distt. Which falls in middle of upper betwa basin without submerging much
of the costly private land, forest land submergence of habitation and infrastructures. as
compared to conventional storage reservoir.
2
Considering this facts in to consideration it is proposed to construct a high barrage on the
junction of river betwa and Keotan just U/S of confluence of river Bina with Betwa. About 85
Mcum of is proposed to be stored within the banks of river Betwa and Keoten by constructing a
Barrage of about 16.50 m. height. The command on left and right bank to a magnitude of 10,000
and 10,000 Ha would be provided irrigation by lifting water and than providing micro irrigation
down to 0.60 Ha. to 1.20 Ha. Through a pressurized irrigation system and by way of sprinkler
irrigation system. The project will further utilize the consumptive use of regenerated water from
the u/s irrigation projects to a tune of about 20 Mcum by arresting the post monsoon flow of
river Betwa and Keotan and regenerated water at a rate of 10% from the irrigation being done by
already built up reservoir of about 900 Mcum on u/s of proposed Kotha barrage.
The proposed scheme will not involve submergence of any forest area, any wild life or any
villages or habitation. The submergence created on the back of barrage will require about 681 Ha
of private land and about 678 Ha of Govt. land only. The main benefits from the proposed project
can be summarized as below:
(1) Assured Irrigation to 20,000 Ha. of land on left and right flank of Betwa river through
lifting of water by micro irrigation system.
(2) Providing 5.0 Mcum of water for the proposed new industrial activities in the sub
basin area.
(3) Providing 2.5 Mcum of water for the proposed new Domestic water supply in the sub
basin area.
(4) Providing 2.5 Mcum of water for maintaining environmental flow in lean 4 months in
river Betwa.
3
Index Map
4
Table of Contents
PREAMBLE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
INDEX MAP .................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 13
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER-I ................................................................................................................................... 17
CHECK LIST --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I-XVI
SAILIENT FEATURES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------I-III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 18

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 18
Location: ........................................................................................................................... 20
Access: .............................................................................................................................. 20
Area:.............................................................................................................................. 21
Proposed project: Main Parameters ............................................................................ 21
SURVEYS & INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................ 22
CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................ 22
TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 22
POPULATION ......................................................................................................................... 22
GEOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL & SEISMIC ASPECTS.................................................................. 23
GEOLOGY: ......................................................................................................................... 23
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS..................................................................................... 23
SEISMICITY ............................................................................................................................ 23
HYDROLOGY & WATER ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................... 23

FLOOD CONTROL AND DAMAGE ........................................................................................................... 27
RESERVOIR & POWER ........................................................................................................... 27
POWER: ............................................................................................................................. 28
IRRIGATION & COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 28
PRE-PAID CONTROL AND METER SYSTEM (Optional) ........................................................................... 29

NAVIGATION AND TOURISM ................................................................................................................. 30
DESIGN FEATURES ................................................................................................................................. 31
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ................................................................................................................. 32
5
Soils ................................................................................................................................... 32
Sand .................................................................................................................................. 33
Rock and Aggregates ........................................................................................................ 33
Bricks & Tiles ..................................................................................................................... 33
Pozzolona .......................................................................................................................... 33
Cement /Lime Stone ......................................................................................................... 33
Cement and Steel.............................................................................................................. 33
Scarce Materials ............................................................................................................... 33
Any Other Material ........................................................................................................... 33
ACCESSIBILITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 34

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ..................................................................................... 35
Base line study and EIA study ........................................................................................... 35
Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................................ 35
Land use pattern ............................................................................................................... 35
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ......................................................................... 35
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ............................................................................................. 36
Land Acquisition: .............................................................................................................. 36
Resettlement: ................................................................................................................... 36
Economic Rehabilitation: .................................................................................................. 36
Compensation for Properties: .......................................................................................... 37
Total Financial Requirement:............................................................................................ 37
ESTIMATES OF THE COST....................................................................................................................... 37

Unit-I ................................................................................................................................. 37
Unit-II: ............................................................................................................................... 37
Cost Breakup:.................................................................................................................... 38
FINANCIAL ASPECTS .............................................................................................................. 39
BC Ratio............................................................................................................................. 39
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 40
6
CHAPTER-II ................................................................................................................................. 42
BACKGROUND INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. 42
JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................ 42
CHAPTER-III ................................................................................................................................ 44
PROJECT AREA ....................................................................................................................................... 44
GENERAL ............................................................................................................................... 44
Brief Description of Betwa River Basin ............................................................................. 44
Present and Proposed Projects in the Betwa Basin upstream of Kotha Barrage ............. 46
Survey and Investigation: ................................................................................................. 47
River .............................................................................................................................. 47
Reservoir ....................................................................................................................... 47
Head works ................................................................................................................... 47
Plant & Colony layout ................................................................................................... 48
Canal and Water Conductor System and Canal Structure ............................................ 48
Command Area ......................................................................................................... 48
Soil Conservation .......................................................................................................... 48
Any other ...................................................................................................................... 48
Other allied surveys ...................................................................................................... 48
Archaeological surveys in the reservoir area................................................................ 49
Mineral, (useful and harmful) Surveys in the Catchment and Reservoir Areas ........... 49
Right of Way Surveys for the Reservoir ........................................................................ 49
Communication Surveys ............................................................................................... 49
Drainage Surveys .......................................................................................................... 49
Soil Surveys ................................................................................................................... 50
Geology, Geotechnical, Geophysical & Seismic Investigations ..................................... 50
Geology ......................................................................................................................... 50
Geotechnical assessment ..................................................................................................... 50
Geophysical Investigation ..................................................................................................... 51
Seismicity ...................................................................................................................... 51
7
Foundation Investigation ...................................................................................................... 51
Earth and Rock Fill Dam ........................................................................................................................ 52

Barrage.......................................................................................................................... 52
Canal and canal Structures ........................................................................................... 52
FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................. 52
HYDROLOGICAL & METEREOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ...................................................... 53
Topography & Geology ................................................................................................. 53
Climate & Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 53
Land use & Soils ............................................................................................................ 53
Rainfall & Runoff ........................................................................................................... 54
Sunshine, Cloud Cover and Visibility............................................................................. 56
Wind & Cyclones ........................................................................................................... 56
Humidity ....................................................................................................................... 56
Temperature ................................................................................................................. 56
Discharge ...................................................................................................................... 56
Sedimentation .............................................................................................................. 57
Water quality ................................................................................................................ 57
Evaporation................................................................................................................... 57
EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION ....................................................................................................... 58
WATER DEMAND .................................................................................................................. 58
Domestic, Livestock & Industrial Water Demand ......................................................... 58
Irrigation Demand ......................................................................................................... 60
Environmental Flows .................................................................................................... 61
IMPORT/ EXPORT .................................................................................................................. 62
WATER YIELD ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 62
Computation of virgin flows at Basoda ........................................................................ 63
Development of r – R relationships .............................................................................. 66
Hindcast flow series at proposed project sites from independent sub-basins ............ 70
8
Estimation of net yield series at proposed project sites .............................................. 70
Elevation Area Capacity (EAC) Table............................................................................. 75
Estimation of Design Flood ............................................................................................... 75
Synthetic unit hydrograph derivation........................................................................... 76
Design Flood ..................................................................................................................... 78
Flood Frequency: .......................................................................................................... 80
Diversion Flood ............................................................................................................. 80
CHAPTER -IV ............................................................................................................................... 82

DESIGN ASPECTS ................................................................................................................................... 82
INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................... 82
Sediment data................................................................................................................... 82
Assumed retrogression at maximum and minimum discharges ...................................... 83
Scour depth....................................................................................................................... 83
Exit gradient value ............................................................................................................ 83
Barrage design details....................................................................................................... 83
Waterway and HFL........................................................................................................ 83
Piers .............................................................................................................................. 83
Crest width & level........................................................................................................ 84
R.C.C. Raft ..................................................................................................................... 84
Type (concrete/Masonry)/profile cut off, upstream and downstream aprons, uplift pressure
relief arrangements etc. ................................................................................................... 84
Cut off ........................................................................................................................... 84
Aprons and protection works ....................................................................................... 84
Energy Dissipation Arrangement .................................................................................. 84
Seepage control ............................................................................................................ 85
Special features of the barrage..................................................................................... 85
Materials for use ........................................................................................................... 86
Gates, types of gates and hoist bridge and stop logs ....................................................... 86
9
Spillway Fixed Wheel Vertical Lift Gates....................................................................... 86
Barrage Stoplogs ........................................................................................................... 86
Gantry Crane ................................................................................................................. 87
Detail of spillway bridge, abutments etc. ......................................................................... 87
Road Bridge & Gantry Bridge ........................................................................................ 87
Abutment ...................................................................................................................... 87
Infrastructure Studies ........................................................................................................... 87
Navigation and Tourism Development ................................................................................. 87
Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................ 88
Other Studies ........................................................................................................................ 88
CHAPTER-V.................................................................................................................................. 89
Irrigation Planning..................................................................................................................................... 89
Existing Cropping Pattern ...................................................................................................................... 89
Proposed Cropping Pattern in the command of Kotha barrage ............................................................ 90
Crop Water Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 90
Reference Potential Evapo Transpiration (ETo) ..................................................................................... 90
Effective Rainfall .................................................................................................................................... 91
Irrigation Efficiency ............................................................................................................................... 91
Irrigation Demand ................................................................................................................................. 91
Command area planning on the basis of simulation studies ................................................................ 92
Classification of land (forest, grass land, cultivable and, cultivable waste, barren land) ...................... 92
Size of land holding ............................................................................................................................... 92
Climate of the command area ............................................................................................................... 93
Irrigation ................................................................................................................................................ 93
Socio-economic aspects ........................................................................................................................ 94
Infrastructure facilities .......................................................................................................................... 95
Topography and soils ............................................................................................................................ 95
Drainage ................................................................................................................................................ 96
Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................. 96
Farmers’ attitude towards improved agricultural practices ................................................................. 96
Identification of problems in command area ........................................................................................ 97
Financial problems ................................................................................................................................ 97
Proposed cropping pattern ................................................................................................................... 97
Land development work proposals ....................................................................................................... 97
Ayacut roads.......................................................................................................................................... 98
Benefits ................................................................................................................................................. 98
CHAPTER -VI ............................................................................................................................ 101
Estimates ................................................................................................................................................ 101

Unit – I : HEAD WORK .......................................................................................................................... 101
A. Preliminary ............................................................................................................. 101
10
B. Land : ...................................................................................................................... 101
C. Works : .................................................................................................................... 101
K. Buildings : ................................................................................................................ 101
M. Plantation : ............................................................................................................ 101
O. Miscellaneous :....................................................................................................... 101
P. Maintenance : ......................................................................................................... 101
R. Communication : .................................................................................................... 102
X. Environment and Ecology : ..................................................................................... 102
UNIT – II : Canals ................................................................................................................................. 102

A. Preliminary : ........................................................................................................... 102
B. Land : ...................................................................................................................... 102
C. Works : .................................................................................................................... 102
D. Regulator : .............................................................................................................. 102
E. Fall : ......................................................................................................................... 102
F. Cross Drainage Works : ........................................................................................... 102
G. Bridges : .................................................................................................................. 102
K. Buildings : ................................................................................................................ 102
L. Earth Work : ............................................................................................................ 102
M. Plantation : ............................................................................................................ 103
O. Miscellaneous :....................................................................................................... 103
P. Maintenance : ......................................................................................................... 103
R. Communication ...................................................................................................... 103
T. Water Supply :......................................................................................................... 103
U. Distributories, Minors & Sub Minors : ................................................................... 103
X. Environment : ......................................................................................................... 103
Unit III : "S" - Solar Power : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….102
General Abstract of Cost : ........................................................................................... 103
11
List of Figures
Figure – 1 : Line diagram of Betwa River .......................................................................................... 19
Figure – 2 : Sub-catchment boundaries of project site with drainage map ..................................... 26
Figure – 3 : Line diagram of Ken – Betwa link Project ...................................................................... 42
Figure – 4 : Kotha Barrage in Betwa Basin ........................................................................................ 45
Figure – 5 : Betwa River Basin with Kotha Barrage .......................................................................... 46
Figure – 6 : Layout of Raingauge Station ……………………………………………………………………………………55
Figure – 7 (a) : Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of June ....................................... 67
Figure – 7 (b) : Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of July......................................... 67
Figure – 7 (c) : Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of August .................................... 68
Figure – 7 (d) : Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of September ............................. 68
Figure – 7 (e) : Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of October ................................. 69
Figure – 8 (a) : Synthetic Unit Hydrograph for Kotha (U) sub-catchment ........................................ 78
Figure – 8 (b) : Synthetic Unit Hydrograph for Kotha (D) sub-catchment ........................................ 78
12
List of Tables
Table – 1 : Breakup of yield distributaries wise .................................................................................. 23
Table – 2 : Water account & water balance for Kotha barrage .......................................................... 24
Table – 3 : Principal Features of Kotha Barrage ................................................................................. 27
Table – 4 : Head Works ....................................................................................................................... 31
Table – 5 : Canal.................................................................................................................................. 32
Table – 6 : Abstract of cost ................................................................................................................. 38
Table – 7 : BC Ratio ............................................................................................................................. 39
Table – 8 : Thiessen weights of rainfall stations ................................................................................. 56
Table – 9 : Monthly Evaporation values at Raisen IMD station.......................................................... 57
Table – 10 : Computed ET0 values for raisen station .......................................................................... 58
Table – 11 : Percent areas of districts in basin of Kotha Barrage ....................................................... 59
Table – 12 : Medium variant population growth rate (%) for India ................................................... 59
Table – 13 : Present and projected populations in different districts (in thousand) ......................... 60
Table – 14 : Water use u/s of Kotha Barrage ...................................................................................... 61
Table – 15 : Computed virgin flows (MCUM) at Basoda G & D site ................................................... 65
Table – 16 : Computed dependable flows (MCUM) at proposed project site ................................... 72
Table – 17 : Computed monthly net flow (MCUM) series at Kotha project site ................................ 73
Table – 18 : Elevation Area Capacity Table ......................................................................................... 75
Table – 19 : Geomorphologic characteristics of sub-catchments used for SUH derivation ............... 77
Table – 20 : Salient points of sub-catchments for SUH derivation ..................................................... 77
Table – 21 : Flood hydrograph (SPF) for Kotha sub-catchment using SUH ........................................ 79
Table – 22 : Design floods for different return periods ...................................................................... 80
Table – 23 : Design flood for diversion ............................................................................................... 81
Table – 24 : Design flood Values ......................................................................................................... 82
Table – 25 : Existing cropping pattern in Upper Betwa sub-basin for the year 2011-12 ................... 89
Table – 26 : Proposed cropping pattern in the command of Kotha barrage...................................... 90
Table – 27 : Evapo-transpiration (ETo) values for Bhopal IMD station ............................................... 91
Table – 28 : Monthly rainfall in the Raisen district ............................................................................. 91
Table – 29 : Month wise irrigation water demands for Kotha barrage .............................................. 91
Table – 30 : CCA, Annual Irrigation, Annual Utilisation under barrages............................................. 92
Table – 31 : land use particulars in Upper Betwa command .............................................................. 92
Table – 32 : Size of land holding in the command area of Upper Betwa barrages ............................ 93
Table – 33 : Socio-economic aspects in the Upper Betwa command ................................................ 94
13
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Full Name
AFC - Agricultural Finance Corporation
BH - Bore Hole
BIS - Bureau of Indian Standard
BODHI - Bureau of Design for Hydel & Irrigation projects
BM - Bench Mark
BPL - Below Poverty Line
CA - Catchment Area
CAD - Command Area Development
CAT - Catchment Area Treatment
CBIP - Central Board of Irrigation & Power
cc - Cement Concrete
CCA - Culturable Command Area
CD - Cross Drainage
0C - Degree Centigrade
Cfm - Cubic feet metre
CGWB - Central Ground Water Board
cm - Centimetre
CS - Cross Section
CSMRS - Central Soil and Material Research Station
Cum - Cubicmetre
Cumec - Cubic metre per second
Cusec - Cubic feet per second
CWC - Central Water Commission
d/s - Down Stream
DH - Drill Hole
DBE - Design Basis Earthquake
DPR - Detailed Project Report
DSL - Dead Storage level
E - East
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
E&M - Electrical & Mechanical
EL - Elevation level
Eto - Evapo-transpiration
FRL - Full Reservoir Level
FSD - Full Supply Depth
g - Acceleration due to gravity
GD&S - Gauge Discharge & Silt
G&D - Gauge & Discharge
GCA - Gross Command Area
14
GIR - Gross Irrigation Requirement
GSI - Geological Survey of India
GW - Ground Water
H - Horizontal
ha - hectare
HP - Horse Power
hr - Hour
ham - hectare-metre
HE - Hydro Electric
HEP - Hydro Electric Project
HT - High Tension
HYV - High Yield Varieties
IC - Installed Capacity
IIT - Indian Institute of Technology
IMD - Indian Meteorological Department
IMF - International Monitory Fund
IMO - Irrigation Management Organisation
IRR - Internal Rate of Return
K-B Link - Ken-Betwa Link
km - Kilometre
km/hr. - Kilometre per hour
KMPP - Ken Multi-purpose Project
KV - Kilo Volt
Kwh - Kilowatt hour
LBC - Left Bank Canal
LS - Longitudinal Section
lpm/m - Litres per minute per metre
m - Metre
mbgl - metres below ground level
MCE - Maximum Considered Earthquake
MCM - Million Cubic Metre
MDDL - Minimum Draw-down Level
Mg/L - Milligram per litre
MIV - Main Inlet Valve
Mkh/MU - Million Kilowatt hour/Million Units
mm - Millimetre
MMI - Modified Mercalli Intensity
MoEF - Ministry of Environmental & Forests
MoU - Memorandum of Understanding
MP - Madhya Pradesh
MPEB - Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board
MS - Mild Steel
15
MU - Million Unit
MWL - Maximum Water Level
MW - Mega Watt
N - North
NA - Not Available
NH - National Highway
NIH - National Institute of Hydrology
NOF - Non Over-Flow
NPP - National Perspective plan.
NRSA - National Remote Sensing Agency
NSL - Natural Surface Level
NTPC - National Thermal Power Corporation
NWDA - National Water Development Agency
OAF - Other Affected Families
OF - Over-flow
OFD - On Farm Development
PAPERP - Project Affected Persons Economic Rehabilitation Plan
PAF - Project Affected Families
PAP - Project Affected People
PCC - Plain Cement Concrete
PGA - Peak Ground Acceleration
PH - Power House
PLF - Power Load Factor
PMF - Probable Maximum Flood
PMP - Probable Maximum Precipitation
POL - Petrol Oil Lubricants
Ppt - Precipitation
PUW - Pick Up Weir
R&R - Resettlement & Rehabilitation
RBC - Right Bank Canal
RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete
RD - Reduced Distance
RH - Relative Humidity
RL - Reduced Level
RMR - Rock Mass Rating
SC - Scheduled Caste
SE - Superintending Engineer
SES - Socio Economic Studies
SFR - Sheep Foot Roller
SOR - Schedule of Rates
SPS - Standard Project Strom
sqkm - Square Kilometre
16
ST - Schedule Tribe
t - tonnes
T&P - Tools & Plants
TAC - Technical Advisory Committee
TD - Temporal Distribution
TMC - Thousand Million Cubic feet
TWL - Tail Water Level
UB - Upper Betwa
UH - Unit Hydrograph
u/s - Up-stream
USAID - United States Agency for International Development
USR - Unified Schedule of rates
V - Vertical
W - West
WBM - Water Bound Macadam
WR - Water Resources
17
CHAPTER-I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The proposed barrage site is located on Betwa river near the village Kotha in the tehsil
of Kurwai of Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh. The total catchment area up to Kotha
barrage site is 8711 sq km. The yield upto the proposed site as per the master plan of 1972,
2004 and as agreed upon in the interstate agreement works out 1794.36 Mcum for a
catchment area of 8694 sq km. Thus giving a yield factor 0.206 Mcum/sq km. The expected
yield (virgin) at the site at 75% dependability on the basis of current datas has been again
worked out to Error! Not a valid link. Mcum. This gives a yield factor of 0.183 Mcum/sq km.
To avoid any further interstate dispute with UP, the yield factor as mutually agreed by both
of these two states as 0.20 Mcum /sq km has been finally retained for the purpose of water
planning, irrigation planning and water balance studies.
The pond level of the

barrage is proposed to be
kept as Error! Not a valid
link. m to restrict the
submergence area to
Error! Not a valid link. Ha
only and to allow passing
of design flood without
any considerable afflux.
The total storage capacity
at pond level works out to
63.51 Mcum excluding
recharge of about 45
Mcum (considered @ 05%
of total u/s use). The
project will provide
irrigation for culturable
command area of 20000
Ha located in Vidisha, and
Sagar district.
Kotha Barrage benefitted area lie in the zone of Upper & Medium part of upper
betwa sub-basin. In this part of basin, the existing projects are mostly of medium and minor.
The only major project in the Upper Betwa sub-basin is Halali dam whereas in all about 4
medium tanks namely Sanjay Sagar(Bah) Sagar, Kaliasote and Kerwa are all ready constructed
in the upstream of proposed barrage and projects namely Naren, Kethan, Mola and Koncha
18
are completed on the tributaries of river betwa which joins the main river downstream of
kotha barrage.
Fig-1-Line diagram of Betwa River

Error! Not a valid link.
19
Location:
Headwork Longitude Latitude Topo Sheet
0 ’ ” 0 ’ ”
Kotha 78 01 16 E 24 3 28 N 54L/4
Access:
20
Key Details:
Area:
Proposed project: Main Parameters:

River Tributory Bed FRL Catchment Total Recharge Total Submergence Command District
Level (m) Area (Km2) Storage from U/s Utilisation Area (Ha) Area (Ha) Benefitted
(m) (MCM) Projects (MCM)
during
Rabi
Season
(MCM)
Betwa Keotan 383.52 395.00 8711 63.51 20.736 84.246 1359 20000 Vidisha
and Sagar
Interstate aspect
The interstate agreement held between the state of MP and UP on dated

01/08/1972 for sharing of Betwa basin water in upper reaches that is from the origin of river to
the Rajghat Dam provides use of 53 TMC (1500 Mcum) of water for the new projects of MP on
Upstream, against a 75 % dependable expected yield of 119 TMC (3370 Mcum) up to Rajghat
dam site.
The state of MP after the agreement has so far constructed 1 major and 8 medium
schemes besides about 100/120 minor storage and lift irrigation schemes. The total water used
by these schemes is about 900 Mcum up to Kotha barrage and about 1100 Mcum up to rajghat
dam. Whereas schemes of about 200 - 300 Mcum are either in the stage of construction or falls
under the category of new proposed schemes. Thus, sufficient availability of water under the
allocated share is available for taking up of the proposed project of Kotha barrage in the upper
Betwa basin.
Further the MP has been given authority to use about 591 Mcum of water in
upper Betwa basin in lieu of water being provided to UP in the agreement held between MP &
UP from Ken river baisn to UP in lower Betwa Basin. Thus, this scenario provides an authority to
use about 1500 + 591 = 2091 Mcum in upper Betwa basin whereas the present and likely future
use in upper Betwa basin will be well within the limit to 2091 Mcum even after execution of all
future proposed projects.
21
SURVEYS & INVESTIGATIONS
Major part of the detailed surveys and investigations of the project has been
done by NWDA under Ken Betwa link project phase – II, and other specialized surveys and
investigations along with technical studies like construction material survey, borrow area survey,
geological survey etc. were carried out by outsourcing by NWDA, mostly to other Government
Agencies like CSMRS, GSI etc. Hydrological studies have been conducted by NIH. Details are
attached in chapter – III.
CLIMATE
The climate of the upper Betwa basin is characterized by hot summer and
mild winter. The temperature in the upper reach sometimes goes beyond 40°C. The maximum
and minimum values of mean monthly relative humidity are reported to be 83% (August) and
20.5% (April) respectively. The wind velocities in the upper reaches (varying between 6.6 km/h to
18.9 km/h) of the basin are generally higher than that of the lower reaches in the basin (varying
between 2.9 km/h to 13 km/h). The cloud cover remains higher in upper part of the basin as
compared to lower parts.
The region receives more than 90% of its total rainfall during the south-west monsoon period
(June to October). The upper part of the region receives about 1100 mm of rainfall annually.
Details are attached in chapter- III
TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

Kotha Barrage is on the junction of Upper & Medium Betwa sub-basin. This part of
basin consists of the Vindhyan ranges running east-west in the upper reaches with around
500m or above elevation and the Malwa plateau in the middle and lower reaches consisting
of scrap lands, barren lands and cultivated lands. Details are attached in chapter- III
POPULATION
The human population in Vidisha, Ashok Nagar and Sagar districts of Madhya
Pradesh will be benefited due to the assured irrigation supply. The total population as per 2011
census in the catchment of Upper Betwa sub- basin is 30.70 lakh. The human population has
been projected for the year 2050 AD on the basis of medium variant growth rate as given in U.N.
Publication ‘World Population Prospects – 2010 revision' and is likely to increase 40.26 lakhs.
Most of this population will be dependent entirely for their domestic, industrial and irrigation
needs on Betwa river basin water only.
As the proposed barrage is within the gorge portion of the river therefore no
village is coming under the submergence of the barrage. Also sizeable population depending
on agriculture in the command areas will be benefitted due to increased agricultural
activities. Details are attached in chapter- III
22
GEOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL & SEISMIC ASPECTS
GEOLOGY:
Geology of region comprises of the Vindhyan sandstones which are of pre-
cambrian age occupying an area of 3900 sq. km. It is exposed at two widely apart localities, one
forming a linear ridge trending North –West to South – East in the north and the other forming
ridges and hillocks around Vidisha and Raisen located south of Bhopal. The different geological
formations occurring in the region include: Alluvium, Lateritic and Deccan traps. The coarse-
grained Bundelkhand gneiss overlying granite basement formations are found in the basin.
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
In view of the presence of fresh, inherently hard, massive / dense sandstone in the
river bed, the location and alignment of the structure for the proposed barrage site of Kotha is
considered to be geo-technically favorable in view of the absence of significant tectonic
disturbance.
SEISMICITY
The project area is practically devoid of active lineament, fault or shear. As per the
seismic zoning map of India (1990), the proposed layout of Kotha barrage falls under seismic
zone-II which signifies low seismic events not exceeding magnitude 3 and hence seismo-
tectonic hazards could be considered as minimum.
HYDROLOGY & WATER ASSESSMENT
The master plan of Betwa indicates a expected yield of about 1794.36 Mcum up to
the proposed kotha barrage site on the basis of studies carried out during framing of master plan
of river betwa in the year 1972 which also form basis of interstate agreement between M.P. and
U.P. for upper betwa basin. Whereas the expected yield (virgin) at this site at 75% dependability
on the basis of current data has been worked out to Error! Not a valid link. Mcum.
The breakup of yield distributaries wise is shown below in Table - 1 :
Table – 1 : breakup of yield distributaries wise

S.No Distributaries & direct catchment Catchment area 75% dependable
(Sq km) yield (Mcum)
1 Kaliasote 674.30 139.17
23
2 Direct catchment of Bhopal + 1794.00 370.07
Raisen + Sehore district
3 Halali 1174.60 242.43
4 Nion 1071.30 221.12
5 Bah 1147.30 236.80
6 Sagar 940.00 194.02
7 DC. of Vidisha 841.00 173.60
8 Keotan 1052.00 217.15
Total 8694.50 1794.36
The rivers Naren, Kethan, Bina and Narayani join betwa on downstream of kotha
barrage site, and therefore were not included in the yield statistics, However fresh Hydrological
study of Kotha barrage were again carried out in detail by National Institute of Hydrology,
Roorkee. The net 75% dependable yield as assessed by NIH, Roorkee at the proposed barrage site
is about Error! Not a valid link. Mcum.
Water availability computed Error! Not a valid link.

by NIH, Roorkee at various
dependability
Thus it can be seen that in both of the studies the expected yield up to the proposed site
is in the range of 1594 to 1794 Mcum. However to avoid any unwanted situation in terms of
water use in upper betwa basin, the yield value i.e. 1794 Mcum has been taken for all water
balance and water planning purposes.
Abstract for Water account & water balance for Kotha barrage shown in Table-2
Table-2: Water account & water balance for Kotha barrage

Water account & Water Balance in Batwa Basin upto Kotha Barrage
S.No Particuars Unit Quantity
A Gross Water availability upto Kotha Barrage
1 Surface Water (SW) @0.206 Mcum/sq km yield MCM 1794.47
2 Surface water import in Betwa basin (+) MCM 177.45
2a From Kolar Dam (Narmada Basin) MCM 130.00
2b From Narmada river at Shahganj (Narmada Basin) MCM 47.45
3 Surface water export from Betwa basin (-) MCM 0.00
24
4 Total SW availability without Regeneration (A1+A2+A3) MCM 1971.92
5 Ground Water (GW) availablility upto Kotha Barrage MCM 693.11
6 Total availability of SW + GW (A4+A5) MCM 2665.03
B Likely Surface Water use u/s of Kotha Barrage
1 SW use for Irrigation (Existing&Proposed) (B1a+B1b+B1c+B1d) MCM 1185.29
1a Major Projects MCM 252.13
1b Medium Projects MCM 397.82
1c Minor Projects MCM 427.58
1d Add @10% for other Deptt Projects MCM 107.75
3 Total SW use for irrigation (B1 + B2) MCM 1185.29
4 SW for Domestic & Industrial Purposes upto Yr2050 (B4a+B4b) MCM 347.49
4a Domenstic Water demand MCM 243.24
4b Industrial + Livestock Water demand MCM 104.25
5 Total SW use u/s of Kotha Barrage (B3+B4) MCM 1532.77
6 Balance SW u/s of Kotha Barrage (A4-B5) MCM 439.14
C Ground Water use
1 for Irrigation purpose MCM 200.00
2 for Domestic purpose MCM 136.00
3 for Industrial purpose & Livestock MCM 40.80
4 Total GW use u/s of Kotha Barrage (C1+C2+C3) MCM 376.80
5 Balance GW u/s of Kotha Barrage (A5-C4) MCM 316.31
D Water Balance upto Kotha Barrage
1 Balance SW MCM 439.14
2 Balance GW MCM 316.31
3 Total Water Balance (SW+GW) MCM 755.45
E Kotha Barrage Capacity MCM 63.51
F Regeneration upto Kotha Barrage from Water use
1 from SW use for Irrigation @10% of 1185.29 MCM MCM 118.53
2 from GW use for Irrigation @10% of 200.00 MCM MCM 20.00
3 Total Regeneration from Irrigation Water use(F1+F2) MCM 138.53
4 from SW use for Domestic etc @60% of 347.49 MCM MCM 208.49
5 from GW use for Domestic etc @60% of 176.80 MCM MCM 106.08
6 Total Regeneration from Domestic etc Water use(F4+F5) MCM 314.57
G Balance SW accounting Regeneration(D1+F3+F6) MCM 892.24
H SW use for Kotha Barrage accounting Regeneration MCM 43.74
I Committed Irrigation use d/s of Kotha Barrage MCM 400.00
25
Fig – 2 : Sub - Catchment boundaries of project site with drainage map
26
FLOOD CONTROL AND DAMAGE
No flood cushion has been provided in the proposed project being a barrage with
storage mainly allowed upto banks only and the waterway area has been kept wide enough to
pass a design flood of 1 in 200 year return period flood without creating any sizable afflux. But
due to the impoundment of water in Kotha Barrage, there will be control of flood damages in
d/s of the barrage site. Since topography of area is having mild slopes, drainage problem is not
expected.
RESERVOIR & POWER

The gross storage capacity of Kotha barrage is as summarized below:
Table-3: Principal Features of Kotha Barrage

Principal Features of Kotha Barrage
S.No. Details Level Submerged Capacity Type of Land Remark

of River (m) Area Ha MCM Govt/Pvt
Level
1 Bed 383.52 - - Govt Lowest Bed level
Level of river
2 384.00 58 0.02 Govt
3 Flank 391.00 678 26.00 Govt Water at level 391 m will be
Level within flanks of river betwa
& its tributaries. Assuming
land upto flank level will be
Government land.
4 392.00 783 33.30 678/105 Land Acquisition of 105 Ha
above river flank level
7 FRL 395.00 1359 63.51 678/681 Land Acquisition of 681 Ha
above river flank level.
45.00 MCM is Recharge
from projects upstream of
Kotha Barrage

9 TBL 400.00 244.96
27
Total water available at Kotha Barrage for Utilisation
= Live capacity + Non - Monsoon inflows (Regeneration & Recharge)
= 63.51 + 20.736 = 84.246 MCM
POWER:
Being a medium height barrage, no power generation is possible from the project.
However considering the requirement of power for Telescopic pressurized irrigation system, It is
proposed to install solar power panels in the project area for generating about 8.00 MW power
mainly in the period of October to March. The total power requirement is 5.39 MW, thus the
power being produced in remaining period and surplus power i.e. 2.61 MW can be diverted to
National Power Grid as a clean green energy. However this an opinion in project planning and is
to be finalized during next stages of execution.
IRRIGATION & COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT

The proposed command of this barrage is situated on the left and right bank of river
Betwa. On right bank, the command boundary is made by Bina river and district boundary of
Sagar (some small area of Sagar district is included in command) whereas on left flank , command
area is confined to Naren river on upstream side and Kethan river and by the district boundary of
newly formed district Ashoknagar on downstream side. The proposed command covers mostly
Vidisha district with small coverage of areas in Sagar district
The irrigation to the proposed command is basically divided in two types
By providing micro irrigation down to 0.60 Ha. to 1.20 Ha. in 10000 Ha of left flank and
10000 Ha on right flank by lifting the water and providing water in a pressurised irrigation
network through booster pumping.
The command on both of flanks which is basically a doab between bina and betwa on right flank
and doab between Betwa and Kaithan are very fertile. The command is mainly consisting of
medium to deep black cotton soil area and is having a good water retention capacity. The
command on both of flanks, particularly on left flank is having good natural drainage in form of
Naren river, khariya nalla, kethan river and other number of local nallas joining river betwa at
regular intervals . Thus drainage will not be a severe problem.
The farmers of Command area are already practicing high yielding crops in kharif and rabi,
but due to absence of assured irrigation not only their productivity is low but they are also not
getting encouragement for further adoption of new improved agriculture technology and
advancement in agriculture. The proposed command area is having a general levelled terrain with
a gentle slope towards river betwa but the fields are not subjected to levelling nor chakbandi has
been exercised in this area. The quantum of water in river betwa is limited as compared to large
agriculture areas of vidisha where rabi is exercised in more than 5 lakhs Ha and kharif is also
more than 2.50 lakhs ha. Thus to have a maximum coverage of irrigation with limited water
28
quantity available, micro irrigation system has been proposed for whole of command area down
to 0.60 to 1.20 Ha where water for irrigation will be provided through pressurised irrigation pipe
line network system with a available residual pressure head of about 15 - 20 m i.e. a pressure of
1.5 - 2 kg/ cm2 for running of sprinkler system.
The proposed command is having a very good network of CMGSY road , PMGSY road,
PWD road, state highway and main WCR railway network running all through the command area
between Gulabganj and kurwai railway station . Thus post irrigation problems in terms of selling
of increased agricultural produces, exercising other allied agricultural activities with the irrigation
facility will not be a problem.
As per the availability of water, a total of 20000 Ha area will be irrigated by utilizing
84.246 Mcum water together satisfying other water needs also. The cropping pattern in the
proposed command area of has been adopted as per the suggestion of Madhya Pradesh
Agriculture Department. Major crops of the command areas of the Project are Soybean, Wheat
(Ordinary and HYV) and Gram. The detail of CCA under Kotha barrage, annual irrigation and
utilization are furnished below:
CCA (Ha) Utilization (MCUM) For irrigation
20000 73.651
PRE-PAID CONTROL AND METER SYSTEM (Optional)
A prepaid smart farmer card system is proposed for the Kotha Barrage. The prepaid system is
based on providing every farmer with a user card with a photo ID and user number. The cards
are loaded with credit and are inserted into a slot in the prepaid meter and water pumps
automatically with the charge levied against the credit on the card. The smart cards are topped
up by a vendor who would collect payments from users (farmers) and deposit the
collected funds into the bank account of the system operator. The vendor would be paid,
typically on a commission basis, according to the amount of water sold. The process uses
technology and management similar to cell phones.
The benefits of the prepaid system include:

i. Water use efficiency gains as farmers use the water more carefully
ii. Flexible on-demand irrigation supply to farmers;
iii. 100% financial cost recovery from users (farmers) according to amount of water each
used
iv. Elimination of any “rent seeking” from pump owners and operators or corruption or loss
of funds.
v. The system is completely transparent with checks and balances to counter fraud
29
With buried pipes, paddy “lock-in” is averted and farmers may cultivate a range of crops
in efforts to reduce water bills as well as increased incomes. Farmers can irrigate throughout the
year including options for supplementary irrigation in the Kharif as well.
At first, this pre-paid smart card control system appears as a magic to the farmers in
Madhya Pradesh. The farmers would be able to implement irrigation after recharging this card.
This is quite a surprising facility that farmers have had ever hoped for. The pre-paid meter usage
in the irrigation program will entirely change the canvas of agriculture alike the cell phone
prepaid system. Farmer receives the amount of water as much as he has recharged. Getting the
irrigation facility through the taxation system is now under the complete control of the farmers.
The farmers as well as the pre-paid card dealers now have hold of the total concept. Farmers can
avail water for their cultivable lands while inserting the card at the right place. Even, they get to
know their balance amount and what amount of water could he avail from the specific balance.
The farmers had to face a variety of harassment while roaming here and there to fetch
irrigation facility. There were incidents of looting of the total payment for the irrigation tax and at
the same time, incidents like farmers being cheated and devastated at the hands of the
intermediaries. The technology has reached every corner and farmers getting easily access too.
Through this technological advancement, farmers are being benefited, the same way the
waste of irrigation-water is being stopped. Agriculture is becoming technology reliant, which is
the current tide of time worldwide. After buying pre-paid irrigation card, water is reaching the
cultivable lands of the farmers through the pressurized pipe outlet. This is undoubted great
innovative system for the farmers but it is responsibility to the respective authority to ensure the
benefits all over Kotha Barrage command.
A pre-paid smart card control system have been considered which is comprising a smart card
controlled volumetric water meter and valve which would be installed at the head of buried pipe
system downstream of the header tank. This system would be new to Vidisha (even in Madhya
Pradesh and India too) is suited to locations where there is no / little electric power.
The smart card with a volumetric water meter can be used if there is a diesel pump.
NAVIGATION AND TOURISM

Keeping in view the limited water availability of water for irrigation purposes, no separate
provision for development of navigation aspect has been kept in the project. However with the
impounding of water in betwa river In a length of about 20 - 25 kms as back water, limited
navigation for agricultural trade may be promoted in main river as a oilot project. The project has
full potential so far as the development of tourism is concerned and can be developed as tourist
spot.
30
DESIGN FEATURES
The design feature of the proposed Kotha barrage is summarized below:
Table-4: Head Works:
Kotha Barrage Head Works

S. Particulars Proposed FRL Remarks
No. 395.00 m
1 Location River Betwa (M.P.) Size of Gate (height) is
2 Flood Discharge (Cumecs) 16457 reduced by 1 m (Level 395.00
m) and all civil works are
3 Length of Barrage (m) 576 constructed as per Level
4 Number of Openings (Nos.) 32 396.00 m so that vertical gate
5 Clear Span (m) 15 height may be increased by 1
6 HFL (m) Local enquiry 394.33 m as per future requirements
7 Gate Size (m) 15 X 11.50
8 Crest Level (m) 384.50
9 Thickness of Piers (m) 3
31
Table-5: Canal:
Kotha Barrage Canal

S. Particulars Proposed FRL 395.00 m by MP Remarks
No. Left Bank Right Upstream Total
Bank
1 Length of pipe 11.50 8.50 20.00 1. Left bank canal (piped)
Canal (Km) taken upto river Kethan and
2 Capacity of 3.50 3.50 whole command served by
Canal (Cumec) laying Telescopic
Pressurized Irrigation
3 Length of 12.00 9.50 21.50 System at Av. CCA Level
Rising Main of 415.00 m
(Km)
4 Diameter of 1.60 1.60 2. Right bank canal (piped)
Telescopic taken upto river Bina.
Pipe (m) Command after confluence
of Bina to Betwa is already
5 Lift (m) 31 26
included in Bina complex
6 GCA (Ha) 15380 15380 project
7 CCA (Ha) 10000 10000 20000 3. Right bank command
upto river Bina which is
8 Utilisation for 73.651 unirrigated by Bina
irrigation complex project will be
(MCM) fully served by laying
9 Beneficiary Vidisha Vidisha, Telescopic Pressurized
Districts Sagar Irrigation System at Av.
CCA Level of 410.00 m
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
The requirement of construction materials for the project can be met from the nearby
quarries. The quality of the materials available in these quarries has been tested by CSMRS,
New Delhi and found suitable for usage as construction materials. Further, the requirement
of construction materials like cement, steel, etc. can be brought to the nearest railheads i.e.
Mandi bamora, Ganj Basoda, , Bina and Vidisha.
Soils
The proposed barrage which will be a masonry/concrete structure, no detail
investigations for borrow areas were carried out. However, borrow area survey for proposed
barrage, distribution chambers, pump houses, booster pumping stations , rising mains etc. is
proposed to be carried out in due course of time.
32
Sand
The CSMRS, New Delhi carried out construction material survey and laboratory
investigations of sand samples for their use as fine aggregate in concrete during construction of
the project for Kotha barrage. The test results of the above sand samples are furnished as
Appendix.
Rock and Aggregates

The CSMRS, New Delhi carried out construction material survey and laboratory
investigations of rock samples for their use as coarse aggregate in concrete during construction of
the project for Kotha barrage. The test results of the above rock samples are furnished as
Appendix.
Bricks & Tiles

Soil of suitable quality is available near the proposed colony sites along the canal for
manufacture of bricks and tiles for use in building construction. Also, brick kilns are available in
the vicinity of project area at Raisen, Vidisha and other towns. Bricks can be transported from the
nearest kilns to the colony sites for construction.
Pozzolona
The pozzolonic materials are not considered to be used in the construction of the project.
Cement /Lime Stone

Deposits of lime stone in small quantities are found in Raisen (near Sanchi) and Vidisha
districts in Upper Betwa sub-basin.
Cement and Steel

The requirement of cement for the construction of the project can be brought from
nearest cement plants located at Narasinghgarh (Damoh), Banmore (Gwalior) of M.P state to the
nearest railhead i.e., Mandi Bamora & Ganj Basoda. Similarly, the steel requirement of the
project can be brought from steel plant located at Mandideep near Bhopal and Bhilai steel plant
located in Chhattisgarh state.
Scarce Materials
No scarce materials are anticipated to be use in the construction of the project which may
cause hindrance to the construction of the project.
Any Other Material

There has been adequate material of soil, sand and stone of suitable quality in the
identified quarries for construction of the project.
33
Cement and steel will be transported by rail and stacked at the nearest rail head points in
the proposed stores/stack yards all along the canal and from there these will be conveyed to the
site with minimum lead.
ACCESSIBILITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The locations of the

structures proposed in
the project are
approachable by rail
from nearby railway Kotha
Barrage
stations namely Mandi
bamora, Ganj Basoda, ,
Vidisha and Bina. The
project area is also
approachable by dry
weather motorable
roads. All these roads
are maintained by
Public Works
Department, Govt. of
Madhya Pradesh and
can be used for
project purpose.
Similarly the command area of is also having good net work of roads which facilitate
transport of heavy machinery and construction materials to the various locations.
34
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
The objective of EIA study is to identify the possible beneficial and adverse
environmental impacts due to project and to suggest measures to minimize, to the extent
possible, the anticipated adverse impacts. The study for Kotha barrage has been carried out by
M/S AFC Ltd., Hyderabad on the following lines:
Base line study and EIA study

The baseline environmental data like study area, climate, rainfall, water, land,
biological environments, socio-economic and public health, geology, etc. were collected and
the likely impacts due to the project during construction and operation phases have been
studied on the following aspects like land, water and air environments in addition to
aquatic and terrestrial ecology, socio-economic, air and noise pollution, impact on public
health, risk on failure of structures, unprecedented floods, etc.
Flora and Fauna

The impacts on flora and fauna like increased pressure on aquatic ecology due to
indiscriminate fishing, reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity, migratory fish
species, spawning and breeding grounds, degradation of riverine ecology and increased
potential for reservoir fishes have also been studied. In addition, impact on rare,
endangered and threatened species, access to food and shelter for animals, increased
pressure on wood and timber due to labour force, migratory labour population, terrestrial
flora, wildlife movement specially in tiger reserve, wildlife habitat, diversity and
productivity of flora, economically/ genetically/ biologically important plant species,
compensatory afforestation, reservoir rim treatments, etc. were also studied.
Land use pattern

The land use pattern in the catchment area, submergence area, command area of
proposed project have been studied. The cropped area in the Upper Betwa basin is found as
64.50 % of the local area. The soils in the command area are characterized with good
surface drainage. The water holding capacity is medium to high. No water logging problem is
anticipated due to the provision of sufficient field channels and drains.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Aspects like catchment area treatment, land management Plan, command area
management, bio-diversity management, fisheries development plan, surface and
groundwater management, public health management, environmental monitoring
programme, implementation schedule have been considered.
35
As a result of implementation of this project, a large new area of Upper Betwa basin
(30000 ha. of MP) will come under assured irrigation which will increase agricultural
production and productivity in the area. No major adverse impact due to the project is
anticipated on environmental and ecological angle. No significant rich mineral deposits have
been identified in the catchment and hence no acidification of the reservoirs is anticipated.
Necessary minimum flows in the Betwa river during lean season will flush the
untreated sewage and hence no impact is forthcoming on river water quality. The flooding
of previously forested and agricultural land in the submergence area will increase the
nutrients resulting from decomposition of vegetative matter. Enrichment of impounded
water with organic and inorganic nutrients will be main water quality problem which will
last for a short duration of few years from the filling up of the reservoirs. No eutrophication
problem is anticipated due to controlled use of fertilizers in the commands. The ground water
level will increase in the adjoining area due to assured water supply to the fields. No possibility
of leakage in the bed of the reservoirs is anticipated as it is covered by semi quartzitic
sand stone which is compact and hard. Hence, reservoir can be considered as water tight.
The water samples tests indicate that organic and heavy metal components in the water
are within permissible limits.
No historic monuments of archaeological importance will come under submergence in

the reservoirs. A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crores has been kept in the estimate
towards Environment Management Plan.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Socio-economic Impact Assessment Studies and R&R Plan of Kotha barrage has
been carried out by M/s AFC Limited, Hyderabad.
Land Acquisition:
According to the Socio-economic survey (SES), the total land acquisition required for
the project is estimated to be Error! Not a valid link. ha - of which Error! Not a valid link. Ha is
Government land and Error! Not a valid link. Ha is private land. The total compensation for
land acquisition is estimated to be Rs Error! Not a valid link. crores considering voluntary as
well as involuntary acquisition costs of irrigated/ unirrigated lands from PAFs, solatium
(100%), standing crop loss, interest, demarcation, legal and establishment charges, etc.
Resettlement:
No resettlement is anticipated.
Economic Rehabilitation:
No economic rehabilitation is anticipated.
36
Compensation for Properties:
No property is affected.
Total Financial Requirement:

The total financial requirement for the implementation of Resettlement and
Economic Rehabilitation Plan would be about Rs. 0 crore.
Socio-economic condition of the people living in command areas as well as in near

vicinity of the projects will improve in general. No major adverse impacts are anticipated due to
the project on the socio-economic front. In fact, positive impacts due to provision of assured
water supply for irrigation to the fields will increase the production of crops which in turn will
improve the social set up of farmers/ cultivators, etc. The impact on occupational pattern will
be low to medium. Tourism will develop in the project area.
ESTIMATES OF THE COST
Unit-I:
The cost of head works of Kotha barrage including spillway, outlet works, gates, energy
dissipation devices, regulator including intake structures, Pump Houses, cost of pumps,
motors & electromechanical work, land acquisition & construction of the all components, etc.
have been worked out under this head and estimated as Rs. Error! Not a valid link. crore at
USR - 2016 price level.
Unit-II:
The cost of proposed main telescopic pipe canal network, piped distribution network,
micro irrigation works inclusive of all pucca works, drainage works etc. has been worked out
and is estimated as Rs. 347.28 crore at USR - 2016 price level.
Unit-III:
The cost of solar panels and solar power is included in this head and worked out to be
Rs. 48.00 crore at USR - 2016 price level
Thus, the total cost of the project has been estimated as Rs. 814.53 crore Sub -
head wise details shown in table below:
37
Table-6: Abstract of cost
General Abstract of Cost of Kotha Barrage
figures are Rs in Crore.
S.No. Subhead Unit-I Unit-II Unit-III Total
1 A-Preliminary 1.06 0.64 0 1.70
2 B- Land 229.40 0.75 0 230.15
3 C-Works 172.25 0.00 0 172.25
4 D-Regulator 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
5 E-Fall 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
6 F-CD Works 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
7 G-Bridges 7.00 0.00 0 7.00
8 K-Building 0.20 0.20 0 0.40
9 L-Earth Work 0.00 117.43 0 117.43
10 M-Plantation 0.50 0.00 0 0.50
11 O-Misc. 1.00 0.00 0 1.00
12 P-Maintenance 1.06 1.67 0 2.73
13 Q- Special T & P 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
14 R-Communication 1.00 1.50 0 2.50
15 S-Power plant for 8 MW @ Rs 6 Cr/MW 0.00 0.00 48 48.00
16 T-Water Supply 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
17 U- Distributory & Minors up to 1.2 to 0.6 Ha 0.00 215.00 0 215.00
18 'X'-Environment 0.25 0.00 0 0.25
Total 413.72 337.19 48.00 798.91
Add 3% Establishment except B - Land and 5.53 10.09 0 15.62
S - Power Plant
Total Cost 419.25 347.28 48.00 814.53
Error! Not a valid link.Cost Breakup:
Cost Outlay Details Total Cost Cost per

(Rs Crores) Hectare
(Rs Lakhs)
including solar power & prepaid metering system 814.53 4.07
considering total benefited area of 20000 ha
excluding solar power & prepaid metering system 766.53 3.83
38
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
The economic and financial evaluation is tabulated below:
Table-7: BC Ratio
KOTHA BARRAGE PROJECT
( Rs. In Lakhs)
BC Ratio Calculation
S. Item Before After
No. Irrigation Irrigation
1 Gross Receipt
(i) Gross value of farm produce 10601.09 59240.00
(ii) Dung receipts (at 30% of the fodder expenditure) 477.05 1777.20
Total Gross Receipts (1) = (i+ii) 11078.14 61017.20
2 EXPENSES
(i) Expenditure on Seeds 514.04 827.50
(ii) Expenditure on Fertilizers,Chemicals etc. 857.88 1675.00
(iii) Expenditure on hired labour (human, animal & machinery) & 590.00 2775.00
Misc
(iv) Expenditure on Pumping system 2283.90
(v) Expenditure on Rising Mains 9458.69
(vi) Expenditure on Solar Power System for Lift 4800.00
(vii) Fodder expenses (as percentage of gross value of produce)
a) 15% Gross value of farm produce before irrigation 1590.16

b) 10% Gross value of farm produce after irrigation 5924.00
(viii) Depreciation on implements at 2.7% of the gross value of farm 286.23 1599.48
produce
(ix) Share and Cash Rent
(x) Land Revenue at 2% of gross value of farm produce 212.02 1184.80
Total Expenses (2) = (i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi+vii+viii+ix+x) 4580.38 32305.57
3 NET VALUE OF PRODUCE
(i) Total Gross receipts (Total 1) 11078.14 61017.20
(ii) Total Expenses (Total 2) 4580.38 32305.57
Net value of produce (3) = (i-ii) 6497.76 28711.63
4 ANNUAL BENEFITS
(i) Net value after irrigation (3) 28711.63
39
(ii) Net value before irrigation 6497.76
from Irrigation 22213.87
(iii) from Fish production 212.55
(iv) from Power production (Being incidental, not considered) 0.00
(v) from Water Supply 0.00
a) Domestic 0.00
b) Industrial 0.00
Net Annual Benefits (4) = (i-ii)+(iii)+(iv) 22426.42
5 COST OF PROJECT
(i) Estimated cost of the Project 81453.00
(ii) Cost of land development 4000.00
Total 85453.00
6 ANNUAL COSTS
(i) Interest on capital @ 10% (Estimated total cost of the project 8545.30
including cost of land development)
(ii) Depreciation of the project @ 1% of the cost of project for 100 1709.06
years life of the project and @ 2% for 50 years life of the project
(iii) Annual operation and maintenance charges 235.00
(iv) Maintenance of the head works @ 1% of H/W cost less B Land 413.72
(v) Depreciation of the pumping system @ 8.33% of the estimated 190.25
cost of the pumping system assuming life of the system as 12 years
(Applicable to lift irrigation)
(vi) Depreciation of the rising mains @ 8.33% of the estimated cost 787.91
of the rising mains assuming life of the system as years (Applicable
to lift irrigation)
(vii) Power Charges for lift water @ per Ha. 0.00
Total Annual Costs (6) = (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vii + vii) 11881.24
Average Benefit Cost Ratio = Annual Benefits (4) / Annual Costs 1.89
(6)
CONCLUSIONS
The Study of this region reveals that the region is suffering acute scarcity of water for
irrigation, Drinking, Industries purposes, Because of that, the overall development of the region
has worstly affected. Further it is observed that day by day the ground water table is depleting
and there is a possibility that in future the water may not be available even for drinking purpose
also.
1
The study also reveals that the percentage of irrigation in Vidisha & Sagar district by
Government Sources i.e. tanks & Canals is very much less as compared to national irrigation
percentage.
40
The command is well connected with road network by NH, PMGSY & CMGSY. The soil is
highly fertile, land is highly cultivable, topography is mild in slop, the only drawback is water
availability. If assured irrigation, proper care of soil and application of fertilizers inputs are
availed, higher intensities (normally to a range of 130% - 145%) can easily be achieved
2
Thus to fulfill the requirement of this region, the Betwa Water through Kotha barrage is
the only alternate. Considering above facts & necessity of water in this irrigation prone area,
the Kotha barrage irrigation scheme is proposed.
(Mazhar Khan) (N.N.Gandhi)

Executive Engineer Superintending Engineer
Sanjay Sagar Project Bah River Division Water Resources Circle
Ganjbasoda Bhopal
(U.C.Jain)
Chief Engineer
Chambal Betwa Basin
Bhopal
41
CHAPTER-II
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Kotha barrage is on junction of Upper & middle Betwa sub-basin. This will provide
annual irrigation to about 20000 ha.
Fig-3-Line diagram of Ken – Betwa link Project
Since, the link project has taken into consideration in-basin requirements of
all the existing, ongoing and proposed projects upstream and downstream of Ken basin
while working out surplus water at Daudhan dam, the proposed diversion of water
42
from Ken to Betwa through link and its utilization in Betwa basin on substitution
basis is justified.
Further, the command area identified under Kotha barrage project lie in deep
black cotton soils and is water scarce region of Betwa basin. This link project will
definitely bring economic prosperity to this area due to increased agricultural activities
by fulfilling the demand of irrigation water required by farmers.
Though not planned, many other incidental benefits like recharge of ground
water in command area, development of agro based industries/food processing units,
employment generation in construction phase and afterwards, development of tourist
spots, development of infrastructure etc. will accrue from the project. This will result
in upliftment of socio - economic condition of people in general living in water scarce
areas of Vidisha and Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh State.
43
CHAPTER-III
PROJECT AREA
GENERAL
The barrage site is proposed across Betwa River near village Kotha in Kurwai Tehsil
of Vidisha district and located on toposheet No. 54 L/4. The latitude and longitude of the
barrage is 24003'28" N and 78001'16" E respectively. The proposed barrage site is about 6 km
from Mandi Bamora on Ganj Basoda – Bina road. Vidisha is the nearest town and nearest
railway station. Bhopal is the nearest airport, which is about 115 km from the site. The total
catchment area of Betwa river upto Kotha barrage is Error! Not a valid link. sq km.
Considering the site conditions at the barrage site and as recommended by CWC,
the height of barrage has been proposed as 16.50 m. The proposed pond level of this
barrage is Error! Not a valid link. m and river bed is Error! Not a valid link. m.
Submergence area at proposed pond level is Error! Not a valid link. Ha and storage
capacity is 63.51 Mcum. The barrage will provide irrigation to an area of 20000 Ha in the
districts of Vidisha and Sagar of MP.
Brief Description of Betwa River Basin

The Betwa River originates in the Raisen district of M.P. near Barkhera village south-
west of Bhopal at an elevation of 576 m above mean sea level. It flows in a north-easterly
direction through M.P. and enters into U.P. near village Bangawan of Jhansi district. The total
length of the river from its origin to its confluence with the Yamuna River is 590 km, out of
which 232 km lies in M.P. and the rest 358 km in U.P. The river joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur
in U.P. at an elevation of 106 m. The river basin lies between 22° 54' to 26° 00' N latitudes and
77° 10' to 80° 20' E longitudes. The total catchment area of the basin is 44335 Sq. km, out of
which 30238 Sq. km lies in M.P. and the remaining 14097 Sq. km lies in U.P. The basin is saucer
shaped with sandstone hills around the perimeter.
44
Fig-4-Kotha Barrage in Betwa Basin
45
Fig-5-Betwa River Basin with Kotha Barrage
During its course from the source up to the confluence with the Yamuna, the river is
joined by a number of tributaries and sub-tributaries; the important among them being the
Newan, Keotan, Bina, Nairan, Jamini, Dhasan and Birma on the right bank and Kaliasote, Halali,
Bah, Sagad, Narain and Kaithan on the left bank. Out of the 14 principal tributaries, 11 lie
completely in M.P. and 3 lie partly in M.P. and partly in U.P. Betwa covers the areas of
Bundelkhand uplands, the Malwa plateau and the Vindhyan scrap lands in the districts of
Tikamgarh, Sagar, Vidisha, Raisen, Bhopal, Guna, Shivpuri and Chhatarpur of M.P. and
Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi and Banda districts of U.P.
Present and Proposed Projects in the Betwa Basin upstream of Kotha Barrage
The existing projects are mostly of medium and small size. The only major project in the
Upper Betwa sub-basin is Halali dam. Halali dam is constructed on the Halali river and Barwa
Sagar is located over the Barwa Nala near village Barwa in Jhansi district of U.P. The proposed
Ken-Betwa link canal, through which surplus water of Ken River is to be diverted to Betwa
46
basin, will terminate in this reservoir. Parichha weir, located near Jhansi city, is the last
structure over the Betwa River which has been operational, primarily for irrigation, since 1906.
In the Phase-II of the Ken-Betwa Link project, it is proposed to construct a dam and 4 number of
barrages in the Betwa basin viz. Lower Orr dam and Neemkheda, Barari, Kesari and Kotha
barrages.
Survey and Investigation:

In order to initiate the topographical surveys for Kotha barrage, the value of
Survey of India benchmarks located on round parapet of well near Bareth railway station was
transferred by double levelling to the temporary bench mark established near barrage axis.
River
No separate river course survey has been carried out for river Betwa near the
barrage site.
Reservoir
No separate reservoir survey has been carried out for Kotha barrage since initially
the entire submergence lies within the gorge portion of the banks of Betwa river. However
pond level of the Kotha barrage has been refixed by Central Water Commission as 396 m after
their site visit during 20 - 22 Nov.2013. Submergence area and capacity have been increased
due to increase in the pond level. Revised submergence map has been prepared based on
barrage axis survey details L-Section of Betwa river carried out by NWDA and contours available
on the Survey of India (SOI) toposheets. Submergence area survey, river survey and barrage axis
survey of this project will be carried out in due course of time in view of change in parameters
of the barrage as a fresh at next stage of project. The submergence area map of Kotha barrage
is given as Annexure. It is proposed carry out detailed submergence survey and river survey for
this project at next stage of the project before taking up its implementation with the revised
stage-I FRL of 395.00 m and final FRL of 396.00 m for future development in stage-II.
Head works
The Kotha barrage site is proposed across Betwa river near village Kotha in Kurwai
Tehsil of Vidisha district. Kotha barrage axis survey was carried out by NWDA. The block
levelling for the 215 m length of Kotha barrage axis has been carried out by single levelling at 50
m grid interval. The cross sections survey of dam axis were taken at 50 m interval and extended
upto 300 m in the upstream and 500 m in the down stream of dam axis. The grid plan of the
barrage and cross section of betwa river at Kotha barrage axis is plotted and enclosed in
Annexure.
47
Plant & Colony layout
Suitable Govt. land is not available for establishment of plants and colony,
therefore plant and colony survey has not been done. Private land near to the project site is
proposed to be identified and acquired.
Canal and Water Conductor System and Canal Structure

Initially storage of Kotha barrage was within gorge portion of the river and
according to the conceptual plan of MP Water Resources Department, the irrigation is
proposed to be provided through lifting from the pondage of the barrage. Therefore, no canal
was proposed for irrigation from the barrage. Now, after the visit of CWC team during
November, 2013 the height of barrage has been increased from 4 m to 16.50 m as per their
recommendation. The storage has been increased substantially due to increased pond level.
Two main telescopic pressurised pipes taking from left and right bank of the length 11.50 km
and 8.50 km respectively has now been proposed for irrigating an area about 20000 ha. Due to
changes in the parameters of the barrage at later stage, the detailed survey of canal and water
conductor system and canal structures could not be carried out at this stage. It is proposed to
take up these surveys in due course at next stage of the project.
Command Area
The required sample command area survey of the project has not been carried
out due to enhancement of CCA as per the change in parameter of the barrage. However the
command area map has been prepared on the basis of Survey of India (SOI) Toposheet
(1:50,000) scale and shown in Annexure.
Soil Conservation
M/s Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd., Hyderabad has been assigned the
Rapid EIA, EMP, SIA and R&R study of Kotha barrage. In order to contain soil erosion in the
catchment and reduce the silt being carried out by the rivers and streams leading to Kotha
barrage, soil conservation measures would be taken up as per the studies carried out by the
consultant. Necessary provision for this work has been kept in the project estimate.
Any other
Nil
Other allied surveys
Nil
48
Archaeological surveys in the reservoir area
No sites of archaeological, historical and cultural importance maintained by
archaeological Survey of India and department of archaeology MP are present within the pond
area of Kotha barrage as most of the reservoir area lies in river gorge portion.
Mineral, (useful and harmful) Surveys in the Catchment and Reservoir Areas
As ascertained from the Mining department, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, no
minerals of economic importance are present in the pond area of Kotha barrage and its vicinity.
Letter is enclosed at Annexure.
Right of Way Surveys for the Reservoir

The submergence area under Kotha barrage earlier restricted to the river portion
as the barrage proposed to be constructed within the gorge portion of river. As such, there was
no need to provide any right of way to any structure. In the present scenario due to change in
the parameters of the barrage, the right of way survey is proposed to be carried out after
detailed submergence area survey for assessing the right of way of the permanent structures,
existing roads etc.
Communication Surveys
The Kotha barrage is proposed across Betwa river near village Kotha in Kurwai
Tehsil of Vidisha district. The barrage site is about 6 km from Mandi Bamora on Basoda - Bina
road. Vidisha is the nearest railway station/town. The project site is well connected by road.
Bhopal is the nearest airport which is about 115 km from the project site.
The command area under Kotha barrage is well approachable from district roads. All the
villages in the vicinity of Kotha barrage and its command area are electrified. Suitable provision
is made for communication surveys for laying telephone lines etc. in the project estimate. Map
showing communication network of project is enclosed as plate: 2.2.6 in Volume - V (Part-1).
Drainage Surveys
The proposed command area under the Kotha barrage is drained by a network of
small rivers/ nallas. The command has good draining facilities. However, with the introduction
of irrigation, as the command area develops, drainage problem may crop up in course of time.
Suitable provision is, therefore, being made in the project estimate towards chak and collecting
drains in the command area.
49
Soil Surveys
Soil survey has not been carried for the command under Kotha barrage. However,
on the basis of a map prepared for Upper Betwa sub-basin from National Atlas of India (1982),
and based on the information provided by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning (NBSS & LUP), Nagpur/Delhi the soils of the command area can be broadly classified
into medium to deep black soils. The deep black soils are predominantly clayey in texture while
the medium black soils are fine textured. The black soils are suitable for cultivation. With good
management practices, it is possible to cultivate areas under these soils both under wet and dry
conditions. The lands in the command are good to very good cultivable lands with moderate
erosion. These are suitable for irrigation with moderate limitations due to heavy texture and
require drainage.
Geology, Geotechnical, Geophysical & Seismic Investigations
Geology
The regional geology of the proposed project site of Kotha barrage constitute a part of
basaltic lava flows belonging to the Malwa group of the Deccan Trap Complex comprising low
lying hills, hill clusters, valleys and extensive plains. The general slope is towards northeast as
exhibited by the flow of the Betwa river and its tributaries. The proposed project area of
Vidisha district fall in seismic zone-I/II. The Betwa River flows In north - northeast direction with
about 200 m wide channel at project site with steeper bank slopes on either flanks. The
outcrops exposed in the river bed of Kotha Project site is occupied by different variants of
Basalt which occur under 2 – 5 m thick soil cover along the alignment. The basalt is medium to
dark grey, vesicular to non – vesicular, fine to medium grained, massive, hard and compact,
moderately to highly strong and subjected to weathering to varying depths. Some of the
outcrops are suffered with spheroidal weathering with criss-cross veins of secondary
silica/zeolite and calcareous material. Besides sub horizontal rolling joints, 3 prominent sets of
steeply inclined to vertical joints trending (i) east-west, (ii) NNW-SSE, (iii) NNE-SSW are often
present in basalt variants in the project area.
Geotechnical assessment
The Betwa river is a monsoon-fed, ephemeral river having a general north-northeast
(NNE) direction of flow with an open meandering course near the proposed dam site. In view
50
of the presence of different variants of basalt (vesicular/amygdular, massive/dense, non-
vesicular and fragmentary) in the river bed, the proposed barrage Site of Kotha project appear
to be suitable for the proposed structure.The location and alignment of the structure appear to
be geotechnical favorable in view of the absence of significant tectonic features and buried
channel. Seismically also the area has a least tectonic disturbance. The bedrock is blocky with 3-
4 prominent sets of open to tight and interconnected joints. Joints are oriented both parallel
and across to the barrage axis. Large scale leakage through joints is anticipated necessitating
the need of sub-surface exploration to quantify the intensity of seepage and also to assess the
tentative foundation grade and the depth of grouting for reservoir tightness. Summarised
details of sub-surface exploration is given in Annexure of Volume-II. A pre-construction note on
geo-technical investigations of Kotha barrage is given as Appendix: in Volume-II.
Geophysical Investigation
Geophysical investigation at this site was not needed as sub-surface exploration
has been carried out by deep drilling at this site as recommended by GSI.
Seismicity
Seismo-tectonically, the Bundelkhand–Malwa area is a stable land mass with a
history of least tectonic disturbances. The area of the Upper Betwa basin is practically devoid of
active lineament, fault or shear. As per the seismic zoning map of India (1990), the proposed
layout of the kotha barrage including storage dams/barrages in Upper Betwa falls under seismic
zone-II which signifies low seismic events not exceeding magnitude 3 and hence seismo-
tectonic hazards would be considered as minimum.
Foundation Investigation
The work of foundation investigations (geotechnical) was carried out through GSI,
Bhopal in association with CSMRS, Delhi. Geotechnical assessment of surface and sub-surface
data along the alignment of the Kotha barrage gathered through geological mapping (1:2500
scale) of the project area and core logging of 3 exploratory drill holes on left, centre & right
flanks (BH-1, BH-2 & BH-3) aggregating to about 64m depth of drilling to precisely assess the
subsurface geological condition and water conductivity of bedrocks. Depth of drill holes ranges
from 18.25 m to 26.40 m. A geotechnical note on sub-surface exploration of Kotha barrage is
enclosed as Appendix.
The rock samples were got tested from CSMRS, Delhi and the parameters are
51
appropriately used by CWC in the design of the structure. The test results of rock samples are
furnished as Appendix:
Earth and Rock Fill Dam
Since barrage is proposed, no investigation was required under this sub -head.
Barrage
The extent of foundation exploration carried out for the earlier proposal of
barrage as per the recommendation of GSI. However, the geotechnical investigation for
modified parameters of the barrage as per the recommendations of CWC visit to site during
Nov. 2013 is to be reviewed in consultation with GSI at next stage of the project.
Canal and canal Structures

Two main telescopic pipe canals of length 11.50 km and 8.50 km offtaking from left and
right bank of barrage respectively have been proposed. Left bank canal (piped) having capacity
3.50 Cumec taken upto river Kethan and whole command will be served by laying Pressurized
Telescopic Pipe Network at average CCA level of 415.00 m. Right bank canal (piped) having
capacity 3.50 Cumec taken upto river Bina Command after confluence of Bina to Betwa is
already included in Bina complex project. Right bank command upto river Bina which is
unirrigated by Bina complex project will be fully served by by laying Pressurized Telescopic Pipe
Network at an average CCA Level of 410.00 m.
On the basis of a map prepared for Upper Betwa sub-basin from National Atlas of India
(1982), and based on the information provided by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land
Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Nagpur/Delhi the soils of the command area can be broadly
classified into medium to deep black soils. The deep black soils are predominantly clayey in
texture while the medium black soils are fine textured. The black soils are suitable for
cultivation. With good management practices, it is possible to cultivate areas under these soils
both under wet and dry conditions. The lands in the command are good to very good cultivable
lands with moderate erosion. These are suitable for irrigation with moderate limitations due to
heavy texture and require drainage.
FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION
The work of foundation investigations (geotechnical) was carried out through GSI,
Bhopal in association with CSMRS, Delhi. Geotechnical assessment of surface and sub-surface
data along the alignment of the Kotha barrage gathered through geological mapping (1:2500
scale) of the project area and core logging of 3 exploratory drill holes on left, centre & right
flanks (BH-1, BH-2 & BH-3) aggregating to about 64m depth of drilling to precisely assess the
52
subsurface geological condition and water conductivity of bedrocks. Depth of drill holes ranges
from 18.25 m to 26.40 m. A geotechnical note on sub-surface exploration of Kotha barrage is
enclosed as Appendix:
The rock samples were got tested from CSMRS, Delhi and the parameters are appropriately
used by CWC in the design of the structure. The test results of rock samples are furnished as
Appendix:
HYDROLOGICAL & METEREOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Topography & Geology

Upper Betwa sub-basin consists of the Vindhyan ranges running east-west in the
upper reaches and the Malwa plateau in the middle and lower reaches consisting of scrap
lands, barren lands and cultivated lands. The lower Betwa sub-basin consists of Shivpuri
plateau. Lower reaches of the basin are mostly plain areas.
The different geological formations occurring in the basin include:
Alluvium, Lateritic and Deccan traps. The lower part of the basin consists of quartzite,
sandstone, conglomerate and limestone. The coarse-grained Bundelkhand gneiss overlying
granite basement formations are found in the basin.
Climate & Rainfall

The climate of the basin is characterized by hot summer and mild winter. The
temperature in the upper reach (sometimes) goes beyond 40 °C. The maximum and minimum
mean monthly relative humidity are reported to be 83% (August) and 20.5% (April) respectively.
The wind velocities in the upper reaches (varying between 6.6 km/h to 18.9 km/h) of the basin
are generally higher than that of the lower reaches in the basin (varying between 2.9 km/h to
13 km/h). The cloud cover remains higher in upper part of the basin as compared to lower
parts.
The basin receives more than 90% of its total rainfall during the south-west
monsoon period (June to October). The upper part of the basin receives about 1100 mm of
rainfall annually whereas in the lower part, the average annual rainfall is between 800 to 900
mm.
Land use & Soils

The total cropped area in the upper reach of the basin is higher (73%) compared
to that in the lower reach (59%). There is a considerable portion of forest land in the upper
reach of the basin. However, the culturable waste lands and area under fallow land are more in
the lower reach of the basin compared to the upper reaches.
53
The upper part of the basin is dominated by deep black soil and medium black soil
with patches of mixed red and black soil. The black soils are suitable for cultivation. Most of the
Lower Betwa basin is covered by alluvial and plateau soils.
Rainfall & Runoff

The total catchment area upto the proposed barrage site is 8711 sq. km. There are
fifteen rainfall stations of IMD in and around the Upper Betwa basin of which 3 stations are
representative for the proposed project and whose data has been utilized in the present study.
The layout of these stations is shown in Figure below.
54
Fig-6- Layout of Raingauge Station
Thiessen polygons of various rainfall stations have been prepared and overlaid
with the sub-basin map of proposed project site. Thiessen weights of different rainfall
stations of each Kotha barrage site have been worked out and as given in Table below
correlation exists between Basoda, Khurai and Kurwai rainfall stations.
55
Table -8: Thiessen weights of rainfall stations
RF_Station Theissen Average Annual RF
Weight (mm)
Basoda 0.7389 1214.99
Khurai 0.0491 1208.02
Kurwai 0.2120 1100.27
The normal monthly rainfall data shows that this station receives 92% of its total rainfall
during the south west monsoon period (June to September). The maximum rainfall occurs
during August and the minimum rainfall occurs during April. The annual normal rainfall is 1190
mm are furnished in Annexures.
Sunshine, Cloud Cover and Visibility

The cloud cover is varying from 0.9 oktas to 6.1 oktas in the Kotha barrage area. The
highest cloud cover is experienced in the month of August. The monthwise cloud cover of
Raisen IMD observatory is furnished in Annexure.
Wind & Cyclones

The wind velocities in Kotha barrage area varies from 2.3 km/hr to 10.4 km/hr. The
monthly wind velocities of Raisen IMD observatory are furnished in Annexure.
Humidity
The maximum and minimum mean monthly relative humidity varies from 23% (April) to
88% (August). The values of monthly relative humidity of Raisen IMD observatory are furnished
in Annexure.
Temperature
The climate of the Kotha barrage area is characterized by hot summer and mild winter.
The daily maximum and minimum temperature varies from 7ºC to 41.9 ºC. The month wise
daily maximum and minimum temperatures of Raisen IMD observatory are furnished in
Annexure.
Discharge
No gauge and discharge site is available in the vicinity of Kotha barrage site. Gauge and
Discharge data being observed by CWC at Basoda on river Betwa have been collected and the
same have been utilized in hydrological study carried out for this project.
56
Sedimentation
There is no silt observation site located at proposed Kotha barrage being a barrage.
However, a nearby silt observation site, has been established by NWDA at Neemkheda G&D
site, located 7 km d/s of Makodia dam (now dropped) site on Betwa river and observation
started w.e.f. 25.07.2007. This site is closed now.
Water quality
The results of the water quality samples taken at the proposed Neemkheda barrage
located u/s of the Kotha barrage site & tested at water quality testing laboratory of CWC,
Bhopal is representative for this site. The result are enclosed in Annexure
Evaporation
There is no pan evaporimeter installed near the Kotha barrage site. The monthly
evaporation values computed at Raisen IMD observatory has been used for the hydrological
study and the same are furnished in Table 9 below.
Table – 9 : *Monthly Evaporation values at Raisen IMD station
Month Evaporation
(m)
January 0.0753
February 0.0918
March 0.1507
April 0.2046
May 0.2638
June 0.1995
July 0.1156
August 0.0992
September 0.1230
October 0.1287
November 0.0930
December 0.0738
Total 1.6190
57
EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION
Based on the proximity of project site and meteorological station, estimate of evapo-
transpiration of Raisen station has been used for Kotha barrage. The computed ET0 values for
raisen station using Penman’s method are given in Table 10 below.
Table-10: Computed ET0 values for raisen station
Normal monthly evapo-

Month transpiration (ET0) in
mm/month at Raisen station
January 77.81
February 95.48
March 155.00
April 211.80
May 275.90
June 209.10
July 128.03
August 105.71
September 127.80
October 130.20
November 93.60
December 75.33
Annual 1685.76
WATER DEMAND
Assessment of water demands in foreseeable future for various purposes including
domestic, industries, irrigation, hydropower and navigation etc. is essential for planning of
water resources development and management. Water needs are to be met either from
surface flows or ground water resources or a combination of both. The procedure adopted for
estimation of water demands for different purposes in Betwa basin is detailed below.
Domestic, Livestock & Industrial Water Demand
To assess the domestic and industrial water demands in a sub-basin, the population is
assumed to be distributed uniformly in a district and based on the percent area of a district
within each sub-basin, the human and livestock population is assessed. Table–11 shows the
percent areas of districts in basin of Kotha Barrage.
58
Table - 11: Percent areas of districts in basin of Kotha Barrage
The human population has been projected for the year 2050 AD on the basis of
medium variant growth rate as given in U.N. Publication ‘World Population Prospects – 2010
revision’ (given in Table - 12). For livestock population, annual population growth rate of 1 %
has been considered uniformly. The formula used for population projection is of the form:
Pt2 = Pt1 * (1 + r/100)(t2 – t1)
where Pt2 is population at time t2, Pt1 is population at time t1,

and r is the population growth rate (% per annum) between time t 1 and t2.
Table – 12: Medium variant population growth rate (%) for India (World Population
Prospects–2010 revision)
District-wise census data for human population (in the year 2011) and livestock population (in
the year 2008) and their projected population for the year 2050 AD are computed as shown in
Table –13.
59
Table – 13: Present and projected populations in different districts (in thousand)
Error! Not a valid link. Based on the human and livestock population in the
district and its percent area in the sub-basins, domestic and industrial demands have been
worked out as per the following guidelines:
a) Urban population is considered as 55.2% and rural population is considered as
44.8% of the total projected population.
b) Per capita water demands for urban, rural and livestock population is
considered as 135 lpcd (litres per capita per day), 70 lpcd, and 50 lpcd
respectively.
c) 40% of the surface water supply (for urban and rural population demands and
industrial demands) is consumed while 60% is regenerated back to the surface
flows at downstream node. Regeneration for ground water supply is also
considered.
Based on these guidelines, the domestic and industrial water demands and regeneration
have been worked out on annual basis.
Irrigation Demand
The existing and proposed major, medium, and minor projects in sub-basin upstream of
Kotha Barrage have been taken from MP WRD EIMS portal. Halali is the only major project in
this sub-basin with intercepted virgin catchment of 655.239 Sq km having live capacity of
252.13 Mcum at full reservoir level. Details of various major and medium projects in the sub-
basin are given in Table – 3.10.2. The list of minor projects in sub- basin are attached in
Annexure. Since the present analysis is carried out at monthly time step, monthly utilization
pattern is required. In the study area, Kaliasote and Kerwan are the two existing medium
projects whose actual monthly utilizations from 1996 – 2006 were available. Average of these
monthly utilizations has been used for these projects.
60
Table-14: Water use u/s of Kotha Barrage
Water use u/s of Kotha Barrage

Annual
Design
SNo Project Catrgory Name Number
Utilisation
(MCM)
1 Major SAS (Halali) 1 252.13
Total 1 252.13
2 Kerwan 1 22.60
3 Kaliasoth 1 34.41
4 Sanjay sagar Bah 1 78.90
Existing Medium
5 Sagad 1 75.72
6 Rehti 1 10.97
7 Bagharru 1 10.37
8 Lake Bhopal Upper Lake 1 117.05
Total 7 350.02
Exixting & Minor and
8 Under LIS Attached 308 369.79
9 Construction Total 308 369.79
11 Major Nil
New
12 Proposed Medium Semri 1 47.80
Schemes
13 Minor & LIS Attached 18 57.79
Total 19 105.59
Grand Total 334 1077.53
As per the guidelines, 10% of the utilization from major medium and minor projects is
regenerated back as surface flow.
Transmission losses have not been considered because water is assumed to be utilized in the
vicinity of the pond area through local pumping for irrigation purposes and for domestic water
supplies to the towns situated on banks of river Betwa like Raisen, Vidisha, Basoda, Mandi
Bamora, Bhopal, Mandideep and other towns & villages.
Environmental Flows
For the proposed project in the Upper Betwa basin, the environmental flows have been
computed from the estimated monthly flow patterns at the project site. For the monsoon
months from June to October, 75% dependable flows have been computed on monthly basis
and 20% of the 75% dependable flows in each monsoon month have been reserved for
environmental and ecological purposes. For the non-monsoon months, average monthly flows
61
have been worked out and 15% of the average monthly flows in different non-monsoon months
have been reserved for environmental and ecological purposes. For estimation its taken as 2.50
Mcum to be released in dry lean period downstream of Kotha barrage perticularly to safeguard
environmental requirement in Betwa basin from proposed barrage to the confluence point with
Bina river.
IMPORT/ EXPORT
Surface water available by Inter basin transfer from Kolar river of Narmada basin for
Bhopal town is 130 Mcum (65 Mcum existing + 65 Mcum future water use). From Narmada
river it is taken as 47.45 Mcum for Bhopal municipality water supply.
WATER YIELD ASSESSMENT

Yield assessment refers to estimation of available water at a particular point in
the basin with certain degree of dependability. In this study, water yield has been assessed at
the sites of five proposed projects. Yield assessment requires long-term flow series at the
project site. However, only flow measurement site available in the Upper Betwa basin is at
Basoda (catchment area 7371.54 Sq. km excluding the catchment of Bhopal Lake) and the daily
discharge data are available at this site for the period 1976 to 2009. In addition, monthly gap-
filled rainfall data have been derived at 15 raingauge stations of IMD from the year 1901 to
2009. To develop long-term flow series, monthly rainfall – Runoff relationships for the monsoon
season have been developed at Basoda and these relationships have been used in the sub-
basins of the proposed projects to convert average rainfall in their sub-basins to flow series.
The observed flow at Basoda is affected by the upstream developments and these
developments need to be taken into account for computing the virgin flow series at Basoda.
Using the average rainfall in the Basoda catchment and virgin flow data at Basoda G & D site,
monthly rainfall – Runoff (r – R) relationships have been developed at Basoda for the monsoon
months (June – October). These relationships have been used in the catchments of five
proposed project sites to convert their monthly sub-basin rainfall to flow volumes. For the non-
monsoon period, the average proportion of flow in the non-monsoon period with respect to
the monsoon period have been derived from the virgin flow series at Basoda (5.118 %) and
flows in non-monsoon months have been estimated on the basis of proportionate flow (with
respect to non-monsoon flow) in different months. After computing the virgin flows in
catchments of various sub-basins, net flows (after deducting the water demands and
utilizations of various existing and proposed projects) have been estimated in respective
catchments. For the net flow series, dependable yield analysis has been carried out.
The average rainfall series has been worked out in the catchment areas of five
62
proposed project sites and in the catchment area of Basoda G & D site by using the rainfall
series of 15 raingauge stations and their thiessen weights in different sub-basins. Daily
observed discharge data at Basoda (in cumec) has been converted to monthly flow volume (in
Mcum). However, the observed flow at Basoda is affected by:
a) Spill from the Bhopal lake / kaliasote dam
b) Water utilizations and evaporation losses from existing Halali (S.A.S.) project
c) Water utilizations from existing Kaliasote and Kerwan medium projects & other
medium projects.
d) Water utilizations from minor surface irrigation projects.
Computation of virgin flows at Basoda

To compute the virgin flow at Basoda, the impact of Bhopal Lake and various
major, medium, and minor projects has been considered. The data related to monthly spill from
Bhopal Lake are available for the period 1992 – 2008. To compute probable spills from Bhopal
Lake from 1976 – 1991, average monthly rainfall data for the period 1976 – 2009 in the
catchment of Bhopal Lake (354.63 Sq. km) has been worked out. Bi-variate relationships have
been developed between average rainfall and spill data for different monsoon months in
catchment of Bhopal Lake so that spill in the period 1976 to 1991 and for the year 2009 could
be estimated. From the observed spill series, it is inferred that spill from Bhopal Lake is quite
marginal. Therefore, catchment of Bhopal Lake has been excluded from the yield analysis. The
observed and computed spill series from Bhopal Lake has been subtracted from the observed
flow at Basoda to exclude the impact of Bhopal Lake at Basoda G & D site.
The Halali dam (Samrat Ashok Sagar dam) is a major existing project located in
the catchment of the Basoda G & D site. The dam was commissioned in the year 1976. To
account for the impact of Halali dam on the flows of Betwa River at Basoda G & D site, the
operation analysis for the dam has been carried out for the period 1976 - 2009. The spill from
the Halali dam has been subtracted from the observed flows at Basoda and inflow to the Halali
dam has been added to the observed flows at Basoda to account for the impact of dam. In
addition, 10% of the Halali diversions have been added to the observed flows at Basoda to
account for the regeneration of flows.
Kaliasote and Kerwan are the two existing medium projects located in the
catchment of Neemkheda project site. Actual diversions from these projects have been
provided by NWDA for the period 1996 – 2006. From these utilizations, average monthly
utilizations have been worked out and 90% of the same (assuming 10% regeneration) have
been added to the observed flows at Basoda starting from the year of completion of these
projects (1973 for Kerwan and 1980 for Kaliasote) to account for impact of these projects on
63
flows at Basoda.
There are 31 existing minor projects located in the catchment of the
Basoda G & D site. These projects have been commissioned in different years. Design annual
utilizations of these existing projects have been converted to monthly utilizations and the same
have been added to the observed flows at Basoda G & D site starting from the year of
commissioning of respective projects to account for the impact of these projects on the flows at
Basoda. Computed virgin flows at Basoda G & D site are given in Table – 15
64
Table – 15: Computed virgin flows (MCUM) at Basoda G & D site
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1976 26.67 327.80 879.87 815.78 41.94 19.50 42.59
1977 6.08 6.40 6.11 1.22 1.58 275.42 738.33 2820.84 2273.49 261.45 94.74 74.30
1978 16.00 18.73 13.69 7.01 6.22 195.72 1580.32 2567.89 503.95 89.81 22.50 45.28
1979 34.59 30.63 17.99 11.19 8.90 76.17 150.01 467.64 37.19 7.17 86.83 79.72
1980 9.14 6.78 6.69 1.08 0.86 194.66 229.98 1043.35 416.66 76.44 17.15 14.15
1981 22.16 12.54 12.48 10.03 14.13 68.71 208.33 798.86 95.06 39.41 19.98 20.14
1982 32.45 36.96 17.03 10.28 2.20 32.60 225.91 1479.22 492.22 268.02 116.20 118.74
1983 45.79 15.62 11.94 5.21 1.53 16.23 333.21 1248.11 1745.67 539.96 204.24 48.06
1984 64.92 31.49 20.20 8.81 4.78 15.72 53.86 2407.44 293.85 77.30 15.85 20.17
1985 18.50 10.50 9.51 1.65 0.86 16.78 296.42 2113.85 1323.73 1128.61 185.04 39.58
1986 34.20 38.89 33.35 8.55 2.33 131.25 3941.92 1353.81 244.15 75.81 16.50 22.29
1987 24.01 17.97 12.64 5.37 0.98 14.90 166.94 1492.79 446.23 89.56 29.27 17.60
1988 13.34 17.66 10.40 1.54 0.86 51.10 603.30 958.67 138.77 62.87 18.29 20.62
1989 18.35 12.83 6.23 2.92 0.86 32.08 188.20 1353.50 344.71 42.33 7.72 14.04
1990 8.82 3.13 1.14 0.14 0.86 309.40 785.82 1238.14 1592.30 202.54 37.78 15.12
1991 9.37 10.13 9.18 4.88 1.35 72.02 260.50 2042.90 385.78 31.72 11.02 14.58
1992 23.00 12.88 7.22 1.81 1.49 15.14 253.83 1072.36 397.53 53.15 4.32 7.35
1993 1.78 0.94 1.05 0.14 0.86 34.06 278.59 719.00 1574.21 432.84 31.74 22.23
1994 19.50 13.29 11.69 10.56 4.34 270.04 1215.71 2255.28 892.37 83.38 15.47 20.41
1995 18.77 24.86 32.29 10.98 3.32 16.87 278.27 530.31 563.64 115.41 14.68 19.36
1996 18.83 7.72 6.66 1.10 0.98 15.89 857.26 1889.40 961.17 180.18 69.71 26.27
1997 20.33 21.59 8.03 3.04 2.74 16.65 934.09 1209.96 716.90 132.64 108.19 415.14
1998 40.93 25.47 25.36 11.56 2.94 79.98 853.39 1017.37 967.57 613.10 140.51 25.92
1999 13.84 317.63 105.82 4.75 0.55 54.26 855.52 1224.02 2756.57 1200.61 97.77 24.21
2000 19.73 25.14 2.31 0.43 1.73 45.61 1676.38 550.35 132.88 32.22 7.00 19.76
2001 10.64 0.55 0.00 0.33 1.35 95.52 610.03 1109.05 185.83 59.03 6.88 9.40
2002 20.95 1.10 2.17 3.90 0.73 34.44 72.06 1040.28 755.33 28.52 0.57 7.08
2003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 101.72 555.49 717.87 952.18 271.11 18.24 19.40
2004 17.58 26.01 15.95 0.80 1.19 41.57 374.71 1999.34 346.32 57.05 13.70 22.66
2005 35.36 19.40 7.33 0.74 0.38 28.96 1939.19 1158.09 378.43 99.32 10.27 21.51
2006 25.14 17.40 9.95 2.92 2.36 24.95 416.20 2260.46 2534.54 247.87 11.88 25.80
2007 31.16 110.59 12.89 1.28 1.13 29.98 331.21 310.99 283.13 49.76 0.00 0.07
2008 0.00 0.94 1.05 0.14 0.86 103.99 267.96 954.68 282.68 40.05 0.00 0.07
2009 0.00 0.94 1.05 0.14 0.86 16.06 507.85 341.19 653.62 215.00 177.15 54.55
Average 20.46 27.17 13.32 4.08 2.36 75.15 657.90 1312.56 778.95 204.30 47.96 39.65
Av_Mons
(Jun-Oct) 3028.86
Av_Non-
monsoon 155.00
Non-mon
flow as %
of Monsoon 5.118
% monthly
flow in
Non-
monsoon 13.201 17.530 8.590 2.630 1.526 30.942 25.581
65
Table – 15 also provides computation for average flows in different
months which is used to find the average flows in monsoon and non-monsoon periods. Non-
monsoon flows (November – May) come out to be 5.118 % of monsoon flows. In addition, flows
in different non-monsoon months, as percentage of the average non-monsoon flow, have also
been computed which are used to find the flows in non-monsoon months.
Development of r – R relationships
The average rainfall series in the catchment area of Basoda G & D site
has been worked out by using the thiessen weights of the rainfall stations in the Basoda sub-
basin. The virgin flows at Basoda G & D site computed for the period 1976 – 2009 have been
converted to depth terms (mm) and used to develop the r – R relationships in the Upper Betwa
basin in different monsoon months (June – October). These relationships are further used to
convert the average rainfall in the sub-basins of proposed projects to runoff depth.
For each month, plots of best fit line through the data points (rainfall and runoff)
have been obtained. In addition, bi-variate analysis (for the months of July, August, September,
and October) has been tried in which a correlation is established between the flow in a month
to the rainfall in the previous and current month. Plot of rainfall – Runoff relationships for
different monsoon months are shown in Figure – 7 (a – e).
66
Figure – 7 (a): Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of June
Figure – 7 (b): Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of July
67
Figure – 7 (c): Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of August
Figure – 7 (d): Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of September
68
Figure – 7 (e): Plot of r-R data for Basoda catchment for month of October
While finalizing the r - R relations for different months, the nature of the relations
has been considered in addition to the goodness of fit (in terms of r2 value). For example, in the
linear relationships, the negative constant term represents the initial abstractions in the
catchment while the multiplication factor with the rainfall represents the runoff coefficient. The
runoff coefficient is less in June (due to initial dry conditions) and it increases in July and August
months due to comparatively wet conditions. Bi-variate relationship is used only if its nature is
truly represented (positive runoff coefficients for different months and negative constant term)
and it shows appreciable improvement in the coefficient of determination (r 2). For months from
June to September, linear relationships are used while for October month, bi-variate
relationship is expected to be more representative. Final r – R relationships adopted for the
monsoon months are as follows:
r - R relationship for June
RunoffJune = 0.1239 * RainfallJune – 7.8113 r2 of the
relationship comes out to be 0.688.
r - R relationship for July
RunoffJuly = 0.4397 * RainfallJuly – 67.585
r2 of the relationship comes out to be 0.826.
r - R relationship for August

RunoffAug = 0.5285 * RainfallAug – 31.837

r - R relationship for September
RunoffSept = 0.5382 * RainfallSept – 7.2324
69
r - R relationship for October
RunoffOct= 0.0486 * RainfallSept + 0.1579 * RainfallOct – 1.2816
Hindcast flow series at proposed project sites from independent sub-basins

Using the developed r – R relationships for different monsoon months, the
average rainfall in independent sub-basins of proposed projects has been converted to flow
values (in mm). The hindcast flow series for monsoon months (June – October) have been
converted to volume units (in Mcum) by using the independent areas of respective sub-basins.
For computation of flows in non-monsoon months, first the average flow in non-monsoon
period (November – May) has been estimated (5.118 % of the total monsoon flow). Finally,
using average percent flow values in different non-monsoon months with respect to the total
flow in non-monsoon period, the flows in non-monsoon months have been derived.
Estimation of net yield series at proposed project sites
From the virgin flow series computed above, net yield series has been derived
after accounting for the diversions from the existing and future major, medium, and minor
projects and net domestic and industrial demands from surface water resources in the sub-
basins of various proposed projects.
For the major projects (Halali is the only major project), detailed monthly reservoir operation
analysis has been carried out from June, 1901 to May, 2009 considering the virgin flows on pro-
rata basis, storage characteristics, diversion demands, and normal monthly evaporation losses.
For the existing and proposed medium projects in various sub-basins, contributing catchment
areas have been determined in GIS and virgin inflows have been estimated on pro-rata basis
depending on the virgin flows in the sub-basin in which they are located. The annual design
utilizations of medium projects have been converted to monthly utilizations using the average
monthly utilization pattern of medium projects. Storage capacity of medium projects has been
provided by NWDA. To account for the storage effect of medium projects, detailed simulation
analysis has been carried out for each medium project from June, 1901 to May, 2009 and
possible diversion and spill series at monthly time step has been generated.
For the minor projects in a sub-basin, annual design demands of all existing and
future projects have been disaggregated into monthly values using the monthly distribution
pattern. Finally, net monthly flow series at a proposed project site is computed as follows:
a) Net virgin flows from the free sub-basin of a proposed project site below any
70
existing or future major or medium project are computed on pro-rata basis.
b) Spills and 10% of the computed diversions from the major and medium projects (as
regeneration) is added to the virgin flows from the free catchment computed at
(a).
c) Diversions from minor projects are subtracted from the flows computed at (b).
d) From the upstream proposed project (if any), spill and environmental flow series
and 10% of the computed diversions (as regeneration) are added to flows
computed at (c).
e) Withdrawals for net domestic and industrial demands (after accounting for
regeneration) are subtracted from the flows computed at (d).
Integrated operation analysis has been carried out for the entire system (proposed
projects and various existing and proposed major and medium projects) at
monthly time step for the period from June, 1901 to May, 2009. Computed flow
series at monthly time step at each project site has been aggregated to annual
time step to compute the dependable flows at each proposed project site. The
annual runoff series is arranged in descending order and ranks for each value in
the series have been assigned in ascending order. Thus, the rank of the highest
value is 1 (one) and that of the lowest value is the number of data in the series
(108). Probability of exceedance (Pi) is computed using Weibull’s formula as
follows:
i
P=
i n +1 …(3.3)
where ‘i’ is the rank and ‘n’ is the number of data points (108) in the series.
For all the proposed projects under Ken-Betwa Link (Phase-II) in the Betwa basin,
the environmental flows have been computed from the estimated monthly flow pattern at each
proposed project site. For the monsoon months from June to October, 75% dependable flows
have been computed on monthly basis and 20% of the 75% dependable flows in each monsoon
month have been reserved for environmental and ecological purposes. However, for the non-
monsoon months, average monthly flows have been worked out and 15% of the average
monthly flows in different non-monsoon months have been reserved for environmental and
ecological purposes.
Monthly operation analysis has been carried out for the period from June, 1901 to May,
2009 for all proposed projects using the elevation-area-capacity table, specified upper and lower
pond levels, and the design demands and environmental flow requirements from the project.
The monthly evaporation estimates of nearest meteorological station have been used. In most
of the projects, it was inferred that more demands (in comparison to the design demands) can
be met from the projects with annual reliability of 75%. A number of iterations have been made
to finalize the project demands that can be satisfied with annual reliability of 75%.
71
Table-16: Computed dependable flows (MCUM) at proposed project site
The simulation analysis carried out and the net inflow series at the proposed site is shown
in Table 17 below.
72
Table – 17 : Computed monthly net flow (MCUM) series at Kotha project site
Year Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1901-02 0 167.72 1679.6 154.45 5.25 19.984 15.97 7.037 7.913 3.356 0.307 0.12
1902-03 0 564.05 394.54 752.56 135.43 20.367 14.908 6.494 7.193 3.003 0.224 0.072
1903-04 0 210.99 793.71 1372.6 139.28 24.493 18.318 7.516 8.708 3.495 0.316 0.125
1904-05 0 428.99 411.74 319.24 13.347 15.735 10.854 5.927 6.439 2.319 0.165 0.037
1905-06 0 34.427 480.89 717.57 48.383 16.258 11.509 5.546 5.934 2.385 0.077 0
1906-07 0.566 611.7 112.68 887.56 61.289 19.913 14.531 6.851 7.667 3.235 0.295 0.113
1907-08 0 67.517 1498.4 42.389 2.134 14.007 11.622 6.323 6.92 2.653 0.183 0.047
1908-09 0 786.63 1017.2 150.36 6.952 15.648 15.406 7.011 7.879 3.339 0.306 0.119
1909-10 6.828 195.42 1212.4 89.489 2.146 16.415 12.924 5.858 6.34 2.405 0.096 0.003
1910-11 3.193 23.902 684.36 1137.3 102.27 20.641 15.133 6.882 7.707 3.255 0.246 0.085
1911-12 0 83.472 647.1 996.02 79.939 20.96 15.396 6.554 7.272 3.041 0.199 0.057
1912-13 0 290.55 967.79 433.17 20.927 18.442 13.315 6.206 6.81 2.815 0.18 0.046
1913-14 38.457 39.967 814.54 64.508 2.82 10.363 8.61 4.769 4.662 0.803 0 0
1914-15 3.827 744.54 590.02 356.58 17.474 19.962 14.571 6.115 6.69 2.756 0.144 0.025
1915-16 49.735 83.283 921.97 250.09 117.97 16.269 11.518 5.494 5.865 2.352 0.071 0
1916-17 52.671 224.8 2197.4 498.59 139.79 29.593 22.87 9.651 11.542 4.584 0.535 0.252
1917-18 53.649 494.44 1824.8 1034.8 111.85 33.704 26.626 10.34 12.48 4.665 0.558 0.266
1918-19 16.947 25.89 687.95 205.91 7.151 13.506 9.494 5.225 5.493 1.206 0.039 0
1919-20 0 389.22 2769.5 535.58 92.273 36.736 29.319 11.247 14.616 4.619 0.503 0.234
1920-21 8.103 469.93 172.68 108.49 1.973 12.16 8.747 4.625 4.617 0.829 0 0
1921-22 11.713 23.62 1336.3 969.51 64.015 23.124 18.066 6.867 7.688 3.245 0.263 0.094
1922-23 1.948 563.39 265.38 863.92 56.626 20.288 14.841 6.848 7.662 3.233 0.251 0.087
1923-24 0 1532.3 1344.5 981.6 54.733 38.807 31.031 11.076 17.008 4.446 0.52 0.243
1924-25 0 212 891.59 849.99 92.427 21.474 15.822 6.661 7.415 3.111 0.209 0.063
1925-26 21.097 264.23 454.74 162.01 5.154 12.777 9.139 5.042 5.121 1.276 0.032 0
1926-27 0 454.49 1618.6 856.23 101.82 29.906 23.652 8.528 10.527 3.73 0.334 0.135
1927-28 2.688 620.88 667.35 187.45 46.245 18.58 13.43 6.203 6.806 2.767 0.135 0.025
1928-29 0 943.42 348.68 50.846 19.71 15.503 10.886 5.419 5.765 2.267 0.047 0
1929-30 1.211 440.79 962.18 282.21 10.573 20.164 14.739 6.745 7.526 3.166 0.253 0.089
1930-31 0.21 893.22 424.15 352.1 39.281 18.602 13.448 6.051 6.604 2.714 0.149 0.028
1931-32 0 282.56 1072 1233 238.94 27.889 21.95 7.699 9.35 3.408 0.27 0.098
1932-33 0 1655.9 146.31 1627.5 127.99 34.455 27.343 10.394 13.168 4.231 0.452 0.204
1933-34 44.822 333.46 1038.8 1224.5 97.787 26.22 20.289 7.599 8.817 3.523 0.297 0.114
1934-35 23.459 325.4 1241.8 2552.6 188.71 43.934 35.402 12.283 19.44 5.243 0.733 0.367
1935-36 11.532 555.44 331.99 985.75 95.9 20.744 15.219 6.563 7.285 3.048 0.201 0.059
1936-37 19.259 250.51 949.47 1086.8 69.348 23.166 17.221 6.95 7.956 3.005 0.172 0.042
1937-38 20.126 1019.1 522.71 621.67 55.391 23.346 17.37 7.027 8.058 3.329 0.25 0.087
1938-39 124.87 731.83 876.35 162.48 125.19 20.76 15.231 6.162 6.752 2.787 0.157 0.033
1939-40 0 744.96 1038.9 825.46 43.208 25.339 19.561 7.585 8.8 3.304 0.255 0.09
1940-41 26.128 1115.6 1288.9 326.53 34.457 26.012 19.575 8.165 9.569 3.852 0.376 0.16
1941-42 0 26.897 1200.3 352.61 14.022 18.528 13.386 6.056 6.611 2.717 0.141 0.024
1942-43 26.868 1495 860.77 569.39 26.706 28.974 22.644 8.919 10.571 4.092 0.475 0.217
1943-44 0.358 729.4 458.16 497.86 106.18 19.818 14.453 6.744 7.524 3.165 0.256 0.09
1944-45 0 1463.9 1551.4 399.16 56.822 35.281 28.116 9.384 15.361 3.406 0.223 0.071
73
1945-46 221.22 1029 343.94 650.89 36.693 22.783 16.905 6.945 7.792 3.296 0.208 0.063
1946-47 135.89 680.44 1641 220.54 11.786 25.546 19.189 8.061 9.274 4.022 0.453 0.204
1947-48 0 647.14 1635.6 1503.9 133.72 38.437 30.726 11.229 16.308 4.638 0.53 0.249
1948-49 21.736 984.58 1461.9 1321.9 104.69 37.646 30.035 11.373 14.769 4.874 0.604 0.292
1949-50 15.294 347.04 328.01 2005.7 249.32 28.667 21.901 8.949 10.61 4.276 0.498 0.231
1950-51 0 452.23 452.29 531.72 32.575 14.998 10.468 5.141 5.396 2.122 0.04 0
1951-52 0 195.41 668.87 78.778 4.055 11.929 9.604 5.282 5.5 1.238 0.014 0
1952-53 27.146 516.4 822.71 49.191 1.783 13.76 11.417 6.218 6.826 2.534 0.204 0.06
1953-54 0 506.8 935.31 366.64 32.289 19.071 13.836 6.379 7.04 2.928 0.236 0.079
1954-55 0 497.78 292.65 1750.7 153.98 25.599 19.835 7.741 9.007 3.355 0.234 0.078
1955-56 27.223 25.89 1872.1 1822.1 264.25 38.41 30.925 10.59 17.073 4.551 0.498 0.231
1956-57 4.566 1356.9 1044.2 609.09 66.073 30.042 23.038 9.478 11.314 4.734 0.591 0.285
1957-58 0 139.24 850.83 317.91 29.561 16.345 11.582 5.9 6.404 2.514 0.107 0.009
1958-59 0 520.21 792.1 896.43 138.32 23.776 17.725 7.21 8.301 3.366 0.276 0.102
1959-60 1.19 834.09 1303.3 978.58 161.4 31.653 24.957 9.697 11.604 4.343 0.498 0.231
1960-61 4.725 230.63 1481 90.857 78.938 20.521 15.034 6.408 7.078 2.947 0.173 0.042
1961-62 0 604.35 1249 2554.3 360.44 48.113 39.021 14.386 21.888 5.363 0.67 0.33
1962-63 0 260.95 565.14 1225.4 85.265 21.95 16.216 7.049 7.93 3.364 0.255 0.09
1963-64 0 64.116 1431.8 547.68 37.736 20.657 15.147 6.588 7.317 3.064 0.215 0.067
1964-65 1.355 600.29 1304.5 844.61 44.257 26.398 20.317 7.969 9.31 3.512 0.277 0.102
1965-66 0 861.19 172.87 488.67 33.003 17.234 12.318 5.847 6.333 2.581 0.105 0.003
1966-67 0.428 368.23 450.97 138.13 3.8 13.272 9.529 5.243 5.221 1.1 0.046 0
1967-68 7.397 268.78 835.64 1087.7 78.094 23.115 17.179 7.155 8.07 3.432 0.264 0.095
1968-69 0 551.94 1008.7 284.59 11.003 20.154 14.731 6.32 6.962 2.889 0.142 0.024
1969-70 0 1450.2 1967.8 564.63 27.529 38.278 30.831 11.494 15.719 4.883 0.581 0.279
1970-71 47.813 636.11 1921.6 1295 93.465 39.012 31.333 10.976 17.347 4.541 0.473 0.216
1971-72 74.599 1049.4 379.69 906.65 137.95 25.754 19.361 8.276 9.559 4.162 0.464 0.211
1972-73 0 20.541 1461.8 146.86 4.406 17.156 12.252 5.716 6.159 2.426 0.08 0
1973-74 0 1410.4 2360.4 794.27 55.174 45.945 37.171 13.924 21.245 5.226 0.64 0.313
1974-75 0 341.68 1959.6 79.185 47.545 22.763 16.888 7.146 8.058 3.427 0.303 0.118
1975-76 45.989 437.77 1318.2 1093.2 144.55 28.93 22.598 9.188 10.928 4.523 0.564 0.269
1976-77 11.648 67.072 729.33 660.34 52.686 16.823 11.977 5.373 5.704 2.206 0.022 0
1977-78 56.404 656.22 1742.3 914.7 76.668 32.84 26.011 9.925 11.959 4.299 0.431 0.192
1978-79 54.012 661.18 1610.7 218.53 7.219 24.305 18.483 7.623 8.793 3.737 0.344 0.141
1979-80 0 16.704 237.77 53.082 1.895 8.835 5.395 2.48 0.686 0.051 0 0
1980-81 55.518 25.891 1289.2 221.67 8.551 18.173 13.093 6.054 6.608 2.716 0.135 0.02
1981-82 0 126.06 984.36 282.94 23.669 17.563 12.589 6.136 6.717 2.759 0.145 0.031
1982-83 0 111.73 2280.7 452.05 48.614 27.222 20.99 8.599 10.147 4.312 0.519 0.243
1983-84 0 232.57 1577.8 2047.4 210.93 40.421 32.366 11.591 18.273 4.827 0.632 0.309
1984-85 0 20.818 1769.4 101.27 2.696 15.434 12.119 5.471 5.834 2.28 0.037 0
1985-86 0 356.29 1467.2 1105.5 298.45 30.859 24.185 9.266 11.031 4.35 0.497 0.23
1986-87 22.425 1740.4 567.59 126.38 3.655 23.8 18.762 6.322 6.885 2.737 0.094 0.001
1987-88 0 121.58 1550.4 449.73 118.54 24.155 18.039 8.109 9.337 4.053 0.536 0.253
1988-89 28.296 515.95 725.8 209.33 23.332 18.609 13.453 6.193 6.793 2.751 0.157 0.038
1989-90 11.563 19.371 870.83 506.26 26.839 16.595 11.789 6.041 6.592 2.592 0.148 0.028
1990-91 64.89 396.73 1170.7 643.82 60.151 22.319 16.975 6.5 7.36 2.905 0.101 0
1991-92 35.887 271.17 1331.1 32.384 1.783 14.3 12.86 5.845 6.331 2.58 0.097 0
74
1992-93 0 336.07 1194.8 350.07 25.668 19.613 14.284 6.233 6.846 2.832 0.167 0.039
1993-94 0.117 327.51 1028.9 1798.7 163.65 31.288 24.463 9.933 11.917 4.776 0.618 0.3
1994-95 159.23 731.19 1757.5 406.61 18.549 28.994 22.598 8.932 10.588 3.964 0.39 0.168
1995-96 0 535.29 809.42 518.17 63.785 20.91 15.356 6.694 7.459 3.133 0.256 0.09
1996-97 0 1105.4 1835 558.32 106.48 34.224 26.981 10.285 13.032 4.374 0.487 0.224
1997-98 0.235 718 958.15 401.26 111.05 21.419 15.776 6.484 7.18 2.996 0.182 0.047
1998-99 20.435 585.32 586.56 839.34 78.296 20.562 15.068 6.222 6.832 2.826 0.134 0.019
1999-00 3.587 704.95 820.31 2540.3 360.82 44.922 36.381 12.914 20.093 4.606 0.553 0.263
2000-01 6.418 1251 330.59 40.056 1.783 14.946 12.399 6.724 7.498 3.152 0.294 0.113
2001-02 52.971 424.71 745.59 81.522 42.434 16.893 12.035 6.063 6.62 2.671 0.164 0.037
2002-03 0 0.528 1668.8 221.93 9.136 19.219 13.958 6.681 7.441 3.124 0.254 0.089
2003-04 0 418.68 870.86 936.3 62.228 23.572 17.557 7.747 8.856 3.818 0.357 0.149
2004-05 13.318 196.42 1350.7 135.46 52.376 19.049 13.817 6.471 7.161 2.987 0.16 0.035
2005-06 0.811 1215.6 308.65 537.79 32.415 21.434 15.789 6.907 7.741 3.271 0.26 0.093
2006-07 0 523.37 2094.2 1241.4 89.834 39.069 31.248 11.22 17.364 4.869 0.464 0.202
2007-08 4.942 331.54 319.33 511.91 27.698 15.448 10.777 5.756 6.212 2.237 0.074 0
2008-09 79.236 79.172 414.3 325.37 25.46 13.649 9.855 5.411 5.586 1.325 0.091 0
Elevation Area Capacity (EAC) Table

The elevation area capacity table for Kotha barrage is as given in Table 18
Table 18: Elevation Area Capacity Table

Elevation Area Capacity
(m) (ha.) (MCUM)
383.52 0.00 0.00
384.00 58.00 0.02
385.00 189.00 1.19
386.00 225.00 3.26
387.00 303.00 5.89
388.00 411.00 9.45
389.00 513.00 14.06
390.00 600.00 19.62
391.00 678.00 26.00
392.00 783.00 33.30
393.00 885.00 41.64
394.00 1070.00 51.40
395.00 1359.00 63.51
396.00 1861.00 79.55
397.00 2551.00 101.52
Estimation of Design Flood

Two approaches are generally practiced for design flood calculations: (i) unit
hydrograph (UH) approach and (ii) statistical approach. In case the UH approach is followed, it
75
is necessary to determine the design storm for the project area. After the unit hydrograph for
the catchment is derived, the required flood hydrograph, i.e. the probable maximum flood
(PMF) is obtained by appropriate convolution of excess PMP rainfall after accounting for the
infiltration losses and base flow additions. In the case of large basins, it becomes necessary to
sub-divide the catchment and mark out the flood hydrographs of its sub-areas and route them
through the river channel to the desired site by following suitable flood routing method and
synthesizing them to obtain the design flood hydrograph. When there are existing reservoirs in
the basin upstream of the site, it will also be necessary to route the flood through such
reservoirs to account for the moderation provided by the storage. Wherever sufficient data
are not available for UH computation, synthetic methods are used to derive the UH. In case,
the statistical models are used for design flood estimation, at-site flood frequency analysis
shall be applied using annual maximum series of gauge site records for deriving a design flood
for a specific return period. The return period shall be selected as per the guidelines of the
Ministry of Irrigation (1980) report. For this study, design flood is derived as follows:
(i) Synthetic unit hydrographs (SUH) are developed for the sub-catchment up to
Neemkheda, Barari, Kesari, and Lower Orr projects because historic data is not available for
these sites. Furthermore, sub-catchments of Kotha and Barari are divided into two sub-basins
and SUH are developed for each sub-basin.
(ii) UH at step (ii) is convoluted with a critical design (critical sequencing of PMP) to
produce the corresponding PMF hydrograph of the sub-catchments. Network models have
been developed for Kotha sub-catchments for the computation of PMF.
(iii) Statistical approach
Synthetic unit hydrograph derivation

The sub-catchment of Kotha project has no observed hourly rainfall-runoff data.
Therefore, SUH’s were developed for these sub-catchments using the physiographic
parameters. This is achieved by using Regional formulae of CWC (1989) for 1(c) sub-zone. The
two parameters, viz. the time to peak tp, and peak discharge qp, that were used to describe the
unit hydrograph, are expressed by CWC (1989) as:
3
qp =1.331( L / S )−0.492
tp = 2.195(q p )−0.944
where L is the length of the main stream from the outlet to the catchment boundary in km; S is
the average channel slope of the catchment in m/km; and t p, and qp, are expressed in units of
hours and m3/s/Sqkm, respectively. The shape of the hydrograph is determined using the
parameters W50, W75, WR50, WR75, and TB (CWC, 1989). These parameters have been
determined by using the following equations:
W50 = 2.04(q p )−1.0265

76
W75 = 1.25 (q p) − 0.864
WR50 = 0.739 (q p) − 0.968
WR75 = 0.500 (q p) − 0.813

TB = 3.917 (t p) 0.99
A unit hydrograph was plotted through these salient points and the hourly ordinates
were adjusted so that the total area enclosed under the hydrograph equals 1 cm (10 mm). The
hourly ordinates of unit hydrograph in m3/s for 1 mm of rainfall were then estimated.
Using the geomorphologic parameters for the catchments as shown in Table – 19, qp and tp for
the sub-catchments are computed as shown in Table – 20
Table – 19: Geomorphologic characteristics of sub-catchments used for SUH derivation
Name of Area “A” Length of Slope

sub-basin (sq. km) mainstream “L” (km) (m/km)
Kotha (U) 3837.7 153.34 0.5934
Kotha (D) 4873.8 147.33 0.5565
Table – 20 : Salient points of sub-catchments for SUH derivation
Project Qp qp tp W50 W75 WR50 WR75 TB

Catchment
Kotha (U) 332.21 0.087 22.11 25.11 10.35 7.89 3.66 83.96
Kotha (D) 416.97 0.086 22.36 25.42 10.46 7.99 3.69 84.90
77
Figure – 8(a): Synthetic Unit Hydrograph for
Kotha (U) sub-catchment (ER = 1 cm) Figure – 8(b): Synthetic Unit
Hydrograph for Kotha (D) sub-
catchment (ER = 1 cm)
Design Flood
The flood hydrographs for the excess rainfall derived from the SPS hyetograph for Kotha
(U), and Kotha (D) are convoluted using the respective derived SUH and adding the base flow.
The flood hydrograph are routed to the outlet and the downstream flood hydrographs are
added to the routed hydrograph in order to derive the SPF at the project site.
78
Table 21:Flood hydrograph (SPF) for Kotha sub-catchment using SUH
Time Flood Time Flood Time Flood Time Flood
(hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s)
1 157 46 21107 91 7755 136 372

2 159 47 21359 92 7407 137 352
3 164 48 21631 93 7065 138 333
4 174 49 21892 94 6728 139 314
5 186 50 22120 95 6402 140 294
6 205 51 22291 96 6081 141 275
7 228 52 22422 97 5759 142 256
8 270 53 22486 98 5445 143 239
9 328 54 22405 99 5134 144 223
10 404 55 22226 100 4830 145 210
11 485 56 21904 101 4538 146 198
12 570 57 21490 102 4255 147 189
13 658 58 21034 103 3981 148 181
14 757 59 20578 104 3710 149 175
15 871 60 20161 105 3457 150 170
16 1003 61 19776 106 3222 151 167
17 1154 62 19417 107 3007 152 164
18 1329 63 19067 108 2803 153 162
19 1529 64 18724 109 2609 154 161
20 1786 65 18375 110 2420 155 160
21 2104 66 17993 111 2240 156 159
22 2502 67 17565 112 2068 157 158
23 2969 68 17092 113 1907 158 158
24 3508 69 16595 114 1756 159 158
25 4112 70 16091 115 1613 160 157
26 4779 71 15598 116 1475 161 157
27 5507 72 15128 117 1354 162 157
28 6299 73 14681 118 1248 163 157
29 7135 74 14250 119 1158 164 157
30 7986 75 13828 120 1076 165 157
31 8825 76 13414 121 1002 166 157
32 9683 77 13008 122 932 167 157
33 10574 78 12605 123 866 168 157
34 11547 79 12209 124 804 169 157
35 12577 80 11813 125 746 170 157
36 13655 81 11421 126 692 171 157
37 14732 82 11030 127 641 172 157
38 15796 83 10647 128 593 173 157
39 16823 84 10270 129 551 174 157
79
Time Flood Time Flood Time Flood Time Flood
(hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s) (hrs) (m3/s)
40 17820 85 9900 130 516 175 157

41 18742 86 9533 131 486 176 157
42 19525 87 9169 132 460 177 157
43 20114 88 8808 133 436 178 157
44 20534 89 8454 134 413 179 157
45 20841 90 8103 135 392 180 157
The SPF value for the proposed project is 22486 cumec.
Flood Frequency:
Design floods for different return periods computed using the Gumbel distribution
(method of PWM) are shown in Table – 22.
Table – 22: Design floods for different return periods

Return Return period flood
Period (QT in m3/s) using
(year) Gumbel (EV-1)
Distribution
2 3554.4
10 7711.9
20 9532.3
50 12104.1
100 14204.2
200 16456.7
500 19693.6
1000 22356.9
Diversion Flood
The capacity of the diversion flood for barrages may be less because flood higher than
the designed one could be passed safely over the partly constructed barrage. The following
criteria would help in deciding the capacity:
a) Maximum non-monsoon flow observed at the site.
OR
b) 25 - year return period flow, calculated on the basis of non-monsoon yearly peaks.
The higher of the two should be taken as the design flood for diversion & shown in Table -
23.
80
Table - 23: Design flood for diversion
Details Flow (m3/s)
Max. observed (non-monsoon) 924.35
25 year return period 373

(non-monsoon)
Recommended diversion flood 924
81
Chapter -IV
DESIGN ASPECTS
INTRODUCTION:
The main aim of proposing barrage across Betwa river under the project is to
provide irrigation water to the villages which lie in backward areas in Sagar and Vidisha districts
of Madhya Pradesh. The villagers shall utilise pounded water of barrages by lift irrigation in
water deficit upper area to cultivate farm land throughout the year. It will definitely bring
economic prosperity to these areas.
The design aspects are described in the following paragraphs.
The Kotha barrage envisages construction of a 16.50 m high and with 576 m long
barrage waterway across the river Betwa with a pond level of 395 m. The proposed site is
located near village Kotha in tehsil Kurwai, district Vidisha at 24003’28” N latitude and 780
01’16” E longitude (SOI Toposheet No. 54 L/4) to facilitate irrigation in the proposed 20000 Ha
command area.
Following Design flood Values have been proposed for design as shown in Table - 24
Table - 24: Design flood Values

S. No. Return Period Flood Value (cumec)
1 20 yr 9532.30
2 50 yr 12104.10
3 100 yr 14204.20
4 200 yr 16456.70
5 500 yr 19693.60
Considering the importance of barrage, 1 in 200 yr floods have been used for the
design of various components of barrage i.e. stilling basin dimensions etc. except freeboard.
Sediment data
No sediment data is available at the barrage site. However Silt Factor value is
required to access the depth of scour. In the present case as the barrage is founded on good
quality rock, Scour is not critical design issue. However to be on conservative side, a value of 1
has been assumed for the design calculations.
82
Assumed retrogression at maximum and minimum discharges
Following retrogression values have been assumed to consider retrogressed level.
S. No. Discharge (cumec) Retrogression (m)
1 Low flood 1.50
2 16457 (1 in 200 yr - Designed flood) 0.50
The provided water way has been checked for to pass the designed discharge,
for the assumed crest level & assumed afflux. In this barrage the crest level has been assumed
1.0 m higher than average floor level which is 384.59 m & assumed afflux is 1.50 m.
Scour depth
The scour holes can be occur both U/s & D/s so that cutoffs are required in the
U/s & D/s end of the floor to prevent failure by slipping of the soil in to the scour holes by
simple earth pressure. The value of scour in U/s & D/s has been taken R & 1.5 R respectively.
Exit gradient value

The exit gradient is very important aspect to be considered for a safe design. It
depends on the head of water at the point of consideration, length of barrage section and
depth of downstream cut off. In this case the exit gradient has been taken as 1/6. The total
floor length of barrage has been checked against exit gradient i.e. provided length is greater
than required, so barrage is safe against exit gradient.
Barrage design details
Waterway and HFL

32 number bays are provided each with 15 m clear waterway. The crest level for
all the bays is kept at RL 384.50 m to have better control over sedimentation. The waterway
provided is checked for 1 in 200 year design flood (16457 cumec). For determination of u/s
affluxed HFL, it is assumed that all the gates are fully open and discharge coefficient (Cd) is
based on Mallikpur curves as per drowning ratio. For D/s HFL corresponding to water level
against Maximum design flood is considered. It is assumed that designed discharge will pass
through barrage. The total length provided between left abutment & right abutment is 576 m
against the width between banks of 579 m.
Piers
The total 32 nos. of piers are provided in barrage out of which 3 nos. are double
pier. The thickness of single pier is 3.0 m & thickness of double piers are 6.0 m. The length of
piers from U/s to D/s up to end of Floor i.e. 50 m up to the length of floor. The top thickness of
abutment has been fixed same as thickness of pier i.e. 3.0 m & side slope 0.7:1.
83
Crest width & level
Width of crest t=√H +√h where H is the height of barrage & h is depth of water
over crest. T has a minimum value of 3h/2w1 where w is the density of concrete. The crest level
of spillway of barrage is kept generally 1.0 to 1.5 m above the average u/s floor level. In this
barrage the crest width is kept 5.0 m & crest level is kept 1.0 m above the u/s floor level.
R.C.C. Raft
3.0 m thick combined RCC Raft (M-30) has been provided throughout the length
of barrage. The thickness of raft will increase up to 4.5 m below foundation of piers as well as in
abutments. Construction joints of 50 mm thick have been provided throughout the raft after
every 3 bays where double pier is provided.
The Hydraulic design of the barrage is given at Annexure . The General Layout
Plan and Detailed layout Plan are given at Appendix respectively.
Type (concrete/Masonry)/profile cut off, upstream and downstream aprons, uplift

pressure relief arrangements etc.
Cut off
The U/s cut off is provided at EL 376.0 m which is about 7.60 m below U/s floor
& D/s cut off is provided at EL 370.0 m which is 7.50 m below the cistern level.
Aprons and protection works

Since rock is available at shallow depth, scouring is not anticipated and therefore
flexible protection work provided on the basis of scour depth is not warranted. However,
flexible protection works in the form of CC blocks, and launching apron is proposed at
downstream as well as at upstream as shown in the relevant drawings for required nominal
distance. The extent and other details of flexible protection work may be finalized as per site
conditions at the time of construction stage planning
Minimum weight of stone to be used in protection work should be such as to resist a flow
velocity of 5 m/s or 50 kg whichever is more. If found economical, wire crates may also be used
in place of stones. The Block protection in U/s is provided In 12 nos. of rows of C.C. block size
1.50 x 1.50 x 0.90 m over 0.6 m thick loose stone apron in 18.0 m length & launching apron
1.5m thick up to 27.0 m. The Block protection in D/s is provided in 24 nos. of rows of C.C. block
size 1.50 x 1.50 x 0.90 m over 0.60 m thick inverted filter in 40.73 m length & launching apron
1.5 m thick up to 35.50 m with 0.50 m thick 2 nos. curtain wall.
Energy Dissipation Arrangement

To dissipate the energy of water coming out from the barrage spillway, a stilling
basin type arrangement has been proposed so that it may not cause excessive scour
immediately downstream of barrage. The level and length of stilling basin is so provided that
the hydraulic jump formed under various possible flow conditions is contained within the
84
stilling basin. As per design the length of cistern has been provided as 58 m and cistern level
kept at EL 377.50 m.
In this regard the following criteria are proposed:
The cistern level & length has been find out for the different flow condition such as (i) At HFL
(without concentration retrogression) (ii) At HFL with 20% concentration & 0.5 m retrogression
(iii) At pond level (without concentration retrogression) (iv) At pond level with 20%
concentration & 0.5 m retrogression. The cistern level has been adopted as lowest & cistern
length will be maximum 5 (D2 - D1) in all above 4 flow condition.
The Longitudinal sectional details and cross sectional details of Kotha barrage are
given as Appendix respectively.
Seepage control
Since rock is available at shallow depth, the cut-offs may be taken 1 m into good
quality rock. To relieve the seepage pressure built up underneath the floor, 75 mm dia.
drainage pipes 4.5 m deep and 3 m c/c (two rows per bay) shall be provided in the sloping
glacis. As the river bed is rocky, seepage may not pose much problem, provided presence of
impermeable rock is confirmed by further exploration at the construction stage. However for
preliminary design, upstream and downstream RCC cutoffs are provided. Some curtain grouting
at upstream and drainage arrangement for the stilling basin may also be required which may be
finalized at the construction stage.
Special features of the barrage

In view of the hard strata available at shallow depth, the thickness gravity type
floor is too much so throughout RCC raft with piers & abutment are proposed. The double piers
shall be provided after each 3 bays with 50mm thick construction joint separated by PVC seal
conforming to IS: 12200.
To take care of high permeability of foundation material, it is proposed to
provide a drainage filter below the floor. Further 250 mm dia. half round concrete pipes 3000
c/c in two rows in each bay shall be provided to collect the seepage water from filter and the
same shall be released from the pipes provided through piers and cutoff.
Further 25 mm dia. rock anchors 4.5 m deep are also proposed to take care of
excess uplift. Their spacing is proposed tentatively as 3 m c/c which is required to be revised at
construction stage planning.
Provision for grouting on upstream and downstream of barrage is also made in
the DPR. The details in this regard shall be finalized at the construction stage planning.
At construction stage planning, it is recommended that bearing capacity of the
foundation may be verified by plate load test at most heavily loaded location (below Abutment
/ central pier in zone where hydro-mechanical components are provided).
85
Materials for use
Barrage bed is proposed as a RCC Raft having thickness minimum 3.0 m and
below piers/ abutment raised up to 4.50 m with M-30 concrete. Piers, Divide walls, Abutments
and gantry cum Road Bridge are proposed with M-30 Grade concrete. Return walls and CC
blocks are proposed with M15 grade plain unreinforced concrete. Skin reinforcement 16 mm
dia. 200 c/c shall be provided at water surface with 75 mm clear cover. 150 mm lean concrete
(M-10 grade) shall be provided below Pier footings, raft and other RCC work.
Fe 415 / 500 HYSD bars conforming to IS: 1789 are proposed as reinforcements.
Gates, types of gates and hoist bridge and stop logs
Spillway Fixed Wheel Vertical Lift Gates

The Spillway of Kotha barrage shall be provided with 32 numbers fixed wheel
vertical lift gates of size 15000 mm X 11500 mm. Sill level of the gate shall be EL 384.50 m. The
gate shall be provided with upstream skin plate and upstream sealings to avoid silt on
horizontal girders. Wedge type seal shall be provided for bottom sealing and music note solid
bulb seals shall be provided for side sealings. The seal shall remain in contact with stainless
steel seal seats to make the gate water tight.
The gate structure shall consist of skin plate stiffened by vertical stiffeners and
horizontal girders. The horizontal girders shall be supported by end vertical girders on each
side. The water thrust will be transferred to concrete structures from the end vertical girder
through wheels and wheel track. The wheels shall be mounted on self lubricating bush
bearings. The wheel shall be made up of corrosion resistant steel. The BHN of wheel track shall
be 50 BHN higher than the wheel material. 32 mm guide and two number guide shoes shall be
provided on each side to guide the gate in grooves.
The gates shall be operated by independent rope drum hoist of 220 T (approx.)
capacity. The Rope Drum Hoist shall consist of hoist machinery mounted on hoist support
structure. Each hoist machinery will be equipped with two rope - drums, gears, pinions,
couplings, shafts, worm reducer, motor and brakes. The hoist bridge shall be supported on
trestles.
The maintenance of these gates are proposed to be carried out at level
RL 398.00 m. The gate shall be designed in accordance with the provision of IS: 4622 (latest
revision). The design of Rope Drum Hoist shall conform to IS: 6938 (latest revision).
Barrage Stoplogs
Stoplogs are proposed to carry out the maintenance of barrage gates. Four sets of
stoplogs of size 15000 mm X 1450 mm shall be provided. The stoplogs shall be operated in
balanced water head conditions. However, the top most unit can be lifted under unbalanced
water head for one unit height water head. All units are interchangeable. The stoplogs shall be
86
operated with gantry crane. The stoplog units shall be stored in stoplog groove above HFL. The
stoplog units shall have bronze pad sliding on stainless steel track. 32 mm guide shall also be
provided to guide the stoplog units. The skin plate and sealing of stoplog gate shall be kept d/s
side.
Gantry Crane
The spillway stoplogs shall be operated by moving Gantry Crane. The tentative
min. capacity of gantry crane shall be 30T. The Gantry Crane shall have hoist machinery
mounted on trolley. The trolley shall of moving type. The crane structure along with trolley
shall be capable of moving in longitudinal direction with the help of LT travel mechanism.
Suitable counter weight shall be provided to make the crane stable for different stability
conditions. The crane shall be designed as per IS: 3177 and IS: 807.
Detail of spillway bridge, abutments etc.
Road Bridge & Gantry Bridge

Pier & abutment top has been provided at EL 400.00 m in U/s and 398.505 m in
D/s which is 1.5 m above the u/s & d/s HFL level. A road cum gantry bridge has been proposed
with deck level at 401.50 m. This approach bridge shall continue on either flank of the barrage.
The bridge shall support gantry crane provided for operation of stop logs and also the single
lanes of class ‘A’ vehicle loading with 55.4 R loading. Trestles for operation of service gates of
barrage are provided at pier top level of 400.70 m.
Abutment
The top width of abutments is kept as 3.0 m and side slope is kept as 0.7:1. The
length of abutment in u/s & u/s up to end of Floor i.e. 96.27 m. The return walls in the u/s & u/s
is provided at the ends of abutment on both side with 0.7:1 slope. The purpose of return wall is
for uniform flow and to make connection between abutments and banks of river.
Infrastructure Studies
Almost entire area of the project is well connected with road and rail net works.
No constraints on transportation of heavy equipment up to project sites are envisaged. For
transportation of heavy machinery to project sites some of the road bridges and culverts may
have to be strengthened at the time of preconstruction stage.
Navigation and Tourism Development

There is no provision for development of navigation aspect in the project. As far
as the development of tourism is concerned the dam/barrage sites has got full potential.
87
Operation and Maintenance
The proposed organizational set up at the construction stage of the
dam/barrages can be made available for operation and maintenance of the projects at post
construction stage.
Other Studies
The studies which are not covered will be planned at the preconstruction stage
and may be carried out at appropriate stage.
88
Chapter-V
Irrigation Planning
Existing Cropping Pattern
The existing cropping pattern in proposed command area of Kotha barrage in Upper
Betwa sub-basin is given in Table-25
Table - 25:Existing cropping pattern in Upper Betwa sub-basin for the year 2011-12
S.No. Name of crops % age of area
A Kharif
1 Paddy 0.1
2 Jowar 0.0
3 Maize 0.4
4 Bajra 0.0
5 Other pulses 6.2
6 Soyabean 30.7
7 Cotton (Fiber) 0.0
8 Ground nut 0.2
9 Vegetable 0.2
10 Til (Sesamum) 0.0
11 Other kharif 0.0
Total 37.8
B Rabi
1 Wheat 30.8
2 Barley 0.0
3 Gram 21.1
4 Mustard 0.1
5 Linseed 0.0
6 Other oilseeds 0.0
7 Other pulses 8.4
8 Other Rabi 0.0
9 Tur 0.8
10 Fodder crops 0.8
11 Vegetable 0.2
Total 62.2
C Perennial
1 Sugarcane 0.0
Total 100
89
The above pattern shows that in Kharif, Soyabean are the dominant crop whereas
Pulses & Maize are second major crops. While in Rabi, Wheat & Gram holds dominant crop
position in command.
Double cropping is being practiced under rain fed cultivation. It indicates that assured
irrigation, proper care of soil and application of fertilizers inputs, higher intensities (normally to
a range of 135% - 145%) can be achieved easily.
Proposed Cropping Pattern in the command of Kotha barrage
The proposed cropping pattern for providing irrigation in the command under Kotha barrage is
given in Table-26
Table-26: Proposed cropping pattern in the command of Kotha barrage
S.No. Crop Area Crop period

(ha)
Kharif
1 Soyabean 5500 1st Jun to 30th Sep
Rabi
2 Ord. Wheat 4000 1st Nov to 15th March
3 HYV Wheat 12000 1st Nov to 15th March
4 Gram 4000 1st Nov to 1st March
Total 25500
Crop Water Requirement
The crop water requirements for the Kotha Barrage command (CCA 20000 ha) has been
computed by Modified Penman Method. The irrigation demand for Kotha barrage command
works out as 73.651 MCUM for pressurised sprinkler system of irrigation with project efficiency
of 85%.
Reference Potential Evapo Transpiration (ETo)
The Reference Evapo-transpiration (ETo) values in mm for Vidisha IMD station of Madhya
Pradesh is tabulated in Table - 27 and have been considered in the crop water requirement
computation:
90
Table - 27: Evapo-transpiration (ETo) values for Vidisha IMD station
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
ETo in
mm 89 111 167 213 254 244 170 129 149 152 97 81 1856
Effective Rainfall
Annual rainfall in Vidisha district is about 1126.4 mm and the same have been
considered computation of effective rainfall for various crops. The crops are proposed to be
irrigated in Rabi season and contribution of rainfall in meeting water demands is negligible. The
effective rainfall component in the crop water requirement has been computed and month
wise normal rainfall in the command area is as under:
Table-28: Monthly rainfall in the Vidisha district
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
Avg RF
in
7.56 4.98 5.48 0.48 0.74 219.4 403.5 328.7 119.2 7.46 30.9 5.48 1126.4
mm
Irrigation Efficiency
Not all the applied irrigation water is utilized by the plants and some part of irrigation
water is lost due to percolation in field during irrigation. Therefore, the water application
efficiency has been considered as 85% for telescopic pressurised irrigation system followed by
sprinkler irrigation method upto 0.60 to 1.20 hectare chak for all crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a
method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. This method is more
effective in application of irrigation water to the crop than conventional method. The loss of
water in conveyance system i.e. telescopic pipe and micro distribution network etc. is
considered and is almost zero.
Irrigation Demand
Table-29: Month wise irrigation water demands for Kotha barrage
Month Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total
Irrigation
Demand 7.0 1.0 1.8 1.6 0.0 36.6 20.2 16.5 15.4 3.4 0.0 0.0 103.5
in
MCUM
91
Command area planning on the basis of simulation studies
Command area of the proposed barrage has been planned on the basis of water
availability for utilization computed by simulation study. The CCA, Annual Irrigation, water
utilization details are furnished in Table-30
Table - 30: CCA, Annual Irrigation, Annual Utilisation under barrages

S. Name of the CCA Annual Irrigation Water utilization
No. Barrage (ha) (ha) (MCUM)
1 Kotha 20000 25500 73.651
Classification of land (forest, grass land, cultivable and, cultivable waste, barren
land)
The classification of land in the command area is furnished in Table-31.
Table - 31: land use particulars in Upper Betwa command (Unit: Ha)
Type of land Vidisha
District
Gross command Area 13163
Forest land 0
Land under non-agriculture use 499
Barren land 212
Grass land 215
Culturable waste land 110
Fallow land 52
Net sown area 11896
Other land 180
Size of land holding
The size of land holding and area in the districts lying in the command area of 4
barrages during the year 2005-06 is given in Table-32.
92
Table – 32 : Size of land holding in the command area of Upper Betwa barrages
Description Vidisha
No. Area
Marginal farmers less than 1 ha 40774 20814

Small farmers more than 1 ha less than 2 ha 41069 59005
Below medium farmers 2 - 4 ha 37317 105148
Medium farmers 4 - 9.99 ha 31690 196460
Big farmer 10 to 20 ha 9285 165024
Total 160135 546451
Climate of the command area
(a) Rainfall: The command area receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon from
July to September from the southwest monsoon.
The coefficient of variation in annual rainfall is appreciable i.e. 22.05. The maximum and
minimum rainfall in the area is 1700 mm to 600 mm respectively.
(b) Temperature: The climate of the area is characterized by a hot
summer and a mild winter. The climate is hot during summer with the temperature as high as
450C.
(c) Relative humidity: The mean monthly relative humidity observed at Bhopal IMD
observatory, which is close to the command area varies between 22% to 78%.
(d) Wind velocity: The monthly mean wind velocity observed at Bhopal IMD
observatory varies between 6.9 km/hr to 19.4 km/hr.
Irrigation
(a) Present sources of irrigation in the command

The present sources of irrigation in the proposed command area are mainly the
age-old tanks and ponds, which collect the rainwater during the monsoon season. Besides
these, privately owned open wells and tube wells also provide water for irrigation to very small
areas.
(b) Methods of irrigation followed
At present, the conventional method of applying water through minor irrigation
channels, distributaries and water courses is being followed in these areas. However,
93
sometimes electric/diesel pump sets are also used to lift water from the wells.
(c) Status of land development for irrigated area
(i) Condition of channels
The condition of existing irrigation channels in the command area is generally
satisfactory except in some reaches where proper maintenance is required. Most of the
channels are unlined, hence susceptible to loss of water through seepage.
(ii) Longitudinal slope of field

The slope in agricultural fields where irrigation channels are located, are
adequate and irrigation water reaches almost every nook and corner of the field.
(iii) Status of field channels
Field channels constructed by farmers for irrigating land by pumping river water
are found to be existing in some areas.
Socio-economic aspects
M/s Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited, Hyderabad has carried out studies
for socio-economic aspects in the command area of kotha barrage. The same is reproduced in
Table-33.
Table - 33: Socio-economic aspects in the Upper Betwa command
S. No. Description Vidisha

1 Population density per sq.km. 166
2 Sex ratio (females per 1000 male) 875
3 SC 24.28%
4 ST 4.31%
5 Literacy Rate 55.73%
6 Educational institutions 2705
7 Medical and health facilities 900
8 Drinking water supply
9 Problematic villages 760
10 Tap water supply 3
11 Tube/pump well supply 865
94
Infrastructure facilities
(a) Roads and railways

Vidisha district headquarter is well connected by rail and roads. Also, the roads
in rural areas too are now well connected by CMGSY, PMGSY, PWD rural roads or roads
constructed by MPRDC or Mandi funds.
(b) Marketing facilities
Most of the villages in the command are dependent on the marketing facilities
available in Vidisha, Ganj Basoda, Gulabganj, Mandi Bamora, Bina & other nearby places.
(c) Agro-industries
No major agro-based industries are available within the command. However, few
oil mills and flour mills are located in the command which cater to the needs of command
people.
(d) Banks/credit societies etc.
Nationalized Banks are exists at district head quarters and tehsils and also in
selected locations of command area with extended banking facilities. Also, numbers of Gramin
Banks are functioning in rural areas.
Topography and soils
(i) Topography
Isolated hill tops, valleys, forests and streams are dominating in the area. Coarse
grained formations are predominantly found in the command area.
(ii) Land slopes
The slopes of the land in the command area are moderate and in few places it is
steep.
(iii) Soils
Based on the information provided by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land
Use Planning (ICAR), Nagpur, the soils in the command area can be broadly classified into three
categories. They are soil in hills and hill ranges, plateau soils, pediment soils, soils of level
alluvial plain and undulating flood plain and soils of dissected flood plan. Details are given
below:-
1. Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on very gently sloping plain land with
moderate erosion, associated with Deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, clayey soils on
very gently sloping with moderate erosion.
95
2. Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils on very gently sloping plains with
valleys with valleys with moderate erosion, associated with: Deep, moderately well drained,
calcareous, clayey soils on very gently sloping with moderate erosion.
3. Shallow, well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping undulating upland with hummocks
with moderate erosion, associated with Very shallow, somewhat excessively drained, loamy
soils on moderately sloping with severe erosion.
Drainage
The command area has good surface drainage and sub-surface drainage. The
water holding capacity being low to medium is expected in clay patches. With the network of a
number of tributaries namely Newman, Sagar, Bah, Keotan etc., the command area has quite
good draining facilities.
Agriculture
The classification of lands and the present land use has already been discussed in
the chapter. Land use will change due to increase in cultivated area and increase in
developmental activities due to this project.
Farmers’ attitude towards improved agricultural practices
This farmers’ attitude towards improved agricultural practices is positive.

However, due to non-availability of water even from the existing tanks, they find it difficult to
carry out cultivation in the entire area.
(a) Use of improved implements and seeds
The use of bullock power for ploughing of land is very less in the area of proposed
command. The use of tractor is increasing in these areas and the percentage is about 50%.
Likewise, the use of modern types of implements is also very common among majority of the
farmers.
(b) Use of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, etc.
About 50% of the farmers use fertilizers and manures for increasing the yield and
majority of them are particular about use of insecticides/pesticides for control of plant
diseases.
(c) Extension services
Extension services are provided by the State Agriculture Department to educate
the farmers about the use of improved and modern agriculture technology, and cultivation of
high value crops viz. Groundnut, Soyabean, Sunflower, Chillies etc. But, due to various reasons
96
including inadequate financial resources, the extension services are yet to become popular
among the farmers of proposed command area.
Identification of problems in command area
(a) Land slopes: the land is generally undulating; therefore, canal distribution
system has to be aligned accordingly.
(b) Soil depth: There should be no problem on this account, as sufficient soil depth
is available in the area for providing canal irrigation.
(c) Salinity/Alkalinity: Since the waters of Betwa river and its tributaries are
proposed to be used for irrigation in these areas, which do not have salinity
problem, it need not be a cause of concern. However, slight alkaline nature of
the soils of the region is considered rather suitable for crops like Jowar,
Soyabean, Wheat and Moong.
In general, the soils in these areas are stable and not prone to erosion. However, in
certain area, the soils may be prone to erosion due to their coarse texture. Such soils can be
stabilized by putting them under permanent pastures and grazing lands.
(d) Water logging: No water-logging problem of serious nature has been reported from the
area.
(e) Drainage: Looking the general condition and topography of the command, special care
should be taken for construction of field channels and drainage, which can be managed by the
Agricultural Department at farmer’s cost or loans from the various land development banks.
Financial problems
There are number of wells and tanks in the area but due to less recharge in the area,
these wells and tanks either have less water or no water during lean season. Farmers should be
provided fund assistance for renovation of these tanks and wells for better irrigation.
Proposed cropping pattern, with justification based on land irrigability classification, agro
climatic conditions developed irrigated cropping pattern in adjoining project/area etc.
Proposed cropping pattern for kotha barrage has been supplied by Govt. of Madhya Pradesh in
consultation with Agriculture Department of Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and same has been
considered in the study.
Land development work proposals
A provision has been kept in the estimate for land development works. At the time of
implementation of the project, detailed survey of each command will be done and based on the
97
requirement, land development works will be taken up. This work will be done by state
Irrigation Department or state Agriculture Department or Command Area Development
Authority (to be decided by State Government).
At present, fairly good extension services exists in the command area and number of
commercial banks and co-operative banks have their branches there. Branches of land
development banks are also located in some rural areas of the command. Moreover, the
agricultural materials like seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides etc. are provided to the
farmers by the concerned government department at subsidized rates through different sale
booths or fair price shops. However, due to numerous reasons, especially inadequacy of
financial resources, extension services have not yet become very popular.
Ayacut roads
Suitable provisions for CD structures will be made to facilitate traffic movement

through Ayacut roads.
Benefits
(i) Crop wise increase in yield per Ha and total estimated output from the
command
The crop wise yield in pre & post project scenarios for proposed barrage is
furnished in Annexure.
(ii) Estimated cost of increased production
The yield in pre and post project scenarios have been assessed in Annexure.
Based on the increased production cost of increased production has been assessed in
Annexure .
(iii) Likely socio-economic aspects
Due to increase in food grain production, the socio-economic condition of farmers will
improve in general. Agricultural labourers will get employment in the nearby area.
Situation livestock will improve. Farmers will try to establish agro-based industries in
the area.Error! Not a valid link.
98
Table - 34: Benefit cost ratio
KOTHA BARRAGE PROJECT
(Rs. In Lakhs)
BC Ratio Calculation
S. Item Before After
No. Irrigation Irrigation
1 Gross Receipt
(i) Gross value of farm produce 10601.09 59240.00
(ii) Dung receipts (at 30% of the fodder expenditure) 477.05 1777.20
Total Gross Receipts (1) = (i+ii) 11078.14 61017.20
2 EXPENSES
(i) Expenditure on Seeds 514.04 827.50
(ii) Expenditure on Fertilizers,Chemicals etc. 857.88 1675.00
(iii) Expenditure on hired labour (human, animal & machinery) 590.00 2775.00
& Misc
(iv) Expenditure on Pumping system 2283.90
(v) Expenditure on Rising Mains 9458.69
(vi) Expenditure on Solar Power System for Lift 4800.00
(vii) Fodder expenses (as percentage of gross value of produce)
(viii) Depreciation on implements at 2.7% of the gross value of 286.23 1599.48
farm produce
(ix) Share and Cash Rent
(x) Land Revenue at 2% of gross value of farm produce 212.02 1184.80
Total Expenses (2) = (i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi+vii+viii+ix+x) 4580.38 32305.57
3 NET VALUE OF PRODUCE
(i) Total Gross receipts (Total 1) 11078.14 61017.20
(ii) Total Expenses (Total 2) 4580.38 32305.57
Net value of produce (3) = (i-ii) 6497.76 28711.63
4 ANNUAL BENEFITS
(i) Net value after irrigation (3) 28711.63
(ii) Net value before irrigation 6497.76
from Irrigation 22213.87
(iii) from Fish production 212.55
(iv) from Power production (Being incidental, not considered) 0.00
(v) from Water Supply 0.00
a) Domestic 0.00
b) Industrial 0.00
99
Net Annual Benefits (4) = (i-ii)+(iii)+(iv) 22426.42
5 COST OF PROJECT
(i) Estimated cost of the Project 81453.00
(ii) Cost of land development 4000.00
Total 85453.00
6 ANNUAL COSTS
(i) Interest on capital @ 10% (Estimated total cost of the project 8545.30
including cost of land development)
(ii) Depreciation of the project @ 1% of the cost of project for 1709.06
100 years life of the project and @ 2% for 50 years life of the
project
(iii) Annual operation and maintenance charges 235.00
(iv) Maintenance of the head works @ 1% of H/W cost less B 413.72
Land
(v) Depreciation of the pumping system @ 8.33% of the 190.25
estimated cost of the pumping system assuming life of the
system as 12 years (Applicable to lift irrigation)
(vi) Depreciation of the rising mains @ 8.33% of the estimated 787.91
cost of the rising mains assuming life of the system as years
(Applicable to lift irrigation)
(vii) Power Charges for lift water @ per Ha. 0.00

Total Annual Costs (6) = (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vii + vii) 11881.24
Average Benefit Cost Ratio = Annual Benefits (4) / Annual 1.89
Costs (6)
100
Chapter -VI
Estimates
Unit – I : HEAD WORK : (Barrage )
A. Preliminary :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head for the
investigations required for the execution of the works. This covers mainly the drilling work,
excavation of trenches, construction material survey, topographical survey, consultancy
charges, 3D Model study/ testing, Property survey coming under submergence fully/ partially
and other works.
B. Land :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head for
payments against compensation of private land required for construction of Barrage, Telescopic
pipes, pump houses and solar panels and other Property coming under submergence fully/
partially.
C. Works :
A provision of Rs 172.25 Crore has been made under this sub head for construction of Barrage
& construction of the all components including grouting works of Rs 1.00 crore in central
portion and dykes & guide bunds
G. Bridges :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head for the
construction of high level bridge in submergence in Betwa river at needy intervals to facilitate
people commutation.
K. Buildings :
construction of Non‐residential / residential buildings conference room & Store sheads.
M. Plantation :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under sub head for plantation
works which are required at Pump Houses & at government Land wherever available.
O. Miscellaneous :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head to cover the
expenditure on signboard, advertisement, display board, maintenance and cost of
electrification, recreation facilities, security arrangements and medical facilities. The provision
for laying foundation stone & inauguration ceremony visit of dignitaries during construction
period has also been made under this sub head.
P. Maintenance :
101
maintenance of works like Barrage, colony, pump houses & telescopic pipe system.
R. Communication :
the construction of adjoining existing national highway 5 km from Mandi Bamora which are
required to facilities the construction works.
X. Environment and Ecology :

implementation of environment management plan if felt necessary.
UNIT – II : Canals :
A. Preliminary :
A provision of Rs. 0.64 Crore has been made under this sub head for the survey and
investigation works required for the Left & right Bank telescopic Pipe network. The main items
covered under this sub head are command area survey, alignment survey and excavation of
trial pits etc.
B. Land :
A provision of Rs 0.75 Crore are made under this sub head for the acquisition of private
land required for construction of canals in deep cutting.
C. Works :
A provision of Rs Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head.
D. Regulator :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head.
E. Fall :
F. Cross Drainage Works :

G. Bridges :
K. Buildings :
A provision of Rs. Error! Not a valid link. Crore has been made under this sub head
for construction of residential, non‐residential buildings conference room & stores shad near
distributaries outlets
L. Earth Work :
A provision of Rs. 117.43 Crore has been made under this sub head for the earth
works, cost of telescopic M.S. Pipe network with all accessories.
102
M. Plantation :
O. Miscellaneous :
P. Maintenance :
A provision of Rs. 1.67 Crore has been made under this sub head for the maintenance
of works during construction period.
R. Communication :
the construction of adjoining existing village roads which are required to facilities the
construction works.
T. Water Supply :
U. Distributories, Minors & Sub Minors :

A provision of Rs. 215.00 Crore has been made under this sub head for the
construction of complete pressurised distribution network such as distributories, minors & sub
minors.
X. Environment :
implementation of environment management plan if felt necessary
Abstract given below:
UNIT – III : Solar Power
S. Solar Power :
The cost of solar panels and solar power is included in this head and worked out to be
Rs. Error! Not a valid link. crore at USR-2016 price level.
103
General Abstract of Cost of Kotha Barrage
figures are Rs in Crore.
S.No. Subhead Unit-I Unit-II Unit-III Total
1 A-Preliminary 1.06 0.64 0 1.70
2 B- Land 229.40 0.75 0 230.15
3 C-Works 172.25 0.00 0 172.25
4 D-Regulator 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
5 E-Fall 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
6 F-CD Works 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
7 G-Bridges 7.00 0.00 0 7.00
8 K-Building 0.20 0.20 0 0.40
9 L-Earth Work 0.00 117.43 0 117.43
10 M-Plantation 0.50 0.00 0 0.50
11 O-Misc. 1.00 0.00 0 1.00
12 P-Maintenance 1.06 1.67 0 2.73
13 Q- Special T & P 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
14 R-Communication 1.00 1.50 0 2.50
15 S-Power plant for 8MW @ 0.00 0.00 48 48.00
Rs 6 Cr/MW
16 T-Water Supply 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
17 U- Distributory & Minors 0.00 215.00 0 215.00
up to 1.2 to 0.6 Ha
18 'X'-Environment 0.25 0.00 0 0.25
Total 413.72 337.19 48.00 798.91
Add 3% Establishment 5.53 10.09 0 15.62
except “B” land and
“S” Power Plant
Total Cost 419.25 347.28 48.00 814.53
Cost Outlay Details Total Cost Cost per

(Rs Crores) Hectare
(Rs Lakhs)
including solar power & prepaid metering system 814.53 4.07
excluding solar power & prepaid metering system 766.53 3.83
104
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GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH

WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

INDEX MAP .................................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 13

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 14

CHECK LIST --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I-XVI

SAILIENT FEATURES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------I-III

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 18

Proposed project: Main Parameters ............................................................................ 21

SURVEYS & INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................ 22

TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 22

GEOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL & SEISMIC ASPECTS.................................................................. 23

HYDROLOGY & WATER ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................... 23

IRRIGATION & COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 28

PRE-PAID CONTROL AND METER SYSTEM (Optional) ........................................................................... 29

Rock and Aggregates ........................................................................................................ 33

Bricks & Tiles ..................................................................................................................... 33

Cement /Lime Stone ......................................................................................................... 33

Cement and Steel.............................................................................................................. 33

Scarce Materials ............................................................................................................... 33

Any Other Material ........................................................................................................... 33

ACCESSIBILITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 34

Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................................ 35

Land use pattern ............................................................................................................... 35

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ......................................................................... 35

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ............................................................................................. 36

Land Acquisition: .............................................................................................................. 36

Economic Rehabilitation: .................................................................................................. 36

Compensation for Properties: .......................................................................................... 37

Total Financial Requirement:............................................................................................ 37

ESTIMATES OF THE COST....................................................................................................................... 37

FINANCIAL ASPECTS .............................................................................................................. 39

Brief Description of Betwa River Basin ............................................................................. 44

Survey and Investigation: ................................................................................................. 47

Head works ................................................................................................................... 47

Plant & Colony layout ................................................................................................... 48

Canal and Water Conductor System and Canal Structure ............................................ 48

Command Area ......................................................................................................... 48

Soil Conservation .......................................................................................................... 48

Any other ...................................................................................................................... 48

Other allied surveys ...................................................................................................... 48

Archaeological surveys in the reservoir area................................................................ 49

Right of Way Surveys for the Reservoir ........................................................................ 49

Communication Surveys ............................................................................................... 49

Drainage Surveys .......................................................................................................... 49

Soil Surveys ................................................................................................................... 50

Geology, Geotechnical, Geophysical & Seismic Investigations ..................................... 50

Geotechnical assessment ..................................................................................................... 50

Geophysical Investigation ..................................................................................................... 51

Earth and Rock Fill Dam ........................................................................................................................ 52

Canal and canal Structures ........................................................................................... 52

FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................. 52

HYDROLOGICAL & METEREOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ...................................................... 53

Topography & Geology ................................................................................................. 53

Climate & Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 53

Land use & Soils ............................................................................................................ 53

Rainfall & Runoff ........................................................................................................... 54

Sunshine, Cloud Cover and Visibility............................................................................. 56

Wind & Cyclones ........................................................................................................... 56

Water quality ................................................................................................................ 57

WATER DEMAND .................................................................................................................. 58

Domestic, Livestock & Industrial Water Demand ......................................................... 58

Irrigation Demand ......................................................................................................... 60