FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Instrumentation Lab
AE 372

[Calibration]

[Experiment Number: 2]
]SEMESTER 2019/2020[

Name Sultan Ali Alkwarah

ID # 120526
Eng.  Majd Alshobki
Lab Date 20/2/2020
Date 27/2/2020

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*Abstract:
In this report we will discusses about Experimental Error. Definition of
Calibration, and how to build calibration curve.

*Introduction:
Calibration is a comparison between measurements – one of known
magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another
measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device.
The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the
standard. The second device is the device under calibration. The goal of
calibration is to minimize any measurement uncertainty by ensuring the
accuracy of test equipment. Calibration quantifies and controls errors or
uncertainties within measurement processes to an acceptable level.

*Objective:
 To be familiar with Types and Sources of Experimental Error.
 To Calibration of Thermistor

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*Theory:
We can't measure with perfect certainty the physical quantity, Thus In
every experiment there will be Error.

We can measure experimental error from this equation

----------------------------------------------------------------------
*Result:
Part 1:
A Thermistor Circuit

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 1) Fill the following table :
Before heating After heating
Resistance 4.926 M ohm 2.66 M ohm
Voltage 2.8 V 1.3 V

2- After you reduced the power supply voltage to +3 V, rearrange

the voltage divider equation to calculate the thermistor
resistance.
The resistance measured of thermestor = 4.926 M ohm

3- Calculate the thermistor resistance through contacting with

your fingertips using equation in point 2 and measure it using
DMM, then find the error?

4- Convert the measured thermistor resistance RT to real

temperature using the following equation.
R = 29.95798exp (-0.04452T)

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 Part 2:
Building a Calibration Curve
The thermistor manufacturer’s calibration curve can provide an average
calibration curve, but for precise measurements or for an unknown
thermistor, you will need to find your own calibration curve. This
exercise provides a three step process, to convert the measured
resistance into temperature for your temperature sensor.

Normal Process Reverse Process

Resistance (KΩ) Temperature (C) Resistance (KΩ) Temperature (C)
100 0
95 5
90 16.51 10
85 16.33 15
80 15.83 20
75 10.3 25
70 9.4 30
1.88 65 7.6 35
2.94 60 4.5 40
3.2 55 4.4 45
4.28 50 4.22 50
4.4 45 3.97 55
5.03 40 3.81 60
5.9 35 3.52 65
6.5 30 70
7.6 25 75
12.3 20 80
12.7 15 85
13.9 10 90
5 95
0 100

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 1- Using mathematical software, plot temperature(X) versus
resistance (Y) and fit your data linearly and exponentially then
choose the best fit due to the minimum residual.
30

25

20
resistance

15 DATA
FIT
10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
temperature

tempreture vs resistance
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

tempreture vs resistance

T vs RR
20
15
10
5
0
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

T vs RR

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2- Plot temperature(X) versus resistance (Y) for both normal and
reverse processes on one chart then discuss your results.

Normal process Reverse process

Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) %Error
1.88 3.52 87%
2.94 3.81 29%
3.2 3.97 24%
4.24 4.22 0.5%
4.4 4.4 0
5.03 4.5 10.5%
5.9 7.6 28.8%
6.5 9.4 44.6%
7.6 10.3 35.5%
12.3 15.83 28.7%
12.7 16.33 28.6%
13.9 16.51 18.8%

-------------------------------------------------------
*Discussion:
Part 1
1-How the resistance changes when you place the thermistor
between your fingertips.

When we put the thermistor between fingertips the heat increase in the
thermistor and the voltage decrease.

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2-Difference between Negative Temperature Coefficient and
Positive Temperature Coefficient.
Positive temperature coefficient it is find in conductor only, And this Means
Whenever the temperature of a conductor increases Resistance will increase as
well. Consequently conductivity of the conductor will decrease so importance of
this positive temperature coefficient is that it tells us about the effect of
temperature variation on a conductor with their resistance. Negative temperature
coefficient is finding in semi conductor materials and insulating materials, and it
means, Whenever the temperature increases the resistance of the material
decreases, consequently conductivity of the material is increases.
So importance is that by variation of temperature we can predict about their
conductivity.

3- Applications for using Negative Temperature Coefficient.

Applications for negative temperature coefficient thermistors:

 Very low temperature thermometers: They are used as resistance

thermometers in very low-temperature measurements.

 Digital thermostats:   These thermistors are also commonly used in

modern digital thermostats.

 Battery pack monitors:   NTC thermistors are also used to monitor the
temperature of battery packs while charging. As modern batteries such as Li-
ion batteries are very sensitive to overcharging, the temperature provides a
very good indication of the charging state, and when to terminate the charge
cycle.

 In-rush protection devices:   NTC thermistors can be used as in-rush-

current limiting devices in power supply circuits. They present a higher
resistance initially which prevents large currents from flowing at turn-on, and
then heat up and become much lower resistance to allow higher current flow
during normal operation. These thermistors are usually much larger than
measuring type thermistors, and are purpose designed for this application.

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 Part 2
*Hysteresis is the deviation of the reading of the instrument when they
are gathered increasingly and decreasingly.

*Accuracy: it indicates the deviation of the reading from a known input.

*Precision: is a term that describes an instrument’s degree of freedom

from random Errors. Precision is how close these data, measurements or
results are to each other, working as a measure of the spread of data
from the averag

*Types and Sources of Experimental Errors:

1- Systematic Errors:
Systematic errors are errors that affect the accuracy of a
measurement.
2- Random Errors:
Random errors are errors that affect the precision of a
measurement.
Random errors are. Two-sided error.

*The linearity relation between temperature and resistor

R = Ro (1 + a DT)
Resistance depends on the geometry of a conductor as well as on what the conductor
is made from, but it also depends on temperature ,

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 *Calculation:

(Other calculation is practical)

*Conclusions:
 In Our experiment we have seen that the calibration test is one of
the very important tests in the field of instruments.
 A hysteresis calibration error occurs when the instrument responds
differently to an increasing input compared to a decreasing input.
The only way to detect this type of error is to do an up-down
calibration test.
 The equipment itself may introduce built in errors resulting from
incorrect design, fabrication, and maintenance, and these errors
can be corrected by calibration.

*Reference:
https://www.acopian.com/power-supply-glossary/variable-
1-
power-supply.html
2- https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1118/1.598458
3- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration
4-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis
5- https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-
current/chpt-12/temperature-coefficient-resistance/

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