10/27/2020

Contents
 Main enhancements of HSPA
High Speed Packet Access  HSPA channels
 HSPA radio features
Oct. 2020  Downlink multiantenna methods in HSPA
 Enhancements of HSPA since release 8

HSPA HSDPA: Main changes to WCDMA

HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access. Release 5
was the first HSDPA release (2005)
HSUPA = High Speed Uplink Packet Access. Release 6 was
the first HSUPA release (2007)
HSPA = High Speed Packet Access = HSDPA + HSUPA
HSPA+ since release 7
 Shared channel transmission introduced
– New transport channel: HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel)
– Enables fast and dynamic allocation of radio resources between users
– No soft handover on HS-DSCH
 Fast channel-aware scheduling
– Controls to which user the HS-DSCH transmission is allocated
– Take into account the radio channel conditions
– Applied in Node B
 Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
– QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM modulations applied (in WCDMA only QPSK applied)
– QPSK carry 2 bits, 16QAM carry 4 bits and 64QAM carry 6 bits
– Combination of modulation and coding is decided based on channel
conditions

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HSDPA: Main changes to WCDMA

 Fast hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) Contents
– User data can be retransmitted multiple times with different coding
 Short transmission time interval (TTI):
 Main enhancements of HSPA
– In HSDPA TTI length is 2ms while in WCDMA it was 10ms, 20ms, 40ms or 80ms.  HSPA channels
– Short TTI enables fast allocation of radio resources to match with changing
radio conditions.  HSPA Radio features
 Two additional physical control channels
– HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel, downlink)
 Downlink multiantenna methods in HSPA
– HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel, uplink)
 Enhancements of HSPA since release 8
 No fast power control in HSDPA
 Two-stream multiple input multiple output (MIMO)

HSUPA: Main changes to WCDMA HSDPA: HS-DSCH

 Shared channel transmission is key character of HSDPA.
 New transport channel: Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). – Part of the DL radio resources form a common resource pool
– E-DCH is not shared between users (unlike HS-DSCH in HSDPA) – These resources are dynamically shared between users
– Soft/softer HO is still possible on E-DCH (unlike in HS-DSCH).
User 1
 Otherwise changes similar to HSDPA: 2ms TTI
User 2
User 3
– Short Transmission Time Interval (2ms, 10ms also used) User 4

Spreading codes
– In addition to BPSK/QPSK the 16QAM has been introduced (release 7).
– Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
– Fast scheduling: utilize changes in interference situation. In HSUPA fast power
control is applied => scheduler can’t utilize channel variations due to fast fading.
(like HS-DSCH does). Thus, Node-B wait for a ‘good’ interference situation until
allows high data rate transmission in uplink.
– Multi code transmission: up to four scrambling codes can be allocated per user.
Time
TTI = Transmit time interval HS-DSCH illustration

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Power allocation: HS-DSCH vs DCH of

HSDPA: HS-DSCH
WCDMA
 There was DSCH already in WCDMA but  Common channels typically has a fixed portion of cell power
– Power control was applied in WCDMA DSCH  DCH part of the power varies due to power control
– Spreading factor was variable  HS-DSCH has the remaining part of the transmission power
– Only QPSK modulation was used
– DSCH was removed from WCDMA because HSDPA HS-DSCH provides better
solution.
 HS-DSCH in HSDPA:
– No power control (link adaptation, channel aware scheduling and HARQ form a
more efficient combination)
– Spreading factor is fixed (SF=16)
– Number of codes granted for a user can be changed after each 2ms time interval
– QPSK, 16QAM and 64 QAM modulations.
– Up to 15 parallel codes can be assigned to a user (multi-code operation). Yet,
some terminals may support only 5 parallel codes.

Code allocation for HS-DSCH HSDPA: HS-DSCH vs. DCH (WCDMA)

SF = 1

SF = 2
Feature DCH HS-DSCH
SF = 4

SF = 8 Variable spreading factor Yes No

SF = 16 Fast power control Yes No

SF = 32
Physical channels (an example of 10
Adaptive modulation + coding No Yes
SF = 64 codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes
SF = 128
Codes
mapped
Fast scheduling No Yes
SF = 256
to
Codes mapped to
HS-SCCH
other channels Multi-code operation Yes Yes, extended
Codes for HSDPA

Codes for WCDMA

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HSDPA: Physical Control channels HSUPA: Control channels

 Two control channels introduced to support HSDPA
 The attached control channel is now called as enhanced DPCCH (E-
– Downlink high speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH)
DPCCH). E-DPCCH is transmitted only if E-DPDCH is transmitted.
– Uplink high speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH)
– 2ms TTI of E-DPCCH carries E-DPDCH rate information (7 bits), retransmission
 HS-SCCH information for UE information for HARQ (2 bits) and ‘happy bit (1 bit) that informs Node B scheduler
– HS-SCCH contains information that is needed for decoding and possible HARQ combination whether device is able to increase data rate or not (user is ‘happy’ if it can’t increase the
in case of retransmission. Thus, HS-SCCH carries: data rate).
• Applied modulation and channel coding combination  E-HICH (E-DCH HARQ indicator channel) is sent in downlink to inform
• Which spreading codes terminal should despread user whether HARQ packet has been correctly received or not
• Other information like ARQ process number etc
 In addition there are control channels E-RGCH and E-AGCH thatare
 HS-DPCCH information for Node B
omitted in this presentation.
– ACK/NACK showing whether packet has been correctly received or not. Used for HARQ.
– Channel Quality Information (CQI): A 5-bit message that indicates which combination of
transport block size, modulation type and number of codes that could be received correctly.

HSUPA: E-DCH and E-DPDCH HSUPA: Channels

 Most important amendment in HSUPA is the Enhanced Dedicated Channel
Second E-DPDCH
(E-DCH) that is a transport channel for data transmission in HSUPA link.
– E-DCH is sent together with WCDMA DCH. Recall that DCH contains data part (DPDCH)
and control part (DPCCH). At least DPCCH is always present in HSUPA transmission First E-DPDCH
because it carries control information that is needed for underlying WCDMA operations
(recall: TFCI, FBI, TPC). E-DPCCH
 The physical channel that carries user data is the E-DPDCH. DPCCH

10ms frame
New E-DPDCH is added when data rate is increased
 Different scrambling codes are used to separate first and second E-DPDCH
 Spreading factor up to SF=2 can be used in E-DPDCH
 At maximum two codes with SF=4 and two codes with SF=2 can be used
leading to maximum data rate 5.7Mbps (BPSK/QPSK) and 11.5Mbps
(16QAM).

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HSUPA: E-DCH vs. (WCDMA) DCH HSDPA scheduling: multiuser diversity

Node B scheduling can
Feature DCH E-DCH Channel quality information utilize information on the
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) instantaneous channel
Variable spreading factor Yes Yes conditions for each user.

Fast power control Yes Yes Data

TTI1 TTI2 TTI3 TTI4
Adaptive modulation + coding No No UE1 Scheduled user

Fast L1 HARQ No Yes

Multi-user selection diversity
Fast scheduling No Yes (give shared channel to “best” user)
Multi-code operation Not used Yes, extended Channel quality information Data
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Soft handover Yes Yes
USER2Es/N0 USER1Es/N0

UE2 Temporal changes in the channel

HSDPA fast scheduling

Contents  Fast scheduling is also called as
– Channel dependent scheduling
Main enhancements of HSPA – Channel aware scheduling
 This scheduling utilize multi-user diversity
HSPA channels – Different users have different fading channel
– We can send to user who has the best channel conditions (figure of previous
HSPA Radio features slide)
– Yet, in HSDPA we can get best benefit from fast scheduling only if delay
Downlink multiantenna methods in HSPA requirement is not tight
– While scheduling users we face a trade-off between fairness and capacity
Enhancements of HSPA since release 8 – Fast scheduling gives best performance when there is high load of non real-time
data.

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HSDPA scheduling: different factors HSDPA: Adaptive modulation and coding

 Variable spreading factor and power control that are used in
WCDMA are replaced by adaptive modulation and coding in
L1 Feedback Downlink fast scheduling
done directly by Node B
HSDPA
Data based on knowledge of:  In WCDMA downlink power control dynamics is 20dB whilein
uplink it is 70dB.
• UE's channel quality
– DL power control dynamics is limited by intra-cell interference
Terminal 1 (UE) • UE's capability
(interference between parallel codes).
• QoS demands
L1 Feedback – As a result transmitted powers to users near the cell centre are
Data • Power and code resource
availability
unnecessary high.
• Node B buffer status – In HSDPA adaptive modulation and coding selects higher order
modulation and low coding rate for users near the cell centre => less
radio resources are needed for those users and less interference is
generated. Also significantly higher data rates are available for users near
Terminal 2 the cell centre.
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed

HSDPA scheduling algorithms HSDPA: Adaptive modulation and

 Round-robin (RR): Scheduling is round robin type if it does not take the
coding C/I received
16 C/I varies

Inst antaneousEsNo [dB]

instantaneous channel conditions into account. In RR scheduling the users 14 by UE with fading
can be ordered into a queue according to parameters that are not depending 12
on channel (buffer status, QoS etc) and scheduled in turns. RR is a fair 10
scheduling algorithm if every user is given the equal time for transmissions 8
but with Round Robin there is no gain from scheduling and overall system
capacity is low. 6
4
 Max C/I (carrier-to-interference): This scheduling tries to maximize the 2
whole system throughput by always transmitting with highest possible rate
to a user with best C/I. This scheduling is not fair since users close to Node B 0
will have highest data rates and users with bad radio link may not be -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
scheduled at all.
Time [number of TTIs]
 Proportional fair (PF): This algorithm is a trade-off between RR and Max C/I. 16QAM3/4 Link BTS adjusts link adaptation
PF selects the users with best momentary radio link conditions proportioned adaptation mode with a few ms delay
with the user’s average radio conditions. Hence every user is scheduled from 16QAM2/4 mode based on channel quality
time to time when they have the best radio conditions inside a certain time reports from the UE
frame. The cell capacity is not as good as for Max C/I. QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4

QPSK1/4
Coding rate

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HARQ HARQ Algorithms

 Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)
– HARQ is a MAC level protocol that is terminated in Node B and UE. It is a highly
effective technique that clearly increases the system efficiency
– In HARQ terminal requests retransmission when data block is erroneously received.
Retransmitted and original data blocks are merged using soft combining, i.e.
receiver store bits of the first (erroneous) block in a soft form.
– The receiver uses an error-detecting code, a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to
detect if the received packet has errors.
– For HARQ we need ACK/NACK (acknowledgement, negative acknowledgement)
information from terminal. This information is send via HS-DPCCH in HSDPA and via
E-DPCCH in HSUPA.
 Incremental redundancy (IR): In this method multiple sets of coded bits are
generated, each of them representing the same set of information bits.
Different retransmissions of the same packet use different set of coded bits
and can have more parity bits. This causes ever lowered code rate per
retransmission. Hence, we may send first packet without coding but in case of
retransmission the code rate for first and second packet is ½. If there is still
error we can do retransmission again and code rate of three packets drop
down to 1/3.
 Chase combining: In this method the retransmissions consists of the same bit
set as the original transmission. This can be seen as an additional repetition
coding because all of the retransmissions are identical copies of the original
transmission. There is no gain from increased redundancy as there is in IR.
 IR is highly effective method to increase system performance but it assumes
that receiver has ability to store ‘soft bits’. Therefore it has been more
challenging from UE implementation point of view than chase combining.

HARQ Procedure HARQ Algorithm

 The received packet is acknowledged:
– The receiver sends an ACK if the packet has arrived without errors and a NACK if
an error has happened during the decoding process of packet.  Multiple parallel HARQ processes
form together the so-called Stop-And-
 If the transmitter gets a NACK from the receiver it sends the Wait (SAW) structure
packet (or some redundancy version of it) again.  Maximum number for parallel
– When receiver detects an erroneous packet, it stores it and sends a NACK. When
a retransmitted packet arrives, the UE combines it with the original packet and processes is currently 8
tries to decode the combination. This is also called soft combining.  For each HARQ process receiver has
round 5ms to send ACK/NACK
P1,1
P1, P1,2
P1, P2,1
P2,
Transmitter
1 2 1

P1,2
P1,
2+

Receiver P1,1
P1, P1,1
P1, P2,1
P2,
1 1 1
processing processing
time time

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HSPA changes the scheduler location HSDPA – some UE categories

 HSPA transfers some functionalities from RNC to Node B  Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14 Mbps in Release 5, 28Mbps in Release 7.

HSDPA Max. number Minimum Data rate QPSK 16QAM

of HS-DSCH inter-TTI
HSUPA
codes interval
WCDMA R99 uplink/downlink
5 1-3 3.6 Mbps Yes Yes
10 1 7.2 Mbps yes yes
Mobile Base station Radio network
controller RNC 15 1 10.1 Mbps Yes Yes
15 1 14.4 Mbps yes Yes
WCDMA R99 5 1-2 1.8 Mbps yes no
HSPA scheduling and
scheduling and ARQ
HARQ retransmission
retransmission control
control in base station
in RNC

Discontinuous transmission & HSUPA – some UE categories

reception
 Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.7 Mbps (Release 6) and 11.6 Mbps
(Release 7).

Max. TTI length Smallest E- Max. data

number of DPDCH rate with
E-DPDCH spreading 2ms TTI
codes factor
2 2ms, 10ms 4 1.45Mbps
2 2ms, 10ms 2 2.91Mbps
4 2ms, 10ms 2+2 5.76Mbps

Two codes apply SF=2, two codes apply SF=4

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HSDPA Closed-loop transmit diversity

Contents  This method is also called as Mode 1 or TxAA.
 The FBI field in DPCCH contains 1bit/slot for phase adjustments between
two transmit antennas
Main enhancements of HSPA  The phasing is done by interpolating over two consequtive feedback bits.
Thus, in slow mobility environments phasing accuracy is the same as with
HSPA channels QPSK.

HSPA Radio features 

h1  wˆ h2  max h1  wn  h2 : wn  e j (n1)/ 2 , n  1,2,3,4 
 Closed-loop transmit diversity provides both diversity gain (decreased
Downlink multiantenna methods in HSPA signal variation in the receiver) and coherent combining gain.
 There was in WCDMA Release 99 also so-called Mode 2 where transmission
Enhancements of HSPA since release 8 power was adjusted in different antennas (in Mode 1 TX power is the same
in both antennas). Mode 2 was later removed from specifications.

HSDPA Closed-loop transmit diversity HSDPA Open loop transmit diversity

Feedback signal containing

Two NodeB antennas
Information on weights, one data stream
needed Two NodeB antennas No feedback needed, one data stream
Fading w1, w2
channel
needed Fading
channel

Single UE
antenna Single UE
Sum channel antenna
Sum channels

r  (w 1 h 1  w 2 h 2 ) s  n r1  h 1 s 1  h 2 s 2  n 1
Individual channel
Individual channel r  h s*  h s*  n
2 2 1 1 2 2
r  h1s  n r  h1s  n

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HSDPA Multiple Input Multiple Output

HSDPA Open loop transmit diversity
(MIMO)
 This method is also called as STTD (Space-Time Transmit Diversity) or  HSDPA MIMO is also called as D-TxAA (Dual stream TxAA).
Alamouti scheme.  MIMO admit best benefit in cases where received SINR is high.
 Decoding of the open-loop diversity transmission:  At each TTI the Node B scheduler decides whether to send one or two
transport blocks to the UE.
 2 2

R1  h1*r1  h2 r2 *  h1  h2 s1  h1*n1  h2n *2  h s1  N 1
2  By dual stream transmission the peak data rate can be doubled. Yet, this
do not mean that MIMO would double the system capacity since two
 h s  h n  h n
2 2 2 stream transmission is available only in good channel conditions.
R2  h2*r1 h1r2* 1  h2 2
*
2 1
*
1 2  h s2  N 2  The switching from single to dual stream transmission is dynamic.
 In case of single stream transmission receiver combines 4 channels =>
 As name of the method indicates, there is no fast feedback used like in good protection against fading.
Closed-loop transmit diversity.
 Open-loop transmit diversity provides diversity gain (decrease signal
variation in receiver) but no coherent combining gain.

HSDPA Multiple Input Multiple Output HSDPA Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) (MIMO)
Two data streams received
Two NodeB antennas
needed Fading
channel

Two UE
antennas
Two sum channels

r1  w 1 h 11 s 1  w 2 h 2 1 s 2  n 1
Individual channel
r2  w1h12 s1  w 2 h 2 2 s 2  n 2  Note:
– In both dual stream and single stream transmissions there is same
r  h1s  n spreading code used in both transmitted streams.
– Transmit weights are selected so that SNR in receiver is maximized.

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 Enhancements of HSPA since release 8

R8 CS voice over HSPA
HSPA evolution

45

R8 Enhanced UE DRX cycle of 4 R9/R10 dual band multi-carrier HSDPA

Release 8:
Band I (2100MHz) and Band VIII (900MHz)
Band II (1900MHz) and Band IV (2100/1700MHz)
44 Band I (2100MHz) and Band V (850MHz) 46

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HSDPA link budget, 512 kbps (see WCDMA 384kbps)
Rules of thump for HSPA planning
1.Pilot power: assign it considering the coverage-capacity
tradeoffs as it affects cell coverage
 E.g. In dense traffic area less power and in rural area
high power
2. Cell size: limit cell size only to coverage target as it affects
neighboring cell interference level, thus coverage/capacity
3.Site location: cell sites are placed near to where the bulk of
the users are located to achieve higher overall network
capacity
 As soft capacity of a HSPA cell is highly dependent on
where the traffic comes from
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Rules of thump for HSPA planning
4.Capacity Enhancing Mechanism: Sites might be designed
primarily based on coverage and service quality for a certain
traffic load, and additional capacity should be provided through
additional carriers
 offloading the traffic from the overload sites adding sites vs
controlling the interference of the new cell
5.Soft-Handover Planning: HSDPAshould aim at a soft-
handover area below 40% (20% would be a good target for data
only networks)
6.HSDPA Additional Interference: effect of the increased
interference level should be accounted for in the neighboring
sites as HSDPA cells can increase power levels close to 100%
47
Rules of thump for HSPA planning
7. In-building Coverage Planning: Not a good idea to cover
buildings with signals coming outdoor as the excessive power
needed to cover in-building users create harmful interference to
the outdoor users
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