GCSE Mathematics For Edexcel Higher Student Book Answers

Higher
MATHEMATICS
GCSE for Edexcel
Student Book Answers
Karen Morrison, Julia Smith, Pauline McLean, Rachael Horsman and Nick Asker
Contents
1 Calculations 1 22 Construction and loci 31
2 Shapes and solids 2 23 Vectors 36
3 2D representations of 3D shapes 4 24 Straight-line graphs 38
4 Properties of whole numbers 6 25 Graphs of functions and equations 44
5 Introduction to algebra 7 26 Angles 52
6 Fractions 9 27 Circles 53
7 Decimals 10 28 Probability – combined events 55
8 Powers and roots 11 29 Standard form 58
9 Rounding, estimation and accuracy 13 30 Similarity 59
10 Mensuration 15 31 Congruence 62
11 Perimeter 16 32 Pythagoras’ theorem 63
12 Area 17 33 Trigonometry 64
13 Further algebra 18 34 Growth and decay 66
14 Surds 20 35 Proportion 67
15 Equations 21 36 Algebraic Inequalities 68
16 Functions and sequences 24 37 Sampling and representing data 70
17 Formulae 25 38 Data analysis 75
18 Volume and surface area 26 39 Interpretation of graphs 78
19 Percentages 27 40 Transformations 79
20 Ratio 29 41 Transforming curves 84
21 Probability basics 29
© Cambridge University Press 2015

Answers
Pearson Education Ltd accepts no responsibility whatsoever for the WORK IT OUT 1.2
accuracy or method of working in the answers given.
1 Option A is correct. The mistake in option B is doing the
Where relevant, answers have been rounded to 1 or 2 decimal addition first.
places, depending on the degree of accuracy given in the question. 2 Option B is correct. The mistake in option A is not doing the
calculation in brackets first.
1 Calculations 3 Option B is correct. The mistake in option A is calculating
20 1 1 not 20 3 1.
BEFORE YOU START … 4 Option B is correct. The mistake in option A is doing the
1 a > b > c 5 d < subtraction before the division.
2 a Mistake is just working left to right, not doing operations in 5 Option B is correct. The mistake in option A is not calculating
correct order. Correct answer is 23. 18 2 4 in the numerator.
b Mistake is just working left to right, not doing operations in 6 Option A is correct. The mistake in option B is doing the
correct order. Correct answer is 31. addition before the division.
c Order of operations is correct, but calculation is wrong.
Correct answer is 132.
EXERCISE 1C
3 a C b B c B
1 a, c and d are correct.
b 608 e 368 f 10
LAUNCHPAD 2 a 13 2 18 4 9 5 11
1 a 1433 b 1117 c 855 d 18 b 8 4 (16 2 14) 2 3 5 1
2 a C b D c D d B e D c (9 1 5) 2 (6 2 4) 5 12
128 or (9 1 5) 2 (12 2 4) 5 6
3 5 32 cm
4 or (4 1 5) 2 (12 2 9) 5 6
4 208 3 a 3 3 (4 1 6) b (25 2 15) 3 9 (40 2 10) 3 3
c
5 1350 d (14 2 9) 3 2 e (12 1 3) 4 5 (19 2 9) 3 15
f
g (10 1 10) 4 (6 2 2) h (3 1 8) 3 (15 2 9) (9 2 4) 3 (7 1 2)
i
EXERCISE 1A j (10 2 4) 3 5 k 6 4 (3 1 3) 3 5 No brackets
l
needed
1 a Total cost and price per pen.
m (1 1 4) 3 20 4 5 n (8 1 5 2 3) 3 2 o 36 4 (3 3 3 2 3)
b 5 packets. We need to know this so we can work out the total
p 3 3 (4 2 2) 4 6 q No brackets needed r No brackets
cost.
needed
c Multiplication or repeated addition, because there are 5
packs which each cost £3.90. 4 a 12 4 (28 2 24) b 88 2 10 3 8
d Divide the cost of one packet by 3 as there are 3 pens c 40 4 5 4 (7 2 5) d 9 1 15 4 (3 1 2)
in each pack. 5 a 0.5 b 2 c 0.183 d 0.5
e The cost may be reasonable; it depends on the kind of pen. e 0.333 f 1 g 2 h 0.667
2 £36.50 6 This is an investigation.
3 64 Students should find their own methods and explain their
thinking.
4 a 4320 b 42 min n(a b)
The formula will work for any sequence, where n is the
5 56 539 2
6 a 222 km b 6094 km number of terms, a is the lowest number and b is the highest
number in the set.
7 4803
There are many other methods of finding the answer though,
8 5678 1 67 5 5745 and students could research these online if they are interested.
EXERCISE 1B EXERCISE 1D
1 a 22 b 2 c 6 d 9 e 29 1 a 312 b 102 c 400
2 a 15 b 11 c 7 d 4 e 216 d 25 e 2145 f 216 000
3 a 23 b 25 c 9 d 2126 e 0 2 All calculations are correct.
4 a 28 b 8 c 232 d 128 e 0.25 3 a h 5 12 cm b h 5 8 cm, b 5 16 cm
5 a 28 and 1 or 26 and 3 b 23, 3 and 1 4 a 3(15 1 R) 5 120 or 45 1 3R 5 120

b 25p
c 23 and 1 d 26 and 1
5 a 283
6 226
b Students’ own answers.
7 This is an investigative task. c Students’ own reasoning; should suggest that addition and
The only numbers between 5 and 150 that cannot be made by multiplication (of whole numbers) produces higher values.
combining multiples of 5 and 7 are 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18 and 23.
© Cambridge University Press 2015 1

GCSE Mathematics for Edexcel (Higher)
CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 2B

1 Students’ own answers. For example, 1 across: 3 3 (4 1 5) 1
Column A Column B
2 Students’ own answers. Some possible solutions are:
a a shape with two fewer sides than hexagon
219 1 2; 27 1 210; 234 1 17, 51 4 23; 17 3 21, and so on.
an octagon has
3 a 10 b 52
4 4032 b a shape with two sides more than pentagon
a triangle has
5 256
6 220 and 5 c a shape with four sides quadrilateral
7 24 and 5 d a stop sign is an example of this octagon
8 £568 shape
9 a 19 °C b 35 °C
e a figure that has length and height two-dimensional
f a closed plane shape with all sides regular polygon

2 Shapes and solids x cm long
BEFORE YOU START … g a ten-sided figure decagon
1 a Point b Vertex c Edge
d Face e Right angle f Acute angle h another name for a regular square
g Base h Height four-sided polygon
2 Rectangle ABCE; triangle ADE; trapezium ABCD i the more common name for a equilateral
3 Octahedron regular three-sided polygon triangle
LAUNCHPAD 2 a True b True c True d True

e False f False g True h True
1 a Parallelogram b Lines are parallel
c PQ | | SR d Angle PSR 3 a B b D E c P Q
2 2 lines of reflective symmetry and order of rotational symmetry 2
3 A Right-angled scalene B Acute-angled isosceles
C Equilateral D Obtuse-angled isosceles
A C G F S R
4 a Parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus
b Rhombus, square
c Parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus 4 a There is more than one angle at this point (x, y and x 1 y).
d Rectangle, square b ∠CAD or ∠DAC
e Trapezium 5 B C
f Quadrilateral, Kite
5
Solid Mathematical Number Number Number
name of faces of edges of vertices
cuboid 6 12 8
A D
AB | | DC and is intersected by CA
DA | | CB and is intersected by CA
cube 6 12 8
As alternate interior angles are equal ∠ACD 5 ∠CAB and
∠DAC 5 ∠ACB
So ΔDAC and ΔBCA have two angles equal and the side CA in
common, so the triangles are congruent, and hence AB 5 DC
and DA 5 CB
square 5 8 5
pyramid
EXERCISE 2C
1 a None b All lines (AB, CD, EF, GH)
c CD, GH d AB
EXERCISE 2A
2
1 a Equilateral triangle b Regular pentagon
c Regular hexagon d Regular octagon Shape Number of lines Order of rotational
of symmetry symmetry
2 B sector
3 Many examples could be provided square 4 4
a Stop sign b Coin
rectangle 2 2
c Sheet of graph paper d Shape of the side of a house
2 © Cambridge University Press 2015

2
Shape Number of lines Order of rotational
of symmetry symmetry Shape Diagonals are…
isosceles triangle 1 0 Equal in Bisect each Perpendicular

length other
equilateral triangle 3 3 rhombus ✓ ✓
parallelogram 0 2 parallelogram ✓
regular hexagon 6 6 square ✓ ✓ ✓
regular octagon 8 8 kite ✓
3 Students’ own answers. For example ‘A propeller with three blades' rectangle ✓ ✓
4 H
3 Interior angles of a rhombus do not equal 90°
5 Lines of symmetry: vertical and horizontal axes through the
centre of the image; rotational symmetry of order 2 4 No, it could be a rhombus
6 Students’ own answers 5 Two possibilities: 90° and 90°, or 47° and 133°
7 Students’ own answers 6 a Always true b Sometimes true

c Sometimes true d Always true e Sometimes true
EXERCISE 2D 7 a True b False c False d True
1 Equilateral triangle: five balls fit exactly along each side. 8 x 5 20°
2 D Obtuse-angled isosceles triangle 9 AD 5 BC and AD| |BC (as ABCD is a parallelogram)
AD 5 FE and AD| |FE (as ADEF is a parallelogram)
3 a Possible b The angles would sum to more than 180°
Therefore, FE 5 BC and FE| |BC
c Angles do not sum to 180°
So, FECB is a parallelogram (as one pair of opposite sides are
d Angles of an equilateral triangle are all 60°
equal and parallel)
e Isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length
10 No, it could be an isosceles trapezium
4 a 38° b Isosceles
5 a 5 54°, angles in a triangle sum to 180°
EXERCISE 2F
b 5 66°, angles in a triangle sum to 180° and base angles in an
isosceles triangle are equal 1 Answers here are for a a small cylinder mounted on the flat face
of the larger cylinder, b pyramid fully on top of a cube,
c 5 60°, angles in a triangle sum to 180° and all angles in an
c pentagonal pyramids joined at base and d triangular prism
equilateral triangle are equal
fully on top of one of the flat surfaces of the cuboid.
d 5 115°, angles in a triangle sum to 180° and base angles in an
isosceles triangle are equal and angles on a straight line sum to 180° 3D shape Polyhedron Faces Vertices Edges
e 5 115°, equal to d by symmetry or same deduction path as for d
large and small cylinder 5 0 4
f 5 16°, triangle GDF is isosceles so angle GDF is 41° and GFD
is 98°, angles in a triangle sum to 180°. Angle DEF is 82°, angles cube and square based
✓ 9 9 16
on a straight line sum to 180°. Triangle DFE is isosceles, base pyramid
angles in an isosceles triangle are equal. two identical pentagonal
✓ 10 7 15
g 5 104°, triangle JKN is isosceles. Angle JKN is 76°, angles in a based pyramids
triangle sum to 180°. Angle NKL and angle JKN are angles on a triangular prism and
✓ 9 or 10 9 15
straight line and sum to 180°. cuboid
h 5 76°, h is the corresponding angle to JKN. The triangles are
similar. 2
3D shape Faces Vertices Edges
i 5 70° Angle KLN (110°) and angle NLM are angles on a
straight line and sum to 180°. NLM is 70°. Angle LMN is 70°, cube 6 8 12
angles in a triangle sum to 180°. cuboid 6 8 12
6 a 17.5 mm b 11.4 mm c 20 mm
triangular-based pyramid 4 4 6
WORK IT OUT 2.1 square-based pyramid 5 5 8
Option B is correct. triangular prism 5 6 9
Option A: ‘angles on a straight line’ only applies to angles that meet
at a point to form a straight line. hexagonal prism 8 12 18
Option C: The shape is not a rhombus as all sides are not equal lengths.
a E5F1V22 b 20 faces
EXERCISE 2E c It works for both objects
Truncated pyramid: F 5 6, E 5 12, V 5 8; F 1 V 2 2 5 12 5 E
1 a Rectangle, square
Pyramid on top of cuboid: F 5 9, E 5 16, V 5 9; F 1 V 2 2 5 16 5 E
b Rectangle, square, isosceles trapezium
d No. F 1 V 2 2 5 25 1 30 2 2 5 53 but E 5 45, not 53
c Parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus
d Quadrilateral e Square 3 pyramid 86 cm; cube 170.4 cm; rectangular prism 96 cm
f Parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus

CHAPTER REVIEW 5 C
1 a False b True c False 6 a
d True e True
2 Hexagon has 6 lines of symmetry (lines connecting opposite
vertices and lines connecting midpoints of opposite sides)
and rotational symmetry of order 6. plan front right
3 b 5 117° c 5 117° d 5 63°
4 No. 360 2 (190 1 41 1 34) 5 95° b
5 20°
6 Kite
plan front right
7 A polygon is a flat 2D shape; a polyhedron is a 3D solid.
8 Cone or hemisphere EXERCISE 3A
9 a x 5 70° y 5 110° 1
b a 5 97° b 5 83° c 5 97°
10 Yes. Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length. The
diagonals bisect each other.
11 No. The diagonals of both a rhombus and a kite intersect at
right angles.
12 a Square, rhombus b Trapezium c Rhombus
3 2D representations of 3D shapes
BEFORE YOU START …
1 a Square-based pyramid b Cuboid
c Cube d Triangular prism 2 B
2 a False; a cube has 6 faces b True 3 B
c True d False; F 1 V 5 E 1 2
4 D
3 5.5–6.1 cm and 6.9–7.5 cm 5 a Triangular-based pyramid or tetrahedron
4 b Triangular prism
6
m
5c
1 ?
7 a B, D, F
b
LAUNCHPAD
1 a Cube b Triangular prism
c Triangular-based pyramid or tetrahedron
2 Net of cuboid 3 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2 cm high
3
8 a
2 net of ‘Chunky’ net of ‘Tall boy’
3
3 10 cm
20.5 cm
4 10 cm 10 cm
1
10 cm
7 cm 7 cm 7 cm
2
7 cm
1 10 cm 7 cm
1 10 cm
4 b Chunky 500 cm2 Tall boy 623 cm2

3
c Chunky 25p Tall boy 31p

WORK IT OUT 3.1 EXERCISE 3C

Student A is likely to end up with the correct drawing. The other two 1 a B b A c B
students have extended the horizontal part of the shape in wrong d B e A
directions. 2 a i B ii D iii B iv A
b i ii
EXERCISE 3B
1 Students’ own drawings.
side elevation
2 a i ii
side elevation
iii iv
side elevation side elevation

3 a
iii
plan front side
b i ii
plan front side
c
iii plan front side
plan front side

c On a square grid the objects are drawn as if viewed
'face-on'. On an isometric grid the objects are drawn as if
5 a b
viewed from one of their edges.
3 a b
c d
4 a 5 b 7 c 11 d 14
5 a Both
b Both
c Students' own answers.

CHAPTER REVIEW 4 Properties of whole numbers

1 a Cube b Cone
2 a i C ii D iii A iv B BEFORE YOU START …
b i ii 1 a 25 b 6 c 11
2 a 2 b 3 c 5
3 a 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
b 1, 4, 9, 16 c 1, 8
4 a D b B c C d A
iii iv
LAUNCHPAD
1 a False b False c True
d True e False f False
2 a Multiples of 2; 29 is incorrect
b Multiples of 11; 56 is incorrect
3 c Factors of 12; 8 is incorrect
d Multiples of 3; 41 is incorrect
e Factors of 36; 24 is incorrect
f Multiples of 12; 86 is incorrect
g Primes to 20; 9 is incorrect
3 a B b A
4 a C (24) b D (360)
4 Plan shown in blue.
EXERCISE 4A
1 a 1, 3, 5, 7, …, 29 b 2, 4, 6, 8, …, 30
c 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 d 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
e 1, 8, 27 f 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
g 3, 6, 9, 12, …, 30 h 1, 2, 4 i 12, 24
2 a 209, 211, 213, 215
b Various options, for example: 502, 504, 506, 508
c 25, 36, 49, 64
d 1, 23
e 17, 19, 23, 29
5 a f 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
g 8, 16, 24, 32, 40
h 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
3 a Even b Even c Even
d Odd e Even f Odd
plan front elevation 4 a i 1, 2, 4 ii 1, 3, 9 iii 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
b i 1, 2, 3, 6 ii 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 iii 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
b 13 cubes
c Set a have an odd number of factors, set b have an even
6 a number of factors. Set a are all square numbers.
5 a 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 36 b 2, 3 c 1, 4, 9, 36
EXERCISE 4B
1 a 348, 432, 456, 654, 843 b 606, 607, 660, 670, 706
c 123, 231, 312, 1231, 1321 d 12 700, 21 007, 21 700, 71 200
b Any other diagram 2 £5490, £5250, £4190, £3700, £3645
c Least: 28; greatest: 50 3 Attleton (793 963), Pullinge (627 250), Besbrough (467 542),
7 Thetham (351 000), Witten (340 415)
4 a 5 b 500 c 50 d 5000
e 50 000 000 f 500 000 g 5 000 000 h 50 000
5 a 640, 406 b 7531, 1357 c 643 210, 102 346
EXERCISE 4C
1 a 2, 3, 5, 7 b 53, 59 c 97, 101, 103
2 a 22 3 32 b 5 3 13 c 26 d 22 3 3 3 7
e 24 3 5 f 23 3 53 g 2 3 5 3 127 h 13 3 151

3 a 1080 3 F20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

b No. The product of prime factors is unique for each whole F35: 1, 5, 7, 35
number. HCF 5 5
4 This is an investigation. M20: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140
The sieve of Eratosthenes is a grid of numbers on which M35: 35, 70, 105, 140
multiples (of 2, 3, etc.) are crossed out systematically, leaving LCM 5 140
only primes uncrossed. 4 800 5 25 3 52
5 a They are named after the monk who first suggested them. 5 a 72 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
His initial thinking about them was proven to be wrong with 108 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
later discoveries. HCF 5 36
b GIMPS aims to use the spare processing power of linked LCM 5 216
computers to ‘crunch’ greater and greater numbers to see
b 84 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 7
whether they are prime or not.
60 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5
6 a 101, 103, 107 and 109, as well as 191, 193, 197 and 199. HCF 5 12
b All even numbers are automatically excluded, as are LCM 5 420
numbers ending with 5 (multiples of 5); that leaves only four 6 a 54 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 2 3 33
possible options, numbers ending in 1, 3, 7 and 9. b HCF 5 9, LCM 5 270
As these could be multiples of 3 or 7, many of these are not
7 13th step
prime.
8 15 March and 27 March
9 8 boys and 13 girls per group
EXERCISE 4D
1 a 18 b 36 c 90 d 24
e 36 f 24 g 72 h 96 5 Introduction to algebra
2 a 6 b 18 c 9 d 3
e 10 f 1 g 12 h 50
1 a B b A c A
3 18 m
2 a i 19 and 211 ii 27 and 23
4 120 shoppers
b 6
5 20 students 3 a 6y b 5x
6 20 minutes 4 a (iii) b (ii) c (iv) d (i)
7 a 60 days
b 7 times LAUNCHPAD
8 6 cm 4n 2 3
1 a 3n 1 4 b 3(n 2 4) c
9 4.31 pm
2
2 a 5a 1 b b 6x 1 4 c 26a2 1 3ab
10 After 420 seconds (7 minutes).
3 a mn 2 mp b 7x 1 23 c z2 1 3z
Francesca 21 laps, Ayuba 5 laps and Claire 4 laps.
4 a 3x 1 12 5 3 (x 1 4)
11 a 900 cm2 b 378 tiles
b 5x 1 10y 5 5 (x 1 2y)
12 142 people c x2 2 3x 5 x (x 2 3)
d ab 2 ac 5 a( b 2 c )
CHAPTER REVIEW e 2x 1 7x2 5 2x( 1 2 7x )
1 5 a 2(x 1 2y) b 23(x 1 3) c 5(x 1 y)
C a
1
MU L T I P L E S
b
EXERCISE 5A
B R 1 a B
D
b G
g F
c I
h A
d H
i E
e C
E V E N
f
2
D 3
I V I S O R c
2 a 3x 1 7y b 5(x2 2 4) c
x3 y2
F d
M D d (x 1 6)(4 2 y) e
x 2 or 1 2
x f 3x− 5
4
SQ U A R
4e
E D 2 2 5
I C
3 a 6a b 20b c 29d d 12ab e 10cd
f 212mn g 6pq h a2 i m2 j 8a2
X T W 5
O k 215a2 l 8m2 m 56a2b n 12cd2e o 8a3
O 4 a 3x
3
b 9y c 3a2 d 5p
5
e x
P R O D U C T
2 2
6 f y g 22x h 4a i
2 n2
5 a x13 b y13 c 15a9 d 10x9 e a22
2 Yes. You can decide by trial division of prime numbers up to the f 2b5 g 2p21 h x12 i 8a21 j 10x22y4
square root of the number in question. k 5

6 a Perimeter: 2x 1 16, area: 2x 1 12 4 a

15x 2 3y
b Perimeter: 4x 1 16, area: x2 1 8x 1 16
x 7 ( ) 6x 2 2y 9x 2 y
c Perimeter: 2x 1 15, area: 1 or
2 2 2 2x 2 3y 4x 1 y 5x 2 2y
2
d Perimeter: 4x 1 2y, area: x 1 2y b
x 11p 1 2q
7 a x 1 10 b x 2 10 c
3 5p 1 5q 6p 2 3q
£C
8 a £(C 2 5) b c £15 4p 2 q p 1 6q 5p 2 9q
3
5 Students’ own answers. An example is provided for each.
EXERCISE 5B
a Let a 5 1
1 a 24 b 21 c 54 d 15 1 1 1 5 2 but 1 3 1 5 1
2 a 19 b 225 c 28 d 7 ∴a1aÞa3a
12 b Let x 5 1
e 212 f 2584 g 42 h
7 3 3 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 5 8 but 2 3 1 5 2 5 4
3 a 60 b 24 c 2 d 2200 ∴ 3x 1 4 2 x 1 2 Þ 2x 1 2
4 a 8 b 211 c 22 d 4 c Let m 5 1
5 a 20 b 9 c 8 d 22
1 1 22 5 9 but 12 1 4 5 5
∴ m 1 212 Þ m2 1 4
d Let x = 1
WORK IT OUT 5.1 1 3 4
5 but 1 1 1 5 2
Student B is right because 3x2y and 2xy2 do not have the same 3 3
combination of variables and so are not like terms. x 13
∴ Þx11
3
EXERCISE 5C EXERCISE 5E
1 a Unlike b Like c Like d Like 1 a 2(x 1 2) b 6(2m 2 3n) c 3(a 2 b 2 2)
e Unlike f Unlike g Like h Like d x(y 2 z) e 5xy(1 2 3z) f 7b(2a 2 3c)
g p(q 2 r) h x(x 2 1) i 6ac(3b 2 2)
i Unlike j Unlike k Like l Like
j 2x(x 2 2y) k 2xy(x 2 2y) l 26(a 1 2)
2 a 6x 1 5y b 23c 1 2d c 23xy 2 y2 m 23(a 1 3) n 2x(y 1 5) o 2x(x 2 6)
d 2a2 1 2ab2 1 2ab e 2f 1 2g
2 a x(7 2 y 1 x) b 2x(y 1 2z 1 5) c 5(2x 2 y 1 3z)
f 6a2b g 12mn3 h 9st2 1 s2t
d (x 2 2)(x 1 5) e (a 2 7)(a 2 1) f 22(x 2 3)
3 a 2a 1 5a 5 7a b 5b 2 3b 5 2b
1 3
c 8mn 1 4mn 5 12mn d 11pq 2 5pq 5 6pq g 3xy(x 1 2y) h x (144 2 x) i 2a(x2 1 y2)
4
e 4x2 1 3x2 5 7x2 f 6m2 2 5m2 5 m2
g 8ab 2 10ab 5 22ab h 23st 1 8st 5 5st EXERCISE 5F
4 a 8a 3 2 5 16a b 9b 3 2 5 18b 1 a False b True c True d False e True
c 8a 3 2b 5 16ab d 5m 3 3n 5 15mn
2 Yes; all total 3m
e 3a 3 4a 5 12a2 f 6p 3 5p 5 30p2
3 a (5a 1 4) 2 (2a 13) 5 3a 1 1 3b 1 1 2 b 5 2b 1 1
g 25b 3 22b 5 10b2 h 4m 3 3mn 5 12m2n
b P 5 10a 1 6b 1 10
5 a 228x b 16xyz c 10a2 d ab2c2d e 24x2y c 210.25
2
2y 212y
f g 23x h i 3x2 4 a Dimensions 2x by (x 1 2) or x by (2x 1 4) or 2 by (x2 1 2x)
x x
b Students’ own answers. Must sum to x2 1 2 (two sides 5 half
2x 1 22 5 1 2 the perimeter)
6 a b a c m d p e x
3 5 9 7 6
5 x x x
f
3 xy g 12b h
1
4 3 x 3x2
EXERCISE 5D
1 a Incorrect; 4a 1 4b b Incorrect; 5a 1 5
c Correct d Incorrect; 23p 115 x x x
e Incorrect; a2 1 ab f Correct
g Incorrect; 26x 1 30 h Incorrect; 12a2 2 21a x
i Correct j Incorrect; 6x2 2 21xy
2 a 2c 1 5 b a19 c 5b 1 25
d 2e 1 5 e 3f 2 18 f 8a2 1 13a x (3x)2
g 10b2 2 9b h 15a2 1 6a i 2b2 2 15b
3 a 5y 1 14 b 16b 2 9 c a11
d b 2 22 e x2 1 x 2 6 f 2p2 2 3p 2 5 x
g 10z h 4y2 2 16y

6 A 5 2xy 1 b(a 2 x) 5 2xy 1 ab 2 bx 7 (n 1 1)2 2 n2 5 n2 1 2n 1 1 2 n2 (the difference between

A 5 2ay 1 (a 2 x)(b 2 2y) squares of two consecutive numbers)
5 2ay 1 ab 2 2ay 2 bx 1 2xy 5 ab 2 bx 1 2xy 5 2n 1 1
5 n 1 (n 1 1) (the sum of two consecutive numbers).
7 a
7a 1 8b
2a 1 4b 4b 1 5a
2a 4b 5a 6 Fractions
b
96mn q 2
BEFORE YOU START ...
2 2 2
16mn 96mn q 2 16mn 1 a 18, 27 and 36 b 18, 24, 30 and 36
16mn2 2 2m 2m 96mn2q 2 16mn2 2 2m c 24 and 36 d 18, 24, 30 and 36
c 2 a C b D c B
48a2b
3 a A b B c B
24a 48a2b 2 24a
48a 2 48a2b 1 2b 48a2b 2 24a 2 2b 2b LAUNCHPAD
5 9 22
8 a Let the number be x. 1 a b c
35 16 10
Double is 2x.
1 8
2 a 17 51
5
b 2 c d 60
Add six gives 2x 1 6. 12 12
10 35
Halve it gives x 1 3. 3 7 1 3
3 a of 60 b of 300 c of
Subtract the original number (x) gives 3. 5 10 2 4
13
b Students’ own ideas 4
16
9 a52 b 5 17 1
5
10 a 13g 1 10 b and c are fully simplified 40
d 6x2 e x8 EXERCISE 6A
13 x ( ) ( ) 1 a Þ b Þ c Þ d Þ
11 a b c 220x 1 80 d
3y 3 2b 5
e 5 f 5 g 5 h 5
12 a 10x2y2 2 5x3 b 7pq2 1 3p2 2 2p4
8 48 27 13
13 2n 1 1 and 2m 1 1 are odd numbers. 2 a b c d
32 192 108 52
2n 1 1 1 2m 1 1 5 2n 1 2m 1 2 5 2(m 1 n 1 1) 3 Students’ own reasoning, but they should realise that they can
Since 2 is a factor, this sum is even. make an equation and solve for x to find the unknown values.
The missing values are: a 30 b 6
CHAPTER REVIEW 1 2 1 1 1 1
4 a b c d e f 2
( p ) 5 3 4 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 a 2b 2 15b b 28x 1 50x c d y 1 2y 3 2 2 5 3
4 g 21 12 h i j k l
2 a 8x 1 29 b 3ab(a 1 2b) 5 3 3 7 7
8 xy xy 8 xy xy 5 a 14 , 74 , 35 ,1 34 , 94 b 34 , 19 5 2 11
, ,2 , c 1 10 8 7 13 3
, , , , ,2
3 Þ , 5 24 6 3 3 7 21 14 7 7 7
16 4 16 2
15 2 10 , 15 2 5 EXERCISE 6B
3 Þ 3 5
2x 3x x 2 2x 3x x 2 4 13
4 a Let x 5 1. 1 a b
9 16 1 3 4
5(1 1 3) 5 20 and 5(1) 1 3 5 8 2 First find the fraction between and ; this is .
∴ They are not identities. 3 4 71 4
b Let m 5 1. Then apply the rule to find the fraction between and , and
so on. 3 7
23(1 2 2) 5 3 and 23(1) 2 6 5 29 5 4 7
∴ They are not identities. Three possible fractions are: , and .
10 7 11
c Let y 5 1. 3 Students can place the results on a number line, or cross multiply
4(1 2 3) 1 2(1 1 4) 5 2 and 6(1) 2 4 5 2 to show that the fractions are larger/smaller than each other.
So they might be identities. Try another number to check.
4 Students’ own research.
Let y 5 2
An internet search for mediant fractions will provide several
4(2 2 3) 1 2(2 1 4) 5 8 and 6(2) 2 4 5 8
interesting articles and some proofs.
Using algebra,
4(y 2 3) 1 2(y 1 4) 5 4y 2 12 1 2y 1 8 5 6y 2 4
The result is identical, so these are identities. EXERCISE 6C
3 1 1 7 1
1 1 ( ) 1 a b c d e −
5 1 5 10 45 7 15 24
t w tw 4
2 5 21 3
6 n 1 (n 1 1) 5 2n 1 1. f g h i j
5 33 28 250 88
2n 1 1 is always an odd number since 2n is always an even
k 7
51 3 l 2 49 522 9
number. 4 4 20 20

2 a
11
b
3
c
3
d
4
e 87
5 7 14
EXERCISE 6F
14 4 8 9 12 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 a 1 b 1 c 1
49 9 18 7 232 22 2 8 2 10 4 28
f 5 4 10 g 5 4 20 h 56
10 20 35 25 1 1 1 1
d 1 e 2
9 10 32 7 15 5 45 2 5
3 a b 2 c 5 1 25 d
56 33 25 22 1 1 1
4 4 34 2 1 1
4 10 20
5
5 8 12 1
79 3 (factors 1, 2, 8)
6 6 126 8
4 5 4 Yes.
7 a 4 29 b c 39
7
5 5 74 d 4 34 e
5 12 Students can investigate this and may find the theorem that
215 11 187
f g 0 h i 5 20 79 proves this if they are interested.
72 170 9
55 16
j 5 1 13 k l 337
5 6 13
42 42 35 54 54 CHAPTER REVIEW
1 39
1 a b c 4 83
6 46
EXERCISE 6D 2 a 3, 4,5,8 b 1 35 , 16 2 23
,2 ,
9 5 7
1 26 125 minutes 7 5 6 9
51
2 3 a 40 5 1 11 b 41 1
5 1 40 c 56
5 11 15
2 40 40 5
15 d 194
5 5 19 e 22 7
5 115 f 375 67
5 1 308
5 35 35 15 308
3 3 12 m
8 1
7 g h 76921
5 36 13
21
i
4 of a minute 189 24
18 35
7 4 a b 1193
5 39 23 c 11107
180
d 187
9
5 20
7
9
5 78
24
40
6 42 12 5
57
7 40 meals 17
6
8 184 m 100
9 28 20 m 7 16 23 bottles (16 full bottles)
27
11 8 30 plots
10 4 12 cm
11 2 145 m 9 3 33
40
m deep
7
12 a b 252 pages
36
7 Decimals
EXERCISE 6E
1 a 9 b 15 c 8 d 54 e 144 f 32
3 1 2 5 1 a 300.098 b 0.0398 c 19.308 d 0.98308 e 31.098
7
g h i j k 5 1 34 l 35 11
5 2 12
8 10 21 8 4 12 2 a < b > c < d > e 5
2 a £21 b £126 c £12 d £12 e 1 12 cups f 2 12 cups 4 3 2 3 45 1
3 a b c d e f
16 8 5 4 90 40
5
3 a 7
4
5 1 34 cup b 1 c 8
3
5 2 23 hour d hour
6 LAUNCHPAD
3 1
e
15
4
534 f hour g 73 5 2 13 min h 12 seconds 1 There are many possible answers. For example:
4 a 2.155 b 2.1555 c 0.67535
7 1 3 1 9 2 8
4 a b c d 2 a b c
40 25 32 12 100 1000 10
3 1 23 3 8
e f g h
20 40 160 10 3 a 31 b c 0.99
4 9
3 4 a C 21.65 b C 16.05 c C 6.75
5
4 d B 73.28 e A 1.248 f C 19.45
11
6
75 EXERCISE 7A
7 General reference 1200, technology 3600, engineering 960, 3 21 77 1 2
1 a b c 1 16
25
d e f 1 25
computers 2640. 5 25 200 8
7 1 8 333
8 Week 1: 250 m, week 2: 900 m and week 3: 350 m. g h i 3 125 j
8 125 1000
9 10 000 first class, 15 000 business class, 22 500 economy and
12 500 no frills. 2 a 0.6 b 0.75 c 0.72 d 0.95 e 0.68
f 0.44 g 0.445 h 0.152 i 9.25 j 2.9
k 1.83 l 0.375 m 2.25 n 0.8 o 2.375

3 a Repeating digits of the numerator EXERCISE 7F

b Recurring non-terminating decimals
1 a 0.375 b 0.3125 c 0 45 d 0 4
c 0.16, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.83

e 2.571428 f 0 46
h 1.142857
g 3.285714
d 0.09, 0.18
e Should predict 0.27 and 0.36 based on multiples of 9 8 25 812 5
2 a b c d 3 11
4 a 8.62, 5.29, 5.2, 4.92, 4.09 9 9 999
65 5
b 7.42, 3.219, 0.76, 0.742, 0.421 e 2 f g h 2 12
c 14.89, 14.72, 14.3, 14.07, 14.009 99 18
d 0.287, 0.273, 0.26, 0.23, 0.206 4 74 79 103
3 a b c d
2 1 5 9 99 90 900
e 0.68, , , , 0.45, 0.403
3 2 11 943 928 169 17
3 e f g h
7 999 4995 37 150
f 0.88, , 0.718, 0.625,
9 8 4 6 23 cm
5 a < b < c < d 5 e >
f < g > h > i <
EXERCISE 7G
6 There are many possible answers. 3 3 17 17 173 173
a 3.1355 b 0.66455 c 4.9985 1 a and b and c and
10 9 100 99 1000 999
7 a Steel Dragon 2 Students should realise that the recurring version of the
b California Screaming terminating fraction has a denominator of n 2 1.
c Shorter 3 Students’ own reasoning and discussion.
d Steel Dragon and The Ultimate
e 2.479, 2.268, 2.243, 2.045, 2.0. 1.851
CHAPTER REVIEW
1 a 4.08, 4.2, 4.22, 4.8, 4.97
EXERCISE 7B 9
b 2.12, 2 25 46
, 2 50 , 2.955, 2.96
Student investigation 3 4 5
c , 0.78, , , 0.86, 0.91
4 5 6
2 a 5 b > c >
EXERCISE 7C 22 1
3 a b 2 34 c
1 a 1.58 b 1.67 c 1.7 d 13.35 e 22.714 25 125
f 34.335 4 a 3.15 b 69.67 c 32 d 0.32
2 a 66.05 b 23.76 c 3.61 d 22.43 e 332.907 5 a 7.816 b 1.092 c 876 d 0.01807
f 29.695 e 2.884 f 13.6
3 a 78.6 b 109 520 c 0.8021 d 205.6158 6 Kate has £1.04 more.
e 0.03 f 0.0895 g 8.15 h 793 i 4300 2 6 77 1207
7 a b c d
4 a 1.01 s b 2.36 s c 10.205 s d Unlikely. 9 11 90 495
5 Yes, she has 1.54 litres 8 x 5 0.255555555555…
6 166.67 mg vitamin C, 7.8 mg boron and 36.85 mg calcium 10x 5 2.55555555…
7 a 180.25 kWh b 9398.75 kWh 100x 5 25.5555555…
100x 2 10x 5 90x 5 23
. 23
EXERCISE 7D So x 5 0.25 5
90
1 £21.52
2 185.9 km
8 Powers and roots
3 42 (with some juice left over)
4 1800 BEFORE YOU START …
5 72 (there is a fence post at the beginning and end, there are 1 a < b 5 c > d 5
71 ‘gaps’ of 0.84 m) 2 a B b C c C
4 1 5
6 £8.58 3 a b c
3 12 7
7 a £78.44 b £392.20
c She will earn less (£20 394.40) because there are 73 5-day LAUNCHPAD
weeks in a year (as opposed to 52 7-day weeks).
1 a 45 b 83 c 52
4 3
d 97
⎛ 1⎞
e ⎜ f
⎛ 1⎞
⎝ ⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
EXERCISE 7E 3⎠ 2
1 Nazeem’s hypothesis is correct as long as the original fraction is 2 a 35 5 243 b 42 5 16 c 60 5 1
in its simplest terms. 1 1
d 62 5 36 23
e 4 5 35 f 26 5 64
3 1 4 64
2 is not in its simplest terms; when reduced to it fits Nazeem’s
6 2
original hypothesis.

EXERCISE 8A
1 a
Index
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
Base
1 1 1
2 223 5 222 5 221 5 2 0 5 1 2 1 5 2 22 5 4 23 5 8 24 5 16 25 5 32
8 4 2
1 1 1
3 323 5 322 5 321 5 3 0 5 1 3 1 5 3 32 5 9 33 5 27 34 5 81 35 5 243
27 9 3
1 1 1
4 423 5 422 5 421 5 40 5 1 41 5 4 42 5 16 43 5 64 44 5 256 45 5 1024
64 16 4
1 1 1
5 523 5 522 5 521 5 50 5 1 51 5 5 52 5 25 53 5 125 54 5 625 55 5 3125
125 25 5
b The negative powers are unit fractions of the matching 4 a 21 b 24 c 26

positive powers. d 223 e 222 f 20
c Every second power of two is equivalent to a power of four. g 225 h 22 i 223
d If it does not end in 5 it cannot be a power of 5 (except for 1

which is 50).
EXERCISE 8D
2 a True b False c True d False
1 a 27 b 107 c 46 d 57
e True f False g False h True
e 211 f 322 g 23 h 32
i True j True k False l True
i 221 j 35 k 101 l 100
3 a 5 b 2 c 4 d 5
2 a 62 b 103 c 62 d 622
e 3 f 4 g 7 h 50
e 1022 f 310 g 37 h 100
i 5 j 30 k 20 l 25
i 56 i 1010 k 31 l 223
3 a 26 b 29 c 28 d 104
EXERCISE 8B e 106 f 108 g 2212 h 1024
1 a 8 b 36 c 1 d 512 i 1026 j 328 k 20 l 210
e 10 000 f 1 000 000 g 7 h 50 4 a True b False: 36 c True
i 64 j 32 k 128 l 729 d True e True f True
m 2 n 16 o 49 000 p 7 000 000 g False: 38 h True i True
q 3200 r 36 000 000
2 a 4096 b 1728 c 32 768 d 2401
e 3375 f 10 000 g 784 h 15 625 EXERCISE 8E
3 4
3 a 1472 b 159 775 c 759 375 1 a 3 b 4 c 5 d 6
d 531 522 e 985 f 343
( 5) ( 4) ( 6)
2 3 2
9 3 8 9
e 4 f g h
4 a > b < c > 1 1 1 1
d < e < f > 2 a 62 b 43 c 113 d 94
4 1 2
⎛ 5
⎞
e 33 f 75 g 73 h 2 33 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
EXERCISE 8C 3 a 2 b 2 c 16
1 1 1 1
1 a b c d 36 e 64 f
2 3 4 4
1 1 1 1
d e f 3 3
32 43 35 g h i
625 2 2
1 1 1
g h 6 i
34 6 34 5
j
1
k
1
l
3 EXERCISE 8F
x3 m2 x4 1 Students’ estimates may vary slightly. See answers to question 2.
2 a 321 b 521 c 721 2 a 8.49 b 5.74 c 2.45
d 322 e 425 f 226 d 3.07 e 25.85 f 2.47
g 722 h 1025 i 222
3 Students’ estimates may vary slightly.
222
j 1223 k 1024 l a x ≈ 4.65 b x ≈ 3.26 c x ≈ 8.13
3 d x56 e x ≈ 2.29 f x ≈ 19.13
m x22 n x23 o 4y22
4 a 5 9; m 5 2, a 5 29; m 5 2 a 5 3; m 5 4 a 5 23, m 5 4
3 a 5 b 5 c 5
d Þ e 5 f 5 5 9.49 mm
g 5 h 5 i Þ 6 9.28 mm
j Þ k Þ l 5

EXERCISE 8G 2 0.9 cm
3 a £5.15 b £5.16
1 a £4072.24 b £3257.79
3
2 4 (≈10 3 1.40) Around £14
c F 5 P (1.. ) d £3345.07
3 5 (≈20 4 2) Around 10 litres
2 a Suki is correct. Marie entered the power without brackets,
5 800 1 600 4 8
6 a ≈ 5 14 b ≈ (2)2 5 4 c ≈ 54
and as exponents get preference in operations, the 100 3
calculator finds the cube and then divides the total by 5. 7 9.5 m 10 m < 10.5 m
b 93.3% (to 1 d.p.) 8 a 17.05 (a 1 b) < 18.15 b 47.925 (ab) < 52.925
3 a 0.86 seconds (to 2 d.p.) or 6/7 of a second a b
c 4.69 < < 5.09 (or 4.6 and 5.1)
b i Matt’s as it is falling a shorter distance a
ii 0.14 seconds (to 2 d.p.) or 1/7 of a second
4 a Students’ own answers.
EXERCISE 9A
b Elephant: 146.3 seconds (to 1 d.p.), human: 50.3 seconds 1 a B b A c B d A e B
(to 1 d.p.). Elephant’s blood takes 96 seconds longer to 2 a i 55 ii 11 iii 9 iv 12
circulate (to the nearest second). b i 30 ii 60 iii 110 iv 35 810
c 0.027 kg (to 3 d.p.) c i 500 ii 5700 iii 2400 iv 35 800
d Mouse: 0.0041 m2; cat 0.0275 m2 (both to 4 d.p.) d i 3000 ii 0 iii 36 000 iv 67 000
e Approximately 2925 calories e i 100 000 ii 1 200 000 iii 12 400 000 iv 123 500 000
f The roots and powers do not give exact rational answers. Plus the f i 1 000 000 ii 1 000 000 iii 14 000 000 iv 546 000 000
formulae are based on mean values and all animals are unique. 3 a £28 b 30 c £200
5 a 365 d 2m e No, it is 63.8 million to the nearest 100 000
b Jupiter 4343 days; Uranus 30 762 days. Uranus takes 4 65
26 418 days longer (approx 72.4 years longer).
c Mercury. It is closest, so has the smallest orbit. 88 days. EXERCISE 9B
1 a i 4.5 ii 4.53 iii 4.526
CHAPTER REVIEW 3 b i 25.3 ii 25.26 iii 25.256
1 a 85 b 33 c 822 d 5 2
c i 125.6 ii 125.62 iii 125.617
1 d i 0.5 ii 0.54 iii 0.538
2 a 1 b 3 c or 0.125
8 e i 32.4 ii 32.40 iii 32.397
3 a 81, 2 3 121, 43, 34, 102
b 960, 32, 202, 54, 103, 45 2 a 19.87 b 302.04 c 0.29
3 3 d 0.21 e 21 245.84 f 0.00
c ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2, 3 4 , 4 , 42
2
⎝ 4⎠ g 0.10 h 1.00 i 100.00
3 10 2
4 a
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
b ⎜ ⎟ c ⎛ 1⎞ 3 There will be a variety of justifications for answers.
⎝⎜ 3 ⎠⎟ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ a 24.49 kg b 3.14
5 a 44 b 43 c 44 c 14 km per 1 litre d £14.10
d 422 e 46 f 424 4 a £37.35 b 89 p (to the nearest penny)

6 a 11 b 0.5 c 5 5 9 miles per litre (to the nearest whole number) or
1 8.8 (to 1 decimal place)
d 2 e 3 f
2 6 64.6
g 27 h 9 i 16 7 a nearest million b 500 000 1st < 1 500 000 and
7 3.27 cm 1 500 000 2nd < 2 500 000
8 2000 3 24.2 5 48400 5 220 volts
9 a About 1 second EXERCISE 9C
b The longer the pendulum, the longer it takes to complete 1 a i 800 ii 4000 iii 70 000 iv 0.05
one swing. As L increases, so does the value of T. b i 790 ii 3100 iii 0.003 33 iv 0.000 75
c i 789 ii 46 700 iii 0.004 21 iv 753 000
10 Yes they will fit. Container has r 5 3.64 cm (to 2 d.p.), so d 5 d i 38 ii 24,100 iii 3.0 iv 2 000 000
7.28 cm (to 2 d.p.). Biscuit diameter of 7 cm will fit. e i 37.7 ii 24,130 iii 3.04 iv 2 000 000
2 Rounding 0.000 134 567 to 2 decimal places will give 0.00 which
9 Rounding, estimation and accuracy doesn’t tell us anything. Rounding to 2 significant figures is a
more accurate way to round very small numbers.
BEFORE YOU START … 3 a 3.14 b 1.2 kg/m3 c 300 000 000 m/s d 9.81 m/s2
1 a Correct b Incorrect c Incorrect
4 a 64.6
2 a True b True c False d True b Rounding to 2 decimal places is more accurate than
3 a 4.0 b 3.55 c 0.045 rounding to 2 significant figures. Rounding in two different
ways would mean that the answer is less accurate than if
LAUNCHPAD you always rounded to 2 decimal places.
1 a 90 b 2000 c 134.12
d 20.0 e 1000 f 235 000 000

EXERCISE 9D 4 a
1 a 37.67 b 24.12 c 3.03 d 0.99 Mass of a piece of jewellery Maximum value Maximum value
of gold (to of platinum (to
2 a 4.52 b 25.2 c 125 nearest pence) nearest pence)
d 0.537 e 32.3 f 200
18 grams to nearest gram 197.21 619.01
3 £6.67 Rounding to 2 decimal places is the most useful way to
approximate as this is to the nearest penny. (Rounding up values 18 grams to nearest 0.1 gram 192.41 603.95
that are only a small fraction of a penny over when divided 18 grams to nearest 0.01 gram 191.93 602.45
would also always ensure there is enough money to cover
the bill.) b Less accurate measurement can leader to higher costs for
4 a Truncating first gives £42.95; rounding first gives £42.99 the material.
b No, not if all the values were being rounded down. 5 a Lower bound: 99.5 m Upper bound: 100.5 m
b Lower bound: 15.25 seconds Upper bound: 15.35 seconds
WORK IT OUT 9.1 6 4.45 m L < 4.55 m
Estimate A is the closest estimate to the actual cost, but students
may have justification for choosing a different estimate. (For
example always rounding up so you have an overestimate may be EXERCISE 9G
good for budgeting.) 1 37 kg < mass < 39 kg
2 a LB 5 3.605 cm UB 5 3.615 cm LB 5 2.565 cm UB 5 2.575 cm
EXERCISE 9E b LB 5 9.246825 cm2 UB 5 9.308625 cm2
1 a 100 3 4 5 400 b 400 3 1 5 400 c LB 5 9.25 cm2 UB 59.31 cm2
c 1 3 20 5 20 d 210 3 0.5 5 25 3 a LB 5 11.955 m2 UB 5 13.075 m2
e 3 3 52 5 125 f 5 3 10 5 50 b 4.6% c Students’ answers
g 200 4 20 5 10 h 60 4 0.5 5 120 4 £69.01
2 a Answer C, 190 3 10 5 1900 5 a 24 cm b 35.75 cm2 c 7.11 cm
b Answer B, 16 4 8 5 2
6 UB 5 3.52 LB 5 3.16
80 3 0 5 40
3 a 5 ≈ 0.3 7 8.11 m/s speed < 8.12 m/s Assuming that the distance is
40 3 3 120 measured correctly.
20 1 3 23 8 5g
b 5 ≈2
20 2 6 14
9 0.77 m/s v < 0.91 m/s
900 4 40 45 10 450
c 5 3 5 ≈ 50
2 0.2 2 4 8
1000 4 500 2 CHAPTER REVIEW
d 5 54 49
20 4 40 05 1 ≈ 5 0.49
100
3 4 4 12 7000
4 a 5 10 b 5 20 (≈ 4.5) 2 ≈ 5 14p
0.4 3 0.3 8 0.3 500
5 a 2200 m b 250 seconds 3 5210
6 a No b No c Yes 2
4
d No e Yes f No 5
5 No, a bar could weigh 54.9 g and this is an error of 9.8% which
7 a 6.9 cm b 2(7.9 1 6.9) ≈ 2(8 1 7) 5 30 cm
exceeds the tolerance
8 67.1
6 16.4 ohms
9 0.680 87
7 Lower 45.2%, upper 46.7%
10 3
8 Upper bound is the highest value for the numerator and the
lowest value for the denominator:
EXERCISE 9F
1 a 95.5 n < 96.5 b 95.95 n < 96.05 3.475
5 0.2292486242674
c 95.995 n < 96.005 d 0.55 n < 0.65 8.1315
e 0.055 n < 0.065 f 0.595 n < 0.605 Lower bound is the lowest value for the numerator and the
g 3.1415 n < 3.1425 h 9.85 n < 9.95 highest value for the denominator:
i 3.065 n < 3.075
3.465
2 a 4.85 L < 4.95 b 12.5195 L < 12.5205 5 0.2288903838793
c 42.95 L < 43.05 d 28.5 L < 29.5
8.1325
m is therefore between these values, and a reasonable level of
3 a Lower bound 35.5 litres; upper bound 36.5 litres
accuracy would be to 4 significant figures (values given were to
b No. 1.395 m length of wood < 1.405 m 3 and 4 significant figures), so 0.2289 < m < 0.2292.
c Least weight 43.35 kg; greatest weight 43.45 kg

10 Mensuration EXERCISE 10C

1 £70.42
2 £1.27
1 a 10 000 b 3.4 c 0.016
3 3 bricks
2 a £140 b £90 c £220
4 21 kph
3 a 180p 5 £1.80 b 15p c 60p
5 6 hours
6 a 10.38 m/s (to 2 d.p.) b 37.37 km/h (to 2 d.p.)
LAUNCHPAD c 0.054 m/s (to 2 s.f.)
1 a 11.569 kg b 16 200 s c £1234.56 d 0.0005 m2 7 0.15 hours (or 9 minutes)
1
2 a 48 kilometres per hour b 13 3 m/s 8 90.43 km/h (to 2 d.p.)
2
3 a 24 km/h b 90 s c 166 3 m 9 18.2 km/h (to 1 d.p.) or 5.06 m/s (to 2 d.p.)
4 800 cm 5 8 m 10 93.33 km/h (to 2 d.p.) or 931/3 km/h
5 a Student’s scale drawing
b 024° (allow one degree either side) EXERCISE 10D
c 18.6 km (allow 0.5 km either side) 1
Material a b
WORK IT OUT 10.1 balsa wood 0.2 g/cm 3

200 000 g/m 3
200 kg/m3
Option C 2.35 km ice 0.9 g/cm3 900 000 g/m3 900 kg/m3
chalk 2.2 g/cm3 2 200 000 g/m3 2200 kg/m3
EXERCISE 10A tin 7.3 g/cm 3
7 300 000 g/m 3
7300 kg/m3
1 a 10 m b 10 l c 10 000 g d 10 g e 1 mm copper 9.0 g/cm3 9 000 000 g/m3 9000 kg/m3
2 a 2500 b 850 c 34 000 d 1550 e 7 gold 19.3 g/cm3 19 300 000 g/m3 19 300 kg/m3
f 5400 g 900 h 0.102 i 0.0145 3 3
petrol 0.7 g/cm 700 000 g/m 700 kg/m3
3 a 8500 ml b 2.75 l c 25.152 l
brick 1.8 g/cm3 1 800 000 g/m3 1800 kg/m3
4 a Drawing to represent garden. b 24 m c 16
3 3
d £72.80 e £3.03 (to the nearest penny) aluminium 2.7 g/cm 2 700 000 g/m 2700 kg/m3
5 a 3.6 kg b 776.3 cm c 3.567 tonnes iron 7.8 g/cm3 7 800 000 g/m3 7800 kg/m3
d 5 000 000 mm2 e 96 350 000 cm3 f 0.345 l lead 11.3 g/cm3 11 300 000 g/m3 11 300 kg/m3
6 3 pots (with half a pot left over)
2 2.38 g/cm3 (to 2 d.p.)
7 a <; 10 mm b >; 100 g c <; 15 cl
d >; 4 mm e >; 2 cl f <; 1 cm 3 125 cm3
g <; 1.305 kg h >; 1976.013 t i 5 4 Block A: 18 N/m2 Block B: 3 N/m2
8 a 300 cm b 210 000 mm2 5 60 000 N/m2
c 0.21 m2 d i 36 040 000 mm3 ii 36.04 litres
WORK IT OUT 10.3
EXERCISE 10B Student C is correct. The actual distance is 0.85 km.
1 1:51:52 Student A has divided rather than multiplied by 25 000.
2 a 834 (full weeks with 6 extra days) Student B has incorrectly converted mm to km.
b 5844 (16 3 365.25 to account for leap years)
c 140 256 EXERCISE 10E
d 504 921 600
1 a 2.5 km b 25 km c 24 km
3 21:05
2 a 0.0054 km b 0.054 km c 0.54 km d 5.4 km
4 Ashwin 08:48 Luke 09:55 e 54 km f 540 km g 5400 km
5 a €1 5 £0.79 $1 5 £0.59 AS$ 5 £0.56 1 INR 5 £0.01 3 He is correct. 15 000 cm in real life is represented by 1 cm
b $212.50 on a 1: 15 000 map but it is represented by only 0.1 cm on a
c 4602.60 INR 1 : 150 000 map.
d £78.22
4 3 km
e You get a lot of Indian rupees for each pound.
f e.g. Having a weaker exchange rate means that it is 5 a 540 km b 589 km/h (to nearest whole unit)
expensive to import goods relative to the value of any 6 a 2.5 m b 3 cm c 1.35 m
exported goods. 7 391 mm (to the nearest mm)
8 a 180 km b 48.25 mm
WORK IT OUT 10.2 9 a 1 : 2 000 000 b 9.6 cm
Option A 60 mph

EXERCISE 10F EXERCISE 11A

1 a Rectangle, 8 cm by 4 cm b Rectangle, 4 cm by 2 cm 1 30 cm
2 Students’ scaled diagrams 2 29.96 m
3 Students’ scaled diagrams 3 a 3a b 2x 1 2y c 8z
4 a 61.25 mm by 47.5 mm b 15 mm 4 120 cm
5 144 cm
EXERCISE 10G 6 360 cm
1 a 180° b 045° c 270° 7 a 516 m
2 a 165° to 170° b 345° to 350° c 140° to 145° b 43 posts
c £1021.25
d 025° to 030° e 250° to 255° f 205° to 210°
8 a Team A: 2780 m Team B: 3045 m Team C: 3210 m
3 a 284° b 108° c 147 km (allow 1 km either side)
b 12.84 km/h
4 a 300° b 225° c 030°
5 a 9.6 km b 090° WORK IT OUT 11.1
Option A is correct because there are 16 sides to the perimeter, each
CHAPTER REVIEW of 6.5 cm.
1 a 259 200 b 182.5 c 5 d 475
2 a True b False. It would take 22.5 minutes EXERCISE 11B
c False. It would be 22 cm 1 a Rectangle: shorter side 44 mm
3 6 m2 b Parallelogram: other side lengths 55 mm, 45 mm, 45 mm
4 2 000 000 mm2 c Rhombus: all sides 3.5 cm
3.10 d Square: all sides 11.8 cm
5 Switzerland: 3 1000 5 19.975 Swiss francs per kg
160 2 a 66 m b 45 cm c 4.8 cm
England: 13.55 3 1.65 5 22.3575 Swiss francs per kg d 280 mm e 44.6 cm
Switzerland is better value. 3 a 11 cm b 28 cm c 35 cm
d 19 cm e 17.5 cm f 34 cm
6 a Students’ drawings b 67.5 km/h
4 75 m
7 200 kg
5 5.7 m
8 a Scale drawing
b 283°
c 15.3 km (allow 0.1 km either side) EXERCISE 11C
d i 10.2 km/h (allow 0.1 km/h either side) 1 a 62.83 mm b 43.98 cm c 5.65 m
ii 2.83 m/s (allow 0.03 m/s either side) d 6.79 m e 16.76 cm
9 40.1 km (allow 0.2 km either side) 2 131.95 cm
3 6220.35 mm
11 Perimeter 4 a

1 a Pentagon b Hexagon c Octagon
2 a 5000 m b 1 200 000 cm
c 8.5 m d 4800 mm
3 a True b False c False
4 C b 25.13 cm c 26.08 cm
d i 59.13 cm ii 60.08 cm
5 3(π 1 2)
P 5 a 6.37 mm b 4.84 cm
6 l5 2w
2 6 5.78 cm
P
7 r5 7 A square plate with side lengths 24.51 cm
π1 2
8 47 cm
LAUNCHPAD 9 8π m
1 290 m 10 120π cm (or 1.2π m)
2 a 116 mm b 330 mm
3 42 mm EXERCISE 11D
4 35 mm 1 a 21.99 cm b 17.17 cm c 29.60 cm d 9.69 m
5 a 38.33 cm b 43.98 cm 2 a 16.19 cm b 22.28 cm c 7.24 cm d 16.54 m
6 12.0 cm e 44.22 cm f 54.99 m g 1.88 cm h 24.56 cm
i 62.46 cm j 43.42 m
7 8.23 m (to 2 d.p.)

WORK IT OUT 11.2 3 22.5 cm2

Option B is correct. 4 0.9 m2
Option A is wrong because the whole circumference of each circle 5 100 cm
3
was calculated rather than just . 6 4.32 m2
4
Option C is wrong because the diameter was used with the wrong 7 a 6174 cm2
formula for working out the circumference. b Red triangle: 0.36 m2, green and blue triangles: 0.18 m2
c 0.42 m2
d i 15 592.5 mm2
EXERCISE 11E 1
ii 3500 mm2 based on white triangle being approximately
1 3
1 a 208.76 m b 234.85 m
of height of the flag, and approximately of the width.
2 a Discus b 7.85 m c 7.34 m outer and 6.71 m 3
e i 27 000 mm2 ii 30 375 mm2
3 314.63 m iii 33 750 mm 2
4 Line A is 45.55 m long; line B is 30.36 m long. f Percentage of Union Jack in each colour: red 5 37.2%,
5 a 60 m b 10.47 m white 5 34.4% and blue 5 28.4%
6 40 074.78 km
7 29.92 cm WORK IT OUT 12.1
8 313.4 mm Option C is correct.
In Option A both dimensions are incorrect; in Option B the height
9 1714 mm
is incorrect.
10 a 383.27 m b 11.98 m c 325.27 m
d 0.213 m/s e 2938.95 km
WORK IT OUT 12.2
CHAPTER REVIEW Option A is correct.
1 7 cm In Option B the area should be for a rectangle not a triangle;
2 18 cm in Option C there are 10 000 cm2 in 1 m2.
3 18.5 m
4 91.06 m EXERCISE 12B
5 62.83 cm 1 a 60 cm2 b 703 mm2 c 308 cm2 d 3.78 m2
6 112 cm 2 a 412.5 mm2 b 22.5 cm2 c 64 cm2 d 10.5 cm2
7 111.4 mm 3 12 cm
8 a 32.99 m b 44.99 m 4 400 m
5 a 6 cm b 17 cm c 2.86 cm
d 5 cm e 10.22 cm
12 Area
6 a 308 m2
BEFORE YOU START … b 7700 kg of soil, 3080 kg of compost
1 a Parallelogram b Trapezium c Rectangle c 78 m
d i 3.85 litres ii 3 treatments
2 a 25 b 200 c 25
7 a x2 1 7x b 8x2 1 8x – 6 c 6x2 1 6x
3 a 12 b 100 c 0.5 x
2
d 28 e 12x 1 26x f
4 a 5 m2 5 50 000 cm2 2
b 870 cm2 5 87 000 mm2
c 4 km2 5 4 000 000 m2 EXERCISE 12C
1 a 254.47 cm2 b 514.72 cm2
LAUNCHPAD c 153.94 cm2 d 356.33 cm2
433 2 a 149.85 mm2 b 3.67 cm2
1 a A5 b A5433 c A5433
2 c 3.91 m2 d 384.34 mm2
d A5434 e A5434 3 0.175 m2
2 a Area (A) b Coefficient c Radius 4 a 153.94 cm2 b 201.06 cm2
2
3 4.02 m (to 2 d.p.) 5 a 45.8 cm2
2
4 67 cm (to the nearest whole number) 6 a 1950.3 m2 b 4.91 m2
2
5 780 m 7 Circumference 5 2πr 5 75.398 mm. So r 5 12 mm.
Area 5 πr2= 452.389 mm2
EXERCISE 12A 8 a 479.97 mm2
1 a 0.84 m2 b 6000 mm2 b Diameter 18.3 mm, circumference 57.6 mm
2 12 m c Diameter 12.22 mm, circumference 38.4 mm

EXERCISE 12D px 2 x 2 − px 2 x 2 (4 − p)
area 5 x 2 − = =
1 a 8 3 5 1 2 3 5 5 50 m2 4 4 4
x 2 (4 )
b 7.2 3 4.5 1 5.1 3 (7.2 2 1.2 2 2.1) 5 52.29 m2 Double this to get the total shaded area 5
c 7.8 3 7.2 2 3.4 3 5.4 5 37.8 cm2 2
10 105.75 m
d 12 3 2.4 1 1.2 3 6 5 36 cm2
e 2 3 19.1 3 3.8 5 145.16 cm2
f 8.53 3 7.84 2 0.5 3 3.71 3 (7.84 2 1.82) 5 55.71 cm2
g 0.5 3 π 3 4.32 1 0.5 3 π 3 2.152 5 36.31 cm2 13 Further algebra
130
h 3 π 3 152 5 255.25 cm2 BEFORE YOU START …
360
1 a 26x2y2 2 xy
2 a 250.47 cm2 b 13.73 cm2 c 153.96 cm2
d 149.1 cm2 e 30.18 cm2 f 77.43 cm2 b x2y2 and xy are not like terms as they have different powers.
g 15.14 cm2 h 69.53 m2 2 12x 1 5y
3 a Perimeter 5 39.24 m, area 5 46.91 m2 3 Yes, because the two equations are equal no matter what values
b Perimeter 5 70.69 cm, area 5 362.6 cm2 are used for b
c Perimeter 5 26.57 cm, area 5 32.57 cm2 3
4 x2 1
36
y2
EXERCISE 12E 6 25 x
5 a 230a2 b 21y3 c 22a d e
5 2
1 189 tiles
6 a B b C c D d A
2 200.84 cm2
3 706.5 cm2
LAUNCHPAD
4 103.87 cm2
1 a x2 1 8x 1 15 b x2 1 2x 2 15 c x2 2 8x 1 15
5 19.24 m2
2 a (a 1 2) (a 1 3) b (x 2 2) (x 2 1)
6 113.1 cm2
c (p 2 9) (p 1 5) d (y 1 4) (y 2 4)
7 6.93 cm
3 a x 1 12x 2 11 ≡ (x 1 6)2 2 47
2
8 £40.50
b x2 1 8x 1 20 ≡ (x 1 4)2 1 4
9 a 154.25 cm b 1413.72 cm2 ⎛ 5⎞
2
61
cx2 2 5x 2 9 ≡ x 2 2
10 a Possible dimensions: rectangles 2 3.4 3 6.0 m, ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
2x
parallelograms 2 3.4 3 7.0 m. Extra space needed in the 4 a
width so that the driver / passenger can open the door 5
4 x 10
and get out of the car, in the length so that the boot can be b
opened, without the door or the boot hitting another car in ( x 1 1)( x 3)
the next space.
b No. Area 5 base 3 height for both shapes, so the dimensions EXERCISE 13A
will give different answers. 1 a x2 1 7x 1 10 b x2 2 7x 1 10 c x2 2 3x 2 10
c Rectangles: less wasted space in the car park. d x2 1 3x 2 10 e x2 2 x 2 12 f x2 1 2xy 1 y 2
Parallelograms: less space needed between rows as it is 2 a 6x2 1 18x 1 12 b 15x2 1 26x 1 8 c 6x2 2 x 2 5
easier to get in and out of the spaces. d 20y2 2 11y 2 3 e 6a2 2 13a 1 5 f 2b2 2 11b 1 15
d Students’ own answers g 6y2 2 19y 1 15 h 4x2 2 4x 2 24 i 20x2 2 17x 1 3
3 a 6x2 1 x 2 2 b 13x2 1 8x 1 5 c 5x2 1 16x 1 3
2
4 x
CHAPTER REVIEW 4 a 121 b 9y2 1 12xy 1 4x2
x2 4
1 15.38 m c 4x2 2 4xy 2 4xz 1 y2 1 2yz 1 z2
2 68 cm2 5 a 5 21
3 13.5 m2
4 Grass area 5 (17 2 2.8) 3 9.5 2 2 3 1.92 3 π 5 112.2177 m2 EXERCISE 13B
112.2177 4 25 5 4.4887 so 5 boxes are required
1 a x2 2 1 b a2 2 4 c 4x2 2 1 d x2 2 4y2
5 660.5 m2
2 Square the first term in the bracket and subtract the square
6 402.5 cm2 of the second term in the bracket.
7 211.25 cm2 3 a The expansion will be a perfect square subtracted from a
8 £223.83 (different) perfect square.
px 2 b i No
9 Area of square 5 x2. Area of quarter circle 5 .
4 ii Yes; (5a 1 9a)(5a 2 9a)
Difference between these 5 one-half of the blue shaded
iii Yes; (4 1 11)(4 2 11)

EXERCISE 13C 3 a (x 1 3)(x 2 3)

1 a x3 1 6x2 1 11x 1 6 b 4x3 2 16x2 1 19x 2 6 b (x 1 7)(x 2 7)
c x3 1 x2 2 4x 2 4 d 6x3 2 19x2 1 x 1 6
c (x 1 3 2)(x 2 3 2)
2 a 27x3 2 108x2 1 144x 2 64 b x3 1 27
d 5( 3 1 2x)( 3 2 2x)
1 1
c 1 d x4y4 2 x4 e (x 2 3 1 15)(x 2 3 2 15)
125 x 3 27 y 3
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
3 a (2x 1 )(x 2 2)(x 2 2) b 2x3 2 7½x2 1 6x 1 2 ⎜⎝ x 1 2 1
f x1 2 ⎟
2 5⎠ ⎝ 2 5⎠
c These are the square of a binomial (a perfect square) g Use surds
25 49
4 a 9 b 36 c d e 36 f 25
4 4
EXERCISE 13D
1 a (x 1 2)(x 1 3) b (x 1 9)(x 1 2) c (x 1 2)(x 1 5) EXERCISE 13H
d (x 1 5)(x 1 6) e (x 1 2)(x 1 7) f (x 1 10)(x 1 9) 1 a x2 2 2x 1 1 ≡ (x 2 1)2 b x2 1 2x 1 1 ≡ (x 1 1)2
2 a (x 2 2)(x 2 3) b (x 2 3)(x 2 11) c (x 2 2)(x 2 15) c x2 1 4x 1 4 ≡ (x 1 2)2 d x2 1 6x 1 9 ≡ (x 1 3)2
2
d (x 2 6)(x 2 7) e (x 2 4)(x 2 11) f (x 2 5)(x 2 20) 2 1 ⎛ 1⎞
e x2 2 x 1 ≡ x2 f x2 2 2 5x 1 5 ≡ (x 2 5)2
3 a 2(x 1 1)(x 1 2) b 6(x 2 3)(x 2 1) c 5(x 2 2)(x 1 1) 3 9 ⎝ 3⎠
d 2(x 1 2)(x 1 5) e 2(x 2 1)(x 1 3) f 3(x 1 1)(x 2 11) g x2 2 10x 1 25 ≡ (x 2 5)2 h x2 2 2 11x 1 11 ≡ (x 2 11)2
i x2 1 2 7x 1 7 ≡ (x 1 7)2 j x2 2 12x 1 36 ≡ (x 2 6)2
2
2 a (x 1 1) 2 6 b (x 1 1)2 1 6
EXERCISE 13E
c (x 1 2)2 2 3 d (x 1 3)2 2 12
1 a (x 1 6)(x 2 6) b (p 1 9)(p 2 9) c (w 1 4)(w 2 4) e (x 2 3)2 2 3 f (x 2 4)2 2 21
d (p 1 6q)(p 2 6q) e (12s 1 c)(12s 2 c) f (8h 1 7g)(8h 2 7g) g (x 1 4)2 1 9 h (x 1 6)2 2 47
2
⎛ 11 ⎞ 93
2 a 2(2x 1 y)(2x 2 y) b 3(xy 1 2z)(xy 2 2z) i ⎜⎝ x 1 ⎠ 2 j (x 2 5)2 2 28
c (2x 2 2)(4 2 2x) d 3(x 1 2)(x 1 6) 2 4
e 7(x 2 5 1 y)(x 2 5 2 y) f (x 1 y 1 8)(x 2 y 1 2)
WORK IT OUT 13.1
3 a (100 2 97)(100 1 97) 5 3 3 197 5 591
b (50 2 48)(50 1 48) 5 2 3 98 5 196 In each case she only cancelled part of each bracket
c (639 2 629)(639 1 629) 5 10 3 1268 5 12 680 1 Will not simplify
d (98 2 45)(98 1 45) 5 53 3 143 5 7579 x2 x 2 6 ( x 1 2 )( x 3) x 23
2 2 5 5
e (83 2 77)(83 1 77) 5 6 3 160 5 960 x 1 3x
3x 2 ( x 1 1)( x 2) x 11
f (1234 2 999)(1234 1 999) 5 235 3 2233 5 524 755 x2 2 1 4 x 2 16 ( x 1 1)( x 1) 4(xx 1 2)( x 2 2)
3 3 5 3
2x 4 x 11 2( x 2) x 11
5 2( x 1)( x 2 2)
EXERCISE 13F
1 a (2x 1 5)(x 1 1) b (3x 1 4)(x 1 2) c 2(x 2 5)(x 1 9) EXERCISE 13I
d (2x 1 5)(2x 1 3) e (2x 2 9)(2x 2 3) f 3(x 2 7)(x 1 5)
4x
g 3(4x 2 5)(x 1 2) h (3x 2 5)(x 1 2) i 2(x 1 10)(x 2 13) 1 a b 3 c x23 d 2x 1 9
5
j (3x 1 2)(x 2 5) x 23 x 14 x 21
e f g
2 5x2 2 13x 1 6 factorises into (5x 2 3)(x 2 2), so the length is x 14 4 2x x 11
(5x 2 3) cm. 2x 5x 13
2 a b c
3 2x2 1 11x 1 12 factorises into (2x 1 3)(x 1 4). 5 12 6x
(x 1 4) is half the base, so (2x 1 3) is the height. 3x 5 3x 1 15 2 2 x
d e f
4 a Let a 5 (x 1 y) ( x 1 1)( x 2) ( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2 7 )2
The expression becomes 3a2 1 13a 1 12, which factorises 5x 3 x2 2 x 1 6 2x 5
3 a b c
into (3a 1 4)(a 1 3) x( x 1 1) ( x 2 )( x 2 ) ( x 1 2)( x 3)
Replacing a with (x 1 y): 3(x 1 y)2 1 13(x 1 y) 1 12 ≡ 4x 7p 1 2 p 2 2p2p 1 5
d e f
[3(x 1 y) 1 4](x 1 y 1 3) (2 x 3)(2 (2 x 3) p(2 p 1) (p 1)(p 2)
b i (3x 2 1)(x 2 6) ii (20x 1 7)(10x 1 1) 3x 7
g
( x 1)( x 2)( x 2 3)
EXERCISE 13G EXERCISE 13J

1 a x2 1 6x 1 9 b y2 2 10y 1 25 c 4x2 1 28x 1 49
1 20 25 1 a False; 2(3b 2 2) 1 5(2b 2 1) 5 16b 2 9
d 9a2 2 24ab 1 16b2 e x2 2 x 1 f 4x 2 2 x1 b True
4 9 81
c False; 3x2 1 11x 1 6 5 (3x 1 2)(x 1 3)
2 a (x 1 1)(x 2 1) b (5x 1 1)(5x 2 1) d True
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ e True
c x (x 1 4) d 3x 1 3x 2
3x 5 3 8x 7
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ f False; 1 5
e 2(x 1 4)(x 2 4) f (2x 1 4)(2x 2 4)
x 1 x 1 2 ( x 1)( x 2)

2 a x2 2 25 5 (x 2 5)(x 1 5) and (x 2 5) Þ (x 1 5) LAUNCHPAD

b Yes: x2 1 10x 1 25 5 (x 1 5)(x 1 5) and (x 1 5) ≡ (x 1 5) 1 a 3.61 cm b 13 cm
3 32x c 13.032 cm and 13 cm; 13, the exact length of the square,
4 (22x2 2 13x 2 15) 5 2(2x2 1 13x 1 15) 5 2(2x 1 3)(x 1 5), so is irrational, so any decimal value of this number will be
(x 2 1) is not a factor an approximation and when squared will only give an
5 (2x 2 y)2 2 (x 1 y)(x 2 y) 5 (2x 2 y)2 2 (x2 2 y2) 5 3x2 2 4xy 1 2y2
approximation of the area of the square
2 a Draw a line of 5 cm.
6 a AB 5 20x2 1 7x 2 3
b Construct a right-angled triangle with short sides of 1 cm
b A2 1 B2 5 41x2 1 22x 1 10
and 3 cm. The hypotenuse will be 10 cm.
c (A 2 B)(A 1 B) 5 9x2 1 38x 1 8
3 a 3 b 4 c 2 3
7 a 1.0201 b 0.9801 c 16.1604 d 0.9604
d 3 3 e 3
8 a x2 1 4x 1 15 5 (x 1 2)2 1 11 11 as (x 1 2)2 0 2 5
b x2 1 2x 1 15 5 (x 1 1)2 1 14 14 as (x 1 1)2 0 4 a b 23(1 1 2)
5
2
9 Triangle is right-angled if (x 1 6)2 1 (x 2 1)2 5 (x 1 8)2 5 a x 1 2x 2 8 b 3 9
Expanding and simplifying gives x2 2 6x 2 27 5 0
Factorising gives (x 2 9)(x 1 3) 5 0 EXERCISE 14A
x > 1, so x 5 9 is the only solution
( ) 1 a 2.646 b 3.464 c 7.141
10 a If perimeter 5 20 cm and width is w, length is d 8.660 e 21.732 f 26.856
5 10 2 w, so area 5 w(10 2 w)
2
2 a 2.828 b 6.708 c 210.392
b 10w 2 w2 5 2 (w 2 5)2 1 25
d 14.142 e 13.856 f 225.456
As 2(w 2 5)2 0, area 25
2 3 a 3.146 b 1.414 c 2.236
⎛ 1 ⎞ d 2.449 e 10.172 f 3.244
11 ⎜ x 2
⎝ ⎟ 0 (the square of any number is > 0)
x⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
2
1 EXERCISE 14B
⎜⎝ x 2 ⎟⎠ 5 x 2 2 1 x 1 a 14 cm b 20 m c 17 cm
x
1 1 2 C 5 2π 3 cm
So x 2 2 1 0 and x 1 2
x x 3 27
x 12 3x 2 b 2 (a 1)
12 a b c 4 7 cm
x 25 4 a 2 (a b)
5 a 50 m b 10 m
CHAPTER REVIEW 6 a 8 cm b 8 3 8 5 8 cm2
1 a 3y2 1 12y 1 14 b x3 2 7x 2 6 c i 2.83 cm ii 2.828 cm iii 2.8284 cm
d i 8.0089 cm2 ii 7.997 584 cm2 iii 7.999 846 56 cm2
2 a (2x 1 3)(x 2 7) b 22(3x 1 4)(x 1 1)
e Exact area: 8 3 100 3 1245 5 £996 000
3 3997 Area i: 8.0089 3 100 31245 5 £997 108.05
4 Area 5 (x 2 5)(x 1 2) 1 2(x 2 5) 5 36 Area ii: 7.997 584 3 100 3 1245 5 £995 699.21
x2 2 3x 2 10 1 2x 2 10 5 36 Area iii: 7.999 846 56 3 100 3 1245 5 £995 980.90
x2 2 x 2 56 5 0 f Nico would get the most profit if he used the value rounded
or Area 5
( x 1 2 1 x 1 6)( x 2 5) 5 36 to 2 decimal places as this gives the highest cost for the metal.
2
(2 x 8 )( x 2 5)
5 36 WORK IT OUT 14.1
2
(x 1 4)(x 2 5) 5 36 a True
( )
2
x2 2 x 2 20 5 36 b True: 49 5 (7)2 5 49
x2 2 x 2 56 5 0 30
7 x 11 3x 4 x2 c False: 30 4 6 5 5 5
5 a b c 6
12 ( x 1 4 )( x 4 ) 6y
d True: 3 3 3 3 3 and 3 5 9
3(5p q) 4 17x 3x
d e f
( 4 p q )( p 2 q ) ( x 2 2)(1 2 33x ) ( x 5)( x 5)
EXERCISE 14C
6 a
2 b
2x 9 1 a C b B c B d C e E
y 22 ( x 4)( x 5)
2 a 2 2 b 2 6 c 2 7 d 3 5
e 3 6 f 2 17 g 2 15 h 3 14
14 Surds i 3 10 j 10 2 k 3 13 l 9 3
3 They are all prime numbers, so they do not have factors that are
squares.
1 a C b B c A
2 a a2 5 b2 1 c2 b x2 1 y2 5 z2
3 a True b False. Answer is 1, because y0 5 1, not y.

4 a 6 2 b 28 6 c 10 5 EXERCISE 14F
d 210 15 e 6 14 f 216 2 1 (Answers are all in cm.)
g 212 5 h 26 17 i 42 3 a A 5 18 1 72 2 P 5 20 2 1 16
5 a i 43 7 5 4 7 5 28 b A 5 11 2 6 2 P 5 12 2 4 2
ii 2 9 3 6 5 2 9 6 5 2 54 c A5 6 1
5
2
P 5 2 2 1 2 31 (10 1 4 6 )
b Cannot have a square root of a negative number. d A 5 π(19 2 6 10) P 5 2π( 10 2 3)
6 a 18 b 48 c 54 e A54 P 5 2 7 1 2 11
d 176 e 2 28 f 2 27 2 31 cm 2
g 2 272 h 2 44 i 432 3 12 cm or 2 3 cm
7 a Students’ own descriptions. 4 a x 5 210 mm, y 5 421 mm, z 5 594 mm (valid calculation
b i 2 3, 3 3, 4 2 ii 5 7, 8 3, 6 7 methods could also give 420 and 595)
iii 2 10, 4 3, 3 7 iv 6 3, 8 2, 5 6 b i 10 000 cm2 ii 1457 mm (to the nearest mm)
2 2
c z5 ( )5x 3
WORK IT OUT 14.2 5 552 1 96 15 cm2
2 C is correct. Student has combined 3 and 3 as 6. 1
6 sin A 5 5 22
2
5 B is correct. Student has wrongly combined 27 and 20 as
47 . The 5 and 3 cannot be combined. 7 (x 1 1) x for any non-negative value of x.
8 a 72 cm2 b 12 cm
EXERCISE 14D 9 20 6 cm
2 8 2
1 Any examples using squares will show this. 4 1 9 5 2 1 3 5 5 10 a 3 3 b 4 2 c 5 d
3
and 13 ≈ 3.605, so the expressions are not equal. 3
2 a 6 6 13 7 b 4 2 12 5 c 4 5 18 3 CHAPTER REVIEW
d 2 2 15 3 e 6 5 13 2 f 22 2 3 Correct answers are: 1 B, 2 A, 5 A, 6 A, 7 B, 9 A and 10 B.
3 a 3 2 b 7 c 5 6 Both answers for Questions 3, 4 and 8 are incorrect. They should be:
d 5 e 7 f 8 5 3 4 52 3
4 a 6 3 b 6 10 2 6 11 c 10 3 1 5 4 14 1 2 2
d 3 14 5 e 9 6 f 46 2 2 6 5 5
8
5 (12 1 6 3) cm 5
5 2
11 a
2
EXERCISE 14E b (2 1 3)(2 1 3) 2 (2 2 3)(2 2 3)
1 a 21 b 15 c 6 d 6 35 4 1 4 3 1 3 2 (4 2 4 3 1 3)
e 212 33 f 18 5 g 78 h 30 2 4 3 14 3
i 20 6 j 18 6 k 12 15 l 24 30 8 3
1 1
2 a 7 b 2 c 2
d 10
6
e 3 f 7 g 2
h 8 3
15 Equations
i 6 11 j 6 k 26 l 23
3 a 9 2 b 8 3 c 2
3 3 1 a D b B c A d C
d 1 e 25 2 f 2
4 2 6x 1 1 5 37 represents the statement.
4 a 15 1 2 5 b 10 3 2 6 c 2 6 3 a 7 1 [27] 5 0 b [8] 2 8 5 0
d 27 1 4 35 e 6 1 5 2 1 3 3 1 15 f 3 5 27 ⎡1⎤
c 24a 1 [4a] 5 0 d 53⎢ ⎥ 51
g 46 h 9 1 2 14 8 2 2 15
i ⎣ ⎦ 5
5 3 2 3 1 ⎡1⎤
5 a b 5
c 2 e 3 [6] 5 1 f ⎢ ⎥ 3 12x 5 x
3 5 3 6 ⎣ 12 ⎦
6 3 7 4 a C (x 2 2)(x 2 3) b A x(x 1 3)
( )( )
d e 2 6 f 2
3 28 c B (x 1 5)(x 2 5) d D x 1 5 x 2 5
2 3 13 2 5 15 2 2 5 a x2 1 4x 1 10 5 (x 1 [2])2 1 [6]
g h i
6 5 10
b x2 2 8x 2 5 5 (x 2 [4])2 2 [21]
9 3 2 22 2 3 2 15 1 6
6 a b c
7 2 3
9 2 2 12 LAUNCHPAD
d e 2 52 2 f 15 1 2 3 2 5 2 2
2 1 a D x 5 12 b B x 5 17 c A x51
5 5 1 11 13 1 7 3 5 6 28 3 d E x 5 23 e C x 5 22
g h i
2 22 6 f You can check whether a solution is correct by substituting
it back into the equation.

2 a a55 b x 5 23 c a53 EXERCISE 15D

d x 5 1.97 or x 5 25.57
1 a x 5 2 3 or x 5 26
3 Yes. The same amount (x) has been added to both sides.
b x 5 9 or x 5 1
4 2x 1 16 5 44 x 5 14
c x 5 2 or x 5 24
5 x 5 3 or x 5 21
d x 5 4 or x 5 5
6 x 5 64
e x 5 22 or x 5 6
7 (x 2 3)2 2 11 ≡ x2 2 6x 2 2
f x 5 3 or x 5 27
8 a 5 1, b 5 26, c 5 22; x 5 6.32 or x 5 20.32
g x53
9 a x 1 y 5 6 has 5 solutions:
h x 5 25
x 5 1, y 5 5; x 5 2, y 5 4; x 5 3, y 5 3; x 5 4, y 5 2; x 5 5, y 5 1
i x57
b x 5 5 and y 5 1 are the only pair that satisfy the pair of 5
equations simultaneously. 2 a x 5 29 or x 5 23 b x 5 6 or x 5 25 c x 5 2 or x 5 2
5 6 4
10 a £100 b x59 c y 5 115 d x 5 or x 5 21 e x 5 0 or x 5 23 f x 5 0 or x 5
9 5
11 2 solutions; approximate solution is x 5 4.56 g x 5 10 or x 5 210
3 a x56 5 b x56 6
EXERCISE 15A 4 No, it’s a sum rather than a difference of two squares. x2 would
1 a y 5 3 12 b x52 c x54 equal 24 which is not possible.
1 1 4
d x5 e a51 f x5 5 a x 5 8 or x 5 24 b x5 or x 5 21 c x 5 8 or x 5 4
2 3 3
d x 5 2 or x 5 24
2 a t 5 12 b x52 c x52 6 a x 5 5 or x 5 26 b x 5 8 or x 5 1
13 15 1 7 5
d x51 e x52 f x5 c x 5 3 or x 5 2 d x 5 2 or x 5 2
6 4 2 6 4
3 a i The equation can only be solved if x 5 0. 7 a this quadratic equation will not factorise with any of the
ii The equation works for all values of x. 3 methods illustrated in this chapter
b ii is an identity because the equation is true for any b We can say that there are no real roots for this equation.
value of x.
c If x 5 0 the equation is true.
EXERCISE 15E
1 a x 5 3.70 or 22.70 b x 5 24.37 or 1.37 c x 5 0.16 or 26.16
EXERCISE 15B d x 5 6.75 or 27.25 e x 5 1.89 or 0.11 f x 5 5.37 or 20.37
9 3 23 13
1 a x5 b x 52 c x 5 d x 5 12 e x5 g x 5 1.30 or 22.30 h x 5 5.45 or x 5 0.551 i x 5 1.62 or –0.62
8 5 5 2
184 2 a x 5 2.28 or 0.219 b x 5 0.631 or 0.227
2 a x 5 7 b x 5 25 c x 5 22.8 d x 5 2 e x 52
83 c x 5 0.879 or 20.379 d x 5 22.95 or 1.35
e x 5 29.16 or 22.84 f x 5 6.85 or 0.146
EXERCISE 15C 25 6 5
3 a x5 b x 5 21 6 5 c x 5 26 6 33
1 a 3x 5 348; x 5 116 2
21 6 22 23 6 29 3 5
b x 2 7 5 22; x 5 5 d x5 e x5 f x5
3 10 4
c x 1 6 5 24; x 5 210
d 4x 2 2 5 66; x 5 17 EXERCISE 15F
e x 1 x 1 1 5 63; x 5 31; numbers are 31 and 32. 1 a x(x 1 4) 5 140; x 5 214 or x 5 10
1
f 2x 2 3 5 22; x 5 b x(x 2 3) 5 108; x 5 12 or x 5 29
13 2
g c x2 2 3x 510; x 5 5 or x 5 22
8
d 2x is an even number (multiple of 2); next even number
2 a Lucy is 14. b £2.40
is 2x 1 2
c 6 d Daughter is 15
e 13 f 36 Product 2x(2x 1 2) 5 48
3 a 12x cm b (6x 118) cm 4x2 1 4x 2 48 5 0
c6x 118 5 12x; x 5 3; side of square is 9 cm Cancel both sides by 2 to get x2 1 x 2 12 5 0
1 (x 23)(x 1 4) 5 0; either x 5 3 or x 5 24
4 4x 1 2 5 10x 2 1; x 5 ; length 5 4 cm, width 5 2.5 cm
2
x 5 3 is the required value as the numbers are positive
5 A 5 80°, B 5 60°, C 5 40°
2x 5 6 and 2x 1 2 5 8
6 37 and 46
6 × 8 5 48
7 70 bottles each of apple juice and orange juice
2 x 5 5; base 5 8 cm, height 5 9 cm
8 43 articles at £5 and 58 articles at £2
3 x 5 4, 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm
9 2000 tickets at £80 and 8000 tickets at £60
4 10 cm

5 3m 8 a The roots of the equation are the values where the graph
6 x 5 3, so dimensions are 4 cm × 9 cm and 2 cm × 18 cm. crosses the x-axis.
b x 5 2 and x 5 6
7 160 m and 90 m
c Students, own method seen
d (8.16, 213.32) and (1.84, 20.68)
EXERCISE 15G 9 a Approximately x 5 3.2, y 5 4.1
1
1 a x 5 23, y 5 25 b x52 ,y55 c x 5 1, y 52 b x 5 3.25, y 5 4.125
2 c The accuracy is limited by how accurate the graph is and how
d x 5 4, y 5 2 e x 5 2, y 5 5 f x 5 21, y 53
well the values can be read from the scale.
2 a x 5 3, y 5 4 b x 5 1, y 5 2 c x 5 3, y 5 4
10 a About 105 cm b About 95 cm
d x 5 7, y 5 24 e x 5 2, y = 2 4 f x 5 22, y 5 4 c 140 cm
11 a About 9 kg b About 5.8 cm c About 11 cm
EXERCISE 15H
1 a x 5 4, y 5 2 b x 5 3, y 5 1 c x 5 2, y 5 22 EXERCISE 15L
d x 5 5, y 5 1 e x 5 4, y 5 26 f x 5 21, y 5 22 1 x ≈ 4.562
g x 5 2, y 5 3 h x 5 1, y 5 3 i x 5 4, y 5 1 2 x ≈ 4.243
2 a x 5 2, y 5 3 b x 5 3, y 5 2 c x 5 10, y 5 5 3 x ≈ 2.56
d x 5 25, y 5 22 e x 5 22, y 5 5 f x 5 2, y 5 21 4 x ≈ 0.3820
3 a x 5 5, y 5 0 b x 5 3, y 5 1 c x 5 22, y 5 1 5 x ≈ 2.29
45 38
d x5 ,y5 e x 5 3, y 5 21 f x 5 21, y 5 1
17 17
EXERCISE 15M
EXERCISE 15I 1 x ≈ 0.453
1 Three 5p pieces and fifteen 10p pieces. 2 a x ≈ 2.73 b x ≈ 20.7
2 45 and 219
3 a 5 70, b 5 50
EXERCISE 15N
1 a True
4 62 and 14 1
b False; x 5 and x 5 2
5 £6.20 2
6 Fizzers cost 20p; toffees cost 30p c False; 30 14 must be subtracted
63 30
7 Flash drive costs £10 and hard drive costs £25. d False; x 5 2 , y 5
19 19
8 There are 36 blocks of 450 seats and 12 blocks of 400 seats. e False; one solution has a negative value.
2 a x 5 16 b x 5 29
EXERCISE 15J
3 a (x 2 5) m b Length 5 17.5 m, width 5 12.5 m
1 a x51 b x 5 2 or x 5 21 c no solution
4 Daughter is 8, father is 36
d The two lines will not intersect so there is no solution to the
pair of equations. 5 5
2 a (21, 1) b (1, 8) or (25, 2) 6 a Area 5 (2y 1 1)y 1 5y 5 2y2 1 6y
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2y2 1 6y 5 95 so 2y2 1 6y 2 95 5 0
c (1, 7) or (22, 4) d (0, 1) or 2 , 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ b y 5 5.55
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 , 2⎞ 7 a x 5 4.45 or x 5 20.45
e (1, 6) or 2 , 2 f 2 , or
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ b n 5 5.70 or n 5 20.70
3 (1, 4) and (4, 1) 8 a Students’ working
b x 5 1.22 or x 5 23.55
EXERCISE 15K 9 x55
4
1 a 22 b 1 c 4 10 a a5
3
2 a ~ 47 minutes b 30 km c 90 km/hour
4
3 a 5 miles b 48 minutes c 10 miles/hour b a<
3
4 a 2000 litres b 100 minutes 4
c a>
c Students’ chosen points and explanations 3
5 a When 500 units have been sold. 11 x 1 y 5 112 and x 2 y 5 22
b It tells the business owner how many units must be sold in x 5 67 and y 5 45
order to make a profit. 12 J 5 7.5 kg, S 5 5 kg
6 x 5 2, y 5 4 13 x 5 3, y 5 7
7 a y-axis: height of the jump, in metres; x-axis: length of the 14 a x 5 5 y 5 23 and x 5 22 and y 5 0.2 approximately
jump, in metres. b x 5 5.275 and y 5 22.826 or
b x 5 0 and x 5 11.5 metres. x 5 22.275 and y 5 0.175
c These are the roots of the quadratic function.
d 5.2 m

15 a 0.46 2 a Add 7 b Subtract 4

b 2.40 c Multiply by 4 d Divide by 2
c 22.8
3 a Add 2; 9.5, 11.5, 13.5 b Multiply by 2; 9.6, 19.2, 38.4
1 1
c Add 1 ; 6, 7 , 9 d Subtract 3; 21, 24, 27
CHAPTER REVIEW 2 2
1 a x 5 7 or x 5 23 b x 5 22 or x 5 26 c x 5 24 or x 5 25 e Divide by 2; 9, 4.5, 2.25 f Add 3; 21, 2, 5
6 21 6 10 4 a 6 cm b 7th bounce will be 0.75 cm
d x 5 25 6 30 e x516 f x5
2 3 1
5 a b 1 13 c Any negative value
2 a 2 seconds b when t 5 3 2
3 a 10 and 60 b y 5 2 20 (x 2 10 )(x 2 60) WORK IT OUT 16.1
c Increasing the selling price increases the profit until the Option B is correct.
price is 35, but increasing it further decreases the profit. Option A is wrong because this sequence is defined as 3n 2 5.
4 No; one equation is a multiple of the other. Option C is wrong because this sequence is defined as 2n 2 3.
5 x 5 1.28 and y 5 4.83
x 5 21.88 and y 5 24.63 EXERCISE 16B
6 x 5 0, y 5 5 and x 5 24, y 5 23 1 a 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 b 59
7 (x 1 1)2 2 x2 5 x2 1 2x 1 1 2 x2 c No. The 40th term is 119, which is not 2 3 59
5 2x 1 1
5 x 1 (x 1 1) 2
8 22 or 8 Position to 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 10th 20th 100th

term rule term term term term term term term
9 a Students’ working
b x 5 0.826 or x 5 22.83
4n 1 1 5 9 13 17 41 81 401
10 a 2.414 4n 2 5 21 3 7 11 35 75 395
b Students’ substitutions 8n 1 2 10 18 26 34 82 162 802
5n 2 12 4 12 9 12 14 12 19 12 49 12 99 12 499 12
16 Functions and sequences n
11 1 12 2 2 12 3 6 11 51
BEFORE YOU START … 2
1 a 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 22n 1 1 21 23 25 27 219 239 2199
b 66, 18, 54, 36 3 4n 1 1
2 a 1, 16, 25, 4, 9, 49 4 a un 5 2n 1 1 b un 5 4n 2 1 c un 5 5n 2 6
b 9, 15 d un 5 5n 1 2 e un 5 3n 2 6 f un 5 7n 2 8
3 a The pattern is built up using square and triangle shapes 5 6n 1 61
with some common sides. Each new shape has three extra
6 a 2.2n 1 2.3 b 222.3 cm
matches to make the sides of the next square and two extra
matches to make the sides of the triangle. c Sunflowers do not continue to grow at a constant rate. Over
b 31 2 m is unusual for a sunflower; 100 weeks is nearly two years
and sunflowers are unlikely to live this long.
LAUNCHPAD 7 a £308 b 75 weeks
1 a 59, 71, 83 b Add 12 to the previous term 8 a 14 b 22
2 a T(10) 5 29, T(20) 5 59, T(100) 5 299 c No, because any number in the sequence 2n 1 2 must be even.
b 3n 2 4 c 17
3 Input → [3 2] → [2 4] → output EXERCISE 16C
4 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, … 1 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
2( 1)
5 x→ 2 B (15, 16, 17)
3
6 a x13 b g(x) 3 a 24, 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30
7 It is a quadratic sequence. The differences between terms c 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ,13, 14, 15, 16, 17
increases by 1 each time. (The difference between the first and 1
second terms is 2, the difference between the second and third d , 1, 1 12 , 2, 2 12 , 3, 3 12 , 4, 4 12 , 5
2
terms is 3, etc.). The second differences between terms are equal.
4 a 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60
b 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
EXERCISE 16A
c 7, 713 , 7 23 , 8, 813 , 8 23 , 9, 913 , 9 23 , 10
1 a 16, 19, 22; add 3 b 58, 63, 68; add 5
c 15, 11, 7; subtract 4 d 45, 39, 33; subtract 6 d 21 12 , 22 12 , 23 12 , 24 12 , 25 12 , 26 12 , 27 12 , 28 12 , 29 12 , 30 12
e 16, 32, 64; multiply by 2 f 8, 4, 2; divide by 2 5 a 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65
g 108, 324, 972; multiply by 3 h 27, 9, 3; divide by 3 b 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33

c 9 12 , 10, 10 12 , 11, 11 12 , 12, 12 12 , 13, 13 12 , 14

CHAPTER REVIEW
1 a 6th row: 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
d 44 12 , 48 12 , 52 12 , 56 12 , 60 12 , 64 12 , 68 12 , 72 12 , 76 12 , 80 12
7th row: 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
48 13 56 30 64 17 72 38 80 21 8th row: 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
e , , , , , , , , ,
11 3 13 7 15 4 17 9 19 5 b 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
Powers of two (or doubles each time)
6 a A (21, 0, 1)
x c Triangular numbers
7 a x→x17 b x→ c x→x25 1 2
4 d ( )
1 2
1
d x → 3x e x→ ( 4) f x→ ( 5) 2 a 28 b 5n 1 3 c 25 days
2 4
4 3 a 339 (un 5 2n2 1 4n 1 3)
g x → 5(x 2 3) h x → b The assumption that no rabbits will die during the year is
x 12
unrealistic.
8 a y 5 4(x 2 7) b y 5 2(x 1 4) c y 5 3(x 2 2) d y 5 (x 1 1)2
4 4383 (un 5 12n2 2 22n 1 23)
x
9 a x→ 5 a Input (n) → 32 → 12 → output
2 x b T(20) 5 42, T(25) 5 52, T(n) 5 2n 1 2
b Function 1: 2x, function 2: , composite function y 5 x
2 6 a 28 1 0.5 3 10 5 33, 28 1 0.5 3 15 5 35.5, 28 1 0.5b
b b 5 2(h 2 28)
EXERCISE 16D
c 4 bat surveys
1 a 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
7 a gf (x) 5 1 1 5(1 2 5x) 5 6 2 25x, gf (1) 5 6 2 (25 × 1) 5 219
b 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
c Adding 21 onto 100 (121), then 23 onto 121 (144)
( )
b f 21(x) 5
−5
2 a Triangular number. It can be arranged to form an equilateral
21
( )
triangle. g (x) 5
5
b 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c First difference 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; second difference is 1 f 21(x) 1 g −1(x) 5 1 5 2 50
−5 5 5 5
d A quadratic sequence
3 a 5 (3F 2M)
b i Students’ diagrams 17 Formulae
ii 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
iii 34 BEFORE YOU START …
iv Fibonacci numbers 1
1 a 7.5 b 1.5 c d 25.5
4 1
4 a 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199
2 a x57 b x58 c x5 d x 5 10
b 22, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, 23, 37, 50 3
c The sequence will be the same as in part b but with each 3 a A 5 area of a triangle, b 5 base, h 5 height
positive number being negative and vice versa. A 5 area of a circle, r 5 radius
1
5 2, 5 b ,π
2
6
c A
Position to 1st 2nd 3rd 5th 10th 20th 50th
d Use of π
term rule term term term term term term term
n2 1 5 6 9 14 30 105 405 2505
LAUNCHPAD
n2
23 22 1 6 22 97 397 2497 1 a C b B c E d D e F f A
2n2 1 1 3 9 19 51 201 801 5001 2 T 5 45w 1 20
2n2 2 7 25 1 11 43 193 793 4993 11
32
7 2, 9, 28, 65, 126, 217
6
4 a 4 variables b 3 variables c 43.2
8 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90, 110
5 a A (area); r (radius); π (constant)
1 2
9 a (n 1 n) b 10th term is 55; 25th term is 325 A
2 b r5
π
EXERCISE 16E c No
1 a n2 1 2n b 2n2 1 n c 4n2 1 3n
d 2n2 1 5n 2 1 e 3n2 2 2n f 4n2 2 3n 2 4 EXERCISE 17A
g 22n2 h 22n2 1 2n 1 a x 1 y 5 2000 b y 5 4x c y 2 400 5 3x
1 2
2 4, 4 2, 8 d x 1 600 5 y 2 600 e x y
1 2 3 4 5 10 2 5
3 a , , , , b 2 a y5x13 b y5x26 c y 5 10x
2 3 4 5 6 11
d y5x28 e y 5 x2 1 x
4 a 0, 5, 12, 21, 32 b 252
f y 5 2x 1 (x 1 1) 5 3x 1 1
5 a 5, 7, 11, 17, 25
2x
h y5 π x
3
b 35 g y5
x 22 3
c n2 2 n 1 5
In order to evaluate the two possible solutions both the positive

3 a 19 °C
and negative square root values must be considered.
2
b 1000 m bx c ⎛ b⎞ b2 c
5 ax2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 → x 2 1 52 → ⎜ x 1 2 52
4 a Q 5 0.98Pn a a ⎝ 2 a ⎠ 4 a 2
a
2
b a 5 (0.95)n ⎛ b⎞ b2 c
⎜⎝ x 1 5 2
2a ⎠ 4a 2 a
WORK IT OUT 17.1 ⎛ b⎞
2
b 2 ac
⎜⎝ x 1 5
Option B is correct. 2a ⎠ 4a 2
Option A has not been evaluated, nor have units been given. Taking the square root of both sides:
Option C has incorrect units and is not in terms of π, so is not exact.
b b2 ac
x1 56
EXERCISE 17B 2a 2a
7 2bb 2 2 4ac
1 a i 68 ii 218 iii 2
9 So x 5
b i 45 ii 2 14 2a
9 16 n 36 n 36
3 2 6 a n , 1 1, n, , n2, 8n b n2, n, n , 1 1, 8n,
2 a 23 b 2 c 26 d 2 2 n 2 n
4 4 7 a Yes, as its melting point is 29.8 °C b 2199.2 °F
9π
e 0 f 2 8 a Q 5 21.077 b m 5 26
14
3 v 5 21 9 l 5 13.5 cm
4 a 10 b 12.5 c 20.9 d 10.4 10 a 30 m b 34.125 m c 38.5 m
4 30
5 a b d Students’ answers
3 17
v2u
6 a 20.1 m b 30.4 m 11 t 5
a
7 V 5 190π
8 h 5 44.7 ⎛ b a⎞
12 s n
⎝ 3 ⎠
9 28.7 cm
13 27 m/s
10 99 cm
14 x 5 25 or 24
EXERCISE 17C
2d 2
CHAPTER REVIEW
d ac 4 y 1 15
1 a q5 b p 5 2 1 8q c x5 d h5 y14
a 5 1 3y 3 1 p5
yp 3
e t5 S
2p 1 y 2 a 5 cm b 7.4 cm c h5 2r d 4π 3
2πr
2 1 5a pc
f b5 g x5 e The total surface area is the sum of the area of the curved
a 17 q p surface and the area of the flat surface; the area of flat
S surface is the area of a circle with radius r, which is πr2, so
2 n5 12
180 the total surface area is 2πr2 1 πr2 5 3πr2
a 8 b 12 c 20 3 a A 5 πr(2C 2 r) b A 5 π(C2 2 h2)
2E
3 m5 2 4 7.5 km/h and 5.5 km/h
v
a 8 kg b 3.5 kg c 20 kg 5 A 5 96 cm2 to the nearest whole cm2
5
4 C 5 ( F 2 32)
9
a 20 °C b 25 °C c 100 °C
18 Volume and surface area
5 3 cm BEFORE YOU START …
6 2.49 cm 1 a Cube b Cylinder c Square-based pyramid
d Cone e Polyhedron f Triangular prism
7 30.5 m/s
2 A 5 πr2
8 n55
3 6 cm2
9 L 5 2.45
4 a Cuboid b The shape of the faces
EXERCISE 17D 5 a ii 5 b i 25
A
1 a True b False 2r 5l
c True d True
π r LAUNCHPAD
1
e False Volume of a prism 5 area of the base x length; V 5 bhl 1 125 cm3
2
2
2 16.97 cm (to 2 d.p.) 2 120 cm3
3 Total accrued 5 £6749, interest 5 £749.18 3 Volume 5 1 090 000 000 000 km3 (to 3 s.f.)
4 This is the formula for solving a quadratic equation. Surface area 5 511 000 000 km2 (to 3 s.f.)
4 8820 m3

WORK IT OUT 18.1 7 Cylinder radius between 4.12 cm and 4.60 cm

Cone radius between 7.14 cm and 7.98 cm
Calculation A is correct.
Pyramid with square base between 12.6 cm and 14.1 cm
EXERCISE 18A CHAPTER REVIEW
1 (Where rounded, all answers are given to the nearest unit.) 1 8.6 m2
a 170 cm3 213 cm2 b 80 cm3 148 cm2
3 2 2 227.5 cm3
c 168 cm 244 cm d 141 cm3 151 cm2
e 126 cm3 190 cm2 f 42 cm3 96 cm2 3 665.38 m3 (to 2 d.p.)
2 120 l 4 4186 m3
3 5.24 m (to 1 d.p.) 5 Volume of juice 6 3 10 3 8 5 480 cm3
4 2500 m3 New height 6 3 20 3 x 5 480
3
5 33.03 cm (to 2 d.p.) 120 x 5 480
6 60 m2 x 5 4 cm
2
7 6.03 m (to 3 s.f.) 6 A
8 They both require the same amount of wax – 251 cm3 (to 3 s.f.) 7 a 553 cm3 (to 3 s.f.) b 276 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
9 a 2765 cm3 (nearest cm3) b 6283 cm3 (nearest cm3) 8 Students’ own answers
10 5 cm
11 262.5 m3 19 Percentages
12 127.43 m3 (to 2 d.p.)
13 x3 1 5x2 1 6x 6x2 1 20x 1 12
14 (a 1 b) 3 1 a 2.1 b 0.21 c 24 d 2.4
16 4 15 3 30 5 9 1 39 3 13 1
2 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5
EXERCISE 18B 36 9 35 7 36 6 36 4 52 4 39 3
3 a False b False c False d True e False
1 (All values are given to 3 significant figures.)
a 109 cm3 141 cm2 b 45.8 cm3 77.8 cm2
3 2
LAUNCHPAD
c 65.4 cm 78.5 cm d 56.5 cm3 91.4 cm2 17 3
3
e 134 cm 151 cm 2 1 a or equivalent fraction b 1 20 or equivalent fraction
50 7 5
2 22 000 000 000 km3 (to 3 s.f.) 2 a 12%, 0.125, , 19%,
50 12
3 a 88.2 cm2 b 133 cm2 c 1470 cm2
b 2.5%, 12.5%, 1.08, 1.25, 200%, 2 34
d 58.1 cm2 e 491 cm2 f 1780 cm2
g 172 cm2 h 167 cm2 i 163 cm2 3 76%
4 a 227 cm3 157 cm2 b 9790 cm3 1920 cm2 4 64

c 1020 cm3 462 cm2 d 4050 cm3 1110 cm2 5 27.2%
e 84 000 cm3 12 100 cm2 f 2070 cm3 735 cm2 6 3.33%
g 40 000 cm3 4900 cm2
7 £21.90
5 16 cm
8 £2590
EXERCISE 18C 9 £3.40
2 2
1 a 56 cm b 11 713 mm
3
EXERCISE 19A
2 2.49 m (to 3 s.f.)
1 a 5% b 54% c 44% d 85% e 50%
3 298 175 cm3 (to 6 s.f.) 26817.5 cm2 (to 6 s.f.)
f 66.7% g 62.5% h 184% i 30% j 4%
4 a i 8250 cm3 ii 11 300 cm3 (to 3 s.f.) k 47% l 112% m 207% n 225% o 3.5%
b i 3200 cm2 ii 3600 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) p 0.7%
5 495 m3 1 4 9 1 1 49
2 a b c d e f
6 7790 cm3 (to 3 s.f.) 4 5 10 8 2 50
3 11
7 130 cm3 g h
5 50
3 a 0.82 b 0.97 c 0.45 d 0.286
EXERCISE 18D
e 0.000 5 f 0.000 8 g 0.000 06 h 0.000 007
1 a 48 cm3 96 cm2 b 480 cm3 424.8 cm2 i 1.25 j 3 k 0.0728 l 0.090 07
c 34 000 cm3 7 280 cm2
4 a 6.5% b 33.3% c 67.5%
2 2 456 027 m3 (to nearest m3)
5 24%
3 96 2 41.6 5 54.4 cm3 1 3 1
6 a 0.8%, , 0.1, 30%, b 0.15, , 57%, 0.75, 0.88
4 Volume 5 48x3; surface area 5 84x2 20 5 4
5 0.289 m3 (to 3 d.p.) 2 9 3 4
c 0.25, 60%, , 0.75, d 0.395, , 0.43, , 45%
6 Surface area 5 263 m2 (to the nearest m2) Volume 5 145 m3 3 10 7 9
(to the nearest m3) 19 5
e 49.3%, 55%, , 80%,
25 6

167 5 20%
7 or equivalent fraction
200 6 29.63%
8 6% 7 81.39%
9 55% 8 a 33.3% b 0.31%
10 a 27 out of 30 b 84.7% 9 250%
100
10 x 5
WORK IT OUT 19.1 3
B is correct
A 2 the mistake is made when converting the percentage into a WORK IT OUT 19.3
fraction; the numerator should be 19 The answers here will vary from student to student.
C 2 the mixed number has been correctly converted into an
improper fraction but still needs to be converted from a percentage
into a fraction or decimal EXERCISE 19E
D 2 the multiplying factor, 9.5, is 100 3 too big 1 a £54.72 b £945 c £32.28
E 2 The 400 in the denominator needs to ‘swap places’ with the 100 d £40 236 e £98.55 f £99.68
2 a £58.48 b £520 c £83.16
EXERCISE 19B d £19 882 e £76.93 f £45.24
1 a 12.5 b 36 c 24 d 2925 e 9 3 £129 375
f 270 g 16 h 66 i 135 4 £3244
2 a £9.50 b 42 kg c 15.75 cm d 26.1 kg e £14
5 £7 more is better by £2 per shift than the 20% pay rise
f 2.08 min g £74 h 6.84 m i 58 l
6 358
3 68 out of 80
7 £2393.75 at end of first month. £2429.66 at end of second
4 5.4, so 5 phones
month.
5 a 1127 b 1323
8 £42 430
6 201
9 a £12 b 27 750 c £114 885
7 £22.47
10 It means that compared with the average amount of rainfall (in
8 a 46.5 m2 b 573.5 m2 1
mm) over the past period, the rainfall increased by almost .
9 ~3164 4
You’d need to know the average rainfall so you could work
10 a 9 ct 5 37.5% gold and 18 ct 5 75% gold
out how much more rain actually fell in 2014.
b 5.475 g
c 6.1125 g 11 6.7
d Students’ own reasoning, but research will show that even
if 9 ct is only 37.5% pure gold, gold remains the largest EXERCISE 19F
component of the alloy.
1 a £120 b 1500 g c 666.67 kg d £1739.13
2 a £1000 b £121.25 c £720.83 d £45.83
EXERCISE 19C
3 £50
1 The village (it has the greatest percentage increase)
4 a 1200 students b 960
2 Students’ own reasoning, but given the numbers, the city is
probably still the most risky in terms of crime. 5 £150
3 The populations of these locations so that number of crimes 6 260 g
can be compared as a percentage of the total population. 7 61.05 kg
8 500 runners
WORK IT OUT 19.2
B is correct. CHAPTER REVIEW
The other answer is wrong. Part of a race cannot be greater than the 1 3 7
whole (100%), so 300% can’t be right. The mistake made is that they 1 a b c
4 10 200
haven’t converted the units so that they are the same. 2 a 5% b 12.5% c 53.33%
d 50% e 125% f 0.5%
EXERCISE 19D 3 4%
1 a 8% b 1.5% c 15% d 4% 4 223 435
e 35% f 6.3% g 6.25% h 18.86%
i 33.3% j 27.78% k 3.26% l 53.33% 5 33.6 hours (33 hours and 36 minutes)
m 57.14% n 7.14% o 26.67% p 16.8% 6 a 12.5% b 37.5%
q 25% r 64.29% s 17.5% t 1% 7 £460
2 Sandra 8 £850
3 60% 9 £784
4 6% 10 £150 000

20 Ratio 5 24 km
6 8 sausages, 2 tins of tomatoes; 300 g of potatoes; 6 tsp mixed
BEFORE YOU START … herbs; 400 ml vegetable stock
2 3
1 a or equivalent fraction b 7 42 sweets
5 4
2 28 8 9 more milk chocolates than dark chocolates
3 68 9 a 3:4 b 3:2 c 1:2

d 48 turns e 18 turns
LAUNCHPAD 10 a 5:2 b 150 cm and 60 cm
1 4:7 11 1 : 2.744
2 8:7 12 1 kg for £1.99
3 15 : 65 5 3 : 13 13 a 6.7% b 145 cm
4 10 : 25
EXERCISE 20D
5 345 g
This is an investigative exercise where students will produce their
own individual answers.
EXERCISE 20A
1 a 45 : 36, simplifies to 5 : 4 b 81 : 9, simplifies to 9 : 1
EXERCISE 20E
c 81 : 90, simplifies to 9 : 10 d Yes, 9 pupils per teacher
1 1:π
2 a 3:5 b 1:2 c 1:2
2 It is an isosceles triangle with angles 54°, 54° and 72°.
3 a 1:4 b 1:2 c 2:5
3 It is a regular pentagon, with each interior angle 108°. The ratio
4 3
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 means all the angles are the same size, which means
5 1 : 400 the pentagon must be regular.
6 1 : 950 4 8. It is an octagon.
7 1 : 40 5 It is an isosceles right triangle (a right-angled isosceles triangle)
8 a i 2:3 ii 2 : 3 iii 2 : 3 with angles 45°, 90° and 45°; its other sides are both 50 cm.
b They are similar c They are parallel d 1:1 6 3:4
9 11 : 9 7 6 white chocolates; 8 milk chocolates; 6 dark chocolates
10 3 : 2 8 9 : 16
11 3 : 2 9 a 25 : 4 b 125 : 8
12 225
13 2 : 5 : 3 CHAPTER REVIEW
1 5 : 21
EXERCISE 20B 2 2:1
1 a 36 : 108 b 64 : 80 c 132 : 12 3 120 : 200 : 40
d 48 : 72 : 24 e 18 : 36 : 90 f 16 : 56 : 40 : 32 4 1 : 1.6
1
2 a 20 kg b
5 12 silver; 18 blue; 6 red; 9 black; 3 yellow
5
3 45 g
6 Pete gets £350 and Tim gets £420
4 a 200 g flour, 75 g margarine, 75 g lard
3
b
7
5 a 16 cm by 40 cm b Area is 640 cm2 21 Probability basics
6 4.5 litres BEFORE YOU START …
7 0.5 litres 1 a A (0.0312) b C (1) c C (0.04)
8 200 g biscuit, 240 g dried fruit, 80 g butter, 80 g cocoa powder 2 a is correct; b and c are incorrect. The answer in b should be
9 14 oboe players rounded up to 0.317, and c should be 1.000 (include the zeros
to show the answer is rounded).
10 34 pairs
39 13 4 26
11 18 kg 3 5 75% 0.25 5 0.077 5 (to 3 d.p.) 50% 5
52 52 52 52
EXERCISE 20C LAUNCHPAD

113
1 Latte, flat white, cappuccino, espresso, double espresso 1 a 50 b
300
2 a 5 : 6 5 1 : 1.2 b 6 : 5 5 1 : 0.83 c 245 based on the experimental data, 108 based on the
3 a 1 : 28 b 28 : 1 5 1 : 0.0357 theoretical probability
8 1 1 1 1
4 a 75 sweets b 2 a b 7, c d
25 36 6 2 6

EXERCISE 21A d This could be correct, but unlikely. People are more likely
to take holidays in the summer months (which includes
1 a
Outcome Predicted probability August) than in other months.
i e No, this will depend on who they are playing, which players
A total 12 Certain
are playing and so on.
ii An even number Even chance
iii An odd number Even chance WORK IT OUT 21.1
iv A total of 1 Impossible Option B is correct.
Option A is wrong because the second fraction has not been
v Exactly 12 Unlikely converted to a percentage correctly.
vi A total . 4 Likely or highly likely
EXERCISE 21C
b Students’ own investigations.
c Students’ own conclusions based on their investigations. 1 0.74
1
96 8 9 9 2 a b 0.91 c 0.12 d 0.88
2 a , or 0.53 (2 d.p.) b 50 5 0.18 c 20 5 0.45 2
180 15 3 0.568
7 33 4 a 0.16 b 0.84 c 0.6
3 a 5 0.175 b 5 0.825
40 40 d Strawberry 63, Lime 66, Lemon 54, Blackberry 69, Apple 48
1 21 5 a 0.4 b 0.97 c 11 d 114
c 5 0.05 d 5 0.2625
20 80 4
6 a b 0
4 a 400 13
b 3
Brand Frequency Relative frequency 7
4
123
Silk-e-shine 123 5 0.3075 EXERCISE 21D
400
1 a Spa use
21
Get knotted 105 5 0.2625 Gender
80 Use
780
83 1012
Goldilocks 83 5 0.2075
400 F Don’t 232
Guests
use
89
Bubbly stuff 89 5 0.2225 2000
400
Total 400 348
M Use
c 0.3075 988
5 a Don’t 640
use
Result Frequency Relative
frequency b Female guests are more than twice as likely as male guests
to use the spa.
Spoke to customer 122 0.61
2 a 20
Phone not answered 44 0.22
Questions
Correct
Left message on answering machine 22 0.11 incorrect
Phone engaged or out of order 10 0.05
16 4 Prediction
Wrong number 2 0.01
b i Likely ii Unlikely iii Highly unlikely Correct Wrong Correct Wrong
6 a 479 b 0.40 c 0.64 13 3 4 0 Actual

b He predicted quite poorly as all the ones he thought he got
EXERCISE 21B
wrong were actually correct.
17
1 3 a
36 60 Patients
2 0.668 Don’t need Need
prescription prescription
3 Vijay; there are more even number products than odd.
4 a 0.1847 b 0.246 c 0.3337 d 0.754
18 42 Expectation
5 a No, this is not an equally likely outcome, in English for Don’t Need Don’t Need
example, few names start with X. (In China the outcomes need prescription need prescription
might be different!)
b No, the chance of a boy/girl remain the same each time a 11 7 13 29 Reality
woman gives birth, but they are also not equally likely outcomes. (36–29)
c Potentially yes, but realistically no, as skill and experience 29
b c 38.9% (1 d.p.)
and ranking in the league will all affect the outcomes. 42
4 HIV Test 6 a 212 b 89

80 c i 0.29 ii 0.63 iii 0.27
d Students’ own ideas
HIV-Positive HIV-Negative
7 a 42% b 0.042 c 35 d 0.042 or 4.2%
Actual e Outcomes are not equally likely.
17 63 status 8 80 People interested
Test Test Test Test
positive negative positive negative Yes Not sure Responses
Result No
16 1 2 61
of test
37 24 19
Right Wrong Right Wrong Right Wrong Test
EXERCISE 21E 23 14 9 15 5 14
results
1 a No, there are more multiples of three than there are

multiples of two.
b 3 CHAPTER REVIEW
4 1 a 10 000 times
2 Busi is using theoretical probability to argue for an equal b Heads: 0.4083; Tails: 0.5917
number of heads and tails. This is technically correct, but the c 0.41 (2 d.p.)
reality is that each time you toss the coin, there is an equal d She probably is, as this is a large number of coin tosses and
chance of getting heads or tails. 20 tosses is too small a trial to tails comes up 59% of the time. We would expect it to be
decide whether or not the coin is biased. nearer 50% for an unbiased coin.
3 a 0.005 1 9 9 1
1 2 a b c d
b Students’ answers should acknowledge that % is 2 10 10 2
2
a very small margin of error and most tests would be 3 a 0.35 b 20
correct. However, parents are correct in claiming that 4 5750
4 students could be expected to incorrectly test positive.
5 97.35%
The school could agree to retest anyone who gets a positive
result for greater accuracy. 6
Did text 13
c ~19 160
44
4 a Rude to
People text Did not
Status Test positive Test negative Total 31
interviewed text
(i.e. fail drug test) (i.e. pass drug test)
Athletes who 9 1 10 64
are using illegal
substances Did text 11
Acceptable
Athletes who are 99 891 990 to text 20
not using illegal
Did not 9
substances
text
Total 108 892 1
000 7 a Hearts 0.238, Diamonds 0.24, Spades 0.264, Clubs 0.258
b The relative frequencies are all quite close to 25% (theoretical
b
1000 frequency) so it may be fair and unbiased, but you would only
be able to tell with a larger number of trials.
Drug-users Non-users Athletes
10 990
Test Test Test Test
22 Construction and loci
positive negative positive negative BEFORE YOU START …
9 1 99 891 1 a 120° b 40°
2 Students' drawing of 320° angle
100 wrong 3 a C b C
results
4 a Side b Vertex c Centre d Radius e Diameter
c 91.7% (1 d.p.)
d No. There is a 1 in 1000 chance that a drug user will test LAUNCHPAD
negative. 1 A False B True C False D False
5 Students’ own opinions, but it seems to be biased in favour 2 A False B True C False D True
of red.

3 a Angle bisector 9
b Placed compasses at B to draw arcs on BA and BC, then
drew arcs from points P and Q, then drew a line BR from 41 mm
40°
point B through the intersection of these arcs
c 12°
4 river
EXERCISE 22B
50 m
1 a
A
50 m camping pitches
A 5 showers
A B
9 cm
EXERCISE 22A
1 a P
25°
Q R
b
b D
149°
F
E M N
48 cm
c X
c
90°
Z
Y
2 Use the protractor to measure the smaller (non-reflex) angle P Q

at the point, which in this case will measure 122°. Use an arc 6.5 cm
to identify the reflex angle.
3 a Students’ drawings as specified in question
b The lengths of the lines are irrelevant because the
intersection defines how long they will be.
4 Students’ drawings as specified in question 2 a Students’ drawings of angle bisectors.
5 Students’ drawings as specified in question b Constructions can be checked for accuracy with a protractor
6 a Students’ drawings as specified in question 3 a b
b Isosceles
7 Students’ drawings as specified in question
8 a Draw a line longer than 6.4 cm and mark a point A
at the end of this line
Set the compasses to 6.4 cm and placing the compasses at
c
A draw an arc that crosses this line
Mark this point B
Placing the compasses at A draw an arc above the line
roughly above the midpoint of AB
Repeat this step from point B so that both arcs intersect
Mark the point where the arcs intersect as C
Use the ruler to join A to C and B to C
ABC is an equilateral triangle with sides of 6.4 cm
b Draw a line longer than 60 mm and mark a point O towards
the middle of this line
Set the compasses to 30 mm
Place the compasses at O and draw a semi-circle by drawing
the arc connecting one side of the line to the other either
above OR below the line

4 For any triangle ABC, a circle with a centre at the intersection 8 a W Y

of the perpendicular bisectors and passing through point A will
also pass through points B and C
M
N
A Z
B
X
O C
b Centre of the circle
c The perpendicular bisector of any chord of a circle passes
A
through the centre of the circle
EXERCISE 22C
1 Students’ suggestions
5 DO 5 EO 5 FO ≈ 4 cm
D 2 a Points on a circle centre at X, radius 200 km
b Points within the area defined by lines A and B: line A is an
oval defined by parallel lines 1 km long and at 2 km either
side of the straight fence joined by semi-circles of radius
2 km at each end; line B is an oval defined by parallel lines
O
1 km long and at 3 km either side of the straight fence joined
by semi circles of radius 3 km at each end
c Points on the straight line across the centre of the court
F E d The centre spot
6 a e Points within the area defined by two parallel lines that are
A 1 km either side of the railway line
3 An accurate drawing of a circle centre D with a radius of 4 cm.
4 cm
M X N D
4 A construction of the angle bisector MNO

M
b
B A
N O
5 A ‘race track’ 1 cm from PQ
M X N
1 cm 1 cm
Q
7 a S P 4 cm
1 cm 1 cm
6 There are two points that are 4 cm from P and 2.5 cm from Q
O
P Q
T
P Q
5 cm
b Yes. Angles SOQ and POT are opposite angles and therefore
equal.
X

7 a A 6 cm B 2 Length of diagonal DB is 47 mm
D C
4 cm 60 mm
28 mm
D C
b A 6 cm B A B
46 mm
3 Accurately constructed square of side 45 mm

4 cm
D C
c
A 6 cm B
4 cm
D C
8
P O
4 A rectangle
D C
1 cm
M N
9 a
A B
5
EXERCISE 22D
X 6 cm
D
1 Z
5 cm
7.5 cm
M F N Y
C
A B

6 a safety barrier b 6m
monkey’s reach only
covered
monkey’s enclosure by A
7.4 m
9m
2m
A
0.8 m 2.5 m
17.5 m
4.5 m
only 4.5 m 4.5 m

10 m covered
by B
b The barrier should be 1.5 m away from enclosure because Sensors would be better placed at C and D to provide
people can reach out about 1 m. This means that visitors will maximum coverage
not be able to touch the monkeys when both are stretching
out (leaving a small margin for error).
CHAPTER REVIEW
7 1 a 120° and 240°
b and c
lawn
8 M N 240°
120°
2 locus
fence
M
A B
P O
9 a A 6m
3 a
Z
X
9m
2.5 m
1 cm 5 5 km
Y
4.5 m b Z
X
B
railway
4.5 m
1 cm 5 5 km
Y
c Z 23 Vectors
X
1 y
railway 6
electricity 5
B
cable 4
1 cm 5 5 km 3
Y A
2
1
d Z
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
X 21
22
23
C
24
25
26
Y
2 a 24 b 7 c 223 d 228 e 27
4 A B 3 a m 5 12 b k 5 24 c d 5 27
4 x 5 2, y 5 1
LAUNCHPAD
⎛ 23⎞
1 HG 5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 24⎠
2 y
A
8
7
D C 6
5
5
4
3
B
2
1
C
1.5 cm
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2.5 cm 21
22
23
3.5 cm 24
25
26
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
3 a j1k5 b 2k 2 l 5 ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 4⎟⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
6 Other side 26 mm, internal angles 134° and 46°
4 f53 g56
⎛ 214⎞ ⎛ 25⎞
40 mm 23 mm 5 a CA 5 ⎜ ⎟ b CCA AB
AB 5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 22 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
25.7 mm
40 mm ⎛ ⎞
23 ⎛ 15⎞
23 mm 6 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ and ⎜⎝ 20⎟⎠
1
7 a 2x b 3x 1 y c 3x 1 y
134.1° 60 mm 45.9° 2
EXERCISE 23A
1 a C iv b D ii c B i or B v d E i or E v e A iii
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 22⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 23⎞ ⎛ 25⎞ ⎛ 6⎞

2 a ⎜ ⎟ b ⎜ ⎟ c ⎜ ⎟ d ⎜ ⎟ e ⎜ ⎟ f ⎜⎝ 23⎟⎠
⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 22⎠ ⎝ 1⎠


g Vectors AB and DC are the same length and go in opposite ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 215⎞
4 a ⎜ ⎟ b ⎜
directions
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 212⎟⎠
h Vectors AB and BH are parallel, BH is 3 times as long as AB
5 a Sides EF and HG are parallel
3 y
8 b Trapezium
7
C B c
6
5
4 E
3
D 2 E F
1 H
28 27 26 25 24 232221 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
21
22 A
F G G
23
24
25
26 ⎛ 23⎞
27 G = ⎜ ⎟
Vector GF
28 ⎝ 2⎠
6 It is a parallelogram, because opposite sides (AB and DC, and
⎛ 24⎞
4 a ⎜ ⎟ b An example is E (0, 0) and F (24, 6) DA and CB) are parallel.
⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 26⎞ EXERCISE 23C
5 a ⎜ ⎟ b (25, 4)
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎛ 10⎞ ⎛ 22⎞ ⎛ 21⎞
1 a ⎜ b ⎜ ⎟ c ⎜ ⎟
6 ⎝ 22 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
B C

A 2 a DE AB b DF AC
c The two triangles are similar. A'B'C' is an enlargement of
ABC, scale factor 2 The two triangles are similar. A′B′C′ is an
enlargement of ABC, scale factor 2
D
3 a p b 2m c m1p d m2p

⎛ k⎞ ⎛ 2k ⎞ 4 a p 1 2q; AC ABA BC A
AB BM
7 a Bishop can move vectors of the form ⎜ ⎟ and ⎜ ⎟ , where k
⎝ k⎠ ⎝ k⎠ b p 2 2q; DB DAD AB C
CB AB BC
C AB 5 AB 2 2 BM
is a positive or negative integer
c q2p
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 21⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
b King can move vectors of the form ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ d NM
N 5 p 2 q; DB 5 p 2 2q; 2( p 2 q) 5 p 2 2q, so NM is
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 21⎠ ⎝21⎠ 2 2
⎛ 21⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 21⎞ parallel to DB
, ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ and ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ 5 a n b 2m c n 1 m d 2n 2 m
1 1 1 1e
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 22⎞ ⎛ 22⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 21⎞ 6 a e b 2 g c g2e d g e
c Knight can move ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ and 2 2 2 2
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 22⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ Triangle is equilateral
⎛ 21⎞
⎜⎝ 22⎟⎠ 1 1 1 1
7 a 2 e b (g 2 e) c g d g e (g 2 e)
⎛ a⎞ 2 2 2 2
8 Consider the vector ⎜ ⎟ 1
⎝ b⎠ 8 a 5t b 4t 1 r c (5t 1 r) d 22 12 t
By Pythagoras, the length of this vector is ( 2 2
) 3 2
9 a q2p b (q 2 p)
Using basic trigonometry, this vector forms an angle θ with the 4
3 3 1 1
a c OM O OPP PMP 5 p 1 (q 2 p) 5 q 1 p 5 (3q 1 p)
x-axis, where θ 5 tan21 4
b 4 4 4
10 24 m; 26.8 m
WORK IT OUT 23.1
Option C CHAPTER REVIEW
1 The coordinate (22, 3) is a point in two-dimensional space
EXERCISE 23B ⎛ 22⎞
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 212⎞ ⎛ 212 ⎞ ⎛ 21⎞ ⎛ 29⎞ The vector ⎜ ⎟ describes movement from one point to
1 a ⎜ ⎟ b ⎜ ⎟ c ⎜ d ⎜ e ⎜ ⎟ f ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3⎠
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ 21⎟⎠ ⎝ 21⎠ ⎝ 17 ⎠ another. It has magnitude and direction.
⎛ 3⎞ 2 a and c; b and d; e, f and g
g Result c (vector 4p) is parallel to ⎜
⎝ 22 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 21⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 26⎞
3 a ⎜ ⎟ b ⎜ ⎟ c ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 2k ⎞ ⎝ 23⎠ ⎝ 27⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2 Three vectors of the form
⎜⎝ 23k ⎟⎠ for any three values of k
4 a 5(2e 1 f) b 3(2e 1 f) c 7e 1 4f
3 a x54,y50 b x 5 12, y 5 5 c x 5 17, y 5 25
1
d z 5 22, x 5 23.5 e z 5 , y 5 32 f z5 3, y 5 6
4
g z 5 3, x 5 5 h z 5 4, t 5 3

5 a F
1
8 The gradients multiply to give 21, i.e. 3 22 5 21
H 2
9 y 5 0.75x 1 6.25
G EXERCISE 24A
E
1 a y5x
b i 6e 2 9f ii 12f 2 8e
x 22 21 0 1
2 3
6 a a2b b a1 b y 22 21 0 1
5 5
y
24 Straight-line graphs 5
BEFORE YOU START … 4
1 3
Term number 1 3 5 10
2
Term 1 7 13 28 1
2 a A(23, 4) D(1, 24) E(4, 0)
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
b i B ii F 1
c Origin
2
3 a x 5 23 b x 5 42 c x 5 20.4
3
4 a 1 b 1.5
6 2x x 12 4
5 a y 5 1 2 2x b y5 c y5
3 2 5
LAUNCHPAD b y5x12
1 a x 22 21 0 1
x 22 21 0 1
y 0 1 2 3
y 24 23 22 21
y
b
x 22 0 1 2 5
y 6 4 3 2 4
3
c
x 23 22 0 1 2
y 4 2 22 24 1
d
x 22 0 2 4 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
y 0 1 2 3
2
2 A is d B is c 3
3 a y 4
5 5
4
c y 5 3x 2 5
3
x 0 1 2 3
2
y 5 2x 1 4 y 25 22 1 4
1
y
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
⫺1 5
⫺2 4
⫺3 3
⫺4 2
⫺5 1
b Gradient 5 2; y-intercept (0, 4) 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x

4 2y 5 3x 1 5 1
25 2
5
4 3
6 a and b 4
7 y 5 0.5x 1 3 5
d y562x g y 5 22x 1 3
x 0 2 6 8 x 22 21 0 1
y 6 4 0 22 y 7 5 3 1
y y
10 7
8 6
6 5
4 4
2 3
2
10 8 6 4 20 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 1
4
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
6 1
8 2
10 3
e y 5 2x 1 1 h y542x
x 22 21 0 1 x 0 1 3 6
y 23 21 1 3 y 4 3 1 22
y y
5 6
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
1
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
f y5x21 i y 5 3x 2 2
x 22 21 0 1 x 21 0 1 2
y 3 22 21 0 y 25 22 1 4
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
2 Two points are sufficient to define a line.

EXERCISE 24B d y
5
1 a 3 b 1 c 22
21 2 25 4
d e f 3
2 3 4
7 2
2 a 3 b 1 c 23 d
4 1
WORK IT OUT 24.1
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
Option B is correct. 1
2
EXERCISE 24C 3
1 a y
4
5
5
4
3
y 5 x 2 1; this line has a gradient of 1 and the y-intercept
2 is (0, 21)
1 3
2 a y 5 x 23 b y 5 23x 25 c y 5 2x 24
2
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2
1 1
d y 5 x 29 e y 5 x 23 f y 5 x 14
2 2 3 3
3 3 a A b C c D d B e E
4
4 a y 5 22x 1 4; gradient 5 22
5
y
y 5 3x 2 2; this line has a positive gradient of 3 and the
y-intercept is (0, 22) 4
b y
5
4 0 x
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x 3 23
1 b y 5 2 x 1 3; gradient 5
4 4
2
y
3
4
3
5
y 5 22x 1 3; this line has a negative gradient of 22 and the

y-intercept is (0, 3). 0 x
c y
5
4
3
2 1 1 21
c y 5 2 x 1 ; gradient 5
2 2 2
1
y
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
3 1
2
4 0 x
5
1 1
y 5 x 2 1; this line has a positive gradient of and the
2 2
y-intercept is (0, 21)

d y 5 23x 1 2; gradient 5 23 EXERCISE 24D

y 1 a 2 b 24 c 29 d 28
21 3
2 a y5 x b y5 x c y 5 22x 2 9 d y 5 22x 15
3 2
3 a y 5 2x when x 5 3, y 5 6
2
1
b y 5 x 1 6 when x 5 8, y 5 10
0 x 2
c y 5 2x 1 5 when x 5 4, y 5 1
WORK IT OUT 24.2

Option A
e y 5 x 2 4; gradient 5 1 EXERCISE 24E

y
1 a a53 b a 5 21
2 y 5 22x 2 2
3 a Gradient of AB 5 4
b Equation of AB y 5 4x 1 2
c If ABCD is a parallelogram then AB || CD and BC || AD
0 x 8 16 28
Gradient of CD 5 5 5 4 CD || AB same gradient
−4
13 2 15 22
16 2 14 2 1
Gradient of BC 5 5 5
15 2 3 12 6
8 6 2 1
Gradient of AD 5 5 5 BC ||AD same gradient
13 2 1 12 6
f y 5 x 2 1; gradient 5 1
ABCD is a parallelogram.
y 4 Lines parallel to the axes have equations such as x 5 2 or
y 5 23. This is because the values of x or y are constants.
EXERCISE 24F
0 x 1 The line y 5 4x is perpendicular to the line 4y 1 x 5 22
−1
2 a y 5 2x b y 5 2x 1 4c y 5 2x 2 1
12
3 a Gradient of AB 5 5 22
26
22 1 1
Gradient of PQ 5 5 2 2 3 5 21
24 2 2
g y 5 2x 2 4; gradient 5 2
∴ AB is perpendicular to PQ
y 15 1
b Gradient of MN 5 5 0.5 5
3 2
1
gradient of AB 3 gradient of MN 5 22 3 5 2 1
2
∴ MN is perpendicular to AB
0 2 x 4 a Gradient of AB 5 1
b Gradient of CD 5 1 parallel sides of a square
4 5 Line A y 5 3x 1 1 gradient 5 3
1 1
Line B y 5 2 x 1 1 gradient 5 2
1 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 5 21 ∴ Line A is perpendicular to B
h y 5 x 2 3; gradient 5 3
4 4
21
y 6 Gradient of XY 5 5 21
1
1
Gradient of YZ 5 5 1 ∴ XY ⊥ YZ
1
Gradient XY 3 gradient YZ 5 21 3 1 5 21
22 1 23
0 4 x 7 Gradient PQ 5 5 2 RP 5 53
6 3 21
1
3 gradient PQ 3 RP 5 2 3 3 5 21
3
∴ PQ ⊥ RP triangle PQR is right-angled.

EXERCISE 24G y 5 22x 1 4

1 a y y
5
x2 1 y2 5 25 y 2x 4
4
3
y 2x 3
2
0 x
1
(3, 24) 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
24
b gradient of radius line in diagram 5 3
3
3 4
c
4 3 25 5
d y5 x2 4y 5 3x 2 25
4 4
2 a y 5 22x 1 5 b y 5 21 x 1 10 c y 5 21 x 1 10 y5x22
3
y
3 y 5 9 tangent at (0, 9) x 5 9 tangent at (9,0)
5
EXERCISE 24H 4
1 a the function y = −x + 2 produces table ii 3

y x 3 y x 2
the function y = x − 2 produces table i 2
functions y = 2x − 1 and y = −2x + 4 do not produce either 1
table
b, c 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
y 5 2x 1 2
2
y
5 3
4 4
3 5
y x 2 y x 3
2
1 1
d 1, 2 , , 21
2 2
1
2 a Any equation with a negative gradient and a negative
y-intercept, e.g. y 5 2x 2 3
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 b Examples y 5 2x and y 5 4x 1 3
c y 5 3x 2 3
2
d Examples x 5 3, y 5 22
3
22
3 a 2x 1 5y 5 210 (or y 5 x 2 2)
4 5
5
b 23x 1 3y 5 230 (y 5 x 2 10 )
y 5 2x 2 1 1
y 4 y5 x13
2
5
5 a y
4
3
2 2
y 2x 3 y 2x 1
1
0 x
5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
3
4
5

b y 6 a 9y 1 4x 5 74 b 4x 1 5y 5 32 c 3y 5 4x 1 26
7 a y 5 24x 2 6 b y 1 4x 5 20 c y 5 5x 1 28
8 b 5 24
9 a The gradient is 2; the line equation is y = 2x + 1
x b y 5 2x 1 1
0.5 0
1 10 y 1 x 5 3 y 1 x 5 23 y 2 x 5 23 y 2 x 5 3
11 The equation of line AB is y 5 5x 2 4
C(22, 214) 214 5 5 3 22 2 4 → 214 5 214, hence C lies on the
line y 5 5x 2 4
12 2 6y 5 2x 2 25
c y
CHAPTER REVIEW
4 1 i a y 5 6x 21 b y 5 2x 1 1
c y 5 3x 1 1 d y 5 2x 1 2
8 0 x ii y 5 2x 21
iii Yes; gradients multiply together to make 21
2 y 5 24x 1 12
3 a y
5
y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2
4
d y
3
2
3 1
x ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
3 0 ⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
⫺4
y ⫹ 2x ⫽ 3
⫺5
e y
b If x 5 1 and y 5 1, then 1 5 3 3 1 2 2 and 1 1 2 5 3
4 a y 5 3x 1 k (e.g. y 5 3x 1 5)
A straight line, L, is perpendicular to the straight
line y 5 3x 2 5 and passes through the point (6, 5)
1
0 4 x b m52
3
1
4 552 ×6+c
3
c57
1
y52 x17
3
f
1
5 a A y52 B y5x14 C y 5 2x 2 6
2x 1
b Gradient of A 3 gradient of C 5 2 3 2 5 1, therefore
perpendicular 2
c Gradient of B 5 1 gradient of C 5 2, therefore not parallel
d 0 5 x 1 4 x 5 24 (24,0)
3 e y 5 2x 1 6 y 5 2 3 0 2 6 526
1
f y52 x14
4
2

25 Graphs of functions and equations 7 Blue graph represents y 5 sin x

Red graph represents y 5 cos x
1 a Gradient is 3 b (0, 1) c x 5 25 WORK IT OUT 25.1
d 2y 2 6x 5 24 becomes y 5 3x 2 2 (make y the subject and Option C. None of the functions has a constant value, so they all
divide both sides by 2). The gradient is 3, which is the same pass through the origin.
as the gradient of y 5 3x 1 1, therefore the two lines are
parallel. EXERCISE 25A
2 x 1 a C b A c A, B, C d B e D
22 21 0 1 2
y 13 4 1 4 13 2 A: y 5 2x B: y 5 6x C: y 5 x D: y 5 x 26
3 a A x 526 B y57 C y 5 23
3 a x 5 24, x52 b x 5 21, x 5 24 D y 5 24 E x 5 22 F x54
4 (x 1 2)2 2 10 5 0 b y52
x 5 10 − 2, x 5 2 10 − 2 4 y
5
LAUNCHPAD b a d
4
1 Three points will give a clear line with a check point, although a 3
straight line requires only two points to be defined.
2
2 y 5 2x 1 1 is a linear equation with a gradient of 2 and a
1
y-intercept of 1; using two points on the line (0, 1) and (1, 3).
y 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
5 21
4 22
c
3 23
2 24
1 25
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 5 A square is created where the lines intersect, because all four

21 sides are 8 units long, there are two pairs of parallel lines and
22 four angles of 90°.
23 6 a x 5 1 and y 5 1
b Mirror line (line or axis of symmetry is acceptable)
24
c i y
25
5
3 a y 5 2x2 1 1 4
b The coefficient of x2 is negative, which means the parabola is
3
an upside-down U-shape.
c Maximum 2
d Vertex (0, 1) 1
e x 5 21 and x 5 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
4 a Cubic equation 21
b At least 5 values, including half values of x.
22
1
5 a cannot be calculated, so the value is undefined. 23
0
1
b y gets smaller c 24
60
6 y 25
8 ii y 5 x and y 5 2x 1 2
y 5 2x
7 7 a y b y
6
5 y 5 2x y 5 28x
4
3
0 x 0 x
2
1
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x

c y d y y
(0, 7) 10
a c b
8
6
y 5 2 14 x
4
0 x (27, 0) 0 x 2
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
22
24
26
28
e y
210
3 a If the coefficient of x2 is greater than 1 the impact on the

y 5 22x 2 1
shape of the parabola is to increase the steepness (gradient).
b If the coefficient of x2 is a value between 1 and 0, the impact
on the shape of the parabola is to decrease the steepness
(2 12 , 0) 0 x
(gradient). The parabola widens out.
(0, 21) c If a constant value is added to the graph of an equation such
as y 5 ax2 becomes y 5 ax2 1 c, the graph is moved up the
y-axis with a positive value of c and down for a negative value.
d When the coefficient of x2 is negative the basic parabola
y 5 x2 is reflected about the x-axis and has a maximum
EXERCISE 25B (rather than a minimum) turning point through the origin.
1 4 y 5 x2 2 x 2 2 for 22 x 3.
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x 22 21 0 1 2 3
y 5 x² 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 y 4 0 22 22 0 4
y 5 2x² 29 24 21 0 21 24 29
y
y 5 x² 1 1 10 5 2 1 2 5 10 5
y 5 x2 2 x 1 2
y 5 x² 2 4 5 0 23 24 23 0 5 4
3
y
d ac 2
10
1
8
22 21 0 1 2 3 x
6 21
4 22
2 23
a x 5 2 and x 5 21
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x b These are the values for x when y 5 0 – the values where the
22
graph crosses the x-axis.
24
26 WORK IT OUT 25.2
28 Option C.
b
210
2 a y 5 x2 1 2x 2 3 24 x 2
EXERCISE 25C
1
x 24 23 22 0 21 1 2 Graph Turning Axis of y-intercept x-intercepts Roots
y 5 0 23 24 23 0 5 point symmetry of the
equation
b y 5 x2 1 x 2 2 23 x 2
a (2, −9) x52 (0, −5) (5, 0) x55
x minimum (21, 0) and x 5 21
23 22 21
0 1 2
b (−2, −1) x = −2 (0, 3) (−3, 0) x 5 23
y 4 0 22 22 0 4 minimum (21, 0) and x 5 21
c y 5 x2 1 3x 24 x 1 c (4, 16) x=4 (0, 0) (0, 0) (8, 0) x50
maximum and x 5 8
x 24 23 22 0 21 1 d (0, 1) y-axis (0, 1) (21, 0) (1, 0) x 5 21
y 4 0 22 22 0 4 maximum (x 5 0) and x 5 1

2 y 5 3(x 1 1)2 1 0
a The y-intercept is when x 5 0 which gives y 5 3. So this is a y 5 x2 1 2x 2 3 b y 5 2x2 1 4x 1 3
(0, 3) y y
b The axis of symmetry can be read from the rewritten
2 5
equation as x 5 21. So, x 5 21 vertex (21, 0)
c The x-intercepts can be worked out from the rewritten 1 4
y 5 x2 1 2x 2 3
equation when y 5 0, which gives 3(x 1 1)2 1 0 5 0. So the 3
x-intercepts are both (21, 0) 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 x
1 2
d y
2 1
5 y 5 2x2 1 4x 1 3
3
4 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 x
4 21
3 (0, 3)
2 c y 5 4x 2 x2 d y 5 x2 1 2x 2 8
y 5 3x2 1 6x 1 3 y
1 y
(21, 0) 5 20
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 x 4
y 5 4x 2 x2
15
3 10
y 5 x2 1 2x 2 8
2 5
EXERCISE 25D
1 1
1 a y 5 6x2 b y 5 x2 1 4 c y 5 x2 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
2 25
d y 5 2x2 1 2 e y 5 x2 2 1 f y 5 27x2 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21 210
2 2 e y 5 x2 2 8x 1 12 f y 5 2x2 2 6x 2 10
y y 5 3x
y5 x2 12
y 5 x2 y y
20 10
1
y 5 2 x2 2 2 15 5
10
2 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 x
5 y 5 x2 2 8x 1 12 25
0 x y 5 x2 2 6x 2 10 210
21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
22 25 215
210 220
y 5 2x2 1 2
3
Graph Equation y-intercept x-intercept(s) Symmetry axis Turning point
a 2
y 5 x 1 2x 2 3 (0, 23) (23, 0) (1, 0) x 5 21 (21, 24)
b 2
y 5 2x 1 4x 1 3 (0, 3) none x 521 (21, 1)
c y 5 4x 2 x2 (0, 0) (0, 0) (4, 0) x52 (2, 4)
d y 5 x2 1 2x 2 8 (0, 28) (24, 0) ( 2, 0) x 5 21 (21, 29)
e 2
y 5 x 2 8x 1 12 (0, 12) (2, 0) (6, 0) x54 (4, 24)
f y 5 2x2 2 6x 2 10 (0, 210) none x 5 23 (23, 21)
g y 5 2(x 2 3)(x 1 5) (0, 230) (3, 0) (25, 0) x 5 21 (21, 232)
1 7
h y 5 4x2 1 16x 1 7 (0, 7) (2 , 0) (2 , 0) x 5 22 (22,2 9)
2 2
3 3 33
i x2 1 3x 2 6 5 y (0, 26) (24.37, 0) (1.37, 0) x52 (2 , 2 )
2 2 4
1 1 65
j 2x2 1 x 5 8 1 y (0, 28) (22.27, 0) (1.77, 0) x52 (2 , 2 )
4 4 8

g y 5 2(x 2 3)(x 1 5) y
y 50
15 40
10 30
5 20
x 10
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4
25
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
210 210
215 220
220 y 5 2x3
230
225 240
230 250
y 5 2 (x 2 3) (x 1 5) 235
2 a x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
h y 5 4x2 1 16x 1 7
y 5 22x³ 54 16 2 0 22 216 254
y
y 5 2x³ 254 216 22 0 2 16 54
20
y5 4x2 1 16x 1 7 y
15
55
10
50
5
40
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 x 30
25 y 5 2x3
20
210
10
2
i x 1 3x 2 6 5 y
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
210
y
220
20 y 5 22x3
230
15
240
10
250
5
x2 1 3x 2 6 5 y 255
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 x
25 b x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
210
1
y 52 x³ 13.5 4 0.5 0 20.5 24 213.5
2
j 2x2 1 x 5 8 1 y
1
y y5 x³ 213.5 24 20.5 0 0.5 4 13.5
2
20
15 y
10 50
2x2 1 x 5 8 1 y
5 40
1 1
y 5 2 2 x3 y 5 2 x3
30
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
25 20
210 10
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
210
EXERCISE 25E 220
230
1
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 240
y 5 2x³ 27 8 1 0 21 28 227 250
The graph is the reflection in the y-axis of the graph y 5 x3.
3 Given the graph of y 5 4x3 if this graph is reflected about the
y-axis this will produce the graph y 5 24x3

4 x
y
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 55
y 5 x ³1 1 226 27 0 1 2 9 28 50
y 5 x³ 2 2 229 210 23 22 21 6 25 45
40
a y
35
60
30
y 5 x3 1 1 25
40
20
15
20
10 y 5 x3 2 3x 1 1
5
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
25
220
210
215
240
220
260
EXERCISE 25F
b
2
y 1 a y5
x
60
x 24 22 21 1 2 4
y 5 x3 2 2 y 1 21 22 2 1 1
40 2
2 2
6
b y5
20 x
x 26 23 21 1 3 6
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x y 21 22 26 6 2 1
220 c xy 5 212
x 210 28 26 24 22 2 4 6 8
240
y 1.2 1.5 2 3 6 26 23 22 1.5
260 8
d y5
x
5 a y 5 x3 1 1; y-intercept (0, 1)
b y 5 x3 2 2; y-intercept (0, 22) x 28 26 24 22 1 2 4 6 8
6 Line A is y 5 x3 1 5 Line B is y 5 x3 – 6 1
1 13
y 21 21 3 22 24 8 4 2 1
7 a y 5 x3 1 3x2 23 x 3
x y
23 22 21 0 1 2 3
10
y 0 4 2 0 4 20 54
8
c d
y 6
60 4
y 5 x3 1 3x2
50 2 b
a
40
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
30 22
a
b 24
20
d c
10 26
28
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x 210
210
2 The constant in the equations affects the graph – as the value
b y 5 x3 2 3x 1 1 23 x 4 gets larger (positive or negative), the graph moves further away
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 from the origin. For positive values of the constant, the graph
is in the 1st and 3rd quadrants, but for negative values of the
y 217 21 3 1 21 3 19 53 constant the graph is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

3
x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 20.2 20.25 20.333 20.5 21 not 1 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.2
a y5
x defined
1 0.8 0.75 0.667 0.5 0 not 2 1.5 1.333 1.75 1.2
b y5 11
x defined
1 2.8 2.75 2.667 2.5 2 not 4 3.5 3.333 3.25 3.2
c y5 13
x defined
y 1
c y5 24 x 6
4 x 22
c
x 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c 3
y Not
20.1667 20.2 20.25 20.33 20.5 21 1 0.5 0.33 0.25
2 defined
b
1
b 1 y y5 x22
1
a
0.75
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 0.5
a
21 0.25
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
22 20.25
a a 20.5
4 The constant in y 5 1 c moves the graph y 5 in a vertical
x x 20.75
direction.
1 21
5 Neo is correct; y 5 x is a line of symmetry for the graph of y 5
because x is the reciprocal of y x
7 a y
5 10
6 a y5 25 x 4
x 8
x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 6
y 21 21.25 21.667 22.5 25 not 5 2.5 1.667 1.25 4
y 5 x3 1 2
defined 2
y 5
y5 x 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 x
15 22
10 24
5 26
b y
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 8
25
6
210
4
215
2 y 5 2x3
3
b y5 x 5 216, 212, 28, 24, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16
x 12 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 x
22
x 216 212 28 24 0 4 8 12 16 24
y 20.21 20.3 20.5 21.5 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.21 1.667 26

28
3 y
y y5
x12 c 2
y5 x
1.5 6
1 4
0.5 2
220215210 25 0 5 10 15 20 x 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 x
20.5 22
21 24
21.5 26

d 1 y x 21 0 1 2
y5 x 21
6
y55 x 0.2 1 5 25
4
y 5 2 3 5x 0.4 2 10 50
2
1 x 0.1 0.5 2.5 12.5
y5 35
28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 x 2
22
24 y
y 5 5x
26 2.5
2
e 1 y
y 5 2x 1.5
6 y 5 2 3 5x 1 1
y 5 2 × 5x
4
0.5
2
22 21.5 21 20.50 0.5 1 1.5 x
28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 x 22
22
24 2 a y
26 8
y 5 2x
7
f 1 y
y5 x 12 6
8
5
6
4
4
3
2
2
28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 x 1
22
24 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
1
8 y5 b y
x2 y = 2−x y = 4x y = 2x
8
7
EXERCISE 25G
6
1 a i y 5 3x ii y 5 1.1 3 3x
5
iii y 5 2.5 3 3x values: 22 x 3
4
x 22 21 0 1 2 3 3
x 0.111 0.333 1 3 9 27 2
y53
1
y 5 1.1 3 3 x 0.122 0.367 1.1 3.3 9.9 29.7
y 5 2.5 3 3 x 0.278 0.833 2.5 7.5 22.5 67.5 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
x
y ⎛ 1⎞
y 5 1.1 3 3x 3 y5 for 23 ø x ø 3
2.5 ⎝ 4⎠
2
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
1.5
y 5 2.5 3 3x y 64 16 4 1 0.25 0.0625 0.01563
1 y 5 3x
0.5 y
5
22.5 22 21.5 21 20.50 0.5 1 x
20.5 4
3
b i y 5 5x ii y 5 2 3 5x 2
1
iii y 5 3 5x values: 21 ø x ø 2 1
2
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 x
21

4 y y
5 4
y 5 tan x
4 y 5 3x 3
3 2
2 1
1
y 5 1x 236022702180290 0 90 180 270 360 x
21
24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
21 22
23
5 a This is a decreasing curve. When a , 0 values will be . 5 and 24
when a . 0 values will be , 5 but remain positive.
b The graph cuts the y-axis when a 5 0 (0, 5) b sin x 5 cos x between 0 and 90° when x 5 45°; sin 45° 5 0.707
c y cos 45° 5 0.707
10 2 Graph A most resembles y 5 sin x because it starts at zero and
repeats in a wave curve.
8
Graph B most resembles y 5 cos x because at zero it has a
6
y 5 5 × (0.85)a maximum value and continues in a wave graph, but it does not
4 have negative values.
2
WORK IT OUT 25.3
26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 x
22 Option B.
EXERCISE 25I
EXERCISE 25H 1 a Radius 5 5 units
1 a b (3, 4) 32 1 42 5 9 1 16 (23, 4) (23)2 1 42 5 9 1 16
x 2360 2270 2180 290 0 90 180 270 360 5 25 5 25
c (4, 3) (24, 23) ( 23, 24) (3, 24)
y 5 sin x 0 1 0 21 0 1 0 21 0
(0, 5) (0, 25) (25, 0) (5, 0) any four
y 5 cos x 1 0 21 0 1 0 21 0 1
y 5 tan x 0 not 0 not 0 not 0 not 0 2 y
defined defined defined defined 6
5
y 5 sin x has a maximum value of 1 and repeats every 360° 4
y 5 cos x has a maximum value of 1 and repeats every 360° 3 a
y 5 tan x has a maximum value that cannot be defined and it 2 e

repeats every 180° 1 d
b c
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
y 5 sin x
1 2
3
4
2360 2270 2180 290 0 90 180 270 360 x
5
21
6
y
3 a (6, 8) (26, 8) (5 2 , 5 2 ) (10, 0)
b (5, 12) (25, 212) (25, 12) (0, 13)
y 5 cos x
1 4 a x2 1 y2 5 1 b x2 1 y2 5 4 c x2 1 y2 5 9 d x2 1 y2 5 16
2360 2270 2180 290 0 90 180 270 360 x CHAPTER REVIEW

21 1 a x 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 12 6 3 2 1.5 1.2 1

b y
26 Angles
12
10
BEFORE YOU START ...
1 a 84 b 64 c 187 d 208
8
2 a Isosceles right-angled triangle b Rhombus
6 c Rectangle
4 3 x 5 y as the triangle formed by the diagonals is isosceles
2 4 a 35° b 120°
0 2 4 6 x
LAUNCHPAD
2 Point of intersection of y 5 2x 25 and 2y 2 x 5 5 is (5, 5)
1 a 72° b 60° c 108°
y 2 No. Angles on a line sum to 180°
10 3 Any three pairings of the acute angles or the obtuse angles,
8 e.g. ac, bd and eg
6 4 c 5 f only if the line red is perpendicular to the two parallel lines
4 5 44°; angle BCA 5 68°; angle CAB 5 angle BCA5 68°,

y 5 2x 2 5 so x 5 180 2 68 2 68 5 44°
2
2y 2 x 5 5
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x EXERCISE 26A
22
1 a 188° b 110° c 95° d Reflex; obtuse; obtuse
24
2 a x 5 49°, y 5 80° b x 5 50° c p 5 60°
26
3 Angle ABC 5 58 1 65 1 59 5 182°; if AC is a straight line,
28 angle ABC must be 180°
210 4 a x 5 137°, y 5 43°, z 5137°
3 a x 5 21 and x 5 3 b x 5 49°, y 5 49°, w 5 84°, z 5 47°
b y 5 2{(x 1 1)(x – 3)} 5 z 5 200°
y 5 2{x2 2 2x 2 3}
6 a x = 69°, y = 69°, a = 111°, b = 111°
y 5 2 x2 1 2x 1 3
c x2 2 2x – 3 5 0 → (x 2 1)22 4 b x = 90°, y = 90°, a = 90°, b = 90°
The turning point is (1, 24), axis of symmetry x 5 1. c x = 124°, y = 124°, a = 56°, b = 56°
d x = 60°, y = 60°, a = 120°, b = 120°
4 a Red curve: y 5 cos x Blue curve: y 5 sin x
b In the range 0° x 270° sin x 5 cos x for x 5 45°, 225° 7 a x = 50° b x = 68°, y = 26°, z = 94° c x = 20°
sin 45 ° 5 cos 45° and sin 225° 5 cos 225°
5 EXERCISE 26B
y
1 a 5 137°, b 5 137°, c 5 137°, d 5 43°
2 x 5 80°
x2 1 y2 5 25 5 y 5 2 34 x 1 6 14
3 a 5 125°, b 5 55°, c 5 35°
4 x 5 130°, y 5 130°
5 a 5 138°, b 5 42°, c 5 138°, d 5 138°, e 5 42°,
25 0 5 x f 5 138°, g 5 42°
6 ∠CEG 5 32°
y 5 2x 2 2 7 ∠DCF 5 54°
25
8 a x 5 30° b x 5 25°
9 a AB is parallel to DC (alternate angles are equal)
3 1 b AB is not parallel to DC (co-interior angles don't add
The point of contact of the tangent y 5 2 x 1 6 with the
circle x2 1 y2 5 25 is (3, 4) 4 4 up to 180°)
The point (3, 4) lies on the circle x2 1 y2 5 25 32 1 42 5 9 1 c AB is parallel to DC (corresponding angles are equal)
16 5 25
3 1 EXERCISE 26C
x 5 3 and y 5 4 satisfies the equation y 5 2 x 1 6
4 4
1 a x 5 55° b c 5 70°
6 a y 5 x2 2 x 2 12 b x2 1 y2 5 16
2 x 5 75°, y 5 105°
4
c y 5 2x2 d y5
x 3 a 5 40°, b 5 50°
e y 5 0.5x f y 5 3 3 2x

4 x 5 130°, y 5 145°, z 5 85° CHAPTER REVIEW

5 a 5 48°, b 5 84°, c 5 96° 1 a 270° b 120° c 61° d 55°
1
6 x 5 18 3 ° e 92° f 162°
7 ∠ECD 5 y (corresponding angles), ∠ACE 5 x (alternate angles) 2 Pentagon

So ∠ACD 5 x 1 y 3 360°
8 a x 5 75°, y 5 75°, z 5 35° b z 570° c x 5 20° 4 z 5 105°
d x 5 85° e x 5 50° 5 10 sides, decagon
6 40°
EXERCISE 26D 7 I 5 sum of interior angles, E 5 sum of exterior angles
1 Students’ drawings. We know I 5 180(n 2 2) formula for sum of interior angles
2 8 and 18 I 1 E 5 180n the sum of each interior and exterior
3 is 180 and there are n angles
So E 5 180n 2 I 5 180n 2 180(n 2 2) 5 180n 2 180n 1 360 5 360
Number
of sides in 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 (180 3 4)
8 Interior angle of hexagon 5 5 120°
polygon 6
(180 3 6)
Number of Interior angle of an octagon 5 5 135°
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 18 8
triangles
x 5 360 2 120 2 135 5 105°
Angle sum
9 x 5 30°, y 5 55°
of interior 180° 360° 540° 720° 900° 1080° 1440° 3240°
angles 10 Sum of interior angles 5 360°, adding all angles give 18x 5 360,
so x 5 20°
4 The number of triangles is two less than the number of sides ∠ABC 5 18, ∠BCD 5 162
5 n22 These are co-interior angles and they sum to 180°, so AB and
6 a 180 times two less than n b 180 (n 2 2) DC are parallel; ABCD is therefore a trapezium
7 1800° 11 a 22 sides b x 5 109.09°
8 Sum of interior angles 5 180(n 2 2) 5 180 × 10 5 1800°
Interior angle 5
sum of interior angles 1800
5 5 150° 27 Circles
12 12
Exterior angle 5 180 2 interior angle 5 180 2 150 5 30° BEFORE YOU START …
1 a False b True c False d True
WORK IT OUT 26.1 6 9
2 a Arc length 5 π ≈ 3.8 cm; area 5 π ≈ 5.7 cm2
5 5
Option A is correct.
175 4375
In option B the triangles overlap, so the student has added angles b Arc length 5 π ≈ 137.4 mm; area 5 π ≈ 1718.1 mm2
4 8
that are ‘inside’ the pentagon but are not part of the ‘interior angles’. c Arc length 5 10π ≈ 31.4 cm; area 5 60π ≈ 188.5 cm2
The student has not realised that 180° forms a straight line so this
3 B Incorrect
cannot be the size of the interior angle.
In option C, the student has added an extra 360°. The student has
not realised that 180° forms a straight line so this cannot be the size
LAUNCHPAD
of the interior angle. 1
Chord
EXERCISE 26E
Diameter
1 a 1260° b 1800° c 4140°
Circumference
2 a 2340° b 360° c 156° d 24°
Radius
3 a 45° b 135° c Octagon
4 x 5 37°, y 5 97°, z 5 92°
5 137°
6 55°, 110° 2 12 756 km
7 No. This would give an exterior angle of 55°. The sum of its 3 a 65°
exterior angles must equal 360°, so 55 3 n 5 360. This gives b Angle APB 5 90° because the angle at the circumference
n 5 6.55, but n is not an integer so there is no regular polygon subtended from the diameter is a right angle.
with interior angles of 125° Angle AQB 5 90° because the angle at the circumference
8 a 11 b 19 subtended from the diameter is a right angle. Angle
9 1260° PBA 5 angle BAQ and angle PAB 5 angle ABQ because
alternate angles are equal.
Hence angle PAQ 5 angle AQB 5 90° and hence as all four
angles are right angles the shape APBQ must be a rectangle.

4 Angle ADB 5 90° because the angle on the circumference 4 a a 5 78° because opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral
subtended from the diameter is 90°. From first principles: sum to 180°; b 5 102° because co-interior angles
angles in a triangle sum to 180°, so x + y + y + x 5 180. Hence sum to 180°; c 5 78° because opposite angles in a
2x + 2y 5 180, so x + y 5 90 and hence angle ADB 5 x + y 5 90. cyclicquadrilateral sum to 180°.
b x 5 36° because 2x 1 3x 5 180° (opposite angles in a cyclic
quadrilateral sum to 180°); 3x 1 y 5 180° (angles on a
EXERCISE 27A straight line sum to 180°), so y 5 72°; z 5 96° (opposite
1 a E radius b F major segment c A sector d B tangent angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180°).
e D circle f C minor arc c a 5 62° (opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to
2 a Diameter b Radius c Larger d Minor arc 180°); b 5 90° (angles subtended from the diameter at the
e Sector f Chord g Centre, EF h AB circumference are right angles); c 5 28° (angles in a triangle
sum to 180°).
3 a They are equal because base angles in an isosceles triangle d p 5 120° because LM 5 LP (two tangents to a circle at same
are equal. point are equal in length), hence angle LMP 5 LPM 5 60°
b As OE 5 OF, because both are radii of the smaller triangle, (base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal); angles on a
triangle OEF is an isosceles triangle and the base angle straight line sum to 180°.
OFE 5 OEF. Similarly, OB 5 OC as they are both radii of the
larger circle and hence angle OBC 5 OCB. Triangles
OBC and OEF both share angle EOF and hence they are WORK IT OUT 27.1
similar triangles because they share the same angles and Option B is correct.
angle OEF 5 OFE 5 OCB 5 OBC. Option A: angle OTQ is not equal to angle PQT.
Option C: angle QPT is not equal to angle OTQ.
EXERCISE 27B
1 Angle COB 5 80° (angle at centre twice angle at circumference) EXERCISE 27E
Angle CBO 5 (180 2 80) 4 2 5 50° (base angle isosceles 1 a 14 b 36 c 64 d 80
triangle) e 60
2 Angle XYZ 5 90° (angle in a semi-circle) 2 Example reasons given; there may be more than one way of
Angle YXZ 5 180 2 90 2 20 5 70° (angles in a triangle) finding the missing angle.
3 Angle DAC 5 angle DBC 5 25° (angles in the same segment) a Angle EHO 5 90°, radii bisect chords at 90° only.
4 124° (angle at centre twice angle at circumference) b Angle GFB 5 62°, because of the alternate segment theorem.
5 Angle ACB 5 90° (angles in a triangle) c Angle GBF 5 28°, angles in a triangle sum to 180° and the
A 90° angle is formed in a semi-circle. angle on the circumference subtended from the diameter
Thus, AB is a diameter. is 90°.
d Angle FEG 5 28°, the angle on the circumference subtended
6 Angle ACB 5 90° so angle CAB 1 angle CBA 5 90° (angles in a
from the diameter is 90° (angle BEF) and BEG is 62° because
triangle). Angle CAB 5 60° and angle CBA 5 30°
of the alternate segment theorem.
e Angle DBF 5 62°, since GF and BD are parallel angle
EXERCISE 27C DBG 5 180 2 angle BGF 5 90° (complementary angles).
Thus, angle DBF 5 90 2 angle GBF 5 90 2 28 5 62°.
1 18 units
f Angle GEH 5 90°, since opposite angles in a cyclic
2 10 units quadrilateral sum to 180°. Cyclic quadrilateral here is BGED,
3 Let angle ACE 5 x and angle ECD 5 y. Then x 1 y 5 angle so angle GEH 5 180 − angle GBF = 180 2 90 5 90°.
ACD 5 66° (alternate angles with angle NAC). Join O to A. 3 2x
OA 5 OC 5 radius, so triangle COA is isosceles and angle
4 a 90 2 x b 180 2 2x c 2x 2 90
OAC 5 x. NAT is a tangent to the circle at A, so angle OAN 5 90°.
But angle OAN 5 66 1 x, so x 5 90 − 66 5 24°. x 1 y 5 66°,
so y 5 42°. Angle ECD 5 42° CHAPTER REVIEW
1 B 58°
EXERCISE 27D 2 Angle ACD 5 54° (angles in the same segment)
1 B 3 a x 5 140° (angle subtended at centre twice that subtended by
the same arc on the circumference)
2 a Angle BAN 5 ACB 5 x and angle TAC 5 CBA 5 x by the
b y 5 110° (opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum
alternate segment theorem, and hence angle TAC 5 ACB
to 180°)
and angle NAB 5 ABC. Therefore the alternate segment
4 AD 5 AB (two tangents from a given point are equal in length).
theorem holds and CB is parallel to TN.
Angle ADO and angle ABO are both 90° (angle between a radius
b Angle ACB 5 CBA and hence triangle ACB is an isosceles and a tangent).
triangle because base angles in an isosceles triangle are ADOB is a quadrilateral and internal angles sum to 360°, so
equal. Therefore as triangle ACB is an isosceles triangle, angle DOB 5 360 2 90 2 90 2 50 5 130°.
AC 5 AB. Angle BCD is half angle DOB (angle at the centre is twice the
3 a x b 180 2 2x c 2x d 90 2 x e 90 2 x angle subtended by the same arc on the circumference).
Angle BCD 5 130 ÷ 2 5 65°.

28 Probability – combined events 3

H
H HHH
T HHT
BEFORE YOU START … H
H HTH
3 13 2 T
1 a b c T HTT
8 15 5
H THH
4 H
d e 0.18 T THT
15 T
H TTH
2 a FF, FM, MM, MF T
T TTT
b HH, HT, TH, TT
c AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB 4 R
R B
G
LAUNCHPAD R
4 B B
1 a 30 b 19 c 3 d
15 G
1 4 9
2 a b c R
52 13 13
G B
5 41 20
3 a b c G
9 81 81
5 a W WWWW
4 a First child Second W
child
W L WWWL
G
G W L WWL
B L WL
L L
G b 5 c 1
B 2
1 B 6 a 1
3
G
b 1
3
2 1 R Y
2
1
3 W
EXERCISE 28A
1 G
1 a b 1
3
1
H H 2 3
B Y
T T
1
3 W
H T D O G b No; however, in reality people have colour preferences, so
c relative frequency of choices would probably not be equal.
R
B
EXERCISE 28B
Y
1 a A B
R B Y 7 1
6
8 2
2 9 10
12 3
a i
5 11 4 20
Dice 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 2 13 14 15 16 18 17 19
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 1 b i {6, 8, 12}
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2 5, 2 6, 2 ii {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 3 iii 7
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4 iv 13
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5, 5 6, 5 v 13
6 1, 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6 2 R S
ii
Coin H T
3 1 5
Spinner
A HA TA
B HB TB 11
C HC TC 11
P(not red, not sports shoes) 5
D HD TD 20
3 EXERCISE 28D
L M
1 a Possible sample space:
U E E
30 5 42 D DU DE DE
N NU NE NE
23 D DU DE DE
1 4 2 8
P(tie hair back) 5 b c d
20 9 3 9
4 H T 1 2 1 1
2 a b c d
15 15 45 30
7 8 3
e f g
1 12 3 15 15 10
3 a 12
51 13
4 51
12 students wearing headphones and sending texts

13
13 51
3 1 3 51
5 a b c
10 4 8
13
52 13
6 500 51 12
51
Ready- Fresh
13
made 52 13
137 43 122 13 51
51
a
32 b 13
51 13
51
c 13
52
12
Dairy 13 51
13 51
52
a 12 b 36 c 118
13
51 13
51
WORK IT OUT 28.1
13
Option B is correct. 12 51
51
If entrances numbered 1 and 2, and exits labelled A, B and C, the
possible combinations are:
1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C 1 19 13
b i ii iii
17 34 51
EXERCISE 28C 1 1
1 a 4 a i ii iii 0
P C 24 24
1 1
b c
4 24
5 7 8
1 1 1 4
5 a b c d
4 13 52 13
8
6 Rain Below 6°C
5 5 1
b i ii iii
28 7 4
2 3 276 000 options
6 10 15
1
3
13 983 816
4 45 0
5 126
6 3024 Rainy and below 6 °C on 10 days.
7 336
8 216, assuming order is relevant

EXERCISE 28E 7 a
5
b
9
c
15
d
2
1 a First student Second student 14 14 28 7
13 7
8
20 G 8 a b or 0.12 (2d.p.)
15 60
9 G 9 a If P(A|B) 5 P(A) then they are independent
21
12 B b If the marble is returned, then the probability of a red on
20
1
9
G
the second draw is still . If the probability of drawing a
12
20
x 8
21
B blue first is , there is no whole number value of y that
y
11
20 B can lead to a combined denominator of 15 when the two
probabilities are multiplied. So, the marble is NOT returned
11 6 9 to the bag.
b i ii iii
35 35 20
6 111 9 CHAPTER REVIEW
c i ii iii
95 133 19
1 Students’ own diagrams. Possible answers could be:
2 a Locker 1 Locker 2 Locker 3 a
1
2 S K H 0
R H 2 1
1 1 K S
3 2
1
T 3 7
1 2 R K T 4
3 6 5
S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 K R
2
1 1
3 2 R S b Pink Yellow
K
1 S R A AP AY
2
B BP BY
b Dependent; one affects the other
1 1 C CP CY
c 1 d 6 e f
6 2
c P A N A N P N A P
3 a Friday Saturday 3323156
P N A A P N N P A
0.83 Rain
d
Art Music
Rain
0.21
0.17 Not Rain
7 3 9
0.3 Rain
0.79
Not
Rain 0.7 5
Not Rain
2 Students’ own diagrams, but this table from Exercise 28A Q2 is
b i 0.1743 ii 0.3
most likely:
4 Dice 1
C L
Dice 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1 5, 1 6, 1
6 9 8
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2 5, 2 6, 2
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 5, 3 6, 3
2 4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4 5, 4 6, 4
3 9 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5, 5 6, 5
a b
5 17 6 1, 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, 6 6, 6
5 a
H S 1 11 1 11
a b c d
36 36 6 36
3
58 22 20 3 a
10
b 3
10 Vowel
3 Vowel
0 10
7 Consonant
10
11
b i 0.58 ii or 0.275 3
4 40 7
10 Vowel
6 or 0.16 10 Consonant
15
7 Consonant
10

9 49 21 91 3 a 7 3 109 b 2.4 3 105 c 3.7 3 1013 d 2 3 1027

c i ii iii iv
100 1000 50 100 e 1.4 3 108 f 1 3 10210 g 6.25 3 106 h 7.53 3 10210
d Letters are replaced, so independent. 4 a 31 800 000 b 0.000 74 c 0.000 001 24
e Remove a letter and don’t replace it. d 3 000 000 000 e 0.000 12 f 778 000 000
4 g 150 000 000 000
B F
h 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 938 22
27 3 6
EXERCISE 29B
1 Display will vary depending on calculator used.
2 a 1.09 3 105 b 2.876 3 1026 c 4.012 3 109
14 d 1.89 3 107 e 3.123 3 1013 f 2.876 3 1024
g 9.02 3 1015 h 8.076 3 10212 i 8.124 3 10211
7 27 14
a b c 0.1 d
25 50 41 EXERCISE 29C
5 a Monday Tuesday 1 a 5.62 3 1021 b 6.56 3 10217
c 1.28 3 10214 d 1.44 3 1013
0.8 Rain
2 a 1.58 3 10220 b 5.04 3 1018
Rain
0.6 3 a 1.98 3 1012 b 1.52 3 1017
0.2 Not Rain c 2.29 3 108 d 9.05 3 1028
Rain 4 a 1.0274 3 10215 b 1.0458 3 100 c 1.6184 3 1011

0.5
0.4 d 5.2132 3 1019 e 3.0224 3 10216 f 2.3141 3 1012
Not
17 23
Rain 0.5 g 3.8066 3 10 h 3.4760 3 10
Not Rain
b 0.48 c 0.8 EXERCISE 29D

1 1 a 8 3 1030 b 4.2 3 1012 c 2.25 3 1026
6 a 28 b
7 d 1.4 3 1032 e 3 3 101 f 2 3 101
g 3 3 103 h 3 3 1042
2 a 8 3 10220 b 6.4 3 10212
29 Standard form c 3.15 3 1029 d 3.3 3 1022
e 2 3 1033 f 7 3 10237
BEFORE YOU START ... g 5 3 1012 h 1.65 3 101
1 a 8.7 b 8.7 c 6.75 d 15 3 a 1.2 3 1031 b 4.5 3 1011 c 3.375 3 1036
d 1.32 3 10211 e 2 3 1026 f 2.67 3 105 (3 s.f.)
2 a B b A c B
g 1.2 3 102 h 2 3 1023
3 a False: should be 35 b True c True
d False: should be x21 e True
4 a 3 3 109 m b 6 3 109 m
c 3 3 1010 m d 6 3 1011 m
5 a 3.125 3 107 times; 31 250 000 times
LAUNCHPAD
b 4.5 3 1016 blinks
1 D
2 C EXERCISE 29E
3 B 1 a 5 3 108 b 1.5 3 1023 c 3.15 3 106
4 E d 5.6 3 107 e 3.4 3 1023 f 22 3 1022
5 5.52 3 1010 2 a The Pacific b 5.9 3 107 km2
6 2.5 3 10 27 c Total area 5 3.61 3 108 2 (2.71 3 108) 5 0.9 3 108
5 9 3 107 km2
3 9.276 3 107 miles
EXERCISE 29A
4 a Virus A b 2.7 3 1027 m c 3.3 3 1027 mm
1 a 3.21 3 105 b 1.34 3 103
c 3.01 3106 d 8 3 1022
e 1 3 1024 f 3.2 3 107 EXERCISE 29F
g 9.1 3 105 h 3.1255 3 1025 1 a 1.07 3 109 b 1.10 3 1012
i 2.4152 3 1027 j 3.05 3 1023 2 a 400 pixels b 1.61 3 1022 cm2 c 4800 pixels
k 2.01 3 1021 l 3.4 3 1024 d 4 3 1028 cm2 e 1 3 1025 cm2
m 9 3 1023 n 2.45 3 100
3 a 3.3 3 1010 nm b 2.1 3 107 nm
o 4.26 3 1024 p 4.26 3 1021
4 a 500 seconds 5 5 3 102 seconds
2 a 140 b 48 000 c 2900
b 19 166.67 seconds (2 d.p.) 5 1.92 3 104 seconds (3 s.f.)
d 325 e 0.325 f 367 000
g 45 000 000 h 0.0213 i 32 090 5 a 5.848 3 1011 cells
j 0.003 46 k 0.000 189 l 0.000 000 7 b 3.74272 3 1013 cells
m 0.010 3 n 0.001 025 o 0.000 020 9 6 Students’ individual problems.

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 30A

1 a 4.5 3 10 4
b 8 3 10 1
c 2.345 3 10 6
1 a ∠ABC 5 ∠ECD, ∠BDA 5 ∠CDE,
d 3.2 3 1010 e 6.5 3 1023 f 9 3 1023 AB BD DA
∠DAB 5 ∠DEC, 5 5
2 a 2500 b 39 000 EC CD DE
c 426 500 d 0.000 010 45
b ∠VYZ 5 ∠XYW, ∠YZV 5 ∠YWX,
3 a 9.05 3 106 b 7.848 3 1021 c 4.04 3 1010
YW WX XY
d 3.20 3 1021 e 3.42875 3 108 f 3.757 3 1010 (4 s.f.) ∠YVZ 5 ∠YXW, 5 5
YZ ZV VY
4 a 5.74 3 107 b 1.764 3 1015
c 3.4 3 104 d 1.33 3 10 (3 s.f.) c ∠PQS 5 ∠RSQ, ∠QPS 5 ∠QRS,
8 5 310 24 10 8
9 PQ QS SP
2
5 p5 ∠PSQ 5 ∠RQS, 5 5
(8.5 310 9 )(4 10 8 ) RS SQ QR
p = 0.00004880935301… = 4.9 3 10−5 d ∠HZV 5 ∠NML, ∠ZVH 5 ∠MLN,
8 3 1028 m b 1 3 1028 m c 4 3 1027 m

HZ ZV VH
6 a ∠VHZ 5 ∠LNM, 5 5
NM ML LN
7 a The Sun b 6.05 3 106 (3 s.f.)
8 a 6.35 3 10 km 3
b 3.99 3 104 km c 1.07 3 1012 km3 2 a Yes, all three angles are the same.
b No, the smaller triangle has three different length sides, but
the larger triangle is isosceles.
c Yes, sides are all in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5.
30 Similarity 3 a False. Triangles with angles 30°, 30°, 120° and 40°, 40°, 100°
BEFORE YOU START … (for example) are both isosceles but are not similar.
1 a ∠COB or ∠BOC b 70° c 150° b True
c False. Triangles with angles 90°, 45°, 45° and 90°, 70°, 20°
2 a x58 b h 5 64 c k 5 0.25 (for example) are both right-angled but not similar.
3 C d True
2 e True
4 x5
3 f False. Triangles with sides 8 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm and 16 cm,
1 18 cm, 20 cm (for example) are similar.
5 a x5 5 0.125
8 4 a Triangles NMO, JKO and JLM are similar.
b 20.25 ∠NOM 5 ∠KOJ 5 ∠LMJ; ∠OKJ 5 ∠ONM 5∠MLJ;
c 3375 ∠JKO 5 ∠KLM = ∠MNO.
b Triangles BDC, ADB and ABC are similar.
∠ADB 5 ∠BDC 5 ∠ABC; ∠DAB 5 ∠DBC 5 ∠BAC;
LAUNCHPAD ∠DBA 5 ∠DCB 5 ∠BCA.
1 a Two rectangles are only similar if their sides are in the 5 c 5 8 cm, d 5 18 cm
same ratio.
b All angles are the same and the sides will be in the same 6 e 5 16 m, f 5 13.5 m
ratio, so these two triangles are similar. 7 a Angle DEC 5 angle DAB (corresponding)
Angle DCE 5 angle DBA (corresponding)
2 AC 5 14.1 cm, BC 5 4.7 cm, AE 5 4 cm
So, for triangles EDC and ADB, D is common, E 5 A and
3 C 5 B all the corresponding angles are equal so the
y
6 triangles are similar.
5 b AE 5 1.5 cm, CE 5 10 cm, AB 5 12.5 cm
4
8 YZ 5 3 cm, XY 5 9 cm
3
2 9 BC 5 2.97 m
1
10 192 m
2625242322210 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
22 EXERCISE 30B
23 1 a
24
25
26
1
4 Enlargement scale factor , centre (4, 2)
2
5 No, the angles are the same, but the sides are not in the same
proportion, so the shapes are not similar.
6 Area scale factor 5 2.25, so linear scale factor 5 1.5. Length
AC 5 12.

b 3 y
5
4
3
2
1
c ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
⫺4
⫺5
4 y
WORK IT OUT 30.1 6
Option A is correct. 5
Option B is wrong because the base length has not been doubled in
4
the image.
Option C is wrong because scale factor 3 has been used. 3
2
EXERCISE 30C 1
1 a
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 x
C ⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
⫺4
5 y
b
5
C
4
3
2
1
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
c ⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
C ⫺4
⫺5
EXERCISE 30D
2 y
1 y
6 6
5 5
4 4
3
3
2
2 1
1 x
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4
21
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 x 22
⫺1
23
⫺2 24
⫺3 25
26
⫺4
2 y EXERCISE 30F
5
1 a True. All angles equal, all sides in the same ratio.
4 b False. Angles may be different.
3 c False. Sides may be in different proportions.
2 d True. All angles are equal and all sides in the same proportion.
1 2 a Sides are in the same proportion, so they are similar.
b Sides are not in proportion, so they are not similar.
x
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 c All squares are similar.
21
3 a 5 8 cm, b 5 6 cm
22 4 JK 5 18.75, JI 5 12, IH 5 4.5, HG 5 6, GL 5 7.5
23 5 JK 5 7.5 cm, GL 5 10.5 cm
24 6 1 : 64
25 7 a 3.5 b 28
8 a 8 cm b Height 5 22.4 cm, volume 5 3446.5 cm3
9 a Volume 5 134.0 cm3, surface area 5 162.6 cm2
3 y
6
b Volume 5 3619.1 cm3, surface area 5 1463.94 cm2
5
10 a Original surface area 5 2123.7 units2
4
Enlarged surface area 5 33979.5 units2
3
b Original volume 5 9202.8 units3
2
Enlarged volume 5 588 977.4 units3
1
CHAPTER REVIEW
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21 1 a ∠WVX 5 YVZ (common angle), ∠VWX 5 VYZ
22 (corresponding angles), ∠VXW 5 VZY (corresponding angles).
23 All angles are equal so triangles are similar.
24 b 3.75 cm
25
2 6.5 m
26
3
4 y
5
4 A
D
3
2
1
B C
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
22
23 4
24 11
25
10
9
26
8
7
WORK IT OUT 30.2 6
Ellie got the answer correct. 5
Ben is describing an enlargement from A to the original object. 4
Rosie is using subtraction to find the new sides and enlargement is 3
always by multiplying. 2
1
EXERCISE 30E 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1
1 C (scale factor ), D (scale factor 2) and F (scale factor 1.5) 5 All sides and angles are equal in a regular hexagon, so all
2
2 a Scale factor 2, centre (24, 24) regular hexagons are similar.
b Scale factor 4, centre (21, 24) 6 Some rhombuses may be similar: the sides will always be in
c Scale factor 3, centre (24, 4) proportion, but they are only similar if the angles are the same.
1 7 Perimeter of larger shape is 48 cm
d Scale factor , centre (2, 5)
2 8 Enlarged volume is 50 cm3
e Scale factor 2.5, centre (25, 4)
3 a Enlargement, scale factor 22, centre (2, 1) 9 a Volume of solid B 5 640 cm3
1 b Surface area of solid A 5 40 cm2
b Enlargement, scale factor , centre (4, 2)
2 1
10 Enlargement with scale factor 2 , centre (22, 2)
2

31 Congruence Since angle PUT 5 angle SRT then angle QUS 5 angle QRP
(straight lines) angles QPR and QSU are equal (angles in a
BEFORE YOU START … triangle).
So, triangles PQR and SQU are congruent, ASA.
1 a AB and DE or BC and EF or AC and DF
b Angle EDF 9 a Kite so AB 5 BC and AD 5 CD, triangles share side BD 2 SSS
c ACB and DFE or CBA and FED congruency.
b Kite so AD 5 CD, share side ED, angle AED 5 CED 5 right
2 a C b B c A
angle 2 RHS congruency.
3 a True b False c False d True
10 SSS 5 triangle ADC and triangle ABC, SSS 5 triangle BAD and
4 C triangle BCD, ASA 5 triangle EAB and triangle ECD.
11 Side PO 5 side QO, radii of smaller circle; angle POM 5 QON,
LAUNCHPAD vertically opposite angles are equal; side OM 5 side ON, radii of
1 a No; the corresponding sides are not equal. larger circle, so by SAS triangles MPO and NQO are congruent.
b Yes; three equal sides.
c Yes; three equal angles and one equal side.
EXERCISE 31B
2 a Triangles share the side AC, CD 5 CB and AB 5 AD. Hence
1 Triangles share side JL, JK 5 JM and right-angled. Hence
by SSS the triangles are congruent.
congruent by RHS.
b Angles ADC and ABC occupy corresponding positions in
congruent triangles and so are equal. 2 a Angle AED 5 angle BEC (vertically opposite angles are
equal); third angles in triangles EBC 5 EDA and AD 5 BC, so
3 OPR is an isosceles triangle since it is made up of two radii of a circle.
triangles AED and CEB are congruent by ASA, hence side
Hence side OP 5 side OR.
AE 5 side CE.
Triangles OPQ and ORQ are congruent (SSS) share side OQ,
Angle AEB 5 angle DEC vertically opposite angles are equal,
side PQ 5 side RQ, and side OP 5 side OR.
side DE 5 BE, side AE 5 CE, so triangles ABE and CDE are
Hence angle OQP 5 OQR, since along a straight line each is 90°.
congruent by SAS, hence angle ABE 5 angle EDC.
b Angle DAC 5 angle BCA so AD and BC are parallel; from
WORK IT OUT 31.1 above angle ABE 5 EDC so AB and DC parallel, hence ABCD
Option C is correct. has two pairs of parallel sides and is a parallelogram.
Option A is wrong because for SAS the angle has to be between the 3 a Angle QPR 5 56° (base angles of an isosceles triangle).
two sides. Angle QPR 5 angle SRP = 56°(alternate angles are equal).
Option B is wrong because not enough information has been Angle SRP 5 SPR 5 56° (base angles of an isosceles triangle).
written down to complete the proof. Angle PSR 5 180 2 2 × 56 5 68° (angles in a triangle add up
to180°).
EXERCISE 31A b PQRS is made up of two congruent triangles (ASA with
shared side PR).
1 a RHS b SSS c ASA d SAS
Hence PQRS has four equal sides, one pair parallel, which
2 a Can’t tell. means both pairs are parallel and the quadrilateral is a
b SSA so can’t tell. rhombus.
c Calculate the missing angle and then you can see they are
4 Triangle PQT is isosceles so, angle PQR 5 angle PTS
congruent by ASA.
In triangles PQR and PTS,
d ASA
PQ 5 PT
e Not congruent.
QR 5 TS
3 Angle BCA is vertically opposite to angle DCE and hence equal, Angle Q 5 angle T
therefore angles CBA and CED are equal. Triangles PQR and PTS are congruent (SAS).
Triangles are congruent by ASA. So, angle PRQ 5 angle PST
4 ASA 2 DF shared, angle DFG 5 angle DFE, and side EF 5 side FG. And, angle PRS 5 angle PSR (straight line)
SSS 2 DF shared, side EF 5 side FG, using Pythagoras’ theorem Thus, triangle PRS is isosceles (two angle the same).
side DE 5 side DG. 5 In triangles AED and CED, side AE 5 side CE since triangles
5 Angle RTS is vertically opposite to angle PTQ and hence equal, AEB and CEB congruent (above). Angle AED 5 CED and side
angles TRS and TQP are alternate angles and therefore equal. ED is shared, hence the two triangles are congruent. Hence
Triangles are congruent by ASA. angle EAD 5 angle ECD.
6 Angles EAB and DCB are both right angles, since they are 6 AB 5 CD, BC 5 DA and the angle ABC 5 BCD (both 90°), hence
co-interior angles with AED and CDE. Side BE 5 BD. triangles ABC and BCD are congruent (SAS) and AC 5 BD.
AE 5 CD. Hence congruent (RHS). 7 a 110°
7 SSS 2 share AC, AD 5 AB (isosceles triangle) and BC 5 BD b AB 5 DC and parallel (parallelogram), angle BDC 5 ABD
(AC bisects base of the triangle). (Or RHS, as angle (alternate angles). DX 5 AD. and 5 BC 5 BY, hence triangles
ACD 5 ACB 5 90°.) CDX and ABY are congruent (SAS) and CX 5 AY.
8 PR 5 SU (given) c As with b AX 5 CY, angle CYX 5 AXY 5 110° and triangles
Angle PQR 5 angle SQU (common) share side XY hence congruent (SAS).
d AY 5 XC and since CYX 5 AXY 5 110°, alternate angles AY
and XC are parallel 2 pair of equal sides are parallel 2 AYCX
is parallelogram.

8 a Angle ABP 5 angle CBP 5 angle ADQ 5 angle CDQ 5 45° WORK IT OUT 32.1
(diagonals of square ABCD meet each side at 45°).
BP 5 DQ (given), AB 5 BC 5 CD 5 DA (equal sides of square 1 Calculation C is correct.
ABCD), so triangle ABP 5 triangle CBP 5 triangle Calculation B has substituted the values into the formula
ADQ 5 triangle CDQ (SAS). incorrectly.
b AP= CP = AQ = CQ (matching sides of congruent triangles), Calculation A has multiplied each value by 2, not squared it.
so APCQ is a rhombus.
EXERCISE 32A
CHAPTER REVIEW
1 a x 5 10 cm
1 a Congruent by SAS b k 5 13.42 cm
b Congruent by SAS c h 5 2.59 cm
c Not enough information d p 5 1.62 cm
d congruent by SAS e t 5 7.21 m
2 For triangles EBA and ECD: 2 a x 5 2.80 cm
EB 5 EC (given) and AE 5 ED (given). b y 5 4.47 cm
Triangle EAD is isosceles so angle EAB 5 angle EDC c h 5 5.6 cm
Triangles EBC is isosceles so angle EBC 5 angle ECB and, d p 5 8.54 km
because of angles on a straight line, angle EBA 5 angle ECD. e k 5 10.39 cm
Angle AEB 5 angle DEC (angle sum in a triangle) f h 5 8.06 cm
So, triangles EBA and ECD are congruent (ASA or SAS). 3 AC 5 93.67 m (2 d.p.)
3 For triangles BAF and EDF: 4 a x 5 8.54 (to 2 d.p.)
AF 5 DF (F is midpoint of AD) b x 5 21.26 (to 2 d.p.)
Angle AFB 5 angle DFE (vert opp) c x 5 13.42 (to 2 d.p.)
Angle ABF 5 angle DEF (alternate) d x 5 7.30 (to 2 d.p.)
Thus, triangles BAF and EDF (ASA) e x 5 10.58 (to 2 d.p.)
f x 5 118.76 (to 2 d.p.)
4 Since triangles UVW and UZY are congruent:
Triangle XVZ is a right-angled isosceles triangle, angle
WVU 5 angle YZU. WORK IT OUT 32.2
Side WX 5 YX. Option C is correct.
Side WU 5 side UY. Option B has doubled the values for a and b; they should have
Angle UWX 5 angle UYX. squared them.
So by SAS, triangles UWX and UYX are congruent and UWXY Option A has not squared any of the values in the formula.
is a kite.
5 MNP congruent to NPQ so angle NPQ is right angle and EXERCISE 32B
MN 5 QP.
1 a Yes b Yes c No
Therefore MQ must be equal to NP and all angles right angles.
d Yes e Yes f Yes
Four equal sides and four equal angles means shape is a
square. 2 Any side lengths smaller than that which make a right-angled
6 AE 5 AG as they belong to the same square. AB 5 AD as
triangle will not be whole numbers.
they belong to the same square. The angle BAE 5 angle DAG 3 There is no limit as numbers are infinite.
because they are each formed of a right angle plus the same 4 a Yes b No c No d Yes e Yes
angle in the triangle DAE, angle DAE. Therefore, the triangles
5 a Yes b No c No
ABE and ADG share two adjacent sides and the angle between
them (SAS). Hence the triangles ABE and ADG are congruent.
EXERCISE 32C
1 4.33 cm (2 d.p.)
32 Pythagoras’ theorem 2 7.42 cm (2 d.p.)
BEFORE YOU START … 3 x 5 14.14 cm (2 d.p.)
4 Yes
1 a i Correct ii Incorrect iii Correct iv Correct
5 a 20 2 112 5 20.024 984 39… 5 20.0 cm to 1 d.p.
b i Incorrect ii Correct iii Correct
b No, as it does not have two equal angles.
iv Incorrect (rounding)
6 AB 5 15.26 cm
2 iii Right angle; other angles are: i acute, ii obtuse, iv reflex, 7 a AC 5 6.5 cm b BC 5 6 cm c EC 5 6.1 cm
v straight line 8 Perpendicular height BE 5 6.61 cm. Area 5 69.5 cm2 to 1 d.p.
3 6 square units 9 AD 5 10.20 units to 2 d.p. Perimeter = 34.20 units to 2 d.p.
4 x 5 y (isosceles triangle) 10 AB 5 7.07 mm to 2 d.p.
11 x53 2
LAUNCHPAD 12 Let AB 5 x, AC 5 y.
From triangle ABC: BC2 5 x2 + y2
1 8.9 m to 1 d.p.
From triangle ABN: BN2 5 x2 + (2y)2 5 x2 + 4y2
2 a No b 11.2 cm (1 d.p.) from triangle ACM: CM2 5 (2x)2 + y2 5 4x2 + y2
3 6.79 m (2 d.p.) therefore BN2 + CM2 5 x2 + 4y2 + 4x2 + y2 5 5x2 + 5y2 5 5(BC2)

EXERCISE 32D EXERCISE 33A

1 17.55 cm (2 d.p.) 1 a 0.530 b 0 c 0.445
2 Yes, it will fit. The height of the wedge, EF 5 28.72 cm (2 d.p.). d 0.5 e 19.081 f 0.656
3 42.96 m (2 d.p.) g 0 h 0.848 i 1
4 No. The diagonal length of the jar is only 38.48 cm (2 d.p.) long.
2 All sine ratio to find opposite
5 95.39 mm (2 d.p.)
a 7.5 cm b 10.8 cm (3 s.f.) c 2.54 cm (3 s.f.)
d 5.51 cm (3 s.f.) e 6.72 cm (3 s.f.) f 29.0 cm (3 s.f.)
EXERCISE 32E g 7.99 cm (3 s.f.) h 10.8 cm (3 s.f.)
1 16.16 units apart to 2 d.p. 3 Answers given to 2 d.p. where relevant
2 a 36.1 inches, to 1 d.p. a 18.25 cm b 7.83 cm c 9.66 mm
b No. The new television is 69.3 inches wide. d 13.16 cm e 4.1 m f 14.00 mm
3 Yes(the diagonal from one corner to the other is 7.8 m to 1 d.p.)
4 The longest pole will fit in box B. WORK IT OUT 33.1
5 9.54 cm to 2 d.p.
Option C. You are given the opposite and the adjacent sides so tan
6 No. Diagonal length should be 42.43 cm (2 d.p.). An error of no
is the correct trigonometric ratio to use.
more than ±1 cm would be acceptable.
7 AB 5 8.1 cm to 1d.p. EXERCISE 33B
8 Diameter 5 68.01 cm (2 d.p.)
9 a 16.97 m (2 d.p.) 1 a 44° b 45° c 6°
b 8.49 m (2 d.p.) d 47° e 83° f 85°
10 a Area 5 173.21 m2; perimeter 5 54.64 m (2 d.p.) 2 a 43° b 27° c 68°
b 19 laps (18 laps is less than 1 km) d 15° e 76° f 38°
11 a 141.42 cm (2 d.p.)
3 a 25.9° b 44.9° c 69.5°
b 6 rows
d 79.6° e 26.9° f 11.5°
12 No. The longest hypotenuse is 3.10 m (2 d.p.)
4 24.623564...°5 24.6° (1 d.p.)
5 42.075022...° 5 42.1° (1 d.p.)
CHAPTER REVIEW
6 a AB 5 19.10 units (2 d.p.)
1 x 5 12.81, y 5 11.31
2 XZ 5 3.52 m to 3 s.f. A
3 95.2 cm to 3 s.f.
4 FG 5 6.77 mm (2 d.p.)
5 2m
6 15 m
7 a 162.25 m b 1.6 km
23°
B 45 C
b Length QR 5 10.23 cm (2 d.p.)

33 Trigonometry
P
1 a 305 ≈ 17.5 (3 s.f.) b 2 6 ≈ 4.90 (3 s.f.) 57°
12.2 cm
2 7.28
3 69.71
35 5
4 5 so AC 5 21 cm R Q
AC 3
c GF 5 10.01 cm (2 d.p.)
LAUNCHPAD E
1 5.78 cm (3 s.f.)
2 14.93° (2 d.p.) 49°
1 2 8.7 cm
3 a 5 b 1 c 3
2 2
2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2
3 1 G F
4 ⎜ ⎟⎠ 1 ⎝ ⎠ 5 1 5 1
⎝ 2 2 4 4 d X
5 24.3° (1 d.p.)
6 a PQ 5 10.1 cm (3 s.f.) b P 5 29°, Q 5 51° 25°
36
7 9.9 m (1 d.p.)
8 a 7 cm b 51.1° (1 d.p.)
Y Z
i XY 5 32.63 units (2 d.p.) ii YZ 5 15.21 units (2 d.p.)

7 a 43.13° (2 d.p.) b 40.12° EXERCISE 33F

c i angle G 5 30.9° ii angle H 5 59.1°
1 a 5 cm2 b 3.27 m2 c 22.5 cm2
d i angle K 5 41.22° ii angle L 5 48.78°
d 298.58 mm2 e 5.79 cm2 f 25.96 m2
e i angle N 5 46.3° (1dp) ii angle O 5 43.7° (1dp)
iii length MO 5 21.5 cm (1dp) 2 Answers given to 2 d.p.
f i angle P 5 38.21° ii angle R 5 51.79° a 8.16 cm2 b 19.34 cm2 c 16.01 cm2 d 30.21 cm2
iii length PR 5 72.92 mm 3 29.80 cm
EXERCISE 33C EXERCISE 33G

1 1 2.29 m (2 d.p.)
Angle θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
2 35.83 m (2 d.p.)
0° 0 1 0
3 34.34 m (2 d.p.)
1 3 1 4 a 27.58 m (2 d.p.)
30°
2 2 3 b It will decrease to 46.1° (1 d.p.)
1 1 5 a 6.99 m (2 d.p.) b 4.72 m (2 d.p.)
45° 1
2 2 6 44.48 m (2 d.p.)
7 a Use 10 3 tan(20) and add her height.
3 1
60° 3 b 10.3° (1 d.p.)
2 2
8 a 020° b 281.91 m (2 d.p.)
90° 1 0 tan 90° is undefined 2 2
c 98 668 m (to the nearest m )
2 a 1 b 2 c 3 5a 2
9 ≈ 6.88a2
d Complementary angles add up to 90°. The sine of an acute tan 36°
angle is equal to the cosine of its complementary angle, and 10 15.5° (1 d.p.)
vice versa. 11 a 7.92 m (2 d.p.) b 56.1°
4
3 a x 5 4, y 5 2 2 b x5 3 12 a 51.8° (1 d.p.) b 48.0° (1 d.p.)
3
20 10
c x 5 16 d x5 3, z 5 3
3 3 CHAPTER REVIEW
16 8 1 10.94 m (2 d.p.)
e x 5 5, y 5 5 3 f x5 3, z 5 3
3 3 2 4.33 m (2 d.p.)
3 78.5° (1 d.p.)
EXERCISE 33D
4 Student’s own explanation with working, there are a number of
Answers given to 3 s.f. where relevant different ways, for example:
1 a 11.2 b 8.58 c 25.3 As the triangles are similar, angle PQR 5 angle ABC
2 a 10.6 cm b 5.73 cm c 9.06 cm 32
sin (angle ABC) 5 5 0.8
d 5.32 cm e 6.46 cm f 155 cm 4
5 sin x
3 a 54.7° b 66.8° c 69.8°
d 25.3° e 52.7° f 50.5° ∴ sin x 5 0.8
4 a Y must be less than 40° as XZ, the side opposite Y, is shorter 5 165.92587… 5 138 miles (to the nearest mile)
than YZ, the side opposite X. Since the ratio of side to sinθ is 6 7.4 cm
equal for all sides (the sine rule) you know Y < 40°
7 74.1° or 105.9°
b angle Y 5 30.94600… 5 30.9°
angle Z 5 109.05399… 5 109.1° 8 9 cm
1
c XY 5 22.05731… 5 22.1 cm 9 a Area 5 3 6 3 7 3 sin 60 5 18.18653348… 5 18.2 cm2 (3 s.f.)
2
5 a 51° b 52° c 32.25 mm b AB2 5 62 1 72 2 2 3 6 3 7 3 cos 60
AB 5 6.557438524… 5 6.56 cm (3 s.f.)
EXERCISE 33E 10 a 5.16 m (2 d.p.)
Answers given to 3 s.f. where relevant b 3.11 m2 (2 d.p.)
1 a 8.62 cm b 22.3 m 11 a 15.8 cm (1 d.p.)
b 16.1 cm (1 d.p.)
2 Angle RPQ 5 53.8°
c 10.7° (1 d.p.)
3 a 18.7 m b Angle U 5 32.1° Angle T 5 52.9°
4 Angle X 5 60° Angle Y 5 32.2° Angle Z 5 87.8°
5 a 13.21588… 5 13.2 km
b 303.4° (1 d.p.)

With no outside influences the biologist should be concerned

34 Growth and decay as the predicted spread is large. They should carry out further
BEFORE YOU START … studies. It is unlikely that the initial 2 mussels are the only ones
in the lake.
1 a 0.05 b 1.9 c 0.004 d 0.125
2 a 44 3 1.22 5 $53.68 b 35 3 1.055 5 £36.93 9 a Over 5 years simple interest will get a total of 30% ,
c 13 3 0.56 5 £7.28 d 170 3 0.92 5 $156.40 compound interest 30.70% – compound better
3 a 100 b number doubles b Over 4 years simple interest will get a total of 24%,
compound interest 23.88% – simple better
4 a Initial number of Bacteria
b Each hour the number of bacteria is multiplied by 2 10
Investment Rate 1 year 2 years 3 years n years
LAUNCHPAD $600 1.5% $609 $618.14 $627.41 600 3 1.015n
1 a £573.76 b 500 3 1.035n c 6 years £500 6% £530 £561.80 £595/51 500 3 1.06n
2 a 3.1 g b 28 years c 4 3 0.975n $6000 10% $6600 $7260 $7986 6000 3 1.1n
£750 20% £900 £1080 £1296 750 3 1.2n
WORK IT OUT 34.1
11 a No b £213.13
Tom and Zac are correct, Kayleigh has used simple percentage
increase, it should be compound. Zac has used multipliers, which c One more month with £200 saving plus interest will cover
is more efficient. this (£2789.48)
12 a 160% b 3.236% c £1.69
EXERCISE 34A d £4.39 e 2024
1 a £306 b £318.36 (2 dp) 13 a $12 889.46 (compound interest $62 889.46, simple interest
c £351.50 d 300 3 1.02n $50 000)
2 b 6.29% (2 dp)
Investment Interest 1 year 2 years 5½ n years 14 £296 023.73

Rate years 15 Model 1 12.476%, Model 2 12.4864%, Model 3 11.7%. Model 2
£250 2% £255 £260.10 £278.77 250 3 1.02n best
£1500 4.5% £1567.50 £1638.04 £1910.87 1500 3 1.045 n 16 14 hours 12 minutes
£50 3% £51.50 £53.05 £58.83 50 3 1.03n

WORK IT OUT 34.2
3
1400 Jordan and Ethan are correct, Belle has used simple percentage
increase, it should be compound. Ethan's method is more efficient
as he has used multipliers.
1300
EXERCISE 34B
1200
Value
1 a £10 120 b £8565.57 c £5645.41

n
d 11 000 3 0.92
1100
2
Initial Depreciation 1 year 2 years 6 years n years
1000 Cost Rate
0 £400 2% £392 £384.16 £354.34 400 3 0.98n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year £2 500 15% £2125 £1806.25 £942.87 2500 3 0.85n
n
4 a 256 b 100 3 1.04 £50 000 3.5% £48 250 £46 561.25 £40 376.98 50 000 3 0.965n
5 a 5 444 617 b 844 617
3 a 82 g
c 4 447 500 Check students’ comments are sensible.
b Mathematically speaking there will always be DDT present,
6 a £668.68 b 450 3 1.02n
however the actually amount will become negligible and too
7 4 months small to be measured.
Month 1 £200 1 8% 5 £216
4 Graph B
Month 2 £216 1 8% 5 £233.28
Month 3 £233.28 1 8% 5 £251.94 5 a 20% drop b 1342 c 20 hours
Month 4 £251.94 1 8% 5 £272.10 6 685.69 Pa
8 After 1 year 40 mussels, 2 years 800, 3 years 16 000, 4 years 7 a 7 137 564 b 10 years
320 000, 5 years 6 400 000, 6 years 128 000 000, 7 years 2 560 000
000, 8 years 51 200 000 000, 9 years 1 024 000 000 000, 10 years
20 480 000 000 000

8
Initial Cost Depreciation Rate 1 year 2 years 6 years n years
$7500 7.5% $6937.50 $6417.19 $4697.99 7500 3 0.925n
£650 5% £617.50 £586.63 £477.81 650 3 0.95n
$34 000 11% $30 260 $26 931.40 $16 897.36 34 000 3 0.89n
£12 million 7.5% £11 100 000 £10 267 500 £75 16 776.59 12 000 000 3 0.925n
9 5% loss each year. 8 years to cost less than two-thirds of today’s 4 a £1 5 €1.21 b €1 5 £0.826
price. 5
Resort Accommodation Food Ski Flights
CHAPTER REVIEW rental
1 a £85 b £765 c £153 Bun di Scuol £340 £65 £300 £69

d £38.25 e £153 Flims-Laax-Falera £300 £100 £111 £144
2 £2903.70 Bun di Scuol 5 £774
3 £4188.80 Flims-Laax-Falera 5 £655, cheaper by £119
4 8 6 a £1 5 2.4 b 1 5 £0.42
5 a 6% b 9144 c 2024 7 a €423.50 b KSh26 825 c 153 000
6 Scheme A 5 2(2500 3 0.04) 5 £200 interest d Price of hostels (cheapest first): Mongolia, India, Brazil,
New Zealand, Kenya, France
Scheme B 5 £2500 3 1.0392 2 2500 5 £198.8 interest
8 UK 100 g 5 £7.69, Spain 100 g 5 £7.80: cheaper in the UK
Scheme A gives more interest.
9 Area of each playing field; number of people using each playing
7 5.7%
field; calculate number of people per unit of area (such as 10 m2)
35 Proportion WORK IT OUT 35.1

BEFORE YOU START … Only graph A is in direct proportion. It is a straight line that goes
through the origin.
1 a 30 b 15 c 20 d 12
1 B is not straight.
2 9
2 a b c C. As x increases, y decreases.
12 5 10 D is straight but does not go through the origin.
3 a g 5 21 b b 5 24 c b 5 0.4
LAUNCHPAD WORK IT OUT 35.2

A No. Graph would not go through origin.
1 a 450 g b 100 km c €17.50
B Yes. Graph is straight line and would go through origin.
2 a c 5 6.5a b £208 c 50.6 m2
C Yes. This can be rewritten as s 5 7t
3 a c 5 15.25s2 b £857.81 c 6.50 m
D No. This would give a curved graph.
4 a 12 days b 5 days
EXERCISE 35C
EXERCISE 35A
1 a 3 km b 2.25 hours c Runner B
1 Students’ own answers, such as 9 km in an hour, 1 km in
d A 6 km/h, B 8 km/h e The athletes run at a constant speed
400 seconds.
2 c 5 2l
2 £5.50 per hour
3 The triangles produced by the object, its shadow and the line
3 a 60p b £3.60 c £12 d 350 g
joining the height of the object to the end of its shadow are
4 a £6.30 similar; therefore the length of shadow is directly proportional
b Ben: 35p per minute; Danny: 32p per minute. Danny’s to the object’s height .
phone is better value. a s 5 0.75h b 15 m c 6.7 m
5 36 people d Students’ own answers
6 a 640 km b 160 km c 80 km d 5.33 km 4 a q 5 8p b 30.4 c 1.85
e 0.89 km f 125 hours (5.2 days) 20h
5 d5
7 500 metres 3
EXERCISE 35B EXERCISE 35D

1 a w 5 4m3 b w 5 500 c m 5 2.5
1 AU$316.75
2 a r52 s b r 5 8.94 c s 5 36
2 £26.19 3 a J 5 70I2 b 2.39 amps
3 a 600 ml 5 £7.20 b 1 litre 5 £12 4 a t 5 0 32 l b 39.06 cm
c 4.5 litres 5 £54 d 48.75 litres 5 £585 5 a m 5 19.3s3 b 8.63 cm

WORK IT OUT 35.3 3 a

25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
C This approaches but does not reach the axes.
b
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
EXERCISE 35E
c
1 a 12 person-days b 6 days c 2 days 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
d 12 people
4 a True b False
e Everybody works at the same rate; several people can paint
the hall at the same time 5 a x<2 b x 22
2 a $12 b 15 c $1.50 6 x 5 5, x 5 21
3 a t 5 180/s b 45 mph c 2 hours 24 minutes 7 y
d 80 mph
3000 10
4 a £300 b £3000 c w5
n 8
5 y ⫽ x2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 5
6
m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
minutes 4
r litres per 60 30 20 15 12 10 8.57 7.5 6.67 6 2

minute
⫺10 ⫺8 ⫺6 ⫺4 ⫺2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
600 ⫺2
r5 Check that students have accurately plotted the above
m ⫺4
values and joined them with a curve as shown below.
⫺6
Litres per
minute ⫺8
⫺10
x2 2 4x 2 5 > 0 for x > 5 and x < 21
O Minutes EXERCISE 36A

50
6 a a5 2 b a 5 12.5 c b 5 10 1 a 417>413 b 8 2 5 < 13 2 5
b c 25 1 3 < 21 1 3 d 24 2 6 > 211 2 6
7 r 5 6 63 (2 d.p.) 2 a 237>233 b 2 3 8 < 2 3 13
m c 742>342 d 8 4 2 < 13 4 2
8 0.068 minutes (4.11 seconds) 3 a 2 2 3 7 < 22 3 3 b 22 3 8 > 22 3 13
c 7 4 22 < 3 4 2 2 d 8 4 22 > 13 4 22
CHAPTER REVIEW
4 a Any four integers greater than 14
1 a £3.60 b 600 grams
b Any four integers greater than or equal to 6
2 10 people c Any four integers less than or equal to 22
3 c 5 2.2m d Any four integers greater than or equal to 4
4 a F 3
g b F 5 15 c g 5 343 e Any four integers less than or equal to 9
5 20 minutes 5 Infinitely many numbers all bigger than 6
100 6 Four values, x 5 4, 5, 6, 7.
6 t5
w Including decimals and fractions there are an infinite number
k of values for x that satisfy 3 < x < 8
7 h5 2
r k 7 Whole number values that satisfy 6 > x > 2 are 5, 4 and 3.
So 3.4 5 2 and therefore k 5 85
5 85
When r 5 8, h 5 2 5 1.33 (2 d.p.) EXERCISE 36B
24 8
8 a d5 3 b d 5 0.89 (2 d.p.) c e 5 3.63 (2 d.p.) 1 a {x: x < 22} b {x: x 22}
e
c {x: x > 22} d {x: x 22}
2 a
36 Algebraic inequalities 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b
BEFORE YOU START … 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
55
1 a 3 b 9 c d 28 c
28 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2
2 x 5 21
3 a 3 b y 5 3x 2 9 d
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
LAUNCHPAD e
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 a p < 0.45 b x 24 c 11 < y < 18
2 a 3, 4 b 21, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 3 a {x: 7 < x 11}, {x: 11 x >7} b {x: 7 x < 11}, {x: 11 > x 7}
c 3, 4, 5 c {x: 21 < x 3}, {x: 3 x > 21} d {x: 21 x < 3}, {x: 3 > x 21}

4 a b y
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
5
b y 5 4 2 2x
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4
3
EXERCISE 36C
2
1 a x5 b x 213 y 4 2 2x
1 1
c x ,3 2 d x 210
e x < 220 f x < 21 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
2 a h < 19 b y < 30
3 22
c x 246 d h2
2 23
44
e y2 f n < 48 24
3
13 25
g v2 h z > 62
6 c y
i k > 33 j e > 31 5
28
3 p>6 4
1 1
4 q < 68 y 2x 1 3 y 5 2x 1 3
3
5 p3 2
6 d>6 1
7 a > 26
150 2 x 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
8 a y
2 21
b i y 57.5 ii y 50.5 22
23
EXERCISE 36D 24
1 a Estimates from the graph: x2 2 3x 2 3 0 when x 3.8 25
and x 20.8
d y
b x2 2 3x 2 3 < 0 when −0.8 , x , 3.8
5
2 a 22x 1 16x 2 24 0 when 2 x 6
2
b 22x2 1 16x 2 24 0 when x 6 and x 2 4

x–y52
3 a x > 3 and x < 22 3
b 24 x 21 2
c x 5 and x 2 x–y 2
1
d 23 < x < 0
4 a 24 < x < 3 b 0<x<5 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 3 21
c x < 22, x > 4 d x < 24, x >
2 22
5 a x2 2 x 2 6 > 0
23
b x2 2 x 2 6 < 0
24
c x2 2 x 2 6 0
25
EXERCISE 36E 2 y
1 a y 10
5 8
4 6
y x11 y5x11 4
3
x 1
2 2
1
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
22
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21 24
22 26
y 23
23 28
24 210
25 Any two points with x-coordinate greater than 1 and a

y-coordinate less than 23

3 y
1
x 2 2 Choosing a coordinate point below the
CHAPTER REVIEW
3 1 (1, 1), (1, 2) and (2, 1)
line and substituting in the values gives a correct
inequality. E.g. using (3, 22) → 22 < 21 y
10
3 3
4 a y 5 2 x 1 3, y 2 x 1 3 b y 5 2x 2 4, y 2x 2 4 9
2 2
c y 5 22x 2 4, y 2x 2 4 d y 5 3x 1 1, y 3x 1 1 8
5 x 1 2y < 24 and 3x 1 y > 3 7

3 6
6 a 5 x 13 b y 5 2x 2 1 y < 3x
5 5
3 3
c i y > 2x 2 1 ii y x 1 3 iii y > 2x 2 1 and y x 1 3 4
5 5
3
EXERCISE 36F 4x 1 3y < 12
2
1 y
10 1
y>x11
8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
6
y5x11
4 2 y
2 10
y562x x52
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 8
22
6
24 y5x
26 4
y 5 24x 1 8 R
28 2
y 24x 1 8
210
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 y 22
5 24
y 5 25 x 1 5 4 26
4 2 y > 23 y 5 2x 2 3
3
28
2
210
1
y 2x 2 3
3 x 150, y 120, y 2x 1 200
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21 4 x2 2 x 2 12 > 0 → (x 2 4)(x 1 3) > 0
22
y 5 23 Solution set {x: x > 4 or x < 23}
23
5 a 21, 0, 1, 2, 3
y 2 5 x 1 5 24
4 2
25
b 4x < 13
13
x<
3 Lines are y 5 1 x 2 4 and y 523 x . Shaded region is identified by 4
2 2
y 2 3 x and y . 1 x 2 4 . x < 3.25
2 2
x
4 Lines are y 5 5x 1 1, y 5 23x 2 1 and y , 3 1 4. Shaded region
x
is identified by y 5x 1 1 y 23x 2 1 y , 1 4
37 Sampling and representing data
3
5 Region defined by y 2 4 x, y 2x 2 12 and y x 2 6
3
1 Every 5cm from 1.35 h < 1.40, 1.40 h < 1.45 etc., or every
6 x 5 10 , y 5228 10 cm 1.30 h < 1.40 etc.
9 9
y 2 a 25 b 20, 40, 60, 80
10 3 a 127°, 30° and 17° b
8
6
y > 4x 2 4
5 4
2
72°
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
22
y 7x 2 7
24 2
26
y 5 4x 2 4 y 5 7x 2 7
5 2
28
210

LAUNCHPAD EXERCISE 37B

1 Ask a sample of students from each year group, making sure 1 Hair colour
your sample is representative of any different groups 12
2 a Greece 10
b Russia and Portugal
Frequency
8
c Germany, Holland, England and Bosnia
6
3 a 31–40 b 18 people
4
4 a It is a histogram with unequal intervals
2
b 11 age < 16
c 15 0
Blonde Black Brown Grey
WORK IT OUT 37.1 2 Transport to work

40
a Option D is the closest to random.
35
b A Only asking women and children means no males are
sampled. 30
Frequency
B Only surveying between 8 and 8.30 a.m. means only those 25
awake are questioned. 20
C Standing outside a bookshop means the survey is biased 15
towards those who buy books.
10
5
EXERCISE 37A
0
1 a Not random (might be a very wealthy street). Car Bus Cycle Walk
b Not random (excludes people who work or are out during Mode of transport
the day).
c Not random (young people are more likely to wear trainers). 3 a
Visits Frequency
d Random (a person’s name does not determine any other
0 5
characteristic of that person).
e Random (the chance of picking a given name is the same as 1 9
picking any other name). 2 11
2 a Any sensible suggestion where parents may be found e.g. soft 3 4
play area; a park; nursery; baby food section of a supermarket.
b Approximately 700 4 0
15 5 1
3 a would mean about 150 machines.
28
b No, because not all the members are likely to be there at once. b Visits to the snack shop per week
c Sample the members present at different times of the week. 12
4 a 1 722 000 b 574 000 c 2 296 000 11
5 3 joiners, 4 electricians, 2 plumbers and 1 bricklayer. 10
6 a The street may favor a particular income group if the houses 9
are the same
8
b All answers should be rounded to the nearest whole number
Frequency
7
Radio Uno 1138
Ears on 546 6
Hip and happening 501 5
Classic numbers 273 4
R Town Radio 1047
3
2
WORK IT OUT 37.2
1
Graph C is the best as it shows the frequency of the numbers of
mistakes he makes. Graph A shows the changes in numbers but 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
lines between the points don’t mean much, Graph B shows too
Number of visits
much data about each individual test, and neither have the axes
labelled.

4 Favourite holiday destination c The students tend to spend more time doing homework.
18 d i 90 minutes ii 45 minutes
16 2 a True10 b Datalink/G-Commerce
c True10 d G-Commerce e G-Commerce
14
f Speedlink, costs were greater than income g £35 000
12
3 a No, because the graph shows proportions not quantities
Frequency
10 b Company C c Company C d Company B e 15%

8 f 30% Shop, 35% Internet sales, 15% Mail order, 20% Agent
6
4 a 13% b 6.5%
c No, as there is no red ‘probable and confirmed cases’
4 component of the bar
2 d Africa
0 5 Exam grades for Year 11 group
UK Spain France USA Greece
25
Destination
20
5 Students favourite snacks
Frequency
15
Cookie 10
5 2 students 5
Pizza slice
0
Snack
A* A B C D
Chocolate bar
Grades boys girls
Crisps
WORK IT OUT 37.3
Fruit Graph B is the best as frequency is shown. Graph A is hard to read
(too much information) and C is incorrectly labelled.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency
EXERCISE 37D
6 a April b 110 mm
c February d Approx 220 mm 1 Electricity generation
e Wetter, 2012 saw over 775 mm of rain Gas
7 a She could have started with a blank frequency table. Other fuels
b
Item Frequency Coal
Chocobar 10 Nuclear
Apple 3 Renewables
NRG drink 10
Juicebar 7
2 a Any two proportional responses, such as Ireland has a
Crisps 9 smaller proportion of under 15s than Greece
Cheese Puffs 9 b They have the same proportion
Gum 6 c You cannot tell as you don’t know the numbers only the
proportions
Fruit chews 8 3 a 100°; 20 students b TV c 30°; 6 students
c 4 College B has a larger proportion of students who go on to further

Healthy Apple 3 education. A larger proportion of College A students go on to
Juicebar 7 employment.Similar proportions go on to higher education
Less Cheese puffs 9 College A College B
healthy NRG drink 10 Higher education

Gum 6 Further education
Crisps 9 Employment
Fruit chews 8 Gap year
Chocobar 10 Unemployment
EXERCISE 37C 5 a Proportion of light goods vehicles has increased. Proportion

of motorbikes has increased. Proportion of heavy good
1 a The average time spent watching television and the average vehicles has slightly decreased. Proportion of buses and
time spent doing homework for students in years 7–10 coaches has slightly decreased.
b The students tend to spend less time watching television. b 3.54 million (3 s.f.)
c 20%

EXERCISE 37E EXERCISE 37F

1 a 9 b 3 1 a Average temperature
2 Cumulative frequency curve showing 30
maximum daily temperature
25
30 20
Temperature
25 15
(°C)
20 10
Cumulative 5
frequency 15
10 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5 Month
0 b The temperature is at its lowest, around 15 °C, in January, and rises
13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 steadily to a maximum in August and then drops of for the rest of
Temperature in °C the year, to approach the minimum again by the end of the year
a 19 b 4 c 1
2
3
70
60
50
Cumulative 40
frequency 30
20
10
0
16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Time (minutes)
a 12 b 10 c 6
4 a 3 a
20
18
16
14
12
Frequency 10
8
6
4
2 b The number of teeth extracted is at its highest for the first
0 few months of the year, peaking at 60 in April. The general
0 70 80 90 100 trend is then generally downward to the minimum in
Length August, rising back up again to similar levels as before and
b tailing off in the last two months of the year.
10 c Many families may be on holiday in August.
9 4 a
8
7
6
Frequency 5
4
3
2
1
0
0 70 75 80 85 90 95
Length

b The team started in strong position as second but they b Josh spends a larger proportion of his money on rent.
quickly dropped to seventh by the fourth round. The team Ben spends a larger proportion of his money on food.
found more consistent form from the ninth round and did Josh saves a greater proportion of his money.
not dip below fifth position from then on. They continued Ben spends a greater proportion of his money on
steadily to third and fourth positions, finishing the season entertainment.
third. Josh spends a greater proportion of his money on transport.
5 a The third quarter b The fourth quarter 4 Quarterly profits
c Yes.
300 000
1st quarter sales: 64, 77, 79
2nd quarter sales: 82, 89, 92 250 000
3rd quarter sales: 83, 96, 101 200 000
4th quarter sales: 65, 58, 66 150 000
6 a 100 000
50 000
0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter
2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014
Company A Company B
a Generally Company B makes higher profits
b The drop in profits for company B between the 3rd quarter
and 4th quarter 2014
5 Area on graph 5 15 3 35 1 5 3 49 1 10 3 28 1 10 3 25 1 25 3 5
5 1425
1425
5 5 so one farm is represented by 5 square units. Estimate
b Shed sales have shown a general upward trend with large 285
( )
and regular fluctuations. for over 38 hectares is 5 86.2 farms,
so roughly 86 farms. 5
c The pattern has significant peaks in the third quarter so shed
sales are seasonal. Machine A
6 a
7 a The number of light vans has increased 9
b The number of vehicles has remained largely the same 8
c The number of heavy goods vehicles might have decreased 7
Frequency density
because they are now larger, and each one carries more
6
goods or the freight is being carried by the smaller light vans.
5
8 a June and August b Water added
c February to March d 35 cm e 10 cm 4
3
2
CHAPTER REVIEW
1
1 a Taking the students whose names begin with a certain letter
0
Choosing students whose birthday is in a particular month 63.5 64 64.5 65 65.5 66 66.5
Any other suitable method Scores
b 204
Machine B
2 a You could end up with all office workers or all factory
9
workers.
b 2 office workers and 7 factory workers 8
c Any within-group random method such as names from a 7
Frequency density
hat. 6
3 a Pie charts are best for comparison 5
4
Josh Ben
3
Rent
2
Food
1
Transport
0
Savings 63.5 64 64.5 65 65.5 65.5 66 66.5
Scores
Entertainment
b Machine A has a smaller range of values. Machine B makes
more underweight packets.

38 Data analysis 3 a
Height in metres (h) Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3

BEFORE YOU START … Frequency
1 a Mean 5 3.3, median 5 3, mode 5 2, range 5 6
1.45 h < 1.50 1 1.475 1.475
b Mean 5 35, median 5 35, no mode, range 5 50
1.50 h < 1.55 3 1.525 4.575
2 A (21, 7), B (2, 4), C (7, 21)
1.55 h < 1.60 11 1.575 17.325
3 a Gradient 5 21 b y 5 2x 1 6
1.60 h < 1.65 4 1.625 6.50
LAUNCHPAD 1.65 h < 1.70 13 1.675 21.775
1.70 h < 1.75 2 1.725 3.45
1 a 0–5 cups b 6–10 cups c 10.9 cups d 21
1.75 h < 1.80 6 1.775 10.65
2 a The median is the same for both sets of data. The range is
approximately equal for both months. The interquartile 1.80 h < 1.85 6 1.825 10.95
range for March was greater than for June. The maximum 1.85 h < 1.90 3 1.875 5.625
and minimum scores were both higher in June.
Total 5 49 5 82.325
b No, overall performance was worse in June.
3 Title is biased, scale does not start from zero, only 2 years are
shown. Estimate of mean 5 1.68 m (to the nearest cm),
median class 5 1.65 h < 1.70 m
4 a Negative b Modal class 1.65 h < 1.70
b Life expectancy decreases as the number of cigarettes c
smoked per day increases. Height in metres (h) Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3
Frequency
EXERCISE 38A 1.40 h < 1.50 1 1.45 1.45
1 a 1.50 h < 1.60 15 1.55 23.25
Days absent (d) Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3 frequency 1.60 h < 1.70 17 1.65 28.05
0d<5 15 2.5 37.5 1.70 h < 1.80 8 1.75 14.00
5 d < 10 23 7.5 172.5 1.80 h < 1.90 9 1.85 16.65
10 d < 15 19 12.5 237.5 Total 5 49 5 83.40
15 d < 20 12 17.5 210

Estimate of mean 5 1.70 m (to the nearest cm),
20 d < 25 6 22.5 135 median class 5 1.60 h < 1.70 m
Total 5 75 5 792.5 The mean has increased slightly; the median class is a wider
interval that includes shorter heights.
b 5 d < 10 4 a Students’ own intervals. For example:
c Mean 5 10.57 (2 d.p.), median class 5 5 d < 10, range 5 25
Time (t) Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3
2 a Students’ own intervals. For example: Frequency
Scores (s) Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3 Frequency 2 h 30 t < 3 h 00 4 2 h 15 5 135 mins 540
0 < s 20 8 10 80 3 h 00 t < 3 h 30 5 2 h 45 5 165 mins 825
20 < s 40 13 30 390 3 h 30 t < 4 h 00 6 3 h 15 5 195 mins 1170
40 < s 60 8 50 400 4 h 00 t < 4 h 30 8 3 h 45 5 225 mins 1800
60 < s 80 9 70 630 4 h 30 t < 5 h 00 4 4 h 15 5 255 mins 1020
80 < s 100 4 90 360 5 h 00 t < 5 h 30 3 4 h 45 5 285 mins 855
Total 5 42 5 1860 Total 5 30 5 6210 mins
b Estimate of mean 5 44.3 (1 d.p.), median 5 40, range 5 100 b Depends on students’ intervals. In this case,
c As you are given the raw data, it is better to work out an modal class 5 4 h 00 t < 4 h 30
accurate range. c Estimate of mean 5 3 h 27 mins
d Answer will depend on students’ intervals. Here, it is 20 < s 40. Median interval 5 4 h 00 t < 4 h 30
Estimated range 5 3 hours.

5 a 7 a Q1 5 £67 000, Median 5 £81 500, Q3 5 £100 000

Mass (m) of fruit in kg Frequency Midpoint Midpoint 3 b IQR 5 £33 000
Frequency c Annual incomes
2000 m < 2500 15 2250 33 750
2500 m < 3000 11 2750 30 250
3000 m < 3500 13 3250 42 250
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000
3500 m < 4000 7 3750 26 250 Income (£1000)
4000 m < 4500 2 4250 8500
8 a 21 b 19 c Team B
4500 m < 5000 2 4750 9500 d Team B, as no score is below 120.
5000 m < 5500 2 5250 10 500 e Team A
f The median and Q3 are both higher for Team A, as is the
Total 5 52 5 161 000
highest score.
Estimate of mean 5 3096 kg (4 s.f.)
b Median lies in the interval 2500 m < 3000.
6 a Q1 5 30 mins, Q2 5 42 mins, Q3 5 50 mins
EXERCISE 38D
b IQR 5 20 mins 1 Vertical axis has not been labelled. Without a scale, you have no
context to analyse the data.
EXERCISE 38B 2 Horizontal scale is not consistent. This suggests that growth is
1 Median 5 45, IQR 5 20 the same and looks better than it actually is.
2 Median 5 2250, IQR 5 1100 3 a The vertical scale does not start at zero. Also, the graph is
3 Median 5 93, IQR 5 10 vague as there is no context given.
b It emphasises the dramatic increase from 2009 to 2010.
EXERCISE 38C 4 a They are both the same.
1 Test A: mean 54, median 54, mode 35, range 34. b The 3D effect makes it difficult to read the scale clearly for
Test B: mean 55.9, median 58.5, no mode, range 40. 2008 and 2009.
The mean and median for test B are higher than for test A, showing 5 Students’ own answers.
that test B resulted in a higher average score, but the range for test
A was smaller, showing that results for test A were more consistent.
EXERCISE 38E
2 a Ahmed: mean 36.7, median 39.5, mode 27, range 48.
Bill: mean 26.3, median 28, mode 44, range 45. 1 Scatter diagram comparing time spent viewing TV to
time spent on home work
The range for both Ahmed and Bill’s scores is about the 70
same, but Ahmed has higher mean and median scores. 60
b Ahmed has had a better season as his mean and median are
TV viewing (minutes)
50
higher, as is the total number of runs scored.
40
3 Bus 127: mean 19.9, median 20, mode 21, range 5.
30
Bus 362: mean 19.4, median 19, mode 15, range 9.
Although Bus 362 is better on most measures, it has the greatest 20
range so is potentially less reliable. This suggests Yusuf should 10

use Bus 127. It does not matter that there is less data for Bus 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
362, as averages are used.
Homework (minutes)
4 Use machine B. Both machines have the same modal group
(350 < b 400), range (250) and median (300 <b 350), but Negative correlation
machine B has a higher mean value (machine A 5 321.2, machine
B 5 328.9). The results for machine B are more consistent 2 a Scatter diagram comparing fuel economy to engine size
3.5
as the frequencies in the first and last intervals are smaller,
concentrating more of the results in the middle of the range. 3
Car engine size (litres)
5 a The median negates the impact of extreme values. 2.5
b Anything for which there may be extreme values, 2

e.g. journey times. 1.5
c Students’ own answers, e.g. scores achieved in a sport or
1
heights of a class of students.
0.5
6 a Q1 5 151.5 cm, median 5 164 cm, Q3 5 171.5 cm
b IQR 5 20 cm 0
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
c Student heights Economy (miles per gallon)
b Line of best fit drawn on scatter diagram, as above.

c 58.5 mpg
d You would need to extrapolate as the data does not extend
130 140 150 160 170 180 190 this far.
Height (cm)

3 a Scatter diagram comparing ice cream sales and weather b Scatter diagram comparing English and maths scores
30
80
Maximum temperature (°C)
25
70
20
60
15
Maths scores
50
10
40
5
30
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 20
Ice creams sold
10
b Students’ own answers, which may include day of the week, 0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bank Holidays, time of day, etc.
English scores
4 a Scatter diagram showing number of residents in
each house c Yes, (14, 39) is an outlier.
7
3 a 112 minutes 54 seconds
6 b No, the company has calculated without the outlying value
Number of residents
5 of 156 minutes and has rounded up to the nearest minute.

4
3 CHAPTER REVIEW
2
1 First lake: mean 20.23 (2 d.p.), median 21, range 40, IQR 17.
1 Second lake: mean 16 (2 d.p.), median 15.5, range 15, IQR 8.
0
The first lake would suit experts because all central tendency
0 5 10 15 20 25 measures are higher and they could cope with the wider spread
House number of values. The second lake would suit beginners as it is more
b There is no correlation. consistent (lower IQR and range) and has lower wind speeds
for all central tendency measures.
5 a Scatter diagram comparing athletes heights to
height jumped 2 a Minimum and maximum values, the upper and lower
2.46 quartiles, the median and the interquartile range.
2.44 b It is a visual picture of how the middle half of the data relates
to the spread of the entire data set, and how representative
2.42
the median is as a measure of central tendency.
Height jumped (m)
2.4
3 a 120 km/h
2.38 b The police are wrong: only about 13% of these cars were
2.36 speeding.
c
2.34
2.32
2.3
1.88 1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Athlete’s height Speed (km/h)
b There is no correlation. 4 a The vertical scales are different.

b The left graph as it shows a steeper climb.
EXERCISE 38F c Someone wanting to minimise the appearance of the growth.
1 a 48.7 (1 d.p.) b 49 c 47 5 a Price of chocloate against mass
d 46 e 46.1 (1 d.p.) 1200

2 a Scatter diagram comparing English and maths scores
1000
80
Mass (grams)
800
70 600
60 400
Maths scores
50 200
40 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
30
Price (pence)
20
b Positive correlation
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
English scores

39 Interpretation of graphs 4 a No. of people 120 150 200 300 400

Days the water 40 32 24 16 12
BEFORE YOU START … will last
k
1 A. Inverse proportion means that y 5 , where k is a constant.
6 x b 40
A is the graph of y 5 therefore represents an inverse
proportion. x 35
3 30
2 5 1.5
Days the water will last

2 25
3 47.25 cm2
20
LAUNCHPAD 15
1 Students’ own answers for real-life situation. Outlines of
10
motion are:
a The distance increases at a constant rate with time, such as a 5
car travelling at a constant speed.
b The distance remains the same over time, such as a 0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
stationary car. No. of people
c The distance increases at a steady rate, and then the object
very quickly returns to its starting position.
d The object is stationary, and then leaps forward; this repeats EXERCISE 39B
twice.
1 Students’ own drawings of gradient triangles.
e The object travels slowly, then very quickly, then slowly.
a The water tank is filling at a constant rate.
f The object starts at a far point, then travels at a constant
b The water level is constant; this could be because no water
rate back, then turns and travels in the other direction at a
is being added or because an equal amount of water is
similar constant rate.
draining from the tank as is being added.
2 Check that students’ justifications are sensible. c The rate at which the tank is filling up is increasing.
a A b D c B or C d The water tank is draining at a constant rate.
d B e A f C e The rate at which the tank is draining is decreasing with time.
3 B. The area under the graph is rate of flow 3 time. f The rate at which the tank is emptying is increasing with time.
2 Students’ own drawings of gradient triangles.
EXERCISE 39A a The price of oil is decreasing rapidly then levelling out.
b The price of oil is remaining constant over time.
1 a Students’ own answers, for example: c The price of oil is rising at an increasing rate.
The taxi starts at the taxi rank and travels at a constant speed d The price of oil is rising at a decreasing rate.
(of 12 mph) for 50 minutes to a point 10 miles away, either e The price of oil is going up steadily over time.
to pick up or drop off a customer. It waits at this location for f The price of oil increases at a slowing rate, then levels out,
50 minutes before returning to the taxi rank (at a constant then decreases at an increasing rate.
speed of 30 mph). It waits at the rank for 40 minutes before 3 Speed increases, with acceleration reducing to a constant speed
travelling at 7.5 mph to a place 5 miles away, again waiting at (acceleration zero). This is the initial jump to reaching terminal
this location for 40 minutes. free fall velocity)
b The taxi was stationary for 2 hours and 10 minutes, which is Then speed decreases rapidly as parachute opens, deceleration
shown by the horizontal parts of the graph. (negative acceleration) then reduces to a constant speed
c 25 miles (acceleration zero).
2 a 720 m b 7 minutes
4 a 12 mph b 10 mph c 6 mph d 6.25 mph
c 09.07 (to the nearest minute, 09.06 also acceptable) and
09.21
d Travelling to the supermarket
EXERCISE 39C
3 a Note: students can assume speed is constant during travel
1 a 130 m
for the purpose of drawing the graph.
b Approximately 1.2 seconds
c Between 2 and 4 seconds; the fastest point is probably at
30
about 3 seconds
25 d i Approximately 40 m/s ii Approximately 140 m/s
20 2 a Approximately 0700-0800 b Approximately 1030
Distance (m) 15 c i Approximately 0.45 m/h (2 s.f.) (accept answers in range
10 0.4 to 0.5 m/h)
ii Approximately 1 m/h (1 s.f.)
5
d Students’ own answers, for example:
0 This information is useful if you are working,living or visiting,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
on or near the sea. It might be useful to know if you need to
Time (s)
navigate a boat through a passageway, because tides can help
b 15 m c 5m

carry the boat and also because the tide will affect the depth 2 y 5 2x
of water. Fishermen use knowledge of the tides to find and 3
catch fish. If you are visiting a beach it is also important to be
aware of the tides so you don’t become stranded.
3 a The walker accelerates uniformly (A), and then travels at
a constant speed (B). The walkerthen accelerates at a faster
rate (C) that peaks, and then decelerates at a constant rate (D)
until stopping.
b 5 km/h
c The walker goes from accelerating to decelerating. ⎛ 2⎞
4 ⎜ ⎟
d 12 km/h2 ⎝ 24⎠
e 36 km/h2 5 y
4 a i 4 ii −2
5
b (−1.5, 2.25)
4
3
EXERCISE 39D 2
1 a 80 km b 120 km c 93.75 km
1
d Approximately 70 km
2 a Area under graph would be the amount of water that had ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
flowed down the river. ⫺1
b You can’t tell as the graph doesn’t start at zero. ⫺2
c 210 000 cubic feet ⫺3
d 180 000 cubic feet
e Students’ own sensible explanations, for example, it could ⫺4
be a river controlled from a reservoir. ⫺5
CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 40A

1 Debbie travels 30 km in 24 minutes. 1 y
24 minutes 5 0.4 hours
5
Debbie’s average speed is 30 ÷ 0.4 5 75 km/h, so Debbie has the
faster average speed. 4
2 a 1.5 km/minute 5 90 km/h 3
2 2 2
b 0.3 km/minute , equivalent to 0.083 m/s (2 s.f.)
x=1
c 15 km d 2.5 minutes e 0.3 km/minute 5 18 km/h 1

f 17.5 km
3 a −5 25 24 23 22 2⫹0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
b The gradient shows that in 1950 the population of the village y = 21
is decreasing by 5 people/year. 22
23
24
40 Transformations 25
1 a 90° anti-clockwise b 180° clockwise c 270° clockwise
2 y
2 a y52 b y 5 2x c x 5 21 d y5x
5
3 a The coordinate (3, 2) is a single point in xy-space
4
⎛ 3⎞
The vector ⎜ ⎟ has magnitude and direction, and 3
⎝ 2⎠
determines the position of one point in xy-space to another. 2
b The vectors are perpendicular to each other. 1
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
LAUNCHPAD 21
1 22
x
y= 23
24 y = 12x
25

3 y EXERCISE 40B
10
1 a y5x21 b y522x c y 5 0.5 d y 5 1.5 2 x
9
8 2 a i y 5 2.5 ii x 5 6.5 iii y 5 x 2 4 iv y 5 9 2 x
7 3 a b c
I
6
5 H
G D E
4
3
2
1 4 a i One possibility is reflection in x 5 1, followed by
A
reflection in y 5 1.
⫺10 ⫺9 ⫺8 ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
⫺1 ii One possibility is reflection in y 5 2x, followed by
F ⫺2 reflection in the y-axis and then in y 5 20.5.
⫺3
b There is more than one answer.
⫺4
⫺5 c In some cases the order does matter.
⫺6 d If the shapes have been ‘flipped’ as in i you need an odd
B J
⫺7 number of reflections, if they haven’t been ‘flipped’ you
C ⫺8 need an even number of reflections.
⫺9
⫺10 WORK IT OUT 40.2
Option B is correct.
4 a y ⎛ 5⎞
Option A is translation⎜ ⎟ .
10 ⎝ 22⎠
8 ⎛ 21⎞
Option C is a translation ⎜ ⎟ .
6 ⎝ 3⎠
4
EXERCISE 40C
2
1 a b
⫺10 ⫺8 ⫺6 ⫺4 ⫺2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
⫺2
⫺4
⫺6
⫺8 c
⫺10
b y
10
8
6
4
2
⫺10 ⫺8 ⫺6 ⫺4 ⫺2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 Shape that is created is a triangle

⫺2
y
⫺4
5
⫺6
4
⫺8 A
3
⫺10 C
2
5 Student’s own puzzles. 1
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
WORK IT OUT 40.1 ⫺1
Option C is correct. ⫺2
Option A is a reflection in x 5 21.
⫺3
Option B is not a reflection. B
⫺4
⫺5

3 A 3 y
E 5
C 4
3
D B
F I 2
H 1
G
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
⫺1
⫺2
⫺3
⫺4
⫺5
4 y
WORK IT OUT 40.3 5
Option B is a reflection. 4
⎛ ⎞
Options A ⎜ ⎟ and E ⎛ ⎞ are translations. (The orientation of the
22 3
⎝ 1⎠ ⎜⎝ 24⎟⎠
2
triangles is the same.)
1
EXERCISE 40D ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
⫺1
⎛ 23⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ 8⎞ ⎛ 24⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞
1 S ⎜ ⎟ L ⎜ ⎟ I ⎜ ⎟ D ⎜ ⎟ E ⎜ ⎟ ⫺2
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 26⎠ ⎝ 10⎠ ⎝ 25⎠ ⎝ 25⎠
2 Students’ own answers. ⫺3
⫺4
WORK IT OUT 40.4 ⫺5
Option B is correct.
Option A is a rotation about the origin. 5 y
Option C is a rotation in clockwise direction. 5
4
EXERCISE 40E
3
1 y E
2
5 D B
1
4
3 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
2 A
22
1
23
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x C
⫺1 24
⫺2 25
⫺3
6 Each coordinate is a combination of the same two numerals;
⫺4
for example (21, 5), (5, 1), (1, 25), (25, 21). This result is only
⫺5 obtained if the centre of rotation is the origin.
2 y
5
WORK IT OUT 40.5
4
Option A is a rotation.
3 Options B and F are reflections.
2 Option D is a translation.
1
⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x EXERCISE 40F
⫺1
1 a Rotate 180° centre (21, 0)
⫺2
b Rotate 90° anti-clockwise centre (2, 23)
⫺3
c Rotate 90° clockwise centre (24, 2)
⫺4
d Rotate 90° anticlockwise centre (22, 3)
⫺5

2 There are many possible answers for this question which 3 Rotation 90° anti-clockwise centre (22, 2 1)
should encourage discussion and comparison of suggestions. y
3 6
5
4
Centre of 3
rotation 2
K 1 K⬘
Centre of
rotation ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
⫺1
K⬘⬙ K⬙
⫺2
⫺3
EXERCISE 40G ⫺4
1 The single transformation from A to A′′ is a reflection in the line ⫺5

y 5 2x ⫺6
y
4 a One possibility 2 rotate 90 degrees clockwise around (21, 1)
6
and then reflect in the x-axis
5
b Yes
4
c Reflect in y-axis then rotate 90° clockwise about (21, 1)
3
5 Rotation 180 degrees around the origin
2
A⬘ A 6 Many possible answers. Check students’ pairs of
1 transformations.
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 7 y
⫺1
6
⫺2
5
⫺3
A⬙ 4
⫺4 A5A9-
3
⫺5
2
⫺6 A9
1
2 The single transformation from F to F′′ is a rotation, 180° about

25 24 23 22 021 1 2 3 4 5 x
the point (21.5, 21). 21
A- A0
y 22
6 23
5 24
4 25
F⬘
3 26
2
The final image is in exactly the same position as the starting
F 1 shape A.
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
⫺1
⫺2 CHAPTER REVIEW
⫺3 1 a True b True c False d True
F⬙ 2 a Rotation 180 degrees around (4, 0).
⫺4
⫺5 b Rotation 180 degrees around (3, 22).
⫺6 ⎛ 2⎞
c Translation through vector ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 4⎠

3 a y y
9
6
8 B0 B9
7 5
6 4
5 A D0 B A9
3
4
3 2
2 1
1 D9
D
P
272625242322210 1 2 3 4 5 x
0
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 C0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21 ⫺1
22 C9 C
⫺2
23
⫺3
b A rotation of 180 degrees around (0,1)
⫺4
4 For example: A09 A0
⎛ 2n ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞ ⫺5
Translate the original shape through vectors ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ and ⎜⎝ 6m ⎟⎠
⫺6
where n and m are integers.
Rotate the original triangle 180 degrees around (2, 3) and 7 a y
translate this new triangle using the same vectors. 6
5
5 y
4
6 3
5 2
1
4
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
3 21
D A
2 22
C 23
1
24
6 x
25
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5
⫺1 B 26
⫺2
b y
⫺3
6
⫺4 5
⫺5 4
3
⫺6
2
1
A to D is a reflection in the line x 5 1
6 For example: 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
Reflect A in y-axis to give A′. 22
Rotate A 90 degrees anti-clockwise around (22, 3) and then 23
⎛ 0⎞ 24
translate through vector to give A′′′.
⎜⎝ 25⎟⎠ 25
Reflect A′′′ in x 5 0.5 to get A′′. 26
Rotate B 90 degrees anti-clockwise around (0, 4) to give B′. c y

Reflect B’ in the line x 5 0.5 to give B′′. 6
Reflect C in the line x 5 0.5 to give C′. 5
Rotate C 180 degrees around (1.5, 21) to give C′′. 4

3
Rotate D 90 degrees clockwise around the origin to give D′.
2
Rotate D 180 degrees around (21, 2).
1
26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
21
22
23
24
25
26
d The final image is in the same position for all three.

3 a y 5 x3
41 Transforming curves b y 5 2x3
BEFORE YOU START … y
1 a Only 5y 1 x 5 10 is a straight line, passing through (0, 2) 10
and (10, 0).
5
y 5 x2 1 9 is a parabola with a minimum point (0, 9) and
y-axis as the axis of symmetry.
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
2 25
y5 is a rectangular hyperbola in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.
x
210
y 5 (x 1 7)2 2 2 is a parabola, turning point (27, 22), line of
symmetry x 5 27, y-axis intercept (0, 47). c y
2 a y 5 sin x b y 5 tan x 10
c y 5
2
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
1
25
236022702180 290 0 90 180 270 360 x 210

21
22 WORK IT OUT 41.1

3 3x2 1 6x 1 7 5 3(x 1 1)2 1 4 Option B has two real solutions. Option A has one solution and
Option C has no solutions.
LAUNCHPAD
EXERCISE 41A
1 a Axis of symmetry x 5 0, vertex (0, 2)
1 y
y
5
10
4
5 3
2
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
25 1
210 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
b Axis of symmetry x 5 0, vertex (0, 22)
y 22
10 23
24
5
25
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x Vertices are as follows:
25 a (0, 1) b (0, 21) c (0, 24)
210 d (0, 2) e (0, 23) f (0, 3)
c y 5 2x2 2 Reflection
2 a sin 90° 5 1; cos 90° 5 0; cos u 5 1 when u 5 360n for integer y
values of n
b y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1 x
y 5 2x2
236022702180290 0 90 180 270 360 x 236022702180 290 0 90 180 270 360 x
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24 3 As x increases and decreases in value, y decreases.

4 Reflection b y 5 (x 1 4)2 2 12
y
y
5
6
4 (0, 4)
4
3
2
2 (2 12 2 4, 0) ( 12 2 4, 0)
1 210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
22
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 24
21
26
22
28
23
210
24
212
(24, 212)
25
214
EXERCISE 41B c y 5 (x 2 2)2 2 2
1 Axis of symmetry Vertex y-intercept y

a x55 (5, 0) (0, 25) 5
b x52 (2, 9) (0, 13)
4
c x 5 26 (26, 27) (0, 29)
d x 5 23 (3, 210 ) (0, 21) 3
(0, 2)
2
2 a y b y c y
1
(0, 25) (2 2
2, 0) (2 1 2, 0)
(0, 7)
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
0 x 22
(22, 3) (2, 22)
(0,22) 23
0 (5, 0) x
(1, 23) 0 x 24
25
d y e y f y
d y 5 (x 1 0.5)2 2 3.25
(0, 13) (0, 12)
y
(0, 7)
0 x 5
0 x
(1, 6)
4
(4, 23) (4, 24)
0 x 3
2
3 a y 5 (x 1 5)2 b y 5 (x 2 b)2 c y 5 x2 1 3 d y 5 x2 2 c 1
(2 3.25 2 0.5, 0) ( 3.25 2 0.5, 0)
4 y 5 x2 2 4x 2 1
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
EXERCISE 41C 22
1 a y 5 (x 1 3)2 2 14
23
y (20.5, 23.25) (0, 23)
24
4
25
2
(2 14 2 3, 0) ( 14 2 3, 0)
210 28 26 24 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
22
24
(0, 25)
26
28
210
212
214
(23, 214)
216

2 a y b y c Line of reflection is y 5 0 (also x 5 0)

(0, 3) y
(21,21)
(22, 0) (0, 0) 10
(2 3, 0) ( 3, 0)
0 x 0 x
5
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
c y d y (4, 9) 25
(3, 22)
210
(0, 13) (1, 0) (7, 0)
(3 2 22, 0) (3 1 22, 0) 0 x 1 1
2 y 5 0 is not defined, so the curve of y 5 x is discontinuous at x 5 0
0 x
(0, 27) a y
10
e y (4, 23)
5
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
(0, 7)
(4 2 22, 0) (4 1 22, 0) 25
0 x
210
b y
EXERCISE 41D 10
1 a y 5 sin x 1 2 and y 5 sin x 2 2 are vertical translations. The
sine wave moves up 2 units and down 2 units. 5
b y 5 cos x 2 2 and y 5 cos x 2 2 are vertical translations. The
cosine wave moves up and down 2 units. 215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
2 a y 5 sin(x 1 90°) and y 5 sin(x 2 90°) are horizontal
25
translations to the left and right by 90°.
b y 5 cos(x 1 90°) and y 5 cos(x 2 90°) are horizontal
210
translations to the left and right by 90°.
c y
3 a y 5 sin x 1 1: a vertical translation up of 1 unit
10
b y 5 sin(x 1 45°): a horizontal translation left of 45°
c y 5 cos(x 2 45°): a horizontal translation right of 45°
5
d y 5 cos x 2 1: a vertical translation down 1 unit
4 y 5 2sin x is a reflection of y 5 sin x in the x-axis.
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
5 y 5 2cos x is a reflection of y 5 cos x in the x-axis.
25
EXERCISE 41E
210
1 a y
3 a y
10
10
5
5
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
25
25
210
210
b y b y
10 10
5 5
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x 215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x

25 25
210 210

c y b y
10 4
x52
2
5 (22, 0) (0, 6)
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
22
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
24
25
26
210 28
210
(0, 212)
EXERCISE 41F 212
1 y 214
10 216
(2, 216)
218
5
4 y 5 sin(x 1 90°)
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x 5 a y
25 10
210 5
a y 5 x2 b y 5 (x 1 5)2 2 11
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x
2 a a50 b a52 c a 5 21 d a 5 28
25
10
210
5 b y
5
y 5 2 2 x3 y 5 x3 1 2
215 210 25 0 5 10 15 x 4
25 3
2
210
1
3 a y −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
6 −1
(0, 5) x53 −2
5
4 −3
y 5 x3 2 2
3 −4
2 −5
1 6 y 5 2(x 2 3)
(1, 0) (5, 0)
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
7 a A translation of 60° to the right and vertical translation
21 down of 21
22 y 5 cos(x 2 60°) 2 1 (150°, 21)
21 5 cos (150° 2 60°) 2 1 5 0 2 1 5 21
23
b Reflection in the y axis
24
(3, 24) y 5 x2 2 2x (21, 3) 3 5 (21)2 22 (21) 5 3
25
c Translations of 1 unit to the left
1 1 1
y5 (−2, −1) 21 5 5 521
( x 11) (22 1 1) (21)
1 1 1 1
(1, ) 5 5
2 2 (1 1) 2

d Reflection about the line y 5 1 3 a y

21 1 1 21 1 1 5
y5 11 (1, ) 5 11 52 11 5 y5 x 21
( x 11) 2 2 (1 1) 2 2 4 1
e Vertical translation 3
y 5 2x 2 1 (1, 1) 1 5 21 2 1 5 2 2 1 5 1
2
f Vertical translation
1
y 5 tan x 2 2 (0, 22) 22 5 tan 0 22 5 0 22 5 22
8 y 5 sin(x 240°) 22 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
21
22
CHAPTER REVIEW
23
1 a y
24
5
y 5 x2 25
4
y 5 x2 2 5
3 b y
2 5
y 5 (x − 5)2 y 5 2x
1 4
3
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
21 2
22 1
23
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
24 21
y 5 2x2
25 22
b Translation 5 units down 23

y 5 2(2x)
c Reflection in the x-axis (y 5 0) 24
d Translation of 5 units to the right 25
2 y 5 sin(x 2 45°)
a 4 a (90°, 0)
y
4 b y
y 5 cos(x) y 5 2 cos(x)
1.003
2
1.001
A
0
2540 2360 2180 0 180 360 540 x 128 15 x
21.001
22
21.003
24 5 It would move one unit to the left.
b y
4
2540 2360 2180 0 180 360 540 x
22
24

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Higher

2 Shapes and solids 2 23 Vectors 36

3 2D representations of 3D shapes 4 24 Straight-line graphs 38

4 Properties of whole numbers 6 25 Graphs of functions and equations 44

5 Introduction to algebra 7 26 Angles 52

7 Decimals 10 28 Probability – combined events 55

8 Powers and roots 11 29 Standard form 58

9 Rounding, estimation and accuracy 13 30 Similarity 59

11 Perimeter 16 32 Pythagoras’ theorem 63

13 Further algebra 18 34 Growth and decay 66

15 Equations 21 36 Algebraic Inequalities 68

16 Functions and sequences 24 37 Sampling and representing data 70

17 Formulae 25 38 Data analysis 75

18 Volume and surface area 26 39 Interpretation of graphs 78

20 Ratio 29 41 Transforming curves 84

© Cambridge University Press 2015

5 a 28 and 1 or 26 and 3 b 23, 3 and 1 4 a 3(15 1 R) 5 120 or 45 1 3R 5 120

© Cambridge University Press 2015 1

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 2B

f a closed plane shape with all sides regular polygon

LAUNCHPAD 2 a True b True c True d True

2 © Cambridge University Press 2015

isosceles triangle 1 0 Equal in Bisect each Perpendicular

7 Students’ own answers 6 a Always true b Sometimes true

© Cambridge University Press 2015 3

4 b Chunky 500 cm2 Tall boy 623 cm2

4 © Cambridge University Press 2015

WORK IT OUT 3.1 EXERCISE 3C

side elevation side elevation

plan front side

iii plan front side

plan front side

© Cambridge University Press 2015 5

CHAPTER REVIEW 4 Properties of whole numbers

6 © Cambridge University Press 2015

3 a 1080 3 F20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

© Cambridge University Press 2015 7

6 a Perimeter: 2x 1 16, area: 2x 1 12 4 a

8 © Cambridge University Press 2015

6 A 5 2xy 1 b(a 2 x) 5 2xy 1 ab 2 bx 7 (n 1 1)2 2 n2 5 n2 1 2n 1 1 2 n2 (the difference between

© Cambridge University Press 2015 9

10 © Cambridge University Press 2015

3 a Repeating digits of the numerator EXERCISE 7F

© Cambridge University Press 2015 11

b The negative powers are unit fractions of the matching 4 a 21 b 24 c 26

d If it does not end in 5 it cannot be a power of 5 (except for 1

12 © Cambridge University Press 2015

d 422 e 46 f 424 4 a £37.35 b 89 p (to the nearest penny)

© Cambridge University Press 2015 13

14 © Cambridge University Press 2015

10 Mensuration EXERCISE 10C

WORK IT OUT 10.1 balsa wood 0.2 g/cm 3

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EXERCISE 10F EXERCISE 11A

BEFORE YOU START …

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WORK IT OUT 11.2 3 22.5 cm2

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EXERCISE 13C 3 a (x 1 3)(x 2 3)

EXERCISE 13G EXERCISE 13J

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2 a x2 2 25 5 (x 2 5)(x 1 5) and (x 2 5) Þ (x 1 5) LAUNCHPAD