H2 MATHEMATICS

SUMMARY NOTES First Edition

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dx

Timothy Gan
BEng (Hons), PGDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PURE MATHEMATICS
Graphing Techniques and Transformations of Graph ............................................................................................. 2
Inequalities ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Functions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions ..................................................................................................................... 10
Sigma Notation .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Differentiation..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Applications of Differentiation ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Maclaurin Series ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Integration ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Applications of Integration ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Differential Equations ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Complex Numbers ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Vectors .................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

STATISTICS

Permutation and Combinations .................................................................................................................................... 25

Probability ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Discrete Random Variables ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Binomial Distribution ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Normal Distribution ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Sampling............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Hypothesis Testing ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Correlation and Linear Regression ............................................................................................................................... 30

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H2 Mathematics Summary Notes
CONICS GRAPHS
CIRCLE ELLIPSE
( x − a ) + ( y − b) ( x − a) ( y − b)
2 2
= r or
2 2 2
+ =1
p2 q2

r
q
( a, b ) p q p
p p
( a, b )
( a, b ) q
q
q p
Centre: ( a, b ) pq
Centre: ( a, b )
Radius: r

HYPERBOLA
( x − a) ( y − b) ( y − b) ( x − a)
2 2 2 2

− =1 − =1
p2 q2 q2 p2

q
y =b+ ( x − a) q
p y =b+ ( x − a)
p
( a, b + q )

q
( a − p, b)
p p
( a + p, b) ( a, b )
( a, b ) q

( a, b − q )
q
y =b−
q
( x − a) y =b− ( x − a)
p p

x → , ( x − 2a )  ( y −2b ) . [Equate to obtain the equations of asymptotes.]

2 2
Finding the oblique asymptotes: As
p q
q
Gradients of Oblique asymptotes: y = 
p

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H2 Mathematics Summary Notes
TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPHS
y = f ( x) Vertical Transformation Horizontal Transformation

a units in the positive y direction: a units in the positive x direction:

Replace y with y − a Replace x with x − a
y − a = f ( x)  y = f ( x) + a y = f ( x − a)
Translation
a units in the negative y direction: a units in the negative y direction:

Replace y with y + a Replace x with x + a

y + a = f ( x)  y = f ( x) − a y = f ( x + a)
Scaling by a factor of a parallel to the y-axis: Scaling by a factor of a parallel to the y-axis:
y x
Replace y with Replace x with
Scaling a a
x
y
= f ( x )  y = af ( x ) y=f 
a a
Reflection about the x -axis: Reflection about the y -axis:
Reflection Replace y with − y Replace x with − x
− y = f ( x )  y = −f ( x ) y = f (−x)
y = f ( x) y = f( x )
Modulus Reflect the negative y portion to positive about the x Omit the negative x portion. (where x  0 )
axis. Retain the positive x portion of the graph and reflect it
Omit the negative y portion (where y  0 ). about the y axis.
COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS

y = f ( x ) ⎯⎯
I
→ y = f ( x + c ) ⎯⎯
II
→ y = f ( bx + c ) ⎯⎯
III
→ y = af ( bx + c ) ⎯⎯
IV
→ y = af (bx + c ) + d

Sequence of Transformations:
Translation of c units in the negative x direction. (Replace x with x + c )
y = af (bx + c) + d
I:
1
II: Scaling with a factor of parallel to the x axis. (Replace x with bx )
b
y
III: Scaling with a factor of a parallel to the y axis. (Replace y with )
a
IV: Translation of d units in the positive y direction. (Replace y with y − d )

y = f ( x ) ⎯⎯
I
→ y = f ( x + a ) ⎯⎯
II
→ y = f ( − x + a ) ⎯⎯
III
→ y = f (− x + a)

Sequence of Transformations:
y = f (a − x ) I:
II:
Translation of a units in the negative x direction. (Replace x with x + a )
Reflection about the y axis. (Replace x with − x )

III: Perform y = f ( x ) . (Replace x with x )

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H2 Mathematics Summary Notes
1
RECIPROCAL GRAPH y =
f ( x)
1
Original Graph, y = f ( x )  Reciprocal Graph, y =
f ( x)
 1
Point ( x, y )  Point  x, 
 y
x - intercept  Vertical Asymptote
MARKERS

Vertical Asymptote  x - intercept

Maximum point  Minimum point

Minimum point  Maximum point
1
Horizontal Asymptote, y = a  Horizontal Asymptote, y =
a
(Except Horizontal Asymptote, y = 0 or x -axis)
1
f ( x)  0  0
f ( x) If original graph is below/above
the x axis, then the reciprocal
1
f ( x)  0  0 graph remains below/above x
f ( x) axis.
SKETCH

Curve approaches Horizontal Asymptote from above  approaches Horizontal Asymptote from
below and vice versa. (Except Horizontal Asymptote, y = 0 or x -axis)
y →0  y →
y →  y →0
Increasing  Decreasing
Decreasing  Increasing

GRAPH OF THE DERIVATIVE FUNCTION y = f ' ( x ) (GRADIENT GRAPH)

Original Graph, y = f ( x )  Gradient Graph, y = f ' ( x )

Vertical Asymptote remains the same.

Horizontal Asymptote, y = a  Horizontal Asymptote, y = 0 ( x -axis)
MARKERS

Oblique Asymptote, y = mx + c  Horizontal Asymptote, y = m

Stationary point ( a, b )  x -intercept ( x = a )
Point of inflexion (Increasing/ Decreasing function)  Turning Point (Max/ Min)
Compartmentalize graph with regions of positive or negative gradients.
If gradient of y = f ( x ) is positive, draw above the x -axis.
If gradient of y = f ( x ) is negative, draw below the x -axis.
SKETCH

If y = f ( x ) approaches horizontal asymptote, then f ' ( x ) approaches y = 0 . ( x -axis)

If y = f ( x ) approaches oblique asymptote, y = mx + c , then f ' ( x ) approaches y = m .
If gradient of y = f ( x ) approaches  , then f ' ( x ) approaches vertical asymptote.

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H2 Mathematics Summary Notes
INEQUALITIES
BASIC RESULTS
1. If a  b and b  c  a  c E.g. 12  5 and 5  −1  12  −1
2. If a  b  a  c  b  c E.g. −5  7  −5  10  7  10
a b 9 21
3. If a  b and c  0  ac  bc ;  E.g. 9  21  
c c 2 2
a b 9 21
4. If a  b and c  0  ac  bc ;  E.g. 9  21  −  −
c c 2 2
5. If ab  0  “ a  0 and b  0 ” or “ a  0 and b  0 ”
6. If ab  0  “ a  0 and b  0 ” or “ a  0 and b  0 ”
Important notes:
1. Do not multiply inequality equations with variables without knowing whether it’s positive or not.
2. Examples of variables which can be multiplied both sides with: x , e− x , ( 3x − 1)
2

3. Know the difference between “and” and “or”. I.e. intersection and union of sets.
4. Solutions should not be equal to the roots of the denominator.
MODULUS FUNCTION
x  a  −a  x  a , x  a  x  −a or x  a , a  x  b  a  x and x  b
where a is a positive constant where a is a positive constant
Important notes:
x2 = x .
2
1.
2. If both sides of the inequality are positive, then you can square both sides. i.e. a  b  a2  b2
3. Do not square both sides if both sides are not positive. i.e. x  x + 1  x2  ( x + 1) . Solve it
2

graphically.
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING SUBSTITUTION
Given that x  − a or x  b where a and b are positive constants.
Substitute x as e x Substitute x as ln x Substitute x as x
 e  −a (N.A) or e  b
x x  ln x  −a or ln x  b
 x  −a (N.A) or x  b
 ex  b  0  x  e− a or x  eb
 x b
 x  ln b
Note: x  0 for ln x  x  b or x  −b
Given that −a  x  b where a and b are positive constants.
Substitute x as e x Substitute x as ln x Substitute x as x
 −a  e  b
x  −a  ln x  b
 −a  x  b
 0  ex  b  e − a  x  eb
 0 x b
 x  ln b
 0  x and x  b
 −b  x  b

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H2 Mathematics Summary Notes

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Mr. Gan is a really genuine
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He simplified tedious
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application.
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