Emelt szintű érettségi/6.

Életmód

Daily routine: During school year I usually get up at …. am. During Covid-19
quarantine and summer holiday on weekdays I usally got up at ….. am. On weekends I
get up between 9 and 10 am. After getting up ……. Then I check my phone. Sometimes I
take a shower in the morning, but usually I take it in the evening. One of my bad habits
that I don't eat breakfast or I eat it later. Usually I eat ….. for breakfast. During school
year I commute between ……. . I spend 6-7 hours in school, but in the last year, ….. was
really hard, I had a lot of hard classes. I had a lunch between the 5th and 6th class in the
school canteen. I usually arrive home from school at 4 pm. Then I prepare for the next day
and I talk with my family and friends. I usually go to bed between ….. . On weekends I help
my father with the housework, but during Covid-19 quarantine I did more housework than
earlier.

Healthy diet:

 Healthy food contains plenty of essential nutrients:

- proteins, which are made up of amino acids, help the body grow, build and repair its
tissues and cells
- minerals, help us remain as fit as a fiddle. Calcium, for example is crucial in
developing bones. Phosphorus is an essential ingredient of healthy teeth.
- Vitamins play a role in proper growth, in metabolism, and in the formation of
hormones and blood cells. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble, the others are
water-soluble. A lot of people don’t know that taking a lot of vitamins can cause
problems, too. It is not a problem with vitamin C, because it does not cause any harm,
you might have to urinate a bit more. However, if you have more magnesium, you are
likely to have diarrhoea. Too much vitamin D and calcium can help to form kidney
stones.
- Carbohydrates supply our body with energy. Energy is produced when sugar, starch
and cellulose are burned during metabolism.
- Fat and oils are also important energy providers. Saturated fats, however, increase the
amount of cholesterol in the blood. Unsaturated fats contain less cholesterol.
The World Health Organization (WHO) issues nutritional guidelines. Generally
speaking, a diet is balanced and healthy if we:
 - eat a variety of foods every day;
- obtain most of the required energy from carbohydrates and strachy foods rather than
from fat;
- eat five or six portions of fruit and vegetables;
- have proteins moderately;
- take in only a little sugar, fat, oil and salt;
- drink plenty of water.
 Our energy needs, measured in calories, depend on our age, sex, weight, state of
health and lifestyle. Our body requires a lot of energy to keep itself alive: to breathe,
circulate blood, digest food. The rest of our energy requirement depends on our daily
activities.
Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper.
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. When you get up in the morning, you
may not have eaten anything for eight or ten hours. As you sleep at night, you may
think that your body is totally at rest. But in truth, your body has been working hard to
process the food that you ate during the day. It has been burning energy, although not
a great amount, even while you slept. Generally speaking it is good to eat breakfast
to get your blood sugar level up and to keep yourself going until long after 10.30.
Breakfast helps you concentrate from the morning. You can work and study better and
more efficiently if you are not hungry. It’s proven that children who have breakfast are
more active at school. If you don’t eat enough for breakfast, your blood sugar level
falls which can cause fatigue or you can even collapse if you’re on a slimming diet. If
you don’t eat in the morning, you’ll be very hungry at around 10 o’clock. People often
eat some sweets, which can be more harmful than a substantial breakfast. You might
overeat later, usually some unhealthy food.

My eating habits:

I usually eat …….. times a day. These are ……………………….. My breakfeast always
consists of ………………….. I try not to miss lunch. It is usually made by …………. On
weekdays I eat my lunch in the school canteen. Let me share my opinion about our schools’
canteen: ……………….. My last meal time is dinner. My dinner is light, it is
usually…………… . I try eat in a healthy way. It is not healthy to go to bed with your
stomach full. My favourite foods are ……….. I really hate …………..
Hungarian cuisine and eating habits:

I think Hungarian cuisine has a good reputation and the foreigners who come here find our
dishes very tasty and flavourful. Hungarian dishes are considered to be spicy, hot and
fattening, based on pork, red paprika, green paprika, potatoes and fresh bread.
Hungarian goulash, for example, is world famous, but there are many other inviting,
lesser-known specialities. A typical Hungarian lunch is unimaginable without soup. The most
popular soup is Újházi chichken broth. Cold fruit soups, such as could sour cherry shoup are
popular on hot summer days. There are also a rich choice of noodles in Hungary: noodles
with ground poppy-seed and sugar, with cabbage or roasted paprika potates.
Hungarians take great pride in their fish dishes, made from the delicate pike-
perch caught in Lake Balaton and the many varieties that abound in the Danube. Fish soup is
a meal in itself. Among the most popular national dishes are paprika with sour cream, veal
chops cooked in a paprika sauce and stuffed cabbage, which is a pure delight for those who
like cabbage. Our national dish is noodles with cottage cheese, sour cream and scraps of
roasted bacon.
There is an unusual item on the Hungarian menu that foreigners find
really strange: different forms of vegetable stews called főzelék (pottage). They are prepared
with flour and, although they are tasty, vegetable stews are far from being as healthy as the
steamed or boiled vegetables than English people have with meat dishes. Pancakes are one of
the most popular Hungarian dishes. You can have them for a starter, in which case they are
filled with minced meat stew. When they are eaten for dessert, they are filled with cocoa, jam,
chocolate or vanilla sauce. To make the perfect pancake you have to let the batter – made
from milk, the yolk of an egg and flour – stand before you use it. In so doing, you allow the
starch in the flour to soften and expand, resulting in a lighter, fluffier pancake.
Traditionally, Hungarians eat 3 times a day. They start
with breakfast, which may include bread and butter with jam or cold cuts and tea or coffee.
These days more and more people in Hungary start the day with cereals or muesli. Cereals
contain a lot of minerals and vitamins that are essential to good health.
At noon, people who work for various companies have
lunch in a small or fast food restaurant in the neighbourhood. To cut costs, a lot of people
eat a packed lunch. These days when life is really hectic and people worry about losing their
jobs, many workers skip lunch in order to be able to work more. Then they go home in the
evening and try to make up for breakfast and lunch by having a big evening meal. I think
Hungarians eat more than necessary. People eat a lot of carbohydrates in food like bread,
cakes, and sugar, which are very fattening.

English cuisine and eating habits:

I don’t think English dishes are prepared in the same way as Hungarian ones. Every nation
has its own favoured spices and seasonings and methods of cooking. I don’t know much about
English food, I am afraid. All I know is that foreigners tend to think that English food is
tasteless and that the English eat everything with chips and overcooked vegetables. English
people try to keep the natural flavour of the ingredients and simmer vegetables. Not to many
English dishes are well-known in Hungary. One thing is sure, though, that England is known
to be the ’Land of Puddings’ and theis famous Christmas pudding is known in our
country, too. It is made from currants, raisins, cherries, almonds, flour, suet, treacle, nutmeg,
cinnamon, cider or beer, rum or brandy, lemon rind or juice, bread crumbs, brown sugar and
eggs. Some other English dishes that I know are: Yorkshire pudding, fish and chips, steak-
and-kidney pie and shepherd’s pie. I have heard that their apple pie and cherry tart are also
delicious. English have a large breakfast: An English breakfast consists of cornflakes
or porridge (made of oats or barley, milk, sugar or salt), bacon and eggs or ham and
eggs (boiled or fried) with baked beans, tomato or mushrooms, buttered toast or bread
and butter with marmalade. Instead of bacon and eggs, fish may be served. Some orange
juice is drunk before breakfast and either tea or coffee (white or black) is drunk after it. A
contintental breakfast, of course, much less substantial. We just have some buttered rolls with
honey or marmalade or perhaps some sausages orr eggs. We don’t make much fuss about
breakfast. Some people just eat an apple or a banana or drink a cup of tea or coffee. Having a
substantial breakfast used to be considered healthy but according to the latest findingw we
should not have anything but a piece of fruit or a glass of fruit juice for breakfast. As for me, I
think you must eat and drink to your heart’s content: eat when you are hungry, but
don’t force the food down when you are not.
Lunch usually consists of a cold meal in England; potatoes, and
a sald made of lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes, carrots, beetroot, etc. On the table there is pepper,
salt, mustard, vinegar and sometimes Worcester sauce. After that there is a bread or biscuits
and cheese. Most people drink water at lunch time, some drink beer or wine. It is not the
custom to drink spirits like whiskey or brandy in the middle of the day.
Afternoon tea is usually taken between four and five.
It is the most informal meal of the day when the members of the family come together in
the sitting room. They eat bread and butter and cakes with the tea and have a good chat with
one another. In most English homes dinner is the biggest meal of the day
and it is served between seven and eight. It consists of 2 or 3 courses. Soup is usually the
first course then comes meat (beef or lamb, or may be chicken or duck). With this,
various vegetables are served: peas, beans, Brussel sprouts, broccoli or cauliflower. Pudding
(or sweets) is usually the third course than the dessert is put on the table. This is fruit of
several kinds: apples, pears, oranges, bananas, figs, nuts, etc…

Eating out:

Eating out is always fun. The reason why we often eat out is that we can save a lot of energy,
time and money. Instead of being a kitchen fairy, you can have a rest and talk to your loved
ones.There are different places you can choose from when you decide to eat out, but your
decision often depends on the kind of food that you like and on the amount of money you are
willing to spend.
Some of the best restaurants in Hajdú-Bihar county: Melange, Almavirág
restaurant, Látókép csárda, Rózsás csárda, etc. You can find fast food restaurants which are
cheaper but not very healthy. In fast food restaurants you eat junk food. In self-service
restaurants you can choose from meals from the counter and you pay after you had chosen
your meal. Between restaurant and fast food restaurant meals are often seen as the "healthier"
of the two dining options. Fast foods are often fried and loaded with saturated fat and
sodium. Until recently, there were few, if any, healthy options available on fast food menus.
Since fast food tends to be cheaper (and faster than dining in a restaurant), it is a popular
choice among families looking for a quick, low-cost meal away from home. The most
popular fast food restaurants in Hungary and all over the world are McDonalds, Burger
King and KFC. I like junk food but fortunately I don’t eat it too often.

Diseases:

- physical: brain tumour, appendicitis

- mental disorder: malfunction, depression, schizophrenia
- Infectious diseases (epidemics): AIDS*, salmonella, malaria, Covid-19, leprosy,
cholera, plague, Spanish flu, tubercolosis
- Deficiency diets: scurvy, rickets
- Genetic abnormalities:
  Inherited diseases: haeomphilia, cystic fibrosis
 Down’s syndrome
 birth defects: club foot, cleft palate
- degenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s diseases
- Environmental and occupational diseases: caused by harmful agents, such as
silicosis
- acute diseases: pneunomia, mumps
- Chronic diseases: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, tubercolosis, high blood plessure
- The most common diseases in Hungary: heart attack, depression, diabetes,
pulmonary disease, cancer, stroke, high blood pressure.

Minor injuries You can treat them at home:

- sprain your wrist

- bruise your shinbone
- cut your finger If the cut isn’t deep, stop bleeding by pressing on the wound. Clean
the wound, put antibacterial ointment on it, and cover it with sterile dressing.
- burn your hand cool it with running water or with a cold compress. However if you
suffer third-degree burns and scalds. You may need sking grafting.
- bang your head

Minor ailments at home:

- acne: It is causesd by hormone changes during puberty. Simple rub-on treatment often
clears it. There are many gels, lotions which reduce inflammation.
- If you catch a cold: feel under the water. Drink a lot of fluids. Cough medicine helps
to soothe a sore throat.
- Flu: You usually have a fever, chills and a splitting headache. You feel weak and
dizzy. You have aching muscles. You feel shivery for a while; then you feel hot. You
have difficulty breathing and swallowing.
- Fever: If you are allergic to tree and grass pollen – elder, hazel, elm, birch, ragweed –
the pollen causes your body to release histamine, which makes the respiratory
passages swell. You do feel miserable. You have itchy eyes, a bunged up or runny
nose, and you cough and sneeze all the time.
To successfully treat minor health problems, you need to have a well-supplied medicine

cabinet, kept in a secure place, out of reach of children. It should contain a few simple,
mostly overt-the counter remedies

- painkillers
- febrifuges
- laxatives and anti diarrhoeal remedies for bowel problems
- travel sickness tablets
- antiseptic solution to treat cuts, sprains and insect bites
- cotton wool, sterile dressing and plasters for cuts, and elastic bandages for wrapping
injuries
- a pair of tweezers and a pair of sharp scissors

At the doctor’s

I last went to see the G. P. about …… ago when I had……… /Fortunately I am in a good
health and I can’t remember the time that I last had to consult a doctor. I try to take car
myself. In my opinion prevention is better than cure. Many people neglect their health and get
a bad cold easily when the cool, rainy weather sets in.
Last time when I was ill, my symptomes were the followings:

…………………………………………. I had to visit my G.P. There were a lot of patients in

the waiting room due to the …….. epidemic. The doctor examined me and told me to strip to
the waist. He began by feeling my pulse. Than he gave me a thermometer to take my
temperature with. He also listened to my lungs and breathing with a stethoscope and took my
blood pressure. After the thorough examination he diagnosed my illness and told me to stay in
bed for a few days, drink a hot tea with lemon and keep warm. He made out a prescription for
some anti-febrile medicine to keep the fever down, some menthol drops for my nose. I got the
medicine at the chemist’s. After following the doctor’s advice and taking the medicine in the
prescribed way, I soon recovered from my illness.
It is wise to see your GP four a routine check-up once a year even if you are as fit as a
fiddle. During a through check-up the folllowing examinations are performed, as a general
rule:

- Your weight and height are checked.

- Your temperature is taken with a thermometer.
 - Your blood pressure is taken with a sphygmomanometer.
- Your reflexes are checked with a rubber hammer.
- A blood test and an urine test are done.
- The doctor listens to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope.
- He looks in your ears with an otoscope.
- She looks in your eyes with an ophthalmoscope.
- The GP feels around your abdomen and checks your spine

You must visit your family doctor if you have moderate or serious health problem. After
diagnosing he or she will prescribe the appropriate treatment. Then you take the medicine as
prescribed. When you go back to school or work, don’t forget to take the medical certificate,
signed by the GP, with you.

At the dentist’s
It is advisable to visit your dentist twice a year to a medical check. If I have an aching tooth I
take a strong killer to stop the blinging pain or I call my dentist and try to see him as soon as
possible. He can drill, fill and pull it out.

Alternative medicine includes a wide range of approaches, therapies and health

products which are not part of conventional western medicines. It is characterised by its
holistic approach to illness: it tries to treat the whole person. It aims to cure the disease
as well as to promote general well-being, placing strong emphasis on the prevention of
health problems at the same time. Not long time ago, most alternative medical practices
were considered useless and found bizarre by both the medical establishment and the public.
Recently, however, several practises have been found to be effective, have gained popularity
and have become part of mainstream medicine. Methods: ayurveda, traditional Chinese
medicine, homeopathy, acupuncture, biologically based treatments, mind-body control.

Addictions:
Drugs abuse means misusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs. Casual drug abuse may
escalate into habitual drug abuse, which often develops into physical and psychological
dependence on drugs. Most people who use light drugs only want to get high, which means
that they forget about their problems very quickly, they become very self-confident, they
feel euphoria, which will help them get rid of their inhibitions. They say that smoking a
joint of marijuana or taking hallucinogenic amphetamines such as speed or ecstasy just boost
your mood and do not lead to serious problems. However, there are a lot of narcotics, for
example heroin, cocaine, LSD, which can lead to very acute physical and psychological
effects. The most serious problem of addiction is depression. The more depressed people
become, the more drugs they take, so it becomes a vicious circle, which they cannot get out
of. This letargy can lead to suicide. Drug users tend to live a shorter life as their liver gets
damaged; they have a better chance to suffer a heart attack. Drugs, just like alcohol, can
turn a normally peaceful person violent. You cannot control yourself when you are under
the influence of drugs.

Smoking: Of the 6 billion people inhabiting this earth, 1.1 billion are smokers. Smoke from
the average cigarette contains nearly 4,000 chemicals and toxins, 43 of which can cause
cancer. There are two types of smokers: active and passive. Passive smoking is as
dangerous as active smoking. Passive smoking is detrimental to the health of adults and,
increasingly, to that of children, who, according to recent studies, run a higher risk of
developing lung problems.

Alcoholism: According to the WHO nearly 62 million people the world over suffer from
alcohol dependence. Alcohol-use disorders account for 2,5 % of the total cases of diseases
worldwide. Researchers distinguish between the following levels:

- social drinking: only drinking with other people occasionally. It is usual among
teenagers. They sometimes get tipsy and mellow, but they do not have too much
booze so as not to wake up with a hangover the next day. Just like smoking, it is a
fashion among young people to try alcoholic drinks. I drink alcohol only on special
occassions like birthdays, family celebrations, anniversaries and when I go out
with my friends.
- Heavy drinking: has serious long-term health impacts. As far as I know, alcohol
has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, so people who drink should
take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive
drinking, otherwise, further complications can come up. Alcoholics can have a wide
range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and
cirrhosis of the liver. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremors may occur. As
there is a high unemployment rate and very few possibilities, villagers spend most of
their free time in pubs. Many people hit the bottle to escape their problems and wish to
cope with unresolved conflicts, many of which were brought by drinking. A high
percentage of suicide cases are triggered by alcohol.