Chemistry / Class – XII Solid Foundation

-: CHAPTER 2 : SOLUTIONS: -
SOLUTION: →A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can
be varied within certain limits. Components present in the largest quantity are known as Solvent and other
than solvent are called Solutes.

Solute + Solvent = Solution

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
1. On the basis of physical states of the solute and the solvent, the solutions can be classified in to
the following types.

S.No. SOLUTE SOLVENT TYPES OF EXAMPLES

SOLUTION
1. Solid Solid Solid in Solid Alloys (brass, German silver, bronze, 22
carat gold etc)
2. Liquid Solid Liquid in Solid Hydrated salts, Amalgam of Hg with Na.
3. Gas Solid Gas in Solid Dissolved gases in minerals or H2 in Pd
4. Solid Liquid Solid in Liquid Salt or glucose or sugar or urea solution in
water.
5. Liquid Liquid Liquid in Liquid Methanol or ethanol in water.
6. Gas Liquid Gas in Liquid Aerated drinks, O2 in water.
7. Solid Gas Solid in Gas Iodine vapours in air, camphor in N2 gas.
8. Liquid Gas Liquid in Gas Humidity in air, chloroform mixed with N2
gas.
9. Gas Gas Gas in Gas Air (O2 + N2)

2. On the basis of number of components and concentration solutions are of following types
(a) Binary Solution (b) Ternary Solution (c) Tetranary Solution
(a) Binary Solution: One solvent and one Solute.
E.g.: Water + Sugar
(b) Ternary Solution: One Solvent and two Solute.
E.g.: Water + Sugar + Salt
(c) Tetranary Solution: One Solvent and three Solute
E.g.: Water + Sugar + Salt + peeper
3. On the basis of Concentration
(a) Unsaturated Solution (b) Saturated Solution (c) Super saturated Solution
(a) Unsaturated Solution: In this type of solution more is the amount of solute may be dissolved at
constant temperature.
(b) Saturated Solution: In this type of solution after an amount of solute, no further amount of
solute can be dissolved otherwise homogeneity is disturbed at constant temperature.
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 Chemistry / Class – XII Solid Foundation

(c) Super saturated Solution: In case of supersaturated solution when solute is dissolved.
Homogeneity is disturbed and excess amount of solute is there. It is also known as Meta stable
solution.
If temperature is increased then supersaturated becomes saturated and saturated becomes
unsaturated.

SOLUBILITY: → The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by the solvent at a particular
temperature is called its solubility.
Solubility of substances depends upon:-
(i) The nature of solute
(ii) Nature of the solvent
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Pressure
SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS: → The amount of the solid that dissolves in 100g of the
solvent at a particular temperature to form a saturated solution.
[Saturated Soln : - A solution is said to be saturated if no more of the solute can be dissolved in it
at a particular temperature and pressure. Or A solution in which more solute can not be dissolved
at a given temperature is called a saturated solution ]
Solubility of solid solute in liquid depends on : →
01. Nature of solute: → “Like dissolves like”. E.g. → NaCl, KCl, KNO3 → Polar solid.
02. Nature of solvent
03. Temperature : → undissolved solute + Solvent Solution.  H Solution   x .
If  H Solution O  Process is exothermic. Then the solubility of such a solute will decrease with
increase in temperature.
And  H Solution  O  Process endothermic. Then the solubility of solute will decreases with
decrease in temperatures.
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUID:→ Gases dissolve in liquids to form homogeneous
solution. The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends upon.
01. The nature of the gas.
02. The nature of the liquid i.e. solvent.
03. The temperature of the solution.
04. The pressure of the gas over the solution.
• The solubility of gases decreases with increase in temperature and increases with increase of Pressure.
• The most soluble gases are those which chemically react with the liquid solvent.

HENRY’S LAW:→ The mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent at a given
temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution.
m p m  Kp
“or”
Where, K is proportionality const.

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 Chemistry / Class – XII Solid Foundation

‘K’ depends on the nature of the gas. Nature of the solvent, tempr. & the units of pressure.
If we use mole fraction of the gas in the solutions.
then :-
“ Mole fraction of the gas in the solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the
gas in the solution”.
x p  x. 1
x  K 'p K'p  x p
i.e. x p K' “or” K' p  KH x
1 Where, K H is called Henry’s law const.
KH 
K'

Character: 1.The Units of Henry’s Law constant are same as those of pressure, i.e. torr or k bar
2. Different gases have different values of Henry’s law constant

APPLICATIONS OF HENRY’S LAW: →

01. To increase the solubility (or concentration) of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water which is
responsible for desired acidic taste and to develop proper bite (taste) to the soft drinks, the bottles
are sealed under high pressure.
02. Deep-sea divers (Scuba diving) experience bends or decomposition sickness due to greater
solubility of N2 and O2 in blood. O2 is dissolved in blood and other body fluids and N2 will remain
dissolved and will form bubbles when the divers come to the atmospheric pressure. Hence N2 in
compressed air is replaced by He which is much less soluble in biological fluids.
03. In the function of lungs:- Due to partial pressure of O2 being high when it enters the lungs, it
combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Partial pressure of O2 in tissues is low.
Hence O2 is released from oxyhaemoglobin which is utilized for functions of cells.

LIMITATIONS OF HENRY’S LAW: →

01. The gas is not highly soluble.
02. The pressure of the gas is not too high.
03. The temperature is not too low.
04. The gas neither reacts chemically with the solvent nor dissociates in the solvent.
• The solubility of most of the gases in liquid decreases with increase in temperature → Then the K H
have smaller values at higher temperature.

Compiled by: Saif Aamir Sir...

Office:1st Floor, B.S. Bhawan, Near Jharkhand Hospital, Purulia Road, Kanta Toli, Ranchi-834001 ✆: 9431350125