ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

HEMATOMA
Hematoma is generally defined as a collection of blood outside of blood vessels. Most
commonly, hematomas are caused by an injury to the wall of a blood vessel, prompting blood
to seep out of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues. A hematoma can result from an
injury to any type of blood vessel (artery, vein, or small capillary). A hematoma usually
describes bleeding which has more or less clotted, whereas a hemorrhage signifies active,
ongoing bleeding. (Nabili& Stoppler, 2020)
https://www.rxlist.com/hematoma/drugs-condition.htm
Hematoma is the most common complication of rhytidectomy, with reported rates in larger
series ranging from 1% to 15%.1–6 The severity of hematomas varies widely, from a small-
volume seroma to a large, tense, expanding bleed that threatens the viability of the skin flap.
(Complications in Head and Neck Surgery (Second Edition), 2009).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-
science/hematoma
EPISIOTOMY
The episiotomy is a technique originally designed to reduce the incidence of severe perineal
tears (third and fourth-degree) during labor.(Priddis et al, 2013). The general idea is to make a
controlled incision in the perineum, for enlargement of the vaginal orifice, to facilitate difficult
deliveries. Ideally, an episiotomy would relieve pressure on the perineum resulting in an easily
repairable incision when compared to uncontrolled vaginal trauma. (Barjon & Mahdi, 2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546675/

VAGINA
The vagina is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and
sensation. The vagina connects the uterus to the outside world. The vulva and labia form the
entrance, and the cervix of the uterus protrudes into the vagina, forming the interior end.
The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and also serves as a conduit for
menstrual flow from the uterus. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina (birth
canal).(Hoffman, 2005)
https://www.webmd.com/women/picture-of-the-vagina
BREAST
The breast is the tissue overlying the chest (pectoral) muscles. Women's breasts are made of
specialized tissue that produces milk (glandular tissue) as well as fatty tissue. The amount of fat
determines the size of the breast.
The milk-producing part of the breast is organized into 15 to 20 sections, called lobes. Within
each lobe are smaller structures, called lobules, where milk is produced. The milk travels
through a network of tiny tubes called ducts. The ducts connect and come together into larger
ducts, which eventually exit the skin in the nipple. The dark area of skin surrounding the nipple
is called the areola.
Connective tissue and ligaments provide support to the breast and give it its shape. Nerves
provide sensation to the breast. The breast also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and
lymph nodes.
https://www.webmd.com/women/picture-of-the-breasts