Prelim PDF

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of a structural project is to design a structure which will be saved against
expected damaging effects caused by various loading patterns, and at the same time to achieve
this level of safety at a minimum cost.
The increase of population and industrial revolution led to the exodus of people from villages to
urban areas. This urbanization led to a new problem – less space for housing, work and more
people. Because of the demand for land, the land costs got skyrocketed. So, under the changed
circumstances, the vertical growth of buildings i.e. constructions of multi-storeyed buildings has
become inevitable both for residential and as well as office purposes.
The present world is so advanced in this aspect that a vast knowledge of analysis and ability is
must for economic and aesthetic design. One of the main criteria of a good building is that, the
building should meet all the functional requirement of the user and for all given parameters
should be economical. So, with a limited knowledge and distribution, it is not possible to acquire
it. Yet attention has been paid to design and illustrate most essential points as far as possible.
For multi-storeyed buildings, the conventional load bearing structures become uneconomical as
they require larger sections to resist huge moments and loads. But in a framed structure, the
building frame consists of a network of beams and columns which are built monolithically and
rigidly with each other at their joints. Because of this rigidity at the joints, there will be reduction
in moments and also the structure tends to distribute the loads more uniformly and eliminate the
excessive effects of localized loads. Therefore in non-load bearing framed structures, the
moments and forces become less which in turn reduces the sections of the members. As the
walls don‟t take any load, they are also of thinner dimensions. So, the lighter structural
components and walls reduce the self weight of the whole structure which necessitates a cheaper
foundation. Also, the lighter walls which can be easily shifted provide flexibility in space
utilization.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY
Our main objectives are-

1. To analyze the building for Gravity load as well as Earthquake load
2. Design the structural members of a three-storeyed building including slabs, columns, beams,
and foundations.
3. Getting familiar with structural softwares. (AutoCAD)
4. Getting real life experience with engineering practices.
The design of beam, column, slab, elements has been carried out using the design aid SP-16. For
RCC design, IS-456:2000 has been used. M20 grade concrete and Fe-415 steel has been adapted
as primary building materials.
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1.3 WORK DONE IN THIS PROJECT
A plot has been selected for the construction of a multi-storeyed residential building. In the
residential building the functions will be same because it is a symmetric building and it plays an
important role. We consider a building of three storey, both side symmetrical. The frame
analysis requires the dimensions of the members. The plan of the building shown below with
dimensions. Before the construction we have gone through the soil testing so that we know what
type of foundation shall be required for the building and accordingly we provide the foundation
whether it is isolated footing or a combined footing.
1.4. BASIC PRINCIPLE
The design of “THREE STOREYED R.C.C. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” will

depend on the layout. The layout depends on the functions to be performed by the structures
consists of:
(a) Working out the forces and loads, which the structure has to carry.
(b) Arrangement of various beams, columns, etc. to support the structure.
(c) Computation of stresses, shears, moments, etc. in the member of the structures.
(d) Providing adequate sections to resist the stress in the member.
1.5. PLANNING
Orientation means setting the plan of a building so as its main front faces particular
direction and which allow the future occupants of the building to enjoy the utmost gift of the
nature. Climate and geographical position of the locality control orientation of a building.
Situation such as approach road, location of surrounding properties, direction of power and
water supply line etc. also determines the orientation of building. Generally S-SE-E-NE
direction is preferable for residential building. The aspects, prospect and grouping of rooms can
be finalized only after fixing the proper orientation of building.
Selection of site has an important role in planning and design of the building by the engineer and
the architect
1.6. MATERIALS
(a) Cement: The cement shall be ordinary Portland cement or rapid hardening Portland cement
conforming IS: 8112 (for OPC 43 Grade of cement) or other approved type of cement.
(b) Aggregate: All aggregate for concrete work should confirm to either IS: 383 / IS: 2386.
The coarse aggregate should be as large as possible but no case larger than 1/4 of the minimum
thickness of a member, provided that the concrete can be placed without much difficulty so as to
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surround all reinforced members, as in the ribs of main beams, the nominal size of the
aggregates should be restricted to 5mm.
(c) Water: Water used for mixing concrete on amounts of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic
materials or other substances that may be detrimental to concrete or steel. Potable water is
generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete.
(d) Reinforcement: All the reinforcement should be clear and free from rust, dust, grease, oil or
other coatings, which are liable to affect bond.
(e) D.P.C.: D.P.C. shall be of 25mm thick.
(f) Superstructure: Superstructure shall be of 1st class brick work with 1:6 cement mortar
lintels over doors and windows openings shall be R.C.C.
(g) Flooring: 25mm thick cement concrete topping in 1-4 proportion (1 cement: 2 coarse sand:
4 coarse aggregate of 12mm nominal size) finished with a floating coat of neat cement finish
(base concrete to be laid separately) to be laid in panels including curing as directed.
(h) Finishing: Inside and outside wall of the building shall be of 15mm (1:6) and 10mm (1:3)
plastered respectively. Inside and outside of the building shall be whitewashed in 3 coats.
1.7. METHODOLOGY
Kani‟s method, Moment distribution method and slope deflection method is generally
used to analyze a multistoreyed frame. But, here Kani‟s method has been employed to carry out
the frame analysis and the method is discussed in the next chapter precisely.
There are three design philosophies to design a reinforced concrete structures. They are:
1. Working stress method, 2. Ultimate load method and 3. Limit state method.
Here we have done our design mainly by limit state method. This method is a judicious
amalgamation of working stress method and ultimate load method, removing the drawbacks of
both the methods but remaining their good points. It is also based on sound scientific principle
and backed by 25 years of research. Limit state method has proved to have an edge over working
stress method from the economic point of view.
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CHAPTER-2
A DESCRIPTION OF
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
OF INDIA AND ABROAD
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2.1. INTRODUCTION
Civil Engineering is a Renaissance field that requires the knowledge of many disciplines.
Civil engineers have saved more lives than all the doctors in history for example by development
of clean water and sanitation systems etc. First Civil Engineer was an Englishman, John
Smeaton in 1761.
Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. It focuses on the infrastructure of the
world which include Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers,
Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping
Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant
Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction
engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation
engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean
engineering.
Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the
hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of
topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building
of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil
engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for
nonmilitary purposes.
Civil engineers build the world‟s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of
nations around the world. Most people cannot imagine life without the many contributions of
civil engineers to the public‟s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil
engineering‟s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the
progress of our tomorrows.
In recent years the field of building science and a growing awareness of the interrelationship and
interaction between the building and both the interior and exterior environments has led to
improvements in building performance. Because of rapidly changing materials, building
techniques and equipment, the ability to predict the performance of buildings has become much
more important. The need to conserve global material and energy resources also requires more
efficient buildings.
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2.2 HISTORY RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING IN
INDIA AND ABROAD
Over the past 10 years, India has successfully executed projects such as the Golden
Quadrilateral road programme and the expansion of ports in the country. Recognizing
that infrastructure is a key to enable economic growth, the government has also
committed massive investments of close to USD 500 billion in the infrastructure sector
in the Eleventh Plan period (2008 to 2012). This plan follows several progressive
initiatives taken in recent years, including the Electricity Act 2003, the National
Highways Development Project (NHDP), the National Maritime Development
Programme (NMDP), and Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs). However, much more
needs to be done to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure in India. India is
the land of heritage and culture. Thousands of tourists from every corner of India and
abroad visit this country to explore the majestic hills, scenic splendor, temples,
churches, wild life sanctuaries, beaches and of course, the ancient monuments in India.
India has rich traditions and history in holistic strategies for buildings and
construction.
Some important Buildings of India and abroad are:-
Taj Mahal
Recognised as the “The jewel of Muslim Art in India”, the Taj Mahal was built by Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan. Often mistaken as a palace, this famous landmark was actually built as a
tomb for Shah Jahan‟s wife Mumtaz after she died giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal
is regarded as one of the „Seven Wonders of the Modern World‟. Construction of this
mousaleum began in 1632 and completed by 1648.
Mysore Palace
The Mysore Palace is popularly known as the Maharaja‟s Palace, situated at city centre at Mirza
Road, Mysore, Karnataka.
It is a 3-stroyed edifice with a length of 245 ft. and width of 156 ft. It comprises of a sequence of
arched square towers enclosed by domes. The original palace was carved out of wood which was
accidentally burnt in 1897 and was re-built by 24th Wodeyar Raja in 1912.
Colesseum, Rome
This elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of Rome is considered as one of the Greatest
Architectural feats achieved by the ancient Romans. The theatre was capable of seating 50,000
spectators and used mainly for Gladiatorial battles.
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Built from concrete and stone, construction began in 72AD and finished in 80AD. The design
and shape of the Colesseum has been the inspiration for many modern day stadiums.
Petronas Towers, Kuala Lampur

Standing at about 450m above ground, the Petronas Towers are twin skyscappers in Kuala
Lampur, Malaysia. The buildings, which held the title of The Tallest building in the World from
1998-2004, are an iconic landmark of the Capital city. The distinctive post-modern style was
created by architects Cesar Pelli and Achmad Murdijat, engineer Deejay Cerico and designer
Dominic Saibo under the consultancy of JC Guinto.
Burj Khalifa
It is the tallest building in the world. The mammoth skyscraper and magnificent centrepiece of
Dubai stands at whopping 829m high.
Construction began on the 160-floor building in 2004 and its door opened six years later in 2010.
The task of creating the world‟s tallest man-made structure was awarded to the Chicago office of
the American architectural and engineering firm, Skidmore, Owings and Merril LLP.
Burj al-Arab
Burj al-Arab is a luxury hotel located in Dubai. It has been called “The World‟s only 7-star
Hotel” and is the 3rd tallest Hotel in the world. It stands on an artificial island and at a height of
321m above the ground.
Construction began in 1994 and finished by 1999. It was designed by Architect Tom Wright of
W.K.K. Architects. The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick
Gregory of WS Atkins.
One World Trade Centre (1 WTC)

The “One” World Trade Centre is often described as the Freedom Tower and is located in the
New York City. It is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the 4 th tallest in the
world with a height of 546m. the 104-storey super-tall structure shares a numeric name with the
Northern Twin Towers of the original World Trade Centre, which was destroyed in terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001.
Construction began in 2006 and it was opened by November 2014.
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2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Edoardo F.et al (October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China), experiment some investigations
and analyze a non-linear analysis on a historical building. The analysed building is th e
St. Michele Arcangelo Monastery in Gragnano (Naples, Italy), that is a large
Campanian natural stone masonry building with an internal cloister. Seismic
assessment of historical buildings is a complex problem due to the wide variety of
involved aspects, such as the quality of masonry, the structural systems, the large
effort in inspection and diagnosis, the economical and cultural implications. Analyses
were carried out, through laboratory tests and in -situ investigations; they underline
critical issues related to the seismic response of historical buildings, such as the
variability of traditional material properties, the different construction techniques, the
limited knowledge on previous damage or the limitations in inspections and tests due
to conservation issues for buildings of historical value. Finally several interesting
considerations about various Strengthening configurations are reported, in order to
assess the effects of some common interventions on historical masonry buildings.
In the last years significant developments have occurred with respect to the
possibilities of experimental and numerical analysis of ancient cultural heritage
buildings. An example is the TREMURI program allows to obtain complete 3D macro -
element models on which global non-linear static and dynamic analyses can be carried
out, with limited computational efforts. By means of internal variables, the macro -
element considers both the shear damage failure mode and its evolution, controlling
the strength deterioration and the stiffness degradation, and rocking mechanisms, with
toe crushing effect.
Numerical models were developed to understand the seismic-geological relationships

by
imaging the real-world in an approximate fashion. Some models are used to calculate
the seismic velocities and the Poisson‟s ratio (ν) as a function of crack density
parameters. Garbin and Knopoﬀ (1973, 1975), O‟Connel and Budiansky (1974), and
Henyey and Pomphrey (1982) show self-consistent models of isotropic networks of dry
and wet cracks. Crampin (1981), Hudson (1981), and Peacock and Hudson (1990)
derived theories for seismic wave propagations in rocks with isotropic and anisotropic
crack distributions.
2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING IN A PARTICULAR PLOT

Some points are to be considered in the building development before construction takes
place.
(a) Soil testing to determine the bearing capacity of soil in the given area.
(b) Selection of type of foundation.
(c) Calculation of total load of the building.
(d) Construction of substructure
(e) Construction of superstructure
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2.3.1 Soil testing to determine the Bearing Capacity of soil in the given area
Soil may be soft which yields under load. Soil may be spreading type. They are non-
cohesive. When building loads are applied on this, it spreads out beneath the foundation. Soil
may be hard and rocky. They are hard and incompressible. They can withstand the foundation
without any yield. This hard soil is very good for high rise building. Soil testing is the first test
before the design of the building.
2.3.2 Calculation of total Load of the Building
The different loads required in building design are: (a) Dead load (b) Live load (c)
Earthquake load (d) Wind load (e) Snow load. These loads are describe in below.
.
2.3.3 Selection of type of Foundation
There are different types of foundation of building. They are: (a) Spread footing
foundation (b) Stepped foundation (c) Grillage foundation (d) Raft foundation (e) Pile
foundation (f) Well foundation (g) Cassion foundation (i) Combined footing foundation (j)
Cantilever foundation
2.3.4 Construction of Substructure

After the selection of foundation construction of foundation starts.
2.3.5 Construction of Superstructure
After the foundations, other parts to develop the building suitable for using are plinth
and superstructures. Superstructures include walls, columns, slabs, basements and different
floors (for tall buildings), doors, windows, sills, lintels, weather shades or chajjas, steps and
stairs, finishes for walls, painting, plumbing, sanitary fittings, electrical fitting and other utility
services.
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CHAPTER-3
LOADS CONSIDERED
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads and Imposed load is
produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building and many other loads act on a building
which will resist by the building with proper construction, proper material and design.
3.2 DEAD LOADS

The dead load comprises of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings,
false floors and the other permanent constructions in the buildings. These will also include the
weight of all components at each level, viz., roof including water tanks, Parapets, roof finishes,
slabs, beams, elevator machine room etc. and including all plasters and surface cladding etc., and
each floor level including fixed masonry or other partitions, infill walls, columns, slabs and
beams, weight of stairs, cantilever balconies, parapets and plastering or cladding wherever used.
The dead load loads may be calculated from the dimensions of various members and their unit
weights. The unit weights may be taken from IS:875 (Part 1) or ascertained from the
manufacturer.
3.3 IMPOSED LOADS

Imposed load includes the weight of movable partitions, distributed and concentrated
loads, load due to impact and vibration and dust loads. IS 875 (Part 2) deals with the imposed
loads on roofs, floors, stairs, balconies, etc., for various occupancies. There is a provision for
reduction in the imposed loads for certain situations, e.g. for large span beams and number of
storeys above the
columns of a storey. The two types Imposed loads do not include loads due to wind, seismic
activity, snow, and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be
subjected to, creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the
structure may undergo.
3.4 WIND LOAD

Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is
traced to earth‟s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are
primarily responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows
horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion
are relatively small, the term „wind‟ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical
winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers
or anemographs which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying
from 10 to 30 metres above ground.
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3.5 SEISMIC LOAD
The assumed lateral load an earthquake might cause to act upon a structural system in
any horizontal direction.
3.5.1 Seismic load and design earthquake motion

a. For ordinary buildings, seismic load is evaluated using the acceleration response spectrum
the equivalent static force procedure is applied.
b. For buildings that are irregular in plan or elevation, design earthquake motion is represented
by Acceleration time history and time history dynamic analysis is applied. In this case it is
recommended that the equivalent static force procedure is also applied.
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CHAPTER-4
DESCRIPTION OF
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
& DESIGN
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
Structural analysis and design is a very old art and is known to human beings since early
civilizations. Today we see around us countless houses, bridges, fly-overs, high-rise buildings
and spacious shopping malls. Planning, analysis and construction of these buildings is a science
by itself. The main purpose of any structure is to support the loads coming on it by properly
transferring them to the foundation. Even animals and trees could be treated as structures. In the
early periods houses were constructed along the riverbanks using the locally available material.
They were designed to withstand rain and moderate wind. Today structures are designed to
withstand earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones and blast loadings. Aircraft structures are designed
for more complex aerodynamic loadings. These have been made possible with the advances in
structural engineering and a revolution in electronic computation in the past 50 years. The
construction material industry has also undergone a revolution in the last four decades resulting
in new materials having more strength and stiffness than the traditional construction material.
4.2 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

The structural analysis is a mathematical algorithm process by which the response of a
structure to specified loads and actions is determined. This response is measured by determining
the internal forces or stress resultants and displacements or deformations throughout the
structure.
The structural analysis is based on engineering mechanics, mechanics of solids, laboratory
research, model and prototype testing, experience and engineering judgment. The basic methods
of structural analysis are flexibility and stiffness methods. The flexibility method is also called
force method and compatibility method. The stiffness method is also called displacement
method and equilibrium method. These methods are applicable to all type of structures;
however, here only skeletal systems or framed structures will be discussed. The examples of
such structures are beams, arches, cables, plane trusses, space trusses, plane frames, plane grids
and space frames.
The skeletal structure is one whose members can be represented by lines possessing certain
rigidity properties. These one dimensional members are also called bar members because their
cross sectional dimensions are small in comparison to their lengths. The skeletal structures may
be determinate or indeterminate..
Fundamental methods to analyze the statically indeterminate structures are discussed below:
4.2.1 Force Methods

Originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864, later developed by Otto Mohr
and Heinrich Muller-Breslau, the force method was one of the first methods available for
analysis of statically indeterminate structures. As compatibility is the basis for this method, it is
sometimes also called as compatibility method or the method of consistent displacements. In this
method, equations are formed that satisfy the compatibility and force displacement requirements
for the given structure in order to determine the redundant forces. Once these forces are
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determined, the remaining reactive forces on the given structure are found out by satisfying the
equilibrium requirements.
4.2.2 Displacement Methods

The displacement method is another technique that can be used to analyze indeterminate
structures. This method can be generalized and is commonly used in structural analysis software.
In this method, all degrees of freedom of a structure are restrained, i.e. "locked", and the member
fixed end forces are calculated due to any applied loads on the member. As in moment
distribution, each degree of freedom is then independently released, i.e."un-locked", and the
member end forces are determined due to an application of a unit displacement that corresponds
to each degree of freedom. This displacement can either be a rotation or a translation. The actual
member end forces are then calculated by satisfying equilibrium conditions at each of the
degrees of freedom.
4.2.3. Slope Deflection Method

This method was first devised by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr and was further
developed by George A. Maney in 1915. The slope deflection method is a structural analysis
method for beams and frames The slope deflection method was widely used for more than a
decade until the moment distribution method was developed.
The basic assumption of this method is to consider the deformations caused only by bending
moments. It is assumed that the effects of shear force or axial force deformations are negligible
in indeterminate beams or frames.
The fundamental slope-deflection equation expresses the moment at the end of a member as the
superposition of the end moments caused due to the external loads on the member, while the
ends being assumed as restrained, and the end moments caused by the displacements and actual
end rotations. A structure comprises of several members, slope-deflection equations are applied
to each of the member. Using appropriate equations of equilibrium for the joints along with the
slope-deflection equations of each member we can obtain a set of simultaneous equations with
unknowns as the displacements. Once we get the values of these unknowns i.e. the
displacements we can easily determine the end moments using the slope-deflection equations.
4.2.4 Moment Distribution Method

The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically
indeterminate beams and frames developed by Prof. Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in
an ASCE journal. It is an iterative method in which one goes on carrying on the cycle to reach
to a desired degree of accuracy. To start off with this method, initially all the joints are
temporarily restrained against rotation and fixed end moments for all the members. Each joint is
then released one by one in succession and the unbalanced moment is distributed to the ends of
the members, meeting at the same joint, in the ratio of their distribution factors. These
distributed moments are then carried over to the far ends of the joints. Again the joint is
temporarily restrained before moving on to the next joint. Same set of operations are performed
at each joints till all the joints are completed and the results obtained are up to desired accuracy.
The method does not involve solving a number of simultaneous equations, which may get quite
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complicated while applying large structures, and is therefore preferred over the slope-deflection
method. This method falls into the category of displacement method of structural analysis
4.2.5 Kani’s Method

This method was first developed by Prof. Gasper Kani of Germany in the year 1947. The
method is named after him. This is an indirect extension of slope deflection method. This is an
efficient method due to simplicity of moment distribution. The method offers an iterative scheme
for applying slope deflection method of structural analysis. Whereas the moment distribution
method reduces the number of linear simultaneous equations and such equations needed are
equal to the number of translator displacements, the number of equations needed is zero in case
of the Kani‟s method.
This method may be considered as a further simplification of moment distribution method
wherein the problems involving sway were attempted in a tabular form thrice (for double story
frames) and two shear coefficients had to be determined which when inserted in end moments
gave us the final end moments. All this effort can be cut short very considerably by using this
method.
4.2.5.1 Advantages of Kani’s method

a. All the computations are carried out in a single line diagram of the structure.
b. The effects of joint rotations and sway are considered in each cycle of iteration. Hence, no
need to derive and solve the simultaneous equations. This method thus becomes very
effective and easy to use especially in case of multistory building frames.
c. Operation is simple, as it is carried out in a specific direction. If some error is committed, it
will be eliminated in subsequent cycles if the restraining moments and distribution factors
have been determined correctly.
d. It leads to the solutions in just a few cycles of iterations.
4.3 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Seismic analysis is a structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building
structure to earthquakes.
4.3.1 Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to
different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting elements,
for the following buildings:
a) Regular buildings-Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V and those Greater
than 90 m in height in Zones II and 111.
b) Irregular buildings- All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V and those
greater than 40m in height in Zones 11 and III.
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The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration should be
such that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in the building configuration.
Buildings with plan irregularities cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis.
For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones 11and III, dynamic analysis, even
though not mandatory, is recommended. Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time
History Method or by the Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the design
base shear (VB) shall be compared with a base shear (VB).
4.3.1.1 Time History Method

Time history method of analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall be
performed using accepted principles of dynamics.
4.3.1.2 Response Spectrum Method

Response spectrum method of analysis shall be performed using the design spectrum
specified, or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned.
4.3.2 Equivalent Static Method

The method is also called The Lateral Forces Method as the effects of an earthquake
are assumed to be the same as the ones resulting from the statical transverse loadings. As
discussed before, in the Rayleigh method, an inertia loading provides a good approximation to
the natural vibration shape of the structure. If the structural response is not significantly affected
by contributions from higher modes of vibration it is reasonable to assume that with an
appropriate set of inertia forces one may achieve a good approximation for the response. This is
the basic concept of the Equivalent Static Method.
Each code presents its own procedure to compute and to distribute the static equivalent
forces in order to achieve the earthquake effects on the structure. Usually an expression is
defined to prescribe the minimum lateral seismic force, also designated the base shear force
4.3.2.1 Design Lateral Force

The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design
lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force
thus obtained at each floor level shall then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting
elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.
4.3.2.2 Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (Vb) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:
Vb = Ah W
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where,
Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum
W = seismic weight of all the floors
4.3.2.3 Fundamental Natural Period

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T,), in seconds, of a moment-
resisting frame building without brick in the panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
Ta = 0.075h, for RC frame building
Ta = 0.085h, for steel frame building
Where,
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the
basement storeys, when they are not so connected. The approximate fundamental natural period
of vibration (T,), in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings
with brick lintel panels, may be estimated by the empirical Expression:
T=.09h/√d
Where,
h= Height of building
d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of the
lateral force.
4.3.2.4 Distribution of Design Force

Distribution of Horizontal Design Lateral Force to Different Lateral Force Resisting
Elements in case of buildings whose floors are capable of providing rigid horizontal diaphragm
action, the total shear in any horizontal plane shall be distributed to the various vertical elements
of lateral force resisting system, assuming the floors to be infinitely rigid in the horizontal plane.
In case of building whose floor diaphragms cannot be treated as infinitely rigid in their own
plane, the lateral shear at each floor shall be distributed to the vertical elements resisting the
lateral forces, considering the in-plane flexibility of the diagram.
The design base shear (V) shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the
following expression:
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Qi =Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi =Seismic weight of floor i,
hi =Height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storeyes in the building is the no. of levels at which the masses are located.
4.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

There are three design philosophies to design a reinforced concrete structures. They are:
1. Working stress method
2. Ultimate load method and
3. Limit state method.
4.4.1 Working Stress Method

In the „working stress‟ method it is seen that the permissible stresses for concrete and
steel are not exceeded anywhere in the structure when it is subjected to the worst combination of
working loads. A linear variation of stress form zero at the neutral axis to the maximum stress at
the extreme fibre is assumed. Practically, the stress strain curve for concrete is not linear as it
was assumed in working stress method. So, in „ultimate load‟ design an idealized form of actual
stress strain diagram is used and the working loads are increased by multiplying them with the
load factors.
4.4.2 Ultimate Load Method

Since a very long period structural design of reinforced concrete members has been
based on elastic or working stress design techniques. Experience and research have assisted
structural engineers to develop a new approach in what is termed as ultimate load theory or
ultimate strength method.
In ultimate strength design, it is recognized that at high stresses in concrete the relation
between stress and strain is not linear. Further, in this method the design loads are multiples of
the anticipated service loads.
4.4.3 Limit State Method

The basis for „limit state‟ method is a structure with appropriate degrees of reliability
should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it
should also satisfy the serviceability requirements such as limitations on deflection and cracking.
Limit state method is the most rational method of the three methods. It considers the
actual behaviour of the materials at failure and also it takes serviceability also into consideration.
Therefore, limit state method has been employed in this work. It has proved to have an edge over
working stress method from the economic point of view. Consequently we need not stick to
working stress method.
20 | P a g e
CHAPTER-5
LOAD CALCULATION
21 | P a g e
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Load calculation is the first and foremost in analysis and design a building. In load
calculation various loads, which are discussed earlier chapters, are determined which were acting
on the building and considering these loads we design a building safely so that it resist all loads.
We have considered one section for our convenient and lacking of time.
For calculating worst design parameters we have one tributary frames, in the shorter
direction of the building, i.e., the primary frame since failure may occur in the shorter direction.
5.2 DATAS FOR LOAD CALCULATION:

Some assumptions are in load calculation-
1. For main beam let us consider the size of the beam (250×300) mm2.
2. The sizes of the Column are taken as (300×300) mm2.
3. Slab thickness is considered as 120 mm.
4. Wall thickness is taken as 150 mm
5. Height of parapet wall is taken as 0.75m.
6. Unit weight of brickwork with mortar = 22.85 KN/m3.
7. Density of concrete =25 KN/m3.
8. Water proofing on terrace = 0.2 KN/m2
9. Floor finish is 1 KN/m2 on intermediate floors.
10. Live load on terrace =1.5 KN/m2.
11. Live load on intermediate floors = 2 KN/m2.
22 | P a g e
CHAPTER-6
ANALYSIS OF FRAME
23 | P a g e
Fig 6.1:- Dimensioned Plan of our Buiding
24 | P a g e
Fig- 6.2:- Section of the Building
25 | P a g e
6.1. Analysis of Portal Frames:
In this project of 3 storeyed building one portal frame is analysed by Kani‟s method in gravity
analysis and by equivalent lateral force method in earthquake analysis.
Gravity Analysis:
Datas For Load Calculation:

For main beam let us consider the size of the beam = (250×300) mm2.
The sizes of the Column = (300×300) mm2.
Slab thickness = 120 mm.
Wall thickness = 150 mm
Thickness of parapet wall is taken as 0.12 m and height is taken as 0.75m.
Unit weight of brickwork with mortar = 22.85 kN/m3.
Density of concrete =25 kN/m3.
For terrace level:
Water proof = 0.2 kN/m2
Floor finish = 0
Live load = 1.5 kN/m2.
Dead load = 3 kN/m2
Total load =4.7 kN/m2
For intermediate floor level:

(Bedroom ,Kitchen ,Drawing room ,Guest room , Dining room, Toilet)
Water proof =0
Floor finish = 1 kN/m2
Live load = 2 kN/m2
Dead load = 3 kN/m2
Total load =6 kN/m2
(Balcony,Corridor,Store , Passage)
Water Proof =0
Floor finish = 1 kN/m2
Live load = 3 kN/m2
Dead load = 3 kN/m2
Total load =7 kN/m2
26 | P a g e
Fig- 6.5:- Load Distribution Diagram
27 | P a g e
The Table 6.1 below shows the Beam and frame load calculations
Table 6.1: Beam and frame load calculations
Section A-Aʹ
Second Floor First Floor Ground Floor Tie beam level
Load on 7.715 Load on 23.27 Load on 23.27 Load on 9.94
AB kN/m AʹBʹ kN/m AʹʹBʹʹ kN/m AʹʹʹBʹʹʹ kN/m
BC kN/m BʹCʹ kN/m BʹʹCʹʹ kN/m BʹʹʹCʹʹʹ kN/m
CD kN/m CʹDʹ kN/m CʹʹDʹʹ kN/m CʹʹʹDʹʹʹ kN/m
28 | P a g e
Fig. 6.6: Portal Frame Analysis of the Critical Section
6.2 KANIS METHOD ANALYSIS

Restrained moment at a joint is the algebraic sum of FEM‟s of different members meeting at that
joint, is rotation contribution moment or kanis moment.
1. Sum of the restrained moment of a joint and all rotation contributions of the far ends of
members meeting at that joint is multiplied by respective rotation factors and distribution factors
to get the required near end rotation contribution. For the first cycle when far end contributions
are not known, they may be taken as zero (Ist approximation).
2. By repeated application of this calculation procedure and proceeding from joint to
joint in an arbitrary sequence but in a specific direction, all rotation contributions are known.
The process is usually stopped when end moment values converge. This normally happens after
three or four cycles. But values after 2nd cycle may also be acceptable for academic.
29 | P a g e
The considered Critical section, In analysis, we have to find first fixed end moments. So
according to kanis method further calculations are shown below.
Fixed end moments:
Second Floor:
𝑊𝑙² −7.275×3.6²
MFAB =- = = -7.86 KN-m
12 12
MFBA =7.86 KN-m
𝑊𝑙² −7.275×3.6²
MFBC = - = = -7.86 KN-m
12 12
MFCB = 7.86 KN-m
𝑊𝑙² −7.275×3.6²
MFCD = - = = -7.86 KN-m
12 12
MFDC =7.86 KN-m
First Floor:
𝑊𝑙² 23.27×3.6²
MFAʹBʹ= - 12 = - = -25.13 KN-m
12
MFBʹAʹ =25.13 KN-m
𝑊𝑙² −16.42×3.6²
MFBʹCʹ = - 12 = = -17.73 KN-m
12
MFCʹBʹ = 17.73 KN-m
𝑊𝑙² −10.123×3.6²
MCʹDʹ = - = = -10.93 KN-m
12 12
MDʹCʹ = 10.93 KN-m
Ground Floor:
𝑤𝑙 ² −23.27×3.6²
MFAʹʹBʹʹ = - = =-25.13 KN-m
12 12
MFBʹʹAʹʹ = 25.13 KN-m
𝑤𝑙 ² −16.42×3.6²
MFBʹʹCʹʹ = - = = -17.73 KN-m
12 12
MFCʹʹBʹʹ = 17.73 KN-m

30 | P a g e
𝑊𝑙² −10.123×3.6²
MCʹʹDʹʹ = - = = -10.93 KN-m
12 12
MDʹʹCʹʹ = 10.93 KN-m
Tie Beam Level :
𝑊𝑙² 9.94×3.6²
MFAʹʹʹBʹʹʹ =− =− = -10.74 KN-m
12 12
MFBʹʹʹAʹʹʹ =10.74 KN-m
𝑊𝑙² 9.65×3.6²
MFBʹʹʹCʹʹʹ = - =- = -10.42 KN-m
12 12
MFCʹʹʹ Bʹʹʹ = 10.42 KN-m
𝑤𝑙 ² 1.875×3.6²
MFCʹʹʹ Dʹʹʹ =- = − = -2.03 KN-m
12 12
MFDʹʹʹ Cʹʹʹ = 2.03 KN-m
31 | P a g e
The tables 6.2 and 6.3 represent the Rotation Factor and Displacement Factor
Table-6.2:- Rotation Factor
Total Relative Rotation

Relative
Joint Member stiffness factor
stiffness (K)
(K) -1/2 (K/K)
AB 0.83I/3.6 -0.21
A 0.54I
AAʹ I/3.2 -0.29
BA 0.83I/3.6 -0.15
B BC 0.83I/3.6 0.77I -0.20
BBʹ I/3.2 -0.15
CB 0.83I/3.6 -0.15
C CCʹ I/3.2 0.77I -0.20
CD 0.83I/3.6 -0.15
DC 0.83I/3.6 -0.21
D 0.54I
DDʹ I/3.2 -0.29
AʹA I/3.2 -0.18
Aʹ AʹBʹ 0.83I/3.6 0.86I -0.13

AʹAʹʹ I/3.2 -0.18
BʹB I/3.2 -0.14

BʹAʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
Bʹ 1.09I
BʹBʹʹ I/3.2 -0.14
BʹCʹ 0.83 I/3.6 -0.11
CʹC I/3.2 -0.14
CʹBʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
Cʹ 1.09I
CʹCʹʹ I/3.2 -0.14
CʹDʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
DʹD I/3.2 -0.18
Dʹ DʹCʹ 0.83I/3.6 0.86I -0.13
DʹDʹʹ I/3.2 -0.18
32 | P a g e
AʹʹAʹ I/3.2 -0.19
Aʹʹ AʹʹBʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 0.79I -0.15
AʹʹAʹʹʹ I/4.1 -0.15
BʹʹBʹ I/3.2 -0.15
BʹʹAʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
Bʹʹ 1.02I
BʹʹBʹʹʹ I/4.1 -0.12
BʹʹCʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
CʹʹCʹ I/3.2 -0.15
CʹʹBʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
Cʹʹ 1.02I
CʹʹCʹʹʹ I/4.1 -0.12
CʹʹDʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.11
DʹʹDʹ I/3.2 -0.19
Dʹʹ DʹʹCʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 0.79I -0.15
DʹʹDʹʹʹ I/4.1 -0.15
AʹʹʹBʹʹʹ 0.83 I/3.6 -0.12
AʹʹʹAʹʹ I/4.1 -0.13
Aʹʹʹ 0.97 I
AʹʹʹAʹʹʹʹ I /2 -0.26
BʹʹʹAʹʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.09

BʹʹʹCʹʹʹ 0.83I/3.6 -0.09
Bʹʹʹ 1.21 I
BʹʹʹBʹʹ I/4.1 -0.10
BʹʹʹBʹʹʹʹ I/2 -0.21
CʹʹʹBʹʹʹ 0.83 I/3.6 -0.09
CʹʹʹDʹʹʹ 0.83 I/3.6 -0.09
Cʹʹʹ 1.21 I
CʹʹʹCʹʹʹʹ I/2 -0.21
CʹʹʹCʹʹ I/4.1 0.10
DʹʹʹCʹʹʹ 0.83 I/3.6 -0.12

Dʹʹʹ DʹʹʹDʹʹ I/4.1 0.97 I -0.13
DʹʹʹDʹʹʹʹ I/2 -0.26
33 | P a g e
Table 6.3: Displacement Factor
Total
Storey Vertical Relative Displacement
Relative
Member Stiffness Factor
Stiffness
(k) -3/2×(k/∑k)
(∑k)
Tie AʹʹʹʹAʹʹ I/2 -3/8
Beam BʹʹʹʹBʹʹʹ I/2 -3/8
Level CʹʹʹʹCʹʹ I/2 -3/8
2
DʹʹʹʹDʹʹʹ I/2 -3/8
AʹʹʹAʹʹ I/4.1 -3/8
BʹʹʹBʹʹ I/4.1 -3/8
GF CʹʹʹCʹʹ I/4.1 -3/8
4/4.1
DʹʹʹDʹʹ I/4.1 -3/8
AʹʹAʹ I/3.2 -3/8
BʹʹBʹ I/3.2 -3/8
1st Floor
CʹʹCʹ I/3.2 -3/8
5/4
DʹʹDʹ I/3.2 -3/8
AʹA I/3.2 -3/8
2nd BʹB I/3.2 -3/8
Floor CʹC I/3.2 -3/8
5/4
DʹD I/3.2 -3/8
34 | P a g e
Fig: 6.7:- Kanis Analysis
35 | P a g e
Iteration Process :
Iteration process has been stopped after 4th cycle since rotation contribution, and
distribution contribution values are becoming almost constant. Values of fixed end moments,
sum of fixed end moments, rotation factors along with rotation contribution and distribution
factors with distribution contribution values after end of each cycle in appropriate places has
been shown below.
Sign conventions on moments:
Clockwise moments are positive and clockwise rotations are positive.
For first cycle with side sway-

 Near end contribution of various members meeting at that joint = respective rotation
contribution factor × [Restrained moment +. far end contributions].
 Linear displacement contributions will be calculated after the end of each cycle for the
columns only.
For 2nd and subsequent cycles-

 Near end contributions of various members meeting at a joint = Respective rotation
contribution factor × [Restrained moment + far end contributions + linear displacement
contribution of columns of different storey‟s meeting at that joint].
Rules for the Calculation of Final End Moments-

 For beam, end moment = FEM + 2 × [near end contribution] + far end contributions.
 For column, End Moment = FEM = 2 × [near end contribution] + Far end contribution +
linear displacement contribution of that column for the latest cycle.
6.2.4.1 Horizontal Final Moment

MAB = -7.86+ (2×0.92) + 0.02 = -6.00 KNm
MBA = 7.86+ (2×0.02) +0.92 = 8.82 KNm
MBC = -7.86+ (2×0.02) + 0.36 = -7.46 KNm
MCB = 7.86+ (2×0.36) + (0.02) = 8.6 KNm
MCD = -24.57+ (2×3) + (-5.65) = -24.22 KNm
MDC = 24.57+ {2× (-5.65)} +3= 16.27 KNm
MAʹBʹ = -16.21+ (2×1.72) + (-2.14) = -14.91 KNm
MBʹAʹ = 16.21+ {(2× (-2.14)} +1.72 = 13.65 KNm
36 | P a g e
MBʹCʹ = -2.78+ {(2× (-3.21)} + 4.69= - 4.51 KNm
MCʹBʹ = 2.78+ (2×4.69) + (-3.21) = 8.95KNm
MCʹDʹ = -32.6+ (2×2.33) + (-3.59) = -31.53KNm
MDʹCʹ = 32.6+ {2× (-3.59)} +2.33= 27.75 KNm
MAʹʹBʹʹ = -16.21+ (2×3.11) + (-3) = -12.99 KNm
MBʹʹAʹʹ = 16.21+ {2× (-3)} +3.11= 13.32 KNm
MBʹʹCʹʹ = -2.78+ {2× (-4.51)} +7.07= -4.73KNm
MCʹʹBʹʹ = 2.78+ (2×7.07) + (-4.51) = 12.41KNm
MCʹʹDʹʹ = -32.6+ (2×3.54) + (-5.74) = -31.26 KNm
MDʹʹCʹʹ = 32.6+ {2× (-5.74)} +3.54= 24.66 KNm
6.2.4.2Vertical Final Moment

MAAʹ = 0+ (2×2.51) +1.76+1.57 = 8.35 KNm
MAʹA = 0+ (2×1.57) +1.76+2.51 = 7.41 KNm
MBBʹ = 0+ {2× (-2.17)} +1.76-1.45 = -4.03KNm
MBʹB = 0+ {2× (-1.45)} +1.76-2.17 = -3.31 KNm
MCCʹ = 0+ (2×3.63) +1.76+2.84 = 11.86 KNm
MCʹC = 0+ (2×2.84) +1.76+3.63 =11.07 KNm
MDDʹ = 0+ {2× (-6.85)} +1.76-4.35 = -16.29 KNm
MDʹD = 0+ {2× (-4.35)} +1.76-6.85 = -13.79 KNm
MAʹAʹʹ = 0+ (2×1.57) +1.62+2.83 = 7.59 KNm
MAʹʹAʹ = 0+ (2×2.83) +1.62+1.57 = 8.85 KNm
MBʹBʹʹ = 0+ {2× (-1.95)} +1.62-2.74 = -5.02 KNm
MBʹʹBʹ = 0+ {2× (-2.74)} +1.62-1.95 = -5.81 KNm
MCʹCʹʹ = 0+ (2×2.84) +1.62+4.27 = 11.57 KNm
MCʹʹCʹ = 0+ (2×4.27) +1.62+2.84 = 13 KNm
MDʹDʹʹ = 0+ {2× (-4.35)} +1.62-6.93 = -14.01 KNm
MDʹʹDʹ = 0+ {2× (-6.93)} +1.62-4.35 = -16.59 KNm
MAʹʹAʹʹʹ = 0+ (2×1.78) + 0.58 = 4.14KNm
MAʹʹʹAʹʹ = 0+ 0+0.58+1.78 = 2.36KNm
MBʹʹBʹʹʹ = 0+ {2× (-1.69)} +0.58 = -2.8 KNm
MBʹʹʹBʹʹ = 0+ 0+0.58-1.69 = -1.11KNm
MCʹʹCʹʹʹ = 0+ (2×2.66) +0.58 = 5.9KNm
37 | P a g e
MCʹʹʹCʹʹ = 0+ 0+0.58+2.66 = 3.24 KNm
MDʹʹDʹʹʹ = 0+ {2× (-4.32)} +0.58 = -8.06KNm
MDʹʹʹDʹʹ = 0+0+0.58-4.32 = -3.74KNm
Table: 6.4:- SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT (Mid-Span)
BM at
Shear
Storey Span Mid Diagram
Force
span
AB 13.10
11.09
BA -14,67
2nd Floor
BC 13.67
11.93
CB -14.20
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CD 14.78
10.89
DC -12.99
A’B’ 40.86
36.09
B’A’ -42.9
1st Floor
B’C’ 30.35
25.17
C’B’ -28.76
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C’D’ 19.21
14.61
D’C’ -17.23
A”B” 39.836
34.01
B”A” -43.936
Ground
Floor
B”C” 30.49
24.92
C”B” -28.62
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C”D” 19.44
14.19
D”C” -17
A”’B”’ 16.992
14.48
B”’A”’ -10.79
Tie
Level
B”’C”’ 17.83
16.47
C”’B”’ -16.91
41 | P a g e
C”’D”’ 3.86
3.911
D”’C’’’ -2.89
6.3. SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Design parameters:
For seismic zone , V ,the zone factor Z is 0.36 (Table 2 of IS : 1893). Being a residential
building , the importance factor , I, is 1.0 (Table 6 of IS :1893-part 1 : 2002). Building is
required to be provided with moment resisting frames detailed as per IS :13920 – 1993. Hence ,
the response reduction factor , R, is 5. (Table 7 of IS : 1893 – part 1:2002).
Table-6.5:- Seismic Weights
Storey Slab load Beam load Column load Wall load Total load
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Second Floor 75.576 54.09 14.94 69.12 213.73
First Floor 113.27 54.09 29.88 138.24 337.05
Ground Floor 113.27 54.09 29.88 138.24 337.05
Tie beam 54.09 27.99 150.08 232.16
Refering to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002
Zone factor (Z) = 0.36
Response reduction factor (R) = 3
Importance factor (I) = 1
42 | P a g e
Natural period (T) = 0.075h0.75
= 0.075×12.860.75
=0.51 sec
For medium soil , structural response factor (Sa/g) = 2.50

𝑍𝐼𝑆𝑎
Design horizontal seismic coefficients (Ah) = 2𝑅𝑔
0.36×1×2.5
= 2×5
= 0.135
Base shear (VB) = Ah×W
= 0.135×(213.726+2×337.05+232.162)
=160 kN
Table-6.6:- Lateral Load Distribution with Height by the Static Method

𝐧
Storey/slab Weight(Wi) kN hi Wihi2 𝐖𝐢𝐡𝐢𝟐
Qi=VB
𝐣=𝟏 𝐖𝐣𝐡𝐣²
Tie beam 232.16 2 928.648 1.81

1 337.05 6.22 13039.93 24.65
2 337.05 9.54 30675.46 57.91
3 213.73 12.86 35345.92 66.83
43 | P a g e
66.83 66.83
57.91 124.74
149.39
24.65
1.81 151.204
151.204
4444
Loading diagram Shear diagram
Fig : 6.8 : Seismic loading and Shear diagram
Column Shear
For slab (3),
6P1 = 66.83 kN
P1 = 11.138 KN, 2P1=22.276 KN
For slab (2),
6P2 = 124.74 kN
P2 = 20.79 KN, 2P2=41.58 KN
For slab (1),
6P3 = 149.39 kN
P3 = 24.89 KN, 2P3=49.78 KN
For tie beam,
6P4 = 151.204kN
P4 = 25.20 KN, 2P4=50.4 KN
44 | P a g e
Fig- 6.9:- Column Shear
Beam Moment and Column Moment
Column moment-
For joint A,
3.2
AAʹ = ± 11.138 × = ± 17.82 KNm
2
For joint Aʹ,
AʹA = ± 17.82 KNm

3.2
AʹAʹʹ = ±20.79 × = ± 33.26 KNm
2
45 | P a g e
For joint Aʹʹ,
AʹʹAʹ= ± 33.26 KNm
4.1
AʹʹAʹʹʹ = ± 24.89 × = ± 51.02 KNm
2
For joint Aʹʹʹ,

AʹʹʹAʹʹ = ± 51.02 KNm
2
AʹʹʹAʹʹʹʹ = ± 25.20 × = ± 25.20 KNm
2
For joint B,
3.2
BBʹ = ± 22.276 × = ± 35.64 KNm
2
For joint Bʹ,
BʹB = ± 35.64 KNm
3.2
BʹBʹʹ = ± 41.58 × = ± 66.528 KNm
2
For joint Bʹʹ,
BʹʹBʹ= ± 66.528 KNm

4.1
BʹʹBʹʹʹ = ± 49.78 × = ± 102.049 KNm
2
For joint Bʹʹʹ,

BʹʹʹBʹʹ = ± 102.049 KNm
2
BʹʹʹBʹʹʹʹ = ± 50.4 × = ± 50.4 KNm
2
For calculating beam moment, Σ Beam moment = Σ Column moment.

Hence the beam moments are shown in the figure below.
46 | P a g e
Fig: 6.10:- Beam and Column Moment
Beam Shear
3.6
MAB = F1× 2 = ±17.82
∴ F1 =±9.9kN
3.6
MAʹBʹ =F1ʹ× 2 =±51.08
∴ F1ʹ =±28.38 kN
3.6
MAʹʹBʹʹ = F1ʹʹ× =±84.28
2
∴ F1ʹʹ =±46.82 kN
47 | P a g e
3.6
MAʹʹʹBʹʹʹ = F1ʹʹʹ × 2 =±76.22
∴ F1ʹʹʹ =±42.34 kN
3.6
MBC = F2 × 2 =±17.82
∴ F2 =± 9.9 kN
3.6
MBʹCʹ = F2ʹ× 2 =±51.08
∴ F2ʹ =± 28.38 kN
3.6
MBʹʹCʹʹ = F2ʹʹ× 2 =±84.28
∴ F2ʹʹ =± 46.82 kN
3.6
MBʹʹʹCʹʹʹ = F2ʹʹʹ× 2 =± 76.22
∴ F2ʹʹʹ =± 42.34 kN
3.6
MCD = F3 × 2 =±17.82
∴ F3 =±9.9 kN
3.6
MCʹDʹ = F3ʹ× 2 =±51.08
∴ F3ʹ =± 28.38 kN
3.6
MCʹʹDʹʹ = F3ʹʹ× 2 =± 84.28
∴ F3ʹʹ = ±46.82 kN
3.6
MCʹʹʹDʹʹʹ = F3ʹʹʹ× 2 =± 76.22
∴ F3ʹʹʹ =± 42.34 kN
48 | P a g e
Fig-6.11: Beam Shear
Table : 6.7:- Axial Loads
For joint A, For joint B, Joint C, For joint D,

FA+VA⇌ VA* FB+VB⇌ VB* FC + VC⇌ VC* FD+VD⇌ VD*
⇒FA+9.9 = 0 ⇒FB = 9.9-9.9 ⇒ FC = 0 ⇒FD-9.9= 0
⇒FA= -9.9kN ⇒FB = 0 ⇒FD =9.9kN
Joint Aʹ For joint Bʹ Joint Cʹ Joint Dʹ

FAʹ+VAʹ⇌ VA‟* FBʹ+VBʹ ⇌ VB*ʹ FCʹ+ VCʹ⇌ VC*ʹ FDʹ+ VDʹ ⇌ VD*ʹ
⇒FAʹ+28.38= 0 FBʹ =0 FCʹ= 0 ⇒FDʹ=28.38kN
⇒FAʹ= -28.38kN Total= 0 Total = 0 Total= 38.28kN
Total= -38.28kN
49 | P a g e
Joint Aʹʹ For joint Bʹʹ Joint Cʹʹ Joint Dʹʹ
FAʹʹ+VAʹʹ⇌ VA*ʹʹ FBʹʹ+VBʹʹ ⇌ VB*ʹʹ FCʹʹ+ VCʹʹ ⇌ VC*ʹʹ FDʹʹ+ VDʹʹ ⇌
*
⇒FAʹʹ+46.82= 0 FBʹʹ=0 FCʹʹ= 0 VD ʹʹ
⇒FAʹʹ= -46.82kN Total=0 Total= 0 ⇒FDʹʹ=46.82kN
Total= -85.1kN Total= 85.1kN
Joint Aʹʹʹ For joint Bʹʹʹ Joint Cʹʹʹ Joint Dʹʹʹ

FAʹʹʹ+VAʹʹʹ⇌ VAʹʹʹ* FBʹʹʹ+VBʹʹʹ ⇌ VB*ʹʹʹ FCʹʹʹ+ VCʹʹʹ ⇌ VC*ʹʹʹ FDʹʹʹ+ VDʹʹʹ ⇌
*
⇒FAʹʹʹ+42.34= 0 FBʹʹʹ=0 FCʹʹʹ= 0 VD ʹʹʹ
⇒FA‟‟‟= -42.34kN Total = 0 Total= 0 ⇒FDʹʹʹ=42.34 kN
Total = -127.44kN Total = 127.44kN
50 | P a g e
6.4. LOAD COMBINATION
The end moment combination for beams has been tabulated below:
DL+LL EL 1.5(DL+LL) 1.2(DL+LL 1.2(DL+LL Larger Design

Storey Member -EL) +EL) Moment Moment
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
A-B -6 ± 17.82 -9 -28.584 14.184 28.384 42.578
B-A 8.82 ± 17.82 13.23 -10.8 31.968 31.968 47.952
B-C -7.46 ± 17.82 -11.19 -30.336 12.432 30.336 45.504
Second C-B 8.6 ± 17.82 12.9 -11.064 31.704 31.704 47.556
floor C-D -8.57 ± 17.82 -12.86 -31.668 11.1 31.668 21.112
D-C 5.36 ± 17.82 8.04 -4.952 27.816 27.816 41.724
Aʹ-Bʹ -20.29 ±51.08 -30.435 -85.644 36.948 85.644 128.466
Bʹ-Aʹ 23.99 ±51.08 35.985 -32.508 90.084 90.084 135.126
Bʹ-Cʹ -18.87 ±51.08 -28.305 -83.94 38.652 83.94 125.91
First Cʹ-Bʹ 16.01 ±51.08 24.015 -42.084 80.508 80.508 120.762
floor Cʹ-Dʹ -12.58 ±51.08 -18.87 -76.392 46.2 76.392 114.588
Dʹ-Cʹ 9.01 ±51.08 13.515 -50.484 72.108 72.108 108.162
Aʹʹ-Bʹʹ -19.3 ±84.28 -28.95 -124.296 77.976 124.296 186.444
Bʹʹ-Aʹʹ 26.68 ±84.28 40.02 -69.12 133.152 133.152 199.728
Bʹʹ-Cʹʹ -19.76 ±84.28 -29.64 -124.848 77.424 124.848 187.272
Ground Cʹʹ-Bʹʹ 16.4 ±84.28 24.6 -81.456 120.816 120.816 181.224
floor Cʹʹ-Dʹʹ -12.61 ±84.28 -18.915 -116.268 86.004 116.268 174.402
Dʹʹ-Cʹʹ 8.2 ±84.28 12.3 -91.296 110.976 110.976 166.464
Aʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ -8.69 ±76.22 -13.035 -101.892 81.036 101.892 152.838
Bʹʹʹ-Aʹʹʹ 11.93 ±76.22 17.895 -77.148 105.78 105.78 158.67
Bʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ -10.87 ±76.22 -16.308 -104.510 78.418 104.510 156.765
Tie
beam Cʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ 9.19 ±76.22 13.788 -80.434 102.494 102.494 153.741
level Cʹʹʹ-Dʹʹʹ -3.28 ±76.22 -4.916 -95.39 87.53 95.39 143.085
Dʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ 1.53 ±76.22 2.297 -89.627 93.301 93.301 139.952
Table 6.8:- Moment Combination For Beams
51 | P a g e
The mid-span moment combination for beams has been tabulated below:
Table:6.9:- Mid-Span Moment Combination For Beams
EL
(DL+LL) 1.5(DL+LL) 1.2(DL+LL 1.2(DL+L Larger Design
Membe
Storey -EL) L+EL) Moment Moment
r (kNm)
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
A-B 11.09 17.82 16.635 -8.076 34.692 34.692 52.038
Second B-C 11.93 17.82 17.895 -7.068 35.7 35.7 53.55
Floor C-D 10.89 17.82 16.335 -8.316 34.452 34.452 51.678
Aʹ-Bʹ 36.09 51.08 54.135 -17.988 104.604 104.604 156.906
First Bʹ-Cʹ 25.17 51.08 37.755 -31.092 91.5 91.5 137.25
Floor Cʹ-Dʹ 14.61 51.08 21.915 -43.764 78.83 78.83 118.245
Aʹʹ-Bʹʹ 34.01 84.28 51.015 -60.324 141.95 141.95 212.925
Ground Bʹʹ-Cʹʹ 24.92 84.28 37.38 -71.232 131.04 131.04 196.56
Floor Cʹʹ-Dʹʹ 14.19 84.28 21.29 -84.108 118.164 118.164 177.246
Aʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ 14.48 76.22 21.72 -74.088 108.84 108.84 163.26
Tie Bʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ 16.47 76.22 24.71 -71.7 111.228 111.228 166.842
Beam
Level Cʹʹʹ-Dʹʹʹ 3.911 76.22 5.87 -86.77 96.157 96.157 144.236
52 | P a g e
Table: 6.10:- Moment Combination For Columns
DL+LL EL 1.5(DL+ 1.2(DL+LL 1.2(DL+LL Larger Design

Storey Member LL) -EL) +EL) Moment Monent
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
A-Aʹ 6.03 ±17.82 9.045 -14.148 28.62 28.62 42.93
Aʹ-A 8.69 ±17.82 13.035 -10.956 31.812 31.812 47.718
B-Bʹ -1.34 ±35.64 -2.01 -44.376 41.16 -44.376 -66.564
Second Bʹ-B -2.39 ±35.64 -3.585 -45.636 39.9 -45.636 -68.454
Floor C-Cʹ -0.013 ±35.64 -0.0195 -42.784 42.752 -42.784 -64.176
Cʹ-C -1.08 ±35.64 -1.62 -44.064 41.472 41.472 66.096
D-Dʹ -5.35 ±17.82 -8.025 -27.804 14.964 -27.804 -41.706
Dʹ-D -4.38 ±17.82 -6.57 -26.64 16.128 -26.64 -39.96
Aʹ-Aʹʹ 11.21 ±33.26 16.815 -26.46 53.364 53.364 80.046
Aʹʹ-Aʹ 11.57 ±33.26 17.355 -26.028 53.796 53.796 80.694
Bʹ-Bʹʹ -4.16 ±66.528 -6.24 -84.826 74.842 -84.826 -127.239
First Bʹʹ-Bʹ -4.38 ±66.528 -6.57 -85.089 74.578 -85.089 -127.634
Floor Cʹ-Cʹʹ -2.34 ±66.528 -3.51 -82.642 77.026 -82.642 -123.963
Cʹʹ-Cʹ -2.03 ±66.528 -3.045 -82.642 77.398 -82.642 -123.404
Dʹ-Dʹʹ -4.49 ±33.26 -6.735 -45.3 34.524 -45.3 67.95
Dʹʹ-Dʹ -5.09 ±33.26 -7.635 -46.02 33.804 -46.02 -69.03
Aʹʹ-Aʹʹʹ 7.29 ±51.02 10.935 -52.476 69.972 69.972 104.958
Aʹʹʹ-Aʹʹ 4.98 ±51.02 7.47 -55.248 67.2 67.2 100.8
Bʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ -2.35 ±102.049 -3.525 -125.279 119.639 -125.279 -150.335
Ground Bʹʹʹ-Bʹʹ -1.24 ±102.049 -1.86 -123.947 120.971 -123.947 -185.921
Floor Cʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ -1.704 ±102.049 -2.556 -124.504 120.414 -124.504 -186.756
Cʹʹʹ-Cʹʹ -2.22 ±102.049 -3.33 -125.123 117.795 -125.123 -187.685
Dʹʹ-Dʹʹʹ -2.91 ±51.02 -4.365 -64.716 57.732 -64.716 -97.074
Dʹʹʹ-Dʹʹ -1.56 ±51.02 -2.25 -63.096 59.352 -63.096 -94.644
Aʹʹʹ-Aʹʹʹʹ 3.862 ±25.20 5.793 -25.606 34.874 34.874 52.311
Aʹʹʹʹ-Aʹʹʹ 1.762 ±25.20 2.643 -28.126 32.354 32.354 48.531
Bʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹʹ 0.162 ±50.4 0.243 -60.286 60.674 60.674 91.011
Bʹʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ -0.088 ±50.4 -0.132 -60.586 60.374 -60.586 -90.879
Cʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹʹ -3.498 ±50.4 -5.247 -64.678 56.282 -64.678 -97.017
Tie
beam Cʹʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ -1.918 ±50.4 -2.877 -62.782 58.178 -62.782 -94.173
level Dʹʹʹ-Dʹʹʹʹ 0.042 ±25.20 0.063 -30.189 30.290 -30.290 -45.435
Dʹʹʹʹ-Dʹʹʹ -0.148 ±25.20 -0.222 -30.418 30.062 -30.418 -45.627
53 | P a g e
Axial load combination for columns:
Table: 6.11:- Axial Load Combination For Columns
Second Floor
Column A-Aʹ B-Bʹ C-Cʹ D-Dʹ
DL+LL (kN) 34.194 56.316 56.316 34.194
EL (kN) ±9.9 0 0 ±9.9
1.5 (DL+LL) (kN) 51.291 84.474 84.474 51.291
1.2(DL+LL-EL) (kN) 29.153 67.579 67.579 29.153
1.2(DL+LL+EL)(kN) 52.913 67.579 67.579 52.913
Larger Force 52.913 84.474 84.474 52.913
Design axial force (kN) 79.369 126.711 126.711 79.369
First Floor
Column Aʹ-Aʹʹ Bʹ-Bʹʹ Cʹ-Cʹʹ Dʹ-Dʹʹ
DL+LL (kN) 111.798 158.982 163.366 102.119
EL (kN) ±38.28 0 0 ±38.28
1.5 (DL+LL) (kN) 167.697 238.473 245.049 153.179
1.2(DL+LL-EL) (kN) 88.222 190.778 196.039 76.61
1.2(DL+LL+EL)(kN) 180.094 190.778 196.039 168.479
Larger Force 180.094 238.473 245.049 168.479
Ground Floor
Column Aʹʹ-Aʹʹʹ Bʹʹ-Bʹʹʹ Cʹʹ-Cʹʹʹ Dʹʹ-Dʹʹʹ
DL+LL (kN) 191.427 263.673 272.442 172.069
EL (kN) ±85.1 0 0 ±85.1
1.5 (DL+LL) (kN) 287.141 395.509 408.663 258.104
1.2(DL+LL-EL) (kN) 127.592 316.408 326.930 104.363
1.2(DL+LL+EL)(kN) 331.832 316.408 326.930 308.603
Larger Force 331.832 395.509 408.663 308.603
Tie Beam Level
Column A ʹʹʹ-Aʹʹʹʹ Bʹʹʹ-Bʹʹʹʹ Cʹʹʹ-Cʹʹʹʹ Dʹʹʹ-Dʹʹʹʹ
DL+LL (kN) 242.338 327.459 325.619 205.358
EL (kN) ±127.44 0 0 ±127.44
1.5 (DL+LL) (kN) 363.507 491.189 488.429 308.037
1.2(DL+LL-EL) (kN) 137.878 392.951 390.743 93.502
1.2(DL+LL+EL)(kN) 443.734 392.951 390.743 399.358
Larger Force 443.734 491.189 488.429 399.358
54 | P a g e
Calculation of shear combination of beams:
Table:6.12:- Shear Combination Of Beams:
Second Floor
Beam AB BC CD
Left of Right Left of Right Left Right of
Shear in beam Mid Mid Mid
A of B B of C of C D
DL+LL (kN) 13.10 -14.67 -0.787 13.57 -14.20 -0.317 14.78 -12.99 0.893
EL (kN) ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9 ±9.9
1.5 (DL+LL) (kN) 19.65 -22.01 -1.18 20.36 -21.3 -0.476 22.17 -19.485 1.34
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
3.84 -29.484 -12.82 4.404 -28.92 -12.26 5.856 -27.468 -10.81
(kN)
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
27.6 -5.724 10.94 28.164 -5.16 11.49 29.62 -3.708 12.95
(kN)
Larger shear 27.6 -29.484 -12.82 28.164 -28.92 -12.26 29.62 -27.468 12.95
Design shear
41.4 -44.226 -19.23 42.246 -43.38 -18.39 44.43 41.202 19.425
force (kN)
First Floor
Beams AʹBʹ BʹCʹ CʹDʹ
Shear in Left of Right of Left of Right Left of Right
Mid Mid Mid
beam Aʹ Bʹ Bʹ of Cʹ Cʹ of Dʹ
DL+LL (kN) 40.86 -42.9 -1.026 30.35 -28.76 0.794 19.21 -17.23 0.989
EL (kN) ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38 ±28.38
1.5 (DL+LL)
61.29 -64.35 -1.539 45.525 -43.14 1.19 28.815 -25.845 1.476
(kN)
1.2(DL+LL-
14.976 -85.536 -35.287 2.364 -68.568 -33.103 -11.004 -54.732 -32.869
EL) (kN)
1.2(DL+LL+EL
83.088 -17.424 32.825 70.476 -0.456 35.008 57.108 13.38 35.243
) (kN)
Larger shear 83.088 -85.536 -35.287 70.476 -68.568 35.008 57.108 -54.732 -35.243
Design shear
124.632 -128.304 -53.737 105.714 102.85 52.512 85.662 -82.098 -52.855
force (kN)
Ground Floor
Beam AʹʹBʹʹ BʹʹCʹʹ CʹʹDʹʹ
Shear in Left of Right of Left of Right of Left of Right of
Mid Mid Mid
beam Aʹʹ Bʹʹ Bʹʹ Cʹʹ Cʹʹ Dʹʹ
DL+LL (kN) 39.836 -43.936 -2.05 30.49 -28.62 0.934 19.44 -17 1.22
EL (kN) ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82 ±46.82
1.5 (DL+LL)
59.754 -65.904 -3.075 45.735 -42.93 1.401 29.16 -25.5 1.83
(kN)
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
-8.381 -108.907 -58.644 -19.596 -90.528 -55.063 -32.856 -76.584 -54.72
(kN)
1.2(DL+LL+EL) 103.98
3.461 53.724 92.772 21.84 57.305 79.512 35.784 57.648
(kN) 7
103.98
Larger shear -108.907 -58.644 92.772 -90.528 57.305 79.512 -76.584 57.648
7
55 | P a g e
Design shear 155.98 119.26
-163.361 -87.966 139.158 -135.792 85.958 -114.876 86.472
force (kN) 1 8
Tie beam level
Beams AʹʹʹBʹʹʹ BʹʹʹCʹʹʹ CʹʹʹDʹʹʹ
Shear in Left Right of Left of Right of Left of Right of
Mid Mid Mid
beam of Aʹʹʹ Bʹʹʹ Bʹʹʹ Cʹʹʹ Cʹʹʹ Dʹʹʹ
DL+LL (kN) 16.992 -18.79 -0.9 17.83 -16.91 0.46 3.86 -2.89 0.485
EL (kN) ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34 ±42.34
1.5 (DL+LL)
25.488 -28.185 -1.35 26.745 -25.365 0.69 5.79 -4.335 0.728
(kN)
1.2(DL+LL-EL) -
-73.356 -51.888 -29.412 -71.1 -50.256 -46.176 -54.276 -50.226
(kN) 30.418
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
71.198 28.26 49.728 72.204 30.516 51.36 55.44 47.34 51.39
(kN)
Larger shear 71.198 -73.356 -51.888 72.204 -71.1 51.36 55.44 -54.276 51.39
Design shear 106.79 108.30
110.034 77.832 -106.65 77.04 83.16 81.414 77.085
force (kN) 7 6
56 | P a g e
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF VARIOUS
COMPONENTS
57 | P a g e
7.1. Design of Slab
Typically we divided the slabs into two types:
i. Roof Slab and
ii. Floor Slab
In case of roof slab the live load obtained is less compared to the floor slab. Therefore we first
design the roof slab and then floor slabs.
It is a continuous slab on the top of the building which is also known as terrace. Generally
terrace has less live load and it is empty in most of the time except some occasions in case of any
residential building. In case of office buildings it will be empty and live load act is very less.
Thickness of the slab considered, D = 120mm
For terrace -(dimension of the slab 3.6 x 4.8)
Lx = 3.6m, Ly = 4.8m
Therefore, Ly/lx = 1.33 < 2
So, we design it as a Two-way slab
Load Calculation-
DL of slab = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 1.5 KN/m2
Water proof = 0.2 KN/m2
∴ Total load =4.7KN/m2
Factored load, Wu = 1.5×4.7
= 7.05 KN/m2
Bending Moment Calculation
Along Shorter Span,
Mx =∝xWuLx2
∝x for negative moment at continuous edge, by interpolating
∝x = 0.0692 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
∝x for positive moment at mid span
∝x =0.0518 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
(i) Negative moment-
Mx1 = ∝xWuLx2
= 0.0692 x 7.05 x 3.62
= 6.32 KNm
58 | P a g e
(ii) Positive moment-
Mx2 = ∝xWuLx2
=0.0518×7.05×3.62
= 4.73 KNm
My =∝xWuLx2
∝y for negative moment at continuous edge, by interpolating
∝y = 0.047 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
∝y for positive moment at mid span
∝y =0.035 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
My1 = ∝yWuLx2
= 0.047×7.05×3.62
= 4.29 KNm
My2 = ∝yWuLx2
=0.035×7.05×3.62
= 3.19 KNm
Design of panel 1 (3.6 x 4.8)
Long span
 +ve moment = 3.53 KN-m

 -ve moment = 4.52 KN-m
Short span
Final Moments are calculated after performing Moment Distribution Method.
Design of short span
Assume 0.3% steel.
Steel for +ve moment:

M𝑢 6.21 x 10 6
= =0.69
bd 2 1000 x 952
59 | P a g e
4.6
1− 1− x 0.69
20
Percentage of steel required, Pt = 50 x 415 = 0.2%
20
Ast = (0.2/100) x 1000 x 95 = 190 mm2

Spacing of 10mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/190 = 413.37 mm
Provide 10mm dia bars @300mm c/c.
78.54 x 1000
Actual area of steel provided = = 261.8 mm2
300
261.8
Actual % of steel provided = 1000 x95 = 0.27 < 0.3
Hence, serviceability condition is satisfied.
Steel for –ve moment
M𝑢 7.27 x 10 6
= =0.805
bd 2 1000 x 952
4.6
1− 1− x 0.805
20
20
Ast = (0.23/100) x 1000 x 95 =218.5 mm2

Spacing of 10mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/218.5 = 360 mm
Design of long span

M𝑢 3.53 x 10 6
= =0.353
bd 2 1000 x 100 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.353
20
20
Provide 0.12 % Steel

Ast = (0.12/100) x 1000 x 100 = 120 mm2
Steel for -ve moment:

M𝑢 4.52 x 10 6
= =0.452
bd 2 1000 x100 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.452
20
20
Ast = (0.128/100) x 1000 x 100 = 128 mm2

Spacing of 10mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/128 = 614 mm
60 | P a g e
Fig: 7.1- Top Plan and Section 1-1 of Panel 1
61 | P a g e
Design of panel 2 (3.6m x 4.8m)
Long span

Short span

M𝑢 4.9 x 10 6
= =0.54
bd 2 1000 x 952
4.6
1− 1− x 0.54
20
20
Ast = (0.15/100) x 1000 x 95 = 142.5 mm2

Spacing of 10mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/142.5 = 551.15 mm
M𝑢 5.675 x 10 6
= =0.63
bd 2 1000 x 952
4.6
1− 1− x 0.63
20
20
Ast = (0.18/100) x 1000 x 95 = 171 mm2

Design of long span

M𝑢 1.88 x 10 6
= =0.188
bd 2 1000 x 100 2
62 | P a g e
4.6
1− 1− x 0.188
20
20
Provide 0.12 % Steel

Ast = (0.12/100) x 1000 x 100 = 120 mm2

M𝑢 3.72 x 10 6
= =0.372
bd 2 1000 x100 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.372
20
20
Ast = (0.12/100) x 1000 x 100 = 120 mm2

63 | P a g e
Fig: 7.2 :- Top Plan and Section 1-1 of Panel 2
64 | P a g e
For Intermediate Floors -(dimension of the slab 3.6 x 4.8)
Lx = 3.6m, Ly = 4.8m
Therefore, Ly/lx = 1.33 < 2
So, we design it as a Two-way slab
Load Calculation-
DL of slab = 3KN/m2
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor Finish = 1 KN/m2
∴ Total load = 6KN/m2
Factored load, Wu = 1.5×6
= 9 KN/m2
Bending Moment Calculation
Along Shorter Span,
Mx =∝xWuLx2
∝x for negative moment at continuous edge, by interpolating
∝x = 0.0418 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
∝x for positive moment at mid span
∝x =0.0312 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
Mx1 = ∝xWuLx2
= 0.0418x 9 x 3.62
= 4.87KNm
Mx2 = ∝xWuLx2
=0.0312×9×3.62
= 3.64 KNm
65 | P a g e
Along Longer Span,
My =∝xWuLx2
∝y for negative moment at continuous edge, by interpolating
∝y = 0.037 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
∝y for positive moment at mid span
∝y =0.028 (from annexure D, table 26 of IS 456:2000)
My1 = ∝yWuLx2
= 0.037×79×3.62
= 4.31 KNm
My2 = ∝yWuLx2
=0.028×9×3.62
= 3.26 KNm
Design of panel 2 (3.6 x 4.8)
Long span

Short span

M𝑢 4.66 x 10 6
= =0.52
bd 2 1000 x 952
4.6
1− 1− x 0.52
20
20
Ast = (0.15/100) x 1000 x 95 = 142.5mm2

66 | P a g e
M𝑢 5.575 x 10 6
= =0.61
bd 2 1000 x 952
4.6
1− 1− x 0.61
20
20
Ast = (0.175/100) x 1000 x 95 =166.25 mm2

Design of long span

M𝑢 5,176 x 10 6
= =0.52
bd 2 1000 x 100 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.52
20
20
Ast = (0.148/100) x 1000 x 100 = 148 mm2


M𝑢 6.574 x 10 6
= =0.657
bd 2 1000 x100 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.657
20
20
Ast = (0.19/100) x 1000 x 100 = 190 mm2

67 | P a g e
Fig:7.3- Top Plan and Section 1-1 of Panel 2 (2nd Floor)
68 | P a g e
7.2. DESIGN OF BEAM
For the roof level,
Maximum bending moment = 47.952 KNm
Distance between point of zero moment in the beam,
L0 = 0.7×effective span = 0.7×3600 = 2520mm
Assuming 20 mm ф bars and a clear cover of 20mm,

∅
Effective depth = D – clear cover – 2
= (300+120) - 20- 10 = 390 mm

𝐿0
Width of flange at T-beam, bf = + bw+ 6×Df
6
2520
= + 250 + (6 × 120)
6
= 1390mm
Limiting moment of resistance, Mu lim = 0.138fckbwd2
=0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95kNm > 47.952 kNm
Hence, we design the section as singly reinforced section
Main reinforcement,
Mu 47.952 × 106
= = 0.25
bd2 1390 × 3902
Percentage of steel required, Pt = 0.085 from SP16, table 2
Ast = (0.085 × 1390 × 390)/100 = 460.785mm2
Number of bars required,
𝐴𝑠𝑡 460.785
𝜋 = 𝜋 = 1.46 ≅ 2 𝑛𝑜. 𝑠
× 202 × 202
4 4
Let us provide 2 numbers of 20 mm ф bars
69 | P a g e
Design for shear,
Maximum shear force, Vu = 43.38 KN
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 43.38 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.44 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 2 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 0.64%
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.52 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
Since, 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 , no shear reinforcement is required.
Now, providing 8 mm ф 2 legged stirrups,
Spacing should not exceed-
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5 mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
Let us provide 8 mm ф 2 legged stirrups @ 290mm c/c.
Mid-span reinforcement
Design moment= 53.55 KNm
Limiting moment of resistance, Mu lim = 0.138× fck×bw×d2
= 0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm > 53.55 KNm
Hence, we design the section as singly reinforced section.
Main reinforcement,
𝑀𝑢 53.55 × 106
= = 0.25 ≅ 0.30
𝑏𝑑2 1390 × 3902
Percentage of steel required, Pt = 0.085 from SP16, table 2
Ast = 0.085/100 × (1390×390) = 460.785mm2
Number of bars required
70 | P a g e
𝐴𝑠𝑡 460.785
𝜋 = 𝜋 = 1.47 ≅ 2 𝑛𝑜. 𝑠
× 202 × 202
4 4
Let us provide 2 numbers of 20 mm ф bars
Design for shear,
Maximum shear force, Vu = 19.425 kN
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 19.425 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.19 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×2×( ×20 2 )
4
= = 0.64%
𝑏𝑑 250×390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.52 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
Since, 𝜏𝑣 <𝜏𝑐 , no shear reinforcement is required.
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5 mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
Let us provide 8 mm ф 2 legged stirrups @ 290 mm c/c.
71 | P a g e
Fig:7.4 Longitudinal Section of a Roof Level Beam
Fig: 7.5 Section 1-1 for the Roof Level Beam
72 | P a g e
For 2nd storey,
Maximum bending moment = 135.126 kNm
L0= 0.7×effective span = 0.7×3600= 2520 mm
Assuming 20 mm ф bars and a clear cover of 20 mm,
Effective depth = D – clear cover – (Φ/2)
= (300+120) - 20- 10 = 390mm
Width of flange at T-beam, bf = L0/6 + bw+(6×Df)
2520
+ 250 + 6 × 120 = 1390 𝑚𝑚
6
=0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 135.126 KNm
Hence, we design the section as doubly reinforced section.
Main reinforcement,
Mu 135.126×10 6
= = 3.55
bd 2 250×390 2
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
Percentage of steel required in tension zone, Pt = 1.19
Percentage of steel required in compression zone, Pc = 0.24 (interpolating

from SP16, table 50)
Tension reinforcement,
1.19
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1160.25𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1160.25
2
= = 3.69
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Let us provide 4 numbers of 20 mmф bars.
73 | P a g e
Compression reinforcement,
Asc = 0.24/100 × (250×390) = 234 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 234
2
= = 0.74
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Let us provide 2 numbers of 20mmф bars.
Design for shear,
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 128.304 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 1.32𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 4 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.29%
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.68 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
Since, 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 , shear reinforcement is required.
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 128.304 × 103 − 0.68 × 250 × 390 = 62004 𝑁
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 50 × 390

𝑆𝑣 = = = 227.09 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 62004
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
74 | P a g e
Design moment= 156.906 KNm
=0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 156.906KNm
Main reinforcement,
Mu 156.906 × 106
= = 4.13
bd2 250 × 3902
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
Percentage of steel required in compression zone, Pc = 0.416
(Interpolating from SP16, table 50)
1.35
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1316.25 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1316.25
2
= = 4.19
(𝜋/4 × 16 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Let us provide 6 numbers of 20 mm ф bars.
Asc = 0.416 /100 × (250×390) = 405.6 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 405.6
2
= = 1.29
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Design for shear,
Maximum shear force, Vu = 52.931kN
75 | P a g e
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 52.931 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.54 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 6 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.93
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.78 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
Since, 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 , shear reinforcement is required.
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
Fig: 7.6- Longitudinal Section of a 2nd Storey Beam
76 | P a g e
Fig: 7.7 Section 1-1 of 2nd Storey Beam
Fig: 7.8- Section 2-2 of 2nd Storey Beam
77 | P a g e
For 1st storey,
L0 = 0.7×effective span = 0.7×3600 = 2250 mm
Effective depth = D – clear cover – (ф /2)
= (300+120) - 20- 10 = 390mm
Width of flange at T-beam, bf = L0 /6 + bw+ (6×Df

2520
= + 250 + 6 × 120 = 1390 𝑚𝑚
6
= 0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 199.728 KNm
Main reinforcement,
Mu 199.728 × 106
= = 5.25
bd2 250 × 3902
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
1.68
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1638 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1638
2
= = 5.21
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
78 | P a g e
Asc = 0.756 /100 × (250×390) = 737.1 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 737.1
2
= = 2.34
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Design for shear,
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 163.361 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 1.68 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 6 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.93
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.78 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 163.361 × 103 − 0.78 × 250 × 390 = 87311 𝑁
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 50 × 390

𝑆𝑣 = = = 161.27 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 87311
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
79 | P a g e
Design moment= 212.925 kNm
=0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 212.925 KNm
Main reinforcement,
Mu 212.925 × 106
= = 5.59
bd2 250 × 3902
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
1.78
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1735.5 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1735.5
2
= = 5.52
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Asc = 0.86 /100 × (250×390) = 838.5 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 838.5
= = 2.67
(𝜋/4 × 202 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Let us provide 4 numbers of 20 mmф bars
80 | P a g e
Design for shear,
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 87.966 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.90 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 6 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.93
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.78 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 From IS 456:2000
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 87.966 × 103 − 0.78 × 250 × 390 = 11916𝑁
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 50 × 390

𝑆𝑣 = = = 1181.68𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 11916
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
81 | P a g e
Fig: 7.9- Longitudinal Section of a 1st Storey Beam
Fig: 7.10- Section 1-1 of a 1st Storey Beam
82 | P a g e
Fig: 7.11- Section 2-2 of a 1st Storey Beam
For Tie beam
L0 = 0.7×effective span = 0.7×3600 = 2250 mm
Effective depth = D – clear cover – (ф /2)
= (300+120) - 20- 10 = 390mm
Width of flange at T-beam, bf = L0 /6 + bw+ (6×Df

2520
= + 250 + 6 × 120 = 1390 𝑚𝑚
6
= 0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 158.67 KNm
83 | P a g e
Main reinforcement,
Mu 158.67 × 106
= = 4.17
bd2 250 × 3902
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
1.37
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1335.75 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1335.75
2
= = 4.25
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Asc = 0.39/100 × (250×390) = 380.25 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 380.25
2
= = 1.21
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Design for shear,
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 110.034 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 1.13 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
𝜋 2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 6 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.93
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
84 | P a g e
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.78 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 from IS 456:2000
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 110.034 × 103 − 0.78 × 250 × 390 = 33984 𝑁 Now,

providing 8 mm ф 2 legged stirrups,
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 50 × 390

𝑆𝑣 = = = 414.34 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 33984
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
Design moment= 166.842 kNm
=0.138×20×250×3902
= 104.95 KNm < 166.842 KNm
Main reinforcement,
Mu 166.842 × 106
= = 4.39
bd2 250 × 3902
𝑑ʹ 20
= = 0.05
𝑑 390
1.43
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 250 × 390 = 1394.25 𝑚𝑚2
100
85 | P a g e
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1394.25
2
= = 4.44
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Asc = 0.49 /100 × (250×390) = 477.75 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 477.75
2
= = 1.52
(𝜋/4 × 20 ) (𝜋/4 × 202 )
Let us provide 2 numbers of 20 mmф bars
Design for shear,
Normal stress,
𝑉𝑢 77.832 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.79 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
Again,
2 𝜋
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 6 × ( 4 × 20 )
= = 1.93 %
𝑏𝑑 250 × 390
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.78 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 From IS 456:2000
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑 = 77.832 × 103 − 0.78 × 250 × 390 = 9139.5𝑁
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 50 × 390

𝑆𝑣 = = = 1540 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠 9139.5
i) 0.75d = 0.75×390 = 292.5mm
ii) 300mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑤 0.87×415×2×50
iii) = =361 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×250
86 | P a g e
Fig: 7.12- Longitudinal Section of a Tie-Beam
Fig: 7.13- Section 1-1 of a Tie Beam
87 | P a g e
Fig: 7.14- Section 2-2 of a Tie Beam
88 | P a g e
7.3. DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Design of Column In The Second Floor:

Column size = 300mm×300mm
Gross area of column setion= Ag = 300mm×300mm = 90000 mm2
Let us provide a clear cover of 40mm
d′ 40
= = 0.1
D 300
Design bending Moment, Mu = 68.454kNm
Design shear force, Pu = 126.711 kN
Mu 68.454 × 106
= = 0.13
fck bd2 20 × 300 × 3002
Pu 126.711 × 103
= = 0.070
fck bd 20 × 300 × 300
Refering to Chart-44 of SP 16, we have
P
= 0.09
fck
P= 1.8%
1.8×300×300
Now, Area of steel required = = 1620mm2
100
Provide 6 numbers of 20 mmф bars (1884.95mm2) and 8mmф ties @ 300mm c/c.
89 | P a g e
Fig: 7.15- Section of a 2nd Floor Column
Design Of Column In The First Floor:

Column size= 300mm×300mm
Gross area of column section = Ag =300mm×300mm = 90000 mm2
d′ 40
= = 0.1
D 300
Design shear force, Pu = 367.574kN
Mu 127.634 × 106
= = 0.24
fck bd2 20 × 300 × 3002
Pu 367.574×10 3
= 20×300×300 = 0.20
f ck bd
Refering to Chart-44 of SP 16, we have

P
= 0.13
fck
P= 2.6%
90 | P a g e
2.6×300×300
100
Provide 8 numbers of 20 mmф bars (2514mm2) and 8mmф ties @ 300mm c/c.
Fig: 7.16- Section of a 1st Floor Column
Design of Column In The Ground Floor:

Gross area of column section = Ag =300mm×300mm =90000mm2
d′ 40
= = 0.1
D 300
Mu 150.335 × 106
= = 0.27
fck bd2 20 × 300 × 3002
Pu 612.995 × 103
= = 0.34
fck bd 20 × 300 × 300
Refering to Chart -44 of SP 16, we have
P
= 0.16
fck
P= 3.2%
91 | P a g e
3.2×300×300
100
Provide 10 numbers of 20 mmф bars (3142 mm2) and 8mmф ties @ 300mm c/c.
Fig: 7.17- Section of a ground Floor Column
92 | P a g e
Design of Column in the Tie Beam Level:
Gross area of column section = Ag =300mm×300mm =90000mm2
d′ 40
= = 0.1
D 300
Mu 97.017 × 106
= = 0.17
fck bd2 20 × 300 × 3002
Pu 736.784 × 103
= = 0.41
fck bd 20 × 300 × 300
Refering to Chart -44 of SP 16, we have
P
= 0.17
fck
P= 3.4%
3.4×300×300
100
Provide 10 numbers of 20 mmф bars (3142mm2) and 8mmф ties @ 300mm c/c.
Fig:7.18- Section of Tie Level Column
93 | P a g e
7.4. Design of lintel:
For door D1
Clear span = 900 mm
Let the bearing = 200 mm at each end
Therefore, span between centre of bearing = 0.9+0.2 =1.1 m
Assuming modification factor = 1

1100
Effective depth required= 20×1 = 55 mm
Providing 12 mm Φ bars at a clear cover of 25 mm
Effective cover to reinforcement = 25+6 = 31 mm
Overall depth = 55+31 =86 mm
Provide overall depth = 200 mm
Effective depth required = 200-31 = 169 mm
Effective span = lesser of the two
Distance between centre of bearing = 0.9+0.2= 1.1 m
Clear span + effective depth = 0.9+0.169 =1.07m
Weight of wall to the support = 0.9×1.02×0.15×22.85
=3.15 kN
Dead load of the lintel 0.15×0.2×25 =0.75 kN/m

3.15×1.07
Bending moment due to brick wall = =0.562 kN-m
6
0.75×1.07²
Bending moment due to dead load of lintel = = 0.107 kN-m
8
Total bending moment = 0.562+0.1073 =0.669 kN-m
Factored bending moment =1.5×0.6693 =1.0039 kN-m

𝑀 1.0039×10 6
Now , 𝑏𝑑𝑢² = = 0.23
150×169²
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
=0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.138×20= 2.76
𝑏𝑑 ²
Mu < Mu lim , we design the section as singly reinforced beam
Percentage of steel provided
94 | P a g e
4.6
1− 1− ×0.234
20
Pt =50 415 = 0.065%
20
Minimum steel required = 0.12 %

0.12
∴ Ast = ×150×169 = 30.42 mm2
100
Provide 2 nos.of 10 mm Φ bar
Check for shear

3.15 0.75×0.9
Vu = + = 1.913 kN
2 2
𝑉 1.913×10 3
Nominal shear stress (τv) = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 150×169
=0.075 N/mm2
𝜋×2×10²
Actual percentage of steel provided = 4×150×169 ×100
=0.619%
From IS 456: 2000, table – 19
τc = 0.518
∴ τv < τc , hence provide nominal 2 legged 8 mm Φ stirrups. The spacing of the stirrups shall
not exceed the following.
i. 0.75×d = 0.75×169 =126.75 mm

ii. 300 mm
0.87×𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑤 0.87×2×50×415
iii. = = 604.95 mm
0.4 𝑏 0.4×150
Provide 2 legged 8 mm Φ bars @ 120 mm c/c
95 | P a g e
Fig: 7.19- Lintel for Door
For window:
Clear span = 2 m
Let bearing = 200 mm at each end
Span between centre of bearing = 2+0.2 =2.2 m
Assuming modification factor = 1

2200
Effective depth required = =110 mm
20×1
Effective clear cover = 25+ 6 =31 mm
Overall depth = 110+31 =141 mm
Provide overall depth = 200 mm
Effective depth provided= 200-31 =169 mm
Effective span lesser of two
Distance between centre of bearing = 2+0.2 =2.2 m
Clear span + effective depth = 2+0.169 = 2.169 m
96 | P a g e
1
Weight of wall to be supported =2 ×2.169×2.169 sin 600 ×0.15×22.85
= 6.982 kN
Dead load of lintel = 0.15×0.2×25 = 0.75 kN/m

6.982×2.169
Bending moment due to weight of brick wall = 6
=2.524 kN-m
0.75×2.169²
Bending moment due to dead load of lintel = 8
=0.441 kN-m
Total= 2.524+0.441=2.965 kN-m
Factored bending moment = 1.5×2.965 = 4.448 kN-m

𝑀𝑢 4.448×10 6
= = 1.038
𝑏𝑑 ² 150×169²
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.138 × 20 = 2.76
𝑏𝑑 2
Mu<Mu lim , we design the section as singly reinforced beam
4.6
1− 1− ×1.038
20
Percentage of steel Pt = 50 415
20
=0.307%
0.307
∴ Ast = × 150 × 169 = 77.82 𝑚𝑚²
100
Provide 2 nos. Of 12 mm Φ bars
Check for shear

6.982 0.75×2
Shear force , Vu = + =4.241 kN
2 2
𝑉 4.241×10 3
Nominal shear stress (τv) = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 150×169 = 0.167 N/mm2
2×𝜋×12²
Actual % of steel provided =4×150×169 ×100 = 0.892%
From IS 456: 2000 , table 19
τc =0.594
97 | P a g e
τv< τc , hence provide nominal 2 legged 8 mm Φ stirrups. The spacing of the stirrups shall not
exceed the following.
i. 0.75×d = 0.75×169 =126.75 mm

ii. 300 mm
0.87×𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑤 0.87×2×50×415
iii. = = 604.95 mm
0.4 𝑏 0.4×150
Provide 2 legged 8 mm Φ bars @ 120 mm c/c
Fig: 7.20- Lintel for window
98 | P a g e
7.5. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:
7.5.1. Design of Isolated Footing:
Maximum axial load found in column B= 491.189kN
Factored load on the column = 1.5×491.189 kN
=736.784 kN
Approximate weight of the footing at 10% of column load = 73.678 kN
Total Load = 810.462 kN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200 kN/m2

810.462
Area of foundation = =4.05 m2
200
Provide Size of the footing = 2.1 m×2.1 m
Net upward pressure intensity,

736.784×10³
P= = 167071N/m2
2.1×2.1
Depth from bending moment consideration:
Critical section for BM is shown in the figure below:
99 | P a g e
Fig: 7.21 Critical Section For BM
Projection beyond the critical section = 900 mm
Maximum bending moment ,

0.900
M= 167071×2.1×0.900× = 142093.89 Nm
2
Factored moment ,
Mu = 1.5× 142093.89= 213140.835 Nm
Equating Mu,lim to Mu we have,
0.138 fck bd2 =0.138×20×300×d2 =213140.835×1000
=> d = 507 mm
100 | P a g e
Effective cover to upper layer of bars = (60+12+6)mm
=78 mm
Overall depth required = 507+78 =585 mm
The depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stresses
Provide an oderall depth of 761 mm
Actual effective depth, d = (761-78) mm = 683 mm
Depth from punching shear consideration:
Punching load = column load – reaction on column area
= (736.784×1000)-(167071×0.32)
=721747.61 N
Factored punching =1.5×721747.61= 1082621.415 N
Design punching shear stress for M20 concrete = 1.8 N/mm2
Equating punching shear resistance to punching load
4×300×D×1.8=1082621.415
D = 501.21 mm
Provide an overall depth of 761 mm as determined earlier

𝑀𝑢 213140 .835×10³
= = 1.52
𝑏𝑑 ² 300×683²
4.6
1− 1− ×1.52
20
Percentage of steel required (p) = 50× 415
20
=0.47%
0.47
Area of steel required = × 300 × 683 = 963.03 mm2
100
Provide 10 nos. Of 12 mm Φ bars. (1130.97mm2)
Similarly , provide 10 nos. Of 12 mm Φ bars in the other principal direction also.
Check for one- way shear:
The critical section for one-way shear is considered at a distance equal to the effective depth
from the face of the column.
101 | P a g e
Let the depth of the footing at the edge be reduced to 300 mm.
Thus, overall depth at the critical section,

761−300
Do = 761- ×683 = 411.152 mm
900
Effective depth of critical section ,d = (411.152-78) mm
=333.152 mm
Shear force at the critical section = 167071×2.1×0.217
=76134.25 N
Factored shear,
Vu = 1.5×76134.25 = 114201.38 N
Width of footing at the top of this critical section,
bo = b+2d
= 300+(2×683)mm
=1666 mm
Nominal shear stress at this section,

𝑉 114201 .38
τv = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 1666 ×333.152
=0.21N/mm2
𝜋
Area of steel provided = 4 ×122 ×10 =1130.97 mm2
1130 .97×100
% of steel provided = = 0.09%
1666 ×683
Corresponding τc =0.28 N/mm2 > τv
So provide minimum shear reinforcement of 2 legged 8 mm Φ @ 300 mm c/c
Check for two –way shear:
The critical section for two way shear is considered at the periphery surrounding the column at a
distance of half the effective depth from the face of the column.
𝑑 683
Overall depth of the footing at a distance 2 = 341.5𝑚𝑚 from the face of the column.
2
761−300
=761- ×341.5 = 586.08 mm
900
102 | P a g e
Effective depth at this section (do) =(586.08-78)mm
=508.076mm
Critical perimeter (bo) =4(300+683) mm =3932 mm
Shear force at this critical section,
V=167071×{2.12-(0.3+0.683)2}
=575344.24 N
Nominal shear stress at this section,

𝑉 575344 .24
τv =𝑏𝑑𝑢 =3932×508.076 =0.28 N/mm2
Referring to clause 31.6.3 of 456 :2000

short side of column section
𝛽𝑐 = =1
long side of column section
Ks = 0.5+𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 + 1 =1.5
But Ks should be limited to 1
Permissible design shear strength τc = Ks ×0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘
=1×0.25 20
=1.12 N/mm2
Thus, τv < τc
Hence design is safe.
The reinforcement detailing has been shown in the figure next page.
103 | P a g e
Fig: 7.22- Detailing of the Isolated Footing
104 | P a g e
7.5.2. Design of Combined Footing
Since the distance between the column C3 and C4 is less, so we have to do combined footing as
the projection of footing from the column face of C3 is overlapping with the projection of
column C4.
Combined footing is provided under column size = 300mm x 300mm
Distance between columns = 1.5m
Load on each column = 443.734 KN
Total column load = 2 x 443.734 = 887.468 KN
Approximate weight of footing = 10% of column load
= 88.75 KN
Total load = 887.468 + 88.75 = 976.218 KN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200 KN/m2

976.218
Area of foundation = = 4.88 m2
200
Length of footing, L = 1.5 + (2 x 0.9) = 3.3m

4.88
Width of footing, B = = 1.48m
3.3
887.468
Net upward pressure intensity = = 182 KN/m2
4.88
105 | P a g e
Fig: 7.23- Elevation and Plan of Combined Footing
Depth of footing
Let D be the overall depth of footing.
Punching shear consideration under a column:
Punching load = column load – reaction of soil on the column area
= 443.734 – (182 x 0.32)
= 428 KN
Factored punching load = 1.5 x 428 = 642 KN
Designed punching shear stress for M20 concrete = 1.8 N/mm2
106 | P a g e
Equating the punching shear resistance to the factored punching load:
4 x 300 x D x 1.8 = 642 x 103
=> D = 297.22mm ≈ 300mm
Bending Moment Consideration:
Factored load on each column = 1.5 x 443.734 = 665.601 ≈ 666 KN

666 x 2
Reactions on the footing per meter run = = 404 KN/m
3.3
0.52
B.M. under each column = Ma = Mb = 404 x = 51 KN-m
2
Shear equation: 404x – 666 = 0
=> x = 1.65
1.098 2
Ma = -404 x + 666 x (1.098 - 0.9) = -111.66 KN-m
2
Point of Contraflexture
At the B.M. be zero at a distance „x‟ metres from one end.
𝑥2
Equating B.M. to zero, 404 x -666 (x – 0.9) = 0
2
=> x = 1.15 m from one end.
Distance of point of contraflexure from the axis of column = 1.75 – 0.9 = 0.25m
Equating Mu lim to Mmax ,
0.138 x fck x bd2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1480 x d2 = 111.666 x 106
∴ d = 165mm
Providing 16mm dia bars with a clear cover of 60mm:
Effective cover = 60 + 8 = 68 mm
Overall depth required = 165 + 68 = 233 mm
For economic use of steel increase the depth by about 40%,
Overall depth = 1.40 x 232 = 327 mm ≈ 330 mm
For effective depth = d = 330 – 68 = 262 mm.
107 | P a g e
Reinforcement from B.M. Consideration
Top steel for maximum hogging moment,

M max 111.66 x 10 6
= = 1.099
bd 2 1480 x 262 2
4.6
1− 1− x 1.099
20
20
0.328
Ast = x 1480 x 262 = 1271.853 mm2
100
Provide 8 no.s of 16 mm dia bars (1608 mm2)
Bottom steel under each column for sagging moment of

M max 51 x 10 6
= 1480 x 262 2 = 0.502
bd 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.502
20
20
0.145
Ast = x 1480 x 262 = 563 mm2
100
Provide 4 no.s of 16 mm dia bars (804 mm2).
Shear Analysis
SF on LHS of Column A = 404 x 0.9 = 363.6 KN
SF on RHS of Column A = 363.6 – 666 = -302.4 KN
SF on LHS of Column B = 302.4 KN
SF on RHS of Column B = -363.6 KN
108 | P a g e
Fig: 7.24- Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
Cantilever Parts of the Footing
Cantilever projection beyond the column face= 0.9 – (3/2) = 0.75 m
The critical section for shear is considered at a distance equal to the effective depth, i.e., 262mm
from the column face.
Distance of critical section from the axes of column = (300/2) + 262 = 412mm
0.9−0.412
SF at this critical section = x 363.6 = 197.152 KN
20.9
197.152 x 10 3
Nominal shear stress, 𝜏v = = 0.5 N/mm2
1480 x 262
804.24
Percentage of steel provided = 1500 x 262 x 100 = 0.2 %
∴ 𝜏c = 0.32 N/mm2
109 | P a g e
Since, 𝜏v > 𝜏c
Shear Reinforcement is required.
0.87 x 415 x 2 x 82 x π x 262

Spacing = 197.152 x 10 3 − 0.32 x 1480 x 262 = 520.6 mm
So, provide 8 mm dia 2-legged @ 300 mm c/c.
Footing between the Columns
The critical footing should be considered at the lesser of the following distances from the axis of
the column:
1. Half of the column size + effective depth = (300/2) + 262 = 412 mm = 0.142 m
2. Distance upto the point of contraflexure = 0.25 m
Hence, the critical section is taken at 0.25 m from the axis of column.
0.75−0.25
SF at the critical section = x 302.4 = 201.6 KN
0.75
201.6 x 10 3
Nominal shear stress, 𝜏v = = 0.52 N/mm2
1480 x 262
1608 x 100
Percentage of steel provided = 1480 x 262 = 0.41%
For 0.41% steel, 𝜏c = 0.437 N/mm2

Shear resistance of concrete = 𝜏𝑐 bd = 0.437 x 1480 x 262 = 169.45 KN
This shear force occurs at a distance of (169.45 x 0.75)/ 302.4 = 0.42 m from the section of zero
shear or 0.75 – 0.420 = 0.33 m
Net SF for which shear reinforcement is required, Vs = 201.6 – 169.45 = 32.15 KN
0.87 x 415 x 8 x 50 x 262
Spacing of 8 legged 8mm dia stirrups = = 1176.92 mm
32.15 x 10 3
Provide 8 legged 8mm dia stirrups @300 mm c/c.

Deposition of Longitudinal Reinforcement:
Top bars:
8 bars of 16mm dia have been provided. All these 8 bars will be provided from the outer face of
1 column to the outer face of the other column. Beyond this, only as many longitudinal bars as
may be needed to support the stirrups will be provided.
110 | P a g e
Bottom bars under column A or B
4 bars of 16mm dia have been provided. These bars are extended into the interior of footing for
the greater of the following distances from the axis of column:
1. Upto the point of contraflexure = 250mm
2. 47 dia = 47 x 16 = 752 from the outer face of the column
Or 752 – 150 = 602 mm from the axis of the column.
Further beyond, provide as many longitudinal bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.
Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse projection beyond the column face = (1.48 – 0.3)/ 2 = 0.59 m.

Consider 1m wide strip,
Net upward pressure intensity = 182 KN/m2
Transverse BM = 182 x (0.592 / 2) = 31.67 KNm
Providing 10mm dia bars,

Effective depth to the centre of transverse bars = 262 – 8 – 5 = 249mm
M𝑢 47.52 x 10 6
= = 0.77
bd 2 1000 x 249 2
4.6
1− 1− x 0.77
20
20
Ast = (0.224/100) x 1000 x 249 = 557.76 mm2

Spacing of 10mm dia bars = (79 x 1000)/558 = 141.564 mm
111 | P a g e
Fig: 7.25- Longitudinal Section of the Combined Footing
112 | P a g e
7.6. Design of staircase:
Consider rise as 150 mm, tread as 250 mm.
Height of each floor =3.2 m
Arrangements:
3.20×1000
No of rises = = 22
150
22
No of rises required for each flight = = 11
2
No of treads =(11-1) = 10
Space occupied by treads = 10×250 = 2500
Space left for passage = 1.9 m
Load Calculation:
For going
Assume waist slab thickness = D =150 mm.

10
∴d= 150-20- = 125 mm
2
Dead load of waist slab on slope =0.150×25 =3.75 kN/m2
150²+250²
∴ On horizontal =3.75 x = 4.37 kN/m2
250
0.150
Dead load on each step = × 25 =1.875 kN/m2
2
Live load on stair =3.00 kN/m2
Floor finish = 0.5 kN/m2
Total load = 9.745 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×9.745 =14.62 kN/m2
For landing
Dead load of landing slab =0.15×25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Live load = 3.00 kN/m2
113 | P a g e
Floor finish = 0.5 kN/m2
Total load = 7.25 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5×7.25 = 10.875 kN/m2
Consider larger span for BM when the landing slab is supported on sides, then span is c/c of
landing.
5.44×0.95+14.62×2.5+5.44×0.95
Reaction RC = RD = 2
= 23.443 kN
0.95 1.25
∴ Mu = 23.443×(0.95+1.25)-5.44×0.95× + 1.25 -14.62×1.25×
2 2
= 31.24 kN-m
Check for depth,
Mu,lim = 31.24×106 = 0.36×0.48×(1-0.42×0.48)×1000×d2×20
d = 106.40mm<125 mm
Hence okay
Area of steel required

𝐴 415
31.24×106 = 0.87×415×Ast ×125 1 − 1000×125×20
𝑠𝑡 ×
=>Ast =798 mm2
∴ Spacing of 12 mm Φ @ 140 mm c/c
Distribution steel:
0.12
Area (Ast) = 100 ×1000×150 =180 mm2
Spacing of 8 mm Φ @ 270 mm c/c
Design of landing slab
Load from going on landing = 18.275 kN/m
Landing load = 10.875 kN/m
Total load = 29.15 kN/m

29.15×3.23²
M= =38.01 kN-m
8
114 | P a g e
Area of steel,
𝐴 415
38.01×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×125 1 − 1000𝑠𝑡×125×20
×
=> Ast =1012 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm Φ @ 110 mm c/c.
Distribution Steel
0.12
Area(Ast) = ×1000×150 = 180 mm2
100
Spacing of 8 mm Φ @ 270 mm c/c.
Fig: 7.26- Longitudinal Section of the Staircase
115 | P a g e
7.7 DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING
ITEM DESCRIPTION OF WORKS QUANTITY . AMOUNT

NO. RATE Rs. P.
(RS.)
1/1.1 Earth work in excavation for foundation
trenches of walls, retaining walls, footing
of columns, steps, and septic tank etc.
including refilling, (return filling) the
quantity as necessary after completion of
work, breaking clods in return filling,
dressing, watering and ramming etc. and
removal of surplus earth with all lead and
lifts as directed and specification following
classification of soils inclUding bailing out
water where necessary as directed and
specified.
Upto a depth of 2 m. below the existing

ground level.
In ordinary soil Foundation-

18x1.3x1.3x2.00=60.84m3 Tie beam-
4x11.7x0.45x0.25=5.27m3
5x9.60x0.45xO.25=5.40m3
2x3.00x0.45xO.25=0.68m3 72.19 m3 64.67/m3 4,669 00
2/ Providing brick soling in foundation and

4.1.1 under floor with stone/best quality picked
jhama bricks, sand packed and laid to
level and in panel after preparing the sub
grade as directed including all labour and
materials, and if necessary dewatering,
complete.
(a) Brick on flat soling Foundation-

18x1.3x1.3=30.42m2 Tie beam-
4x11.7xO.25=11.70m2
5x9.60xO.25=12.00m2
2x3.00xO.25=1.50m2 55.62 m2 286.37/m2 15,928 00
3/ Brick work in cement mortar with 1st

4.1.4 class brick including racking out joints and
dewatering if necessary, and curing
complete as directed in sub-structure
116 | P a g e
upto plinth level.
(c) In proportion 1:5
Qty-4x11.70xO.23xO.60=6.46m3
5x9.60xO.23xO.60=6.62m3
2x3.00xO.23xO.60=0.83m3 13.91 m3 4,423.20/ 61,544 00
m3
Total- 82,141 00
: 2:
ITEM DESCRIPTION OF WORKS QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT

NO. (RS.) Rs. D.
B/F .............................................................. . 82,141 00
4/ Plain cement concrete works with

2.1.1 course aggregate of sizes 13mm to 32mm in
foundation bed for footing steps, walls, brick
works etc. as directed and specified including
dewatering if necessary, and curing complete
(shuttering where necessary shall be measured
and paid separately).
(a) In prop. 1 cement: 3 sand: 6 course

aggregate by volume (using mixture machine)
Foundation-18x1.1x1.1xO.075=1.63m3 1.63 m3 3,733.63/ 6,086 00

m3
5/ Providing and laying plain/reinforced
2.2.1 cement concrete works cement with coarse
sand & 20mm down graded stone aggregate
including dewatering if necessary, and curing
complete but excluding cost of form work and
reinforcement for reinforced cement concrete
work (form work and reinforcement will be
measured and paid separately)
(I) Using mixture machine
(A) In sub-structure up to plinth level
I
Foundation, footing, columns with base, tie
and plinth beam, grade beam, pile cap, base
slab, retaining walls, walls of septic tank,
inspection pit and the like and other works not
less than 100mm thick up to plinth level.
(b) M 20 or Prop. 1 :5:3 Footing-
18x1.1x1.xO.15=3.27m3
18xO.2/3(1.00X1.00+0.23XO.23)+('!1.00
X1.00XO.23XO.23)= 1.55M3
2.2.4
117 | P a g e
Tie beam-4x11.
7x0.45xO.25=5.27m3 5x9. 60xO
.45xO .25=5 .40m3
2x3.00x0.45xO.25=0.68m3 Column- 21.93 5,164.831 1,13,265 00
18x2.00x0.40x0.40=5.76m3 m3
Total=21.93
(B) In Super-structure from plinth
level Up to 1st floor level.
(ii) Columns, pillars, post, struts, suspended
floor, roof, landing, shelf and support, balcony,
lintel, sill band, beam, girder, bressumer,
cantilever, staircase including preparing the top
surface and finishing of noising.
(b) M 20 or Prop. 1 :5:3 Column-
18x3.60x0.40x0.40=10.37m3 Lintel & top
beam
2x4x11.7xO.15xO.13=1.82m3
2x5x9.60xO.15xO.13=1.87m3
2x2x3.00xO.15xO.13=0.23m3 14.29 m3
5,364.161 76,654 00
m3
Total = 2,78,146 00
: 3:

NO. (RS.) Rs. P.
B/F ..................................................................... .
2,78,146 00
61 Providing and laying 25mm thick damp proof
2.1.3 course with cement concrete in prop. 1 :1.5:3
with graded stone agg. of 10mm down nominal
size including
providing approved damp proof
admixture in proportion as
recommended by the manufacturer including
curing curing etc. complete as directed.
Qty-4x11.7xO.25=11.70m2
5x9.60xO.25=12.00m3
2x3.00xO.25=1.50m3
150.001 3,780 00
m2
71 Providing form work of ordinary timber

3.1.1 planking so as to give a rough finish including,
shuttering, strutting and propping etc. height of
propping and centering below supporting floor
to ceiling not exceeding 4.0m and removal of
the same for in-situ reinforced concrete and
plain concrete work in:
118 | P a g e
3.1.1.1 Foundation, footing, bases of columns,
pile cap, raft and mass concrete works
etc.
(ii) Using 25mm thick plank
Foundation-18x4x1.3xO.25=23.4m2 23.4 m2 140.841 3,296 00
m2
.1.1.2 Sides of tie beams, plinth beams, grade
beams etc. at or below plinth level.
Qty- 2x4x11.7xO.25=23.40m2
2x5x9 .60xO .25=24. 00m3
2x3.00xO.25=1.50m3 48.90 m2 191.271 9,353 00
m2
3.1.1.3 Columns, pillars, posts and strut
Square, Rectangular, Polygonal in
plan or any shape like Tee/L etc. having
plane vertical face
(ii) Using 25mm thick plank 161.28 m2 213.731 34,470 00
2
Column-18x2.00x4xO.40=57.6m2 m
18x3.60x4xO.40=103.68m2
.1.1.4 Sides and soffits of beams, beam

hunching, cantilever girders,
bressumers, lintels and horizontal ties
For depth not exceeding 1.0 m
Lintel & top beam
2x4x11.7xO.15=14.04m2
2x5x9.60xO.15=14.40m2
2x2x3.00xO.15=1.80m3 30.24 m2 163.01/m2 4,929 00
Total = 3,33,974 00
:4 :

NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
" B/F ................................................ ............... ........... 3,33,974 00
3.1.1.5 Flat surface such as soffits of
suspended floors, roofs, landings,
cantilever slabs, chajjas, balconies and
the like.
Floors etc. upto 200mm in thickness
Qty- 1x11.7xO.12=1.40m2
1x9.60xO.12=1.15m2
119 | P a g e
8/1.3 Earth/ Sand filling in plinth in layers not more
than 150mm thick including necessary
carriage, watering, ramming etc. complete as
directed and specified including payment of
land compensation, Forest Royalty, Sales Tax
and other Duties and taxes as may be
necessary.
(C) With silt (predominantly non-plastic) by

truck carriage including loafing and
unloading.
Qty- 1 x3.6x3.6xO.60=7. 78m3
1 x2.4x3.6xO.60=5.18m3
1 x3.6x3.6xO.60=7. 78m3
1x3.6x2.1xO.60=4.54m3
1x2.4x1.5xO.60=2.16m3
1x1.5x1.5xO.60=1.80m3 1
x3.6x3.6xO .60=7. 78m3 1
x4.2x4.8xO.60=12.1 Om3 1
x1.8x4.8xO.60=5.18m3
1x3.6x4.8xO.60=10.34m3 64.64 m3 322.75/ 20,863 00
m3
9/ Brick work in cement mortar with 151
4.1.5 class brick including raking out joints and
curing complete as directed in super-structure
above plinth level up to 151 floor level.
(c) In proportion 1:5 (1 cement:5 Sand) Qty-

4x11.70x0.23x3.00=32.29m3
5x9.60xO.23x3.00=33.12m3
2x3.00xO.23x3.00=4.14m3 69.55 m3 4,508.301 3,13,552 00
m3
101 Supplying, fitting and fixing in position
18.1.1 reinforcement bars conforming to relevant I.S.
Code for RCC works/R.B. walling including
straightening, cleaning, cutting and bending to
proper shapes and length as per details,
supplying and binding with 20G annealed
black wire and placing in position with proper
blocks, supports, chairs, spacers etc. complete
(up to 151 floor level).
120 | P a g e
0) I~I approvea super ouctue I M I tsar
(i) TATNSAIL
Qty-18x2x1.1 Ox8x2.4 7=782.50kg
18x4x2.2x3.86=611.42kg
4x4x11.2x2.47=442.62kg
4x5x9.9x2.47=489.06kg
4x2x3.3x2.47=65.21 kg
4x4x11.2x2.47=442.62kg
4x5x9.9x2.47=489.06kg
4x2x3.3x2.4 7=65.21 kg
4x4x11.2x2.47=442.62kg
4x5x9.9x2.47=489.06kg
6x2x1.35xO.39=65.21 kg
6x2xO.6xO.39=2.81 kg 43.87Qntl. 5,290.411 2,32,111 00
Total=4387.40kg Qntl.
I
Total = 9,04,237 00
: 5:

NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
B/F ................................ .................................... . 9,04,237 00
111 Proving wood work in frame
9.1.2 (chowkhats) of doors, windows,
clerestory windows and other similar works
wrought, framed and fixed in position in contact
with C.C. or brick masonry walls including
supplying, fitting and fixing with M.S. hold fast
(40mmx3mmx250mm) as per design embedded
in cement concrete block in proportion 1 :2:4
and with two coats of kiricide oiling to the
timber faces in contact with C.C. and masonry as
directed and specified.
(a) With Sal Wood.
2.981 m3 43,969.251 1,31,072 00

m3
121 Providing, fitting and fixing full paneled
9:9.2 doors/windows including oxidizing M.S. butt
hinges (100mmx75mmx3.55mm) with necessary
screws (other fittings will be measured and paid
separately).
(c) With 1st class Gamari wood.
(i) 40mm thick. 16.32 m2 2,173.621 35,473 00
m2
131 Providing, fitting and fixing fully glazed
9.9.8 window without intermediate sash bars
including oxidized M.S. butt hinges
(75mmx60mmx3.15mm) 2 nos. on each leaf and
3nos. on single leaf (glass
panes to be measured and paid
121 | P a g e
separately).
(B) With Gamari wood
(i) 40mm thick 25.254 m2 1,378.93/ 34,823 00
m2
14/ Proving and fixing cleat sheet glass
16.1 bedded in putty and fixed with/without
wooden beadings necessary cutting of
. glass to required sizes (payment for
wooden beads shall be made
separately.
(1) Area of glass panes not exceeding
0.15m2.
(c) 3.00mm thick. 15.10m2 463.54/m2 6,999 00
Total = 11,12,604 00
: 6:

NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
B/F ................................................................. . 11,12,604 00
15/ 15mm thick cement plaster in single coat on

6.2.2 side of single or half brick wall for interior
plastering up to 1st floor level including arises,
internal rounded angles not exceeding 80mm in girth
and finish even and smooth including curing
complete as directed.
(b) In cement mortar 1:4 Qty-

4x2x11.70x3.00=280.8m2
5x2x9.60x3.00=288.00m2 2x2x3.
00x3. 00=36. 00m2 656.64 m2 111.25/ 73,051 00
18x2x3.60xOAO=51.84m2 m2
16/ Extra over Item no. 6.2.1to 6.2.5 for exterior

6.2.9 plastering over walls upto a height of 1st floor level
above ground level including curing
complete as directed. .
(i) Single coat plaster 656.64 m2 113.78/ 74,712 00

m2
17/ 25mm thick concrete topping 1 :2:4 (1 cement:

5.1.2 2 course sand : 4 course aggregate of 12mm normal
size) finished with a floating coat of neat cement
finished (base concrete to be measured and paid
separately) to be laid in
panels includinq curine complete as directed. 656.64 m2 194.54/ 1,27,743 00
122 | P a g e
18/ Providing surface preparation for walls,
"3.3. ceiling etc. using average 1.50 mm thick
1 plaster of paris including curing, rubbing with
sand paper, filling gaps, depression etc. where
necessary, with chalk powder and plaster of
paris paste, making the surface even and
smooth complete at all levels as specified and
directed. 648.16 m2 47.42/ 30,736 00
m2
19/ (b) Finishing wall with water proofing cement
"3.2. paint of approved brand and manufacture and
3 of required shade on new wall surface (two
coats) to give an even shade after thoroughly
brooming the surfaces to remove all dirt and
remains of loose powdered materials.
173.54 m2 40.83/
m2 7,086 00
Total =
14,25,932 00
: 7:
"rEM DESCRIPTION OF WORKS QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT

NO. (RS.) Rs. o,
B/F ............................................................. 14,25,932 00
20/ Providing VITRIFIED floor tiles of approved

:.7.2.1 quality of specified size, shape and thickness
not less than 18mm on floors, skirting, risers and
tread of steps over 15mm thick base of cement
mortar in prop. 1:3 (1 cement : 3 coarse sand)
including cutting where necessary finished with
flush pointing with Fix-A-Tile
(choksey/Sika/Pedelite/ Rout) white cement
slurry mixed with approved pigment to match
shade of tiles, mixed with approved pigment to
match the shade of the tiles, complete at all
levels as specified and directed (Cement
plastering to be measured and paid separately).
(coloured pigment should be in conformity with
colour of tiles and as approved and directed by
the department)
a) Norma Range (size 600mm x 600mm)
v) Marbonite Made 179.19 m2 759.96/ 1,36,177 00

m2
123 | P a g e
DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A
BUILDING

NO. (RS.) Rs. o.
1/ Providing and laying plain/reinforced

2.2.1 cement concrete works cement with coarse sand
& 20mm down graded stone aggregate including
dewatering if necessary, and curing complete but
excluding cost of form work and reinforcement
for reinforced cement concrete work (form work
and reinforcement will be measured and paid
separately)
(I) Using mixture machine
(B) Super-structure from plinth level upto 1 st

floor level.
(ii) Columns, pillars, post, struts, suspended

floor, landing, shelf and support, balcony, lintel,
sill band, beam, girder, bressumer, staircase
(except spiral staircase and landing) including
preparing the top surface and finishing of
noising.
(b) M20 or prop. 1 :1.5:3 Column-

18x3.00x0.40x0.40=8.64m3 Lintel
2x4x11.7xO.15xO.13=1.82m3
2x5x9.60xO.15xO.13=1.87m3
2x2x3.00xO.15xO.13=0.23m3
2.4 Extra over item no. 2.2.1 (I) above for each
subsequent floor or part thereof
above the first floor level (B) 12.56 m3 5,576.60/ 70,042 00
m3
Total = 70,042 00
124 | P a g e
: 2:
'TEM DESCRIPTION OF WORKS QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT

NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
BIF .................................................................... . 70,042 00
21 Providing form work of ordinary timber planking so
3.1.1 as to give a rough finish including, shuttering,
strutting and propping etc. height of propping and
centering below supporting floor to ceiling not
exceeding 4.Om and removal of the same for in-situ
reinforced concrete and plain concrete work in:
Extra for each subsequent floor or part thereof above
the first floor level as mentioned in item no. 3.1.1 &
3.1.4 3.1.3 (b) Columns, pillars,. posts and strut
(a) Square, Rectangular, Polygonal in plan or any
shape like TeelL etc. having plane vertical face
(ii) Using 25mm thick plank Column-
·.1.1.3
18x3.00x2x0.40=43.2m2
18x3.00x2x0.40=43.2m2
86.40 m2 233.681 20190 00

m2
-.1.1.4 Sides and soffits of beams, beam haunching,

cantilever girders, bressumers, lintels and horizontal
ties
(a) For depth not exceeding 1.0 m (ii)
Using 25mm thick plank 30.24 m2 182.961 5533 00
Lintel & top beam m2
2x4x11.7xO.15=14.04m2
2x5x9.60xO.15=14.40m2
2x2x3.00xO.15=1.80m3
-.1.1.5 Flat surfaces such as soffits of suspended floors, roofs,

landings, cantilever slabs, chajjas, balconies and the
like.
(a) Floors etc. upto 200mm in thickness (ii)
Using 25mm thick plank 15.33 m2 263.751 4043 00
Qty- 1x11.7xO.12=1.40m2 m2
1 x9.60xO.12=1.15m2
1x11.7xO.60=7.02m2 1
x9.60xO.60=5. 76m2
3.1.1 Staircase with sloping or stepped soffits including
10 risers and stringers but excluding Landing (using
38mm thick plank) 20.174 m2 301.771 6,088 00
m2
31 Supplying, fitting and fixing in position
8.1.1 reinforcement bars conforming to relevant I.S. Code
for RCC works/R.B. walling
125 | P a g e
including straightening, cleaning, cutting and
bending to proper shapes and length as per
details, supplying and binding with 20G
annealed black wire and placing in position
with proper blocks, supports, chairs, spacers
etc. complete (up to 1 st floor level).
(b) lSI approved super ductile TMT Bar
(i) TATA/SAIL
(d) Extra for each subsequent floor or part
thereof above the first floor level 86.93 qntl. 5,323.51/ 4,62,773 00
antI.
Total = 5,68,669 00
: 3:

NO. (RS.) Rs. D.
B/F ............................................................. 5,68,669 00
4/ Brick work in cement mortar with 1 st class brick
4.1.5 including raking out joints and curing complete as
directed in super-structure above plinth level up to
1 st floor level.
(c) In proportion 1:5 (1 cement5 sand) Qty-
4x11.70xO.23x3.00=32.29m3
5x9.60xO.23x3.00=33.12m3
2x3.00xO.23x3.00=4.14m3
4.1.6 Extra over item no. 4.1.5 for brickwork in each

subsequent floor or part thereof above the first floor
level. 69.55 m3 4,705.80/ 3,27,288 00
m3
5/ 15mm thick cement plaster in single coat on
6.2.2 side of single or half brick wall for interior
plastering up to 1 st floor level including arises,
internal rounded angles not exceeding 80mm in
girth and finish even and smooth including curing
b) In cement mortar 1:4 Qty-
4x2x11.70x3.00=280.8m2
5x2x9.60x3. 00=288. 00m2
2x2x3.00x3.00=36.00m2
18x2x3.60x0.40=51.84m2
6.2.8 Extra over item no. 6.2.1 to 6.2.5 for interior

plastering above 1 st floor level for every addl.
floor or part thereof including curing complete as
directed.
i) Single coat plaster 656.64 m2 114.61/ 75,258 00
m2
6/ Extra over Item no. 6.2.1to 6.2.5 for exterior
6.2.9 plastering over walls upto a height of 1 st floor
level above ground level including curing
126 | P a g e
(i) Single coat plaster
6.2.10 Extra over item no. 6.2.1 to 6.2.5 for exterior

plastering above wall for every add!. floor or
part thereof beyond 1 st floor level including
curing complete as directed.
i) Single coat plaster 252.96 m2 116.04/ 29,353 00
m2
7/ 25mm thick concrete topping 1:2:4 (1
5.1.2 cement: 2 course sand: 4 course aggregate
of 12mm normal size) finished with a floating
coat of neat cement finished (base concrete
to be measured and paid separately) to be
laid in panels including curing complete as
directed. 180.56 m2 194.54/ 35,126 00
m2
Total = 10,35,694 00
:4 :

NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
B/F ................................ .................................... . 10,35,694 00
8/ Proving wood work in frame
9.1.2 (chowkhats) of doors, windows,
clerestory windows and other similar works
wrought, framed and fixed in position in
contact with C.C. or brick masonry walls
including supplying, fitting and fixing with
M.S. hold fast (40mmx3mmx250mm) as per
design embedded in cement concrete block in
proportion 1 :2:4 and with two coats of
kiricide oiling to the timber faces in contact
with C.C. and masonry as directed and
specified.
(a) With Sal Wood.
3.661 m3 43,969.25/ 1,60,971 00
m3
9/ Providing, fitting and fixing full paneled
9.9. doors/windows including oxidizing M.S. butt
2 hinges (100mmx75mmx3.55mm) with
necessary screws (other fittings will be
measured and paid separately).
(c) With 1st class Gamari wood.
(i) 40mm thick. 24.84 m2 2,173.62/ 53,993 00
m2
10/ Providing, fitting and fixing fully glazed
9.9.8 window without intermediate sash bars
including oxidized M.S. butt hinges
(75mmx60mmx3.15mm) 2 nos. on each leaf
and 3nos. on single leaf (glass panes to be
measured and paid
127 | P a g e
separately).
(B) With Gamari wood
(i) 40mm thick 27.83 m2 1,378.93/ 38,376 00
m2
11/ Proving and fixing cleat sheet glass
16.1 bedded in putty and fixed with/without
wooden beadings necessary cutting of
glass to required sizes (payment for
wooden beads shall be made
separately.
(1) Area of glass panes not exceeding
0.15m2.
(c) 3.00mm thick. 16.311 m2 463.54/m2 7,561 00
Total = 12,96,595 00
:
5:
NO. (RS.) Rs. p.
B/F ................................................ ........ , ......... . ............ 12,96,595 00
12/ Providing surface preparation for walls,
13.3.1 ceiling etc. using average 1.50 mm thick
plaster of paris including curing, rubbing with
sand paper, filling gaps, depression etc.
where necessary, with chalk powder and
plaster of paris paste, making the surface
even and smooth complete at all levels as 656.64 m2 47.42/ 31,138 00
2
specified and directed. m
13/ Wall painting (two coat) with plastic emulsion
13.4.7 paint of approved brand and manufacture
(Asian Paint/Berger Paint/ICI Paint /J&N
Paint/Nerolac) on old wall surface to given
an even shade after thoroughly brushing the
surface free from mortar dropping and other
foreign matter and sand papered smooth.
(a) Plastic Emulsion Paint of approved band
and manufacture (Asian Paint/Berger 799.05 m2 60.38/ 48,247 00
Paint/ICI Paint /J&N Paint/Nerolac) m2
14/ (b) Finishing wall with water proofing cement
13.2.3 paint of approved brand and manufacture
and of required shade on new wall surface
(two coats) to give an even shade after
thoroughly brooming the surfaces to remove
all dirt and remains of loose powdered 252.96 m2 40.83/ 10,328 00
materials. m2
15/ Providing VITRIFIED floor tiles of approved
5.7.2.1 quality of specified size, shap and
thickness not less than e floors,
18mm on
skirting, risers and tread of steps over 15mm
128 | P a g e
thick base of cement mortar in prop. 1:3 (1
cement : 3 coarse sand) including cutting
where necessary finished with flush pointing
with Fix-A- Tile (choksey/Sika/Pedelitel Rout)
white cement slurry mixed with approved
pigment to match shade of tiles, mixed with
approved pigment to match the shade of the
tiles, complete at all levels as specified and
directed (Cement plastering to be measured
and paid separately). (coloured pigment
should be in conformity with colour of tiles
and as approved and directed by the
department) 180.56 m2 759.961 1,37,218 00
m2
Total = 15,23,526 00
(Rupees fiftin lac twenty three thousand five hundred twenty six) only
Notes and Specification
Name ofWor!<
Detailed Estimate for Construction of Proposed Building
Estimated Amount Rs. 37,64,487.00 (Rupees thirty seven lac sixty four
thousand four hundred eighty seven) only
Specification 1. Walls are of Brick masonry

2. Height of the wall is 3.00 m
3. Thickness of the wall is 0.125m
4. Reinforcement is of Fe 415
5. 15mm thick cement plastering on both sides of the wall

6. Grade of concrete is 1 :1.5:3
Schedule of Rates
Rates as per Schedule of Rates for P.WD. Building (Civil Works) for
All Divisions under Assam P.WD., 2010 - 2011
129 | P a g e
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
130 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
As it can be seen, the project report is completed in itself. It has been attempted to take care of
every detail regarding design keeping in view of economical aspect.
The proposed G+2 building has been designed on the basis of limit state method, which is more
conventional than working stress method. The proposed building has been designed according to
the following IS Codes:
1. IS 456
2. IS 875 (part-II)
3. IS 1893
4. SP-16
In this project, the critical frame section has been considered for analysis and all components
under this frame have been designed. The gravity load analysis is done for dead and live load
transferred to the beam from the slab and is analysed by rotation contribution method.
Following components of the building have been designed in this project:

1. Staircase: Dog-Legged type.
2. Slab: One-way and two-way.
3. Beams and columns: The designed beams and columns are of standard size
4. Footing: Isolated square and combined footing.
Lastly, it is hoped that this project will be of satisfactory help in our future practical works.
131 | P a g e
REFERENCES
1. Agarwal,P; and Shrikhande,M; “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, PHI

Learning Pvt. Ltd.
2. B, Taranath, “Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings” (CRC-2010).
3. Farooq, U., Yousuf, M., “Analysis and Design of Three Storey Framed
Building”,2008.
4. IS: 456- 2000 “Code of Practice for Reinforced Concrete Design”, Bureau of Indian
Standard, New Delhi.
5. IS: 875(part 1)- 1987(reaffirmed 1997) “Code of Practice for Design Loads(other
than Earthquake) for Building and Structure, Part 1 Dead Loads- unit weights of
Building Materials and Stored Materials (2nd revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standard,
New Delhi.
than Earthquake) for Building and Structure, Part 2 Imposed Loads (2nd revision)”,
Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
than Earthquake) for Building and Structure, Part 5 Special Loads and Combinations
(2nd revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
8. IS:1893- 2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure(Fifth
Revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi
9. Pillai and Menon, “Limit State RCC Design”.
10. Punmia, BC; “Reinforced Concrete Structure”, New Age International (P) Ltd.
11. Ramamrutham, S.; “Design of Structure”, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
12. Ramamrutham, S, and Narayanan, R; “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures”,
Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company (P), Ltd., New Delhi
13. Ramamrutham, S, and Narayanan, R; “Theory of Structures”, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company (P), Ltd., New Delhi
14. Ramamrutham, S, and Narayanan, R; “Strength of Materials”, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company (P), Ltd., New Delhi
15. Reddy,C.S.; “Basic Structural Analysis”, Third Edition, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing
Company (P) Ltd.
16. Saikia, M.D., “Elements of Civil Engineering”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
17. Sayal & Goyal, “Reinforced Concrete Structures”, S.Chand Publication, New Delhi.
132 | P a g e
18. Sinha, S.N. (1984), “Reinforced Concrete Design”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company (P) Ltd.
19. SP-16, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete.
20. Vazirani and Ratwani, “Concrete Structures”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
133 | P a g e

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CHAPTER-1

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY

Our main objectives are-

1.4. BASIC PRINCIPLE

The design of “THREE STOREYED R.C.C. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” will

(b) Arrangement of various beams, columns, etc. to support the structure.

(d) Providing adequate sections to resist the stress in the member.

(e) D.P.C.: D.P.C. shall be of 25mm thick.

Some important Buildings of India and abroad are:-

Petronas Towers, Kuala Lampur

One World Trade Centre (1 WTC)

Construction began in 2006 and it was opened by November 2014.

Numerical models were developed to understand the seismic-geological relationships

2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING IN A PARTICULAR PLOT

2.3.2 Calculation of total Load of the Building

2.3.4 Construction of Substructure

2.3.5 Construction of Superstructure

3.2 DEAD LOADS

3.3 IMPOSED LOADS

3.4 WIND LOAD

3.5.1 Seismic load and design earthquake motion

4.2 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Force Methods

4.2.2 Displacement Methods

4.2.3. Slope Deflection Method

4.2.4 Moment Distribution Method

4.2.5 Kani’s Method

4.2.5.1 Advantages of Kani’s method

4.3 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

4.3.1 Dynamic Analysis

4.3.1.1 Time History Method

4.3.1.2 Response Spectrum Method

4.3.2 Equivalent Static Method

4.3.2.1 Design Lateral Force

4.3.2.2 Design Seismic Base Shear

4.3.2.3 Fundamental Natural Period

4.3.2.4 Distribution of Design Force

4.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.4.1 Working Stress Method

4.4.2 Ultimate Load Method

4.4.3 Limit State Method

5.2 DATAS FOR LOAD CALCULATION:

Datas For Load Calculation:

For intermediate floor level:

Table 6.1: Beam and frame load calculations

6.2 KANIS METHOD ANALYSIS

MFBA =7.86 KN-m

MFCB = 7.86 KN-m

MFDC =7.86 KN-m

MFBʹAʹ =25.13 KN-m

MFCʹBʹ = 17.73 KN-m

MDʹCʹ = 10.93 KN-m

MFBʹʹAʹʹ = 25.13 KN-m

MFCʹʹBʹʹ = 17.73 KN-m

MDʹʹCʹʹ = 10.93 KN-m

Tie Beam Level :

MFBʹʹʹAʹʹʹ =10.74 KN-m

MFCʹʹʹ Bʹʹʹ = 10.42 KN-m

MFDʹʹʹ Cʹʹʹ = 2.03 KN-m

Table-6.2:- Rotation Factor

Total Relative Rotation

Aʹ AʹBʹ 0.83I/3.6 0.86I -0.13

BʹB I/3.2 -0.14