‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬

‫ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬

‫‪2003‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ‬
‫ﺹ‪ .‬ﺏ ‪ 14‬ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ – ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺘﻑ‪ (970)-2 -2988654 :‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (972‬ﻓﺎﻜﺱ‪ (970)-2 -2951181 :‬ﺃﻭ )‪(972‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‪chd@birzeit.edu :‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ‪ :‬ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻴﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ – ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.2003 ،‬‬

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 ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﺠﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻏﻭﺜﻲ ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺜﺭ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺨﻠﻴل – ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﺭﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﻏﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﺭﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬

‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ – ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻴﺘﺎ ﺠﻘﻤﺎﻥ – ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ– ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩﻱ ‪ -‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺴﻭﻥ ﻓﻠﻔل – ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬

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‫‪ .1‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
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‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2‬ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
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‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪ 1-4‬ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪ 1-1-4‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪ 2-1-4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪ 3-1-4‬ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪ 4-1-4‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪ 2-4‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪ 3-4‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪ 4-4‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪ 5-4‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ :1‬ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .1‬ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ )‪(Eugene, 1995‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .2‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﻡ‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .3‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .4‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .5‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .6‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .1‬ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫‪ .1‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭ‬
‫ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺠﺯ ‪‬ﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻁﺒﻘﺔ ]‪. [2 ،1‬‬

‫ﻟﻔﺘﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1994‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺯﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ‬ ‫]‪ .[1‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﺤﺔ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﻕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﺩﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺭﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺴﻠﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺱ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺁﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺠﺯ ‪‬ﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺝ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺩﺯ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻭﺡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻹﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺜﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺃﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،.‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ ]‪.[12-3‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺭ ﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﻕ ]‪ .[14،13‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻜﻭﻟﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ]‪ .[12‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜل ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩﻱ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ]‪ ،[1‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺘﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻜﺘﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ]‪ .[15‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻋﻁﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻋﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ ]‪ . [16‬ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺘﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ]‪ .[17‬ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺤﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ]‪.[18‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋ ‪‬ﺭﻓﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ]‪.[19‬‬

‫• ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻏﺴﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻁﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺩﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻠﺩ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ]‪ ،[12‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ]‪: [12‬‬

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 ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﺭﺓ )ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ(‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻭﻯ )ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ :‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺏ( ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺼﻨﻌﺕ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﻁﺭﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺙ )ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ( ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ]‪ .[7‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻜﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻓﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻁ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪.‬‬

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 ‫• ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺈﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ]‪:[17‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺼﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺫﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺸﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻀﻭ ﻤﻤﺜل ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ]‪.[20‬‬

‫‪ 2-2‬ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺠﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ )ﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻤل ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜﻼ ﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻤل ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻜﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺼﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻼل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺼﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ )ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺢ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ(]‪. [21‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻼل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ( ]‪.[21‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺼﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺢ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺁﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻬﻴل‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻭﻁﺭﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺫ‪ -‬ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺴﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺼل ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻘل‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ]‪.[9‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻠﻭﻴﺙ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺔ( ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻏﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ]‪.[12‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺠﺩﻭﻻ ﺒﺎﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬

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 ‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻟﺒﺱ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﻏﺴﻴل ﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻭﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭﻫﺎ ]‪[22‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺯﻨﺔ )ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﺼﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺈﻋﻼﻥ(‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ )ﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ( ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 72‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ]‪.[17‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ]‪: [14 ،13‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻻ ﻴﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺓ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﻭل ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ %25‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺴﻬﻼ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻴﻌﻴﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺃﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻑ ﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺨﻠﻁﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘل ]‪ .[12‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﻭﺩ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ]‪ [23 ،14 ،12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ( ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺩﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺃﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻬل ﺍﻹﻗﻔﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺼﻘﺔ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻠﺼﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﺒﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺭﺒﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺤﺎﺩﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻭ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺴل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻤل ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺨﻁ ﺴﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ]‪.[22‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺃﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺄﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻗل‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘل‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺠﻌل ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ )ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ( ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺒﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﻁﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ]‪.[10‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ )‪(Incineration‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺨﺭﺓ )‪(Autoclaving‬‬

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 ‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ )‪(Microwave irradiation disinfection‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ )‪(Chemical disinfection‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻁﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ]‪.[24-21‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 1‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫]‪ . [25 ،20‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻴﻑ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻓﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪ :‬ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﻜل ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫]‪.[17‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻘﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺍﻤﻰ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻘﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻉ ﻓﻘﻁ ]‪.[ 23 ، 17‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .1‬ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ]‪[17‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫♦ ﻤﻌﺄﺭﻀﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫♦ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬
‫♦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬ ‫♦ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﺍﻨﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﻜﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫♦ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫♦ ﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‬
‫)‪(dioxins, furans‬‬ ‫♦ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫♦ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫♦ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ƒ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺨﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ƒ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ƒ‬
‫ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ƒ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ƒ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ƒ‬ ‫♦ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ƒ‬ ‫♦ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬
‫♦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫♦ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫♦ ﻻ ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫♦ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫♦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬

‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ‪.[30-25] ،‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺭﺡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫]‪ . [12-8‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻨﻬﺞ ﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺄﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 1‬ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪون‬
‫‪-‬اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪوى‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮل اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬

‫داﺋﺮة رؤﺳﺎء اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‬

‫اﻟﻄﺒﻲ واﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮل إدارة‬
‫ﺑﻨﻚ اﻟﺪم‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻹدارة واﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪون اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻮن‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﻮ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ واﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪون‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻃﺮق ﺧﻂ اﻹدارة‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .1‬ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ]‪.[22‬‬

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 ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺴﺘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺄﻫﻴل‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ‪ ،1‬ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻓﺘﺸﻤل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ )ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﺎ ﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺩ ﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻠﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪ ،1999/2/2‬ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/5/8‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﻗﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ‬

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 ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻟﻴل ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ SPSS‬ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺸﻐﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 1-4‬ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ 1-1-4‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ‪ 60‬ﺸﺨﺼﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ‪ 166‬ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ‪ 20‬ﻁﺒﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭ ‪ 30‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭ‪ 10‬ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻤﺭﺽ‪/‬ﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪/‬ﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻪ‪/‬ﺍ ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﺴﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻟﻔﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .2‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫*‪7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻻﺩﺓ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬
‫*هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬

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 ‫• ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺃﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﺴﻠﺒﻴ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﺇﻓﺭﺍﺯﺍﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ]‪ ،[22‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻫﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﻨﻴ‪‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ )ﺠﻠﻥ( ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻔﺼل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺒﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻨﻴ‪‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺘﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺼل ﻫﻭ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻨﻴ‪‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺒﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺨﺯﻫﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ )ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺯ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻘﻡ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺼل‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺼﺤﻭﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﺘﻔﺭﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺴﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ‪ ،%70‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﻘﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺘﻭل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻜﺩ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻜﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫]‪.[22‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻜﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴ‪‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﻡ ﻟﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺠﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺢ‬
‫) ﻏﺴل ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻟﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﻥ ﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴ‪‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻐﻴﺭﻭﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻠﺒﺴﻭﻥ ﻜﻔﻭﻓﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺠﻬﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻤل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻸﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﺌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻡ ﻴﺠﺭﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻴﺴﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺨﻠﻁﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﻨﺎ ﻴﺨﻠﻁﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺤﻤل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺄﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺼل ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺄﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻀﻐﻁﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻠﺒﺴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺴﻁل ﺸﻁﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻨﻅﻑ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﻤﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻀﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻴﻐﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﻼﺒﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ )‪ 17‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ 17‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ( ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1-4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺯﻭﺍ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﻗﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻀﻁﻼﻉ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺴﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ؛ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜـﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻭﻥ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﻘﻭل ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻗـﺩ ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷﺼل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠ ‪‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸـﻔﻰ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ"‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺼﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ "ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻀﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل" ]‪ .[32‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺘﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻤﺠﺎﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤـﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺴـﺅﺍل ﻓﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺴـﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻅﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ ﻓـﺎﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻁﻌـﻡ‬
‫ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﻜﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺸﻌﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﺎﺤﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬

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‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﻏﺎﻤﻀـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘـﻰ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﺠﺭﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸـﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺭﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﺃﺼﻴﺏ ﺒـﻭﺨﺯﺓ ﺇﺒـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻭﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻓﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻁﻠﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﻜﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻟﻭﺨ ٍﺯ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺜﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻁﻼﻉ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﺸﻭﻫﺩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﻭل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻼﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻤـﻊ ﻀـﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﻀﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 38000‬ﺸﻴﻜل )ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 9200‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺎ( ﺸـﻬﺭﻴﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒـل ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ "ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﺎﻴﻠﻭﻥ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺒﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺃﻜﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻴﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺒﻨﺩ ﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﻜﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻓﺎ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﺸﺭﻑ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻓﹰﺎ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻁﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-1-4‬ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻕ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻴﺅﺩﻭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4-1-4‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﻡ ‪ 43‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ‪ 24‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 7‬ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸـﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 7‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟـﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤـﻲ ﻭ‪ 3‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻋﺎﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ‪ %65.1‬ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ‪ ،%34.9‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـﺫﻜﻭﺭ ‪28‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ‪ ،15‬ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %86‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻨـﺎﺙ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %14‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ]‪.[33‬‬

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‫ﻻ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺼﻐﺭﻫﻡ ‪ 18‬ﻋﺎﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭﻫﻡ ‪60‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺠﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻡ ‪ 30.77‬ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪ %95‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺘﻘل ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻥ ‪ 43‬ﻋﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ %72‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻘل ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻥ ‪ 35‬ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1997‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ‪ %4.7‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ‪ %4.2‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.[33]1997‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪ 24‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ‪ 18‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ‪ 24‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻴﺜﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻜﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .3‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫‪55.8‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪23.3‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫‪18.6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫• ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

‫ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻜﺎﺩ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺫﻩ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؛ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻀﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺦ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻟﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ‪ 38‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺦ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴﺅل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ )‪.(p=0.001, χ2=16.020‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ‪ .35‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻁ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 4‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺫﻜﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬

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‫ﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .%97‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺫﻜﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %9‬ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺘﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ .%49‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .4‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ)‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪85.7‬‬ ‫‪14.3‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫‪91.4‬‬ ‫‪8.6‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪97.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫‪42.9‬‬ ‫‪57.1‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺸﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻜﻔﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺸﺭﺍﺸﻑ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﺭﺍﺒﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﻻﺼﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪51.4‬‬ ‫‪48.6‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‬
‫‪97.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ‬
‫‪91.4‬‬ ‫‪8.6‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫• ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺯﻗﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺯﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺭﺒﻌﻬﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺯﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻤﺯﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻤﺯﻕ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺒﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭل‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺜﻠﺙ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺯﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻜﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 7‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﻫﻡ ‪ 31‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺠﺭﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺨﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻠﺒﺴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﺒﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 7‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻠﺒﺴﻭﻥ ﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 7‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 22‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺠﺎﺏ ‪ 3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺨﺯ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 17‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﺍ ﻟﻭﺨﺯ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 25‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﺍ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻜﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫)‪ (Viral hepatitis B‬ﻭﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺯﺍﺯ )‪(Tetanus‬‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻌﻴﻤﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺏ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻭﺼﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻜﺴﺎﺏ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻀﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ]‪ .[22‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪4‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻁﻌﻭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ‪ 39‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻌﻴﻤﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪ 5‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ 37‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻻ ﻴﺩﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 11‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 10‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﻌﻤل ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ 16‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻋﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 5‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 8‬ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻤل ‪ 12‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ‪ 24‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 14-10‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻤل ‪ 10‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 15‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﺭﺒﺎﺤ ﹰﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻴﺭﻯ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺴﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .5‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫‪ 15‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫‪14 - 10‬‬ ‫‪ 8‬ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗل‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻻﺩﺓ‬
‫‪(23.2) 10‬‬ ‫‪(43.9)15‬‬ ‫‪(41.9) 18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ )‪(%‬‬

‫‪ 2-4‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺒﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 6‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،6‬ﻓﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒل ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .6‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫)ﻜﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫)ﻜﻐﻡ ‪/‬ﻴﻭﻡ(‬ ‫)ﻟﺘﺭ‪/‬ﻴﻭﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪86.85‬‬ ‫‪77.28‬‬ ‫‪111.96 340.13‬‬ ‫‪218.45‬‬ ‫‪121.68‬‬ ‫‪3916.10‬‬ ‫‪2826.67‬‬ ‫‪1089.43‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫‪53.43‬‬ ‫‪47.98‬‬ ‫‪66.61‬‬ ‫‪61.53‬‬ ‫‪39.09‬‬ ‫‪22.44‬‬ ‫‪1151.59‬‬ ‫‪814.72‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ‪336.87‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪65.80‬‬ ‫‪66.07‬‬ ‫‪63.25‬‬ ‫‪60.25‬‬ ‫‪54.68‬‬ ‫‪5.57‬‬ ‫‪915.61‬‬ ‫‪827.55‬‬ ‫‪88.06‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬

‫‪64.49‬‬ ‫‪47.71‬‬ ‫‪67.00‬‬ ‫‪44.17‬‬ ‫‪32.68‬‬ ‫‪11.49‬‬ ‫‪684.94‬‬ ‫‪515.21‬‬ ‫‪169.73‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ‬

‫‪66.09‬‬ ‫‪57.73‬‬ ‫‪80.95‬‬ ‫‪13.94‬‬ ‫‪7.79‬‬ ‫‪6.15‬‬ ‫‪210.91‬‬ ‫‪134.94‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪75.97‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪53.20‬‬ ‫‪49.13‬‬ ‫‪71.4‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬ ‫‪0.71‬‬ ‫‪0.23‬‬ ‫‪17.67‬‬ ‫‪14.45‬‬ ‫‪3.22‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‬

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 ‫‪ 3-4‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺭﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﺸﻲ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻟـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 68‬ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻭ ﻤﻔﺘﺸﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﺒﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﻭﻫﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 70‬ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺼل ﺃﻭ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻐﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻜﻔـﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻤﻼﺒـﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺤﺫﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺠﺭﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺨﺯ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻻﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺼﺤﺘﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ 4-4‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﻭﺭﺸﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺒﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ؛ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻜﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺨﺼﺼﻭﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺒﺭﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺒل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1967‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1966‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1999‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﻤل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﺤﻴﺯﹰﺍ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺩﻭل ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺄﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻁ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺼﻌﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻁﻭﺍﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻁﻼﻉ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5-4‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻲ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ﻭ ﺃﺭﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻌﻼ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﻴﺎﺱ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻘﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻭﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺈﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ل‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘل ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘﺭﺘﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ‪1966‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺘﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺘﻬﻡ؛ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻭ‪‬ﻗﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﻌﻴﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ(‬
‫• ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭل ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺒل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1967‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫‪.1966‬‬
‫• ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫• ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺃﺨـﺫ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺒﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﻌـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻭ ﻋـﺩﻡ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭل ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻭﺠـﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒـﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻜل ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻭﻫﻡ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻴل ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﺤﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻀﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻭﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ؛ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻻ ﻴﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻟﻼﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﻟﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺄﻫﻴﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ ﺒﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻠﺤﻕ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺤﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻔﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﺼﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ]‪.[22‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ]‪.[22‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺏ ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﺤﻲ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﻤﻥ ﻭﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜل ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻤﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪45‬‬
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[6] LWRA, Guidelines for Segregation, Handling and Transport of Clinical Waste,
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[11] WHO Management of Waste from Hospitals, Copenhagen, 1985.

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46
[14] Hall, T., Health Care Waste Management Handbook, Environmental
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[18] Coad A. and Christen J, How are We Managing Our Healthcare Wastes, SKAT,
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[20] NHS Estates, Health Guidance Note, Safe Disposal of Clinical Waste Whole
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[21] ScotSafe Ltd, Continuous Feed Auger, CFA, Clinical Waste Sterilization
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[22] WHO, Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities, Geneva, 1999.

[23] Atyani, Taghreed Hussein, Clinical Waste Management in the West Bank /
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[24] Anderson, G.K., Clinical Waste Disposal, WHO, Amman, Jordan, 1992.

[25] Anderson G.K., Incineration as a Waste Disposal Option in EMRO, WHO,

Amman, 1995.

[26] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Compendium of Technologies Used in the

Treatment of Hazardous Waste: U. S. EPA Center for Environmental Research
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[27] Freeman, H. M., ed., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and
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47
[28] Wentz, C. A., Hazardous Waste Management: New York, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co., 1989.

[29] Jackman, A. P., and Powell, R. L., Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies:
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[30] Hasan, S. E., Geology and Hazardous Waste Management, ed., Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998.

‫ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫[ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬31]
.1995 ،‫ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺭﺯﻴﺕ‬،‫ﻭﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯﺓ‬

،‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ‬،‫ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫[ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬32]
.2001

‫ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬،(3 ‫ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ )ﺭﻗﻡ‬،‫[ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬33]
.1997 ،(1996 ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬-‫ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ )ﺘﻤﻭﺯ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬

[34] Baker, K.H., and Herson, D.S., eds., Bioremediation: New York, McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1994.

[35] WHO, Urban Solid Waste Management, WHO Regional Office of Europe,
1991a.

[36] WHO, Insect and Rodent Control through Environmental Management: a

Community Action Programme, Geneva, 1991b.

[37] Christen J., Dar es Salam Urban Health Project. Health Care Waste Management in
District Health Facilities: Situational Analysis and System Development. St. Gallen,
Switzerland, Swiss Center for Development Cooperation in Technology and
Management (SKAT), 1996.

[38] Cross F., Hesketh H., Rykowski K., Infectious Waste Management, Lancaster, PA,
Technomic Publishing, 1990.

[39] National Association of Waste Disposal Officers, Clinical Waste, a Guidance to

Local Authority Client Officers on the Disposal of Clinical Waste, the Institute of
Waste Management, UK. 1995.

48
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ :1‬ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺯﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻤﺭ ﻜﻠﺒﻭﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻭﻀﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺤﻤﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/12/21‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺭﺍﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/4/5‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ /‬ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻨﺩﺡ‪ ، ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪1998/12/5‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻏﺎ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪1998/12/5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪1998/12/15‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻓﻭﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/3/8‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/3/8‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻫﻴل‪ -‬ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/3/15‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/3/15‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ )ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫‪.1999/3/13‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/4/20‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/4/20‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/5/1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﻥ ﻋﻭﺭﺘﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/5/2‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.1999/5/8‬‬

‫‪49‬‬
50