• Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or motion through the median of a fluid.

• Power transmission

• Compressibility

• Lubrication
 • Sealing

• Cooling

Pascal’s Law

Pressure applied on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all direction, acts with equal force on equal areas and at right angles to them.
FORCE = PRESSURE X AREA
 Flow is the action in hydraulic system that gives actuator its motion.

Flow is created by pump.

Flow can be measured by two ways

1. Average distance fluids particle travel in unit time

Units: meter per sec(m/s), feet per minute(f/m)

2. Flow rate is the measure of volume of fluid passing a point in a given time.

Units: Gallon per minute(GPM), liter per minute (LPM)

Hydraulic power = Flow X Pressure

442

Where power is in hp, flow on LPM & pressure in bar

Reservoirs

Store & supply of Hydraulic oil to the system

Acts as heat excahager

De-aerator

Gives space for variation of oil volume

1. Who built the first known working turbine?
a. Archimedes.
b. Hero.
c. Torricelli.
d. Bramah.

2. What does Pascal’s Law say?

a. Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in every direction.
b. Pressure acts with equal force on equal areas.
c. Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted at right angles to the container walls.
d. All of the above.

3. Which of the following is an example of Hydrodynamics at work?

a. The floodgate of a dam.
b. A nozzle squirting water onto a turbine.
c. A lift cylinder in a bulldozer.
d. A windmill.

4. Which of the following is not an advantage of using hydraulics?

a. Cheaper manufacturing costs.
b. Quiet.
c. Flexibility.
d. High efficiency.

5. How is pressure created?

a. By an operating pump.
b. By the fluid movement or flow created by a pump.
c. By resistance to fluid movement or flow.
d. All of the above.

6. Which of the following types of hydraulic circuits is most commonly used in construction
equipment today?
a. Series.
b. Parallel.
c. Series parallel.
d. Horizontal.

7. What is force?
a. Resistance to flow.
b. The movement of fluid caused by a difference in pressure at two points.
c. The ability of a small push to increase to a larger push.
 d. Any push or pull.

8. How can you make a cylinder move faster?

a. Increase the flow rate.
b. Increase the size of the cylinder.
c. Reduce the flow rate.
d. All of the above.

9. Suppose you have two 500-gallon tanks (called A and B) sitting on level ground, which
are interconnected by a 1/2-inch inside-diameter pipe, and you fill tank “A” with water.
Several days later you look at the water level in both tanks. Now, which of the following
statements is most likely to be true?
a. The water level in tank A will be higher than tank “B”.
b. The water level in tank B will be higher than tank “A”.
c. The water level in both tanks will be equal.
d. The water would continuously flow from tank “A” to tank “B” until tank “A” is empty.
Ref: Page 1-10 (Water not subject to a pressure difference seeks a level. Since both tanks are the same size and stand together on
level ground, the water level will equalize.)

10. Suppose that all the conditions shown in question 9 are the same except that tank “B” is
sitting on ground one foot lower than tank “A”. Several days after filling tank A you again
look at the water level of both tanks. Which of the following statements is most likely to be
true?
a. The water level in tank “A” will be higher than tank “B”.
b. The water level in tank “B” will be higher than tank “A”.
c. The water level in both tanks will be equal.
d. The water would continuously flow from tank “A” to tank “B” until tank “A” is empty.
Ref: Page 1-10 (Water would flow from “A” to “B” until equilibrium is reached. In this case, because tank “B” is one foot lower than
“A”, the water level in “B” would be one foot higher.)

Hydraulic Terms
1. Which of the following statements is true regarding aeration?
a. Aeration and cavitation is the same thing.
b. Aeration and implosion is the same thing.
c. An aerated hydraulic fluid causes erratic operation of components.
d. Aeration is a condition where the available fluid doesn't fill the existing space.

2. Which of the following could be the cause of cavitation in a hydraulic system?

a. Too much restriction in the inlet line.
b. Using oil with too high a viscosity.
c. The reservoir is located to far below the pump inlet.
d. All of the above.

3. What does excessive cylinder drift mean?

a. That the cylinder piston seals are leaking.
b. That the control valve is leaking.
c. That a check valve is leaking.
d. All of the above are possible.

4. Why is/is not the word suction correct for describing the inlet side of a pump?
a. It is correct because the pump sucks up oil through its inlet port on this side.
b. It is correct because fluid is pulled into the pump at this inlet port.
c. It is incorrect because fluids are pushed into the pump inlet by outside pressure.
d. None of the above is true.

5. What is viscosity?
a. Refers to the speed of a rotating component.
b. A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow.
c. The size of a space or chamber in cubic units.
d. All of the above.

6. Which of the following best describes flow rate?

a. The volume of fluid, which moves past a given point in a unit of time.

b. The movement of fluid within the hydraulic system.

c. When oil flows from the high-pressure side of a spool valve to the low-pressure side, it
will cause the flow speed to increase, this is flow rate.
d. The quantity of fluid, which can pass through a pump, motor, or cylinder in a single
revolution or stroke.

7. The measurement of cycle times is an effective way to verify which of the following?
a. If the system flow rate is correct.
b. If the system pressure is normal.
c. If there is excessive pressure in one or more of the machines circuits.

d. If the theoretical discharge of the pump is correct.

8. Which of the following types of hydraulic circuit diagrams are used in Komatsu
publications?
a. Graphic diagram type.
b. Schematic diagram type.
c. Cutaway diagram type.
d. All of the above.

9. Which of the following types of pumps are most likely to be a variable displacement type?
a. Vane type.
b. Piston type.
c. External gear type.
d. Internal gear type.

10. What is the purpose of the notches cut into spool valves?
a. To prevent sticking or locking of the spool.
b. To provide for fine control of flow when the spool starts to open or close.
c. To act as counterbalance surfaces, which prevent uneven pressure, build up on one
end of the spool.
d. To hold the valve in one desired position (such as "float").
 Hydraulic Fluids
1. Which of the following is the single most important property of a lubricant?
a. Viscosity.
b. Ability to lubricate.
c. Ability to cool.
d. Ability to seal.

2. What is the primary purpose of fluid in a hydraulic system?

a. To lubricate.
b. To cool.
c. To transmit power.
d. To clean.

3. What is a fluid's resistance to flow at a specific temperature in relation to time called?

a. Viscosity index.
b. Viscosity.
c. Hydrostatics.
d. Hydrodynamics.

4. Which of the following is not an advantage of using hydraulics?

a. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

b. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
c. The American Petroleum Institute (API).
d. The Organization for Uniform Oil Standards (OUOS).
5. Which of the following organizations classify a hydraulic fluid by its weight?
a. SAE.
c. ASTM.
c. API.
d. None of the above.

6. Which of the elements listed below would most likely increase in PPM on a
spectrochemical analysis if a cylinder rod in the hydraulic system was warped or
scratched?
a. Chromium.
b. Iron.
c. Lead.
d. Nickel.

7. Which of the following terms is used to describe the mixing of oxygen with oil to form a
compound?
a. Cavitation.
b. Oxidation.
c. Contamination.
d. Aeration.
8. Oil samples are processed at KOWA laboratories within how many hours after receipt?
a. Two hours.
b. Five hours.
c. Twelve hours.
d. Twenty four hours.

9. Suppose you have received a KOWA analyzed report of a dump truck hydraulic system
sample, and it shows a high concentration of copper. What does this mean?
a. That the pump side plate may be wearing out.
b. That the disc's of the rear brakes may be wearing out
c. That the hoist cylinder piston rings may be wearing out.

d. That additional troubleshooting tests are needed to locate exactly which component/part is wearing.

10. How could our customers benefit by participating in the KOWA program?
a. Any of the following reasons.
b. Receive early warning of abnormal component wear.
c. Get extended life from their equipment.
d. Have improved control over the scheduling of their maintenance.
 Hydraulic Symbols
Study the hydraulic circuit diagram below, then select the most correct name or description for the numbered components in the
illustration.
 1. a. Strainer.
b. Pressurized reservoir.
c. Non-return valve.
d. Cooler.

2. a. Strainer.
b. Pressurized reservoir.
c. Non-return valve.
d. Cooler.

3. a. Variable displacement pump

b. Variable displacement motor.
c. A non-reversing positive
displacement pump.
d. A reversing positive displacement
pump.
4. a. A port for taking oil pressure.
b. A port for taking oil temperature.
c. Pressure gauge.
d. Temperature gauge.

5. a. A one-way restrictor.
b. A proportional pressure regulator.
c. A differential pressure regulator.
d. A system protecting pilot-operated relief valve.

6. a. Filter.
b. Cooler.
c. Heater.
d. Non-return valve.

7. a. Filter.
b. Cooler.
c. Heater.
d. Non-return valve.

8. a. Five position spool valve.

b. Four position spool valve.
c. Three position spool valve.
d. Two position spool valve.
9. a. A proportional pressure regulator.
b. A differential pressure regulator.
c. A system protecting pilot-operated relief valve.
d. A system protecting non-pilot relief valve.

10. a. Single acting cylinder.

b. Double acting differential cylinder.
c. Double acting differential cylinder with single fixed cushion,
d. Double acting differential cylinder with double fixed cushion.