Assignment No.

01

0001-BS-PHY-2019 BS Physics 3rd Semester

Question No. 01
x +2 y −3 z−t=0
−3 y +2 z+6 t=−8
−3 x− y +3 z+ t=0
2 x+3 y +2 z−t=−8

Solution:
Write in the form of matrices

1 2 -3 -1 x 0

[ 0
-3
2
-3
-1
3
2
3
2
6
1
-1
][ ] [ ]
y = -8
z
t
0
-8

Let

1 2 -3 -1 x 0
A= 0
-3
2
[ -3
-1
3
2
3
2
1
-1
] [] [ ]
6 , X= y , b=
z
t
-8
0
-8

AX=b
The Augmented matrix is,

1 2 -3 -1 0
Ab = 0
-3
2 [ -3
-1
3
2
3
2
6
1
-1
|]
-8
0
-8

1 2 -3 -1 0
Ab = 0
0
0 [ -3
5
-1
2
-6
8
6
-2
1
|]
-8 R + 3R ∧ R - 2R
0
-8
3 1 4 1

1 2 -3 -1 0
Ab = 0
0
0 [ -1
5
-3
8 1
-6 -2
2 6
|]
-8 R ↔ R
0
-8
2 4

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 Assignment No. 01

1 2 -3 -1 0

[
Ab = 0
0
0
1
5
-3
-8
-6
2
−1
-2
6
|]
8 R ↔(−R )
0
-8
2 2

1 0 13 1 -16

[
Ab = 0
0
0
1
0
0
-8
34
-22
-1
3
3
|]
8 R - 2 R ∧ R - 5 R ∧ R + 3R
-40 1
16
2 3 2 4 2

1 0 13
1 -16

Ab =
[ 0 1 -8
0 0 1
-1
3
34
0 0 -22 3
|]
8
1
-40 R3 ↔( ) R 3
34
16
34

-5 -24

[ |]
1 0 0
34 34
-10 -48
0 1 0
34 34
Ab = R 1 - 13R 3∧ R2 +8R 3∧ R 4 + 22R3
3 -40
0 0 1
34 34
168 -336
0 0 0
34 34

-5 -24

[ |]
1 0 0
34 34
-10 -48
0 1 0 34
Ab = 34 34 R 4 ↔( )R
168 4
3 -40
0 0 1
34 34
0 0 0 1 -2

1 0 0 0 -1

[
Ab = 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

⇒ x=−1 , y=−2, z=−1 , t=−2

|]
-2 R + 5 R ∧ R + 10 R ∧ R - 3 R
-1 1 34 4
-2
2
34 4 3
34 4

Question No. 02
−x−2 y + z=−1
2 x+3 y =2
Page | 2
 Assignment No. 01
y−2 z=0

Solution:
-1 -2 1 x -1

[ 2 3 0 y=2
0 1 -2 z 0 ][ ] [ ]
Let
-1 -2 1 x -1

[
0 1 -2 z ] [] []
A= 2 3 0 , X= y , b= 2
0

AX=b
The Augmented matrix is,

-1 -2 1 -1
Ab = 2 3 0
[
0 1 -2 |]
2
0

1 2 -1 1
Ab = 2 3 0
[
0 1 -2 |]
2 R1 ↔ (−R1 )
0

1 2 -1 1

[
A b = 0 -1 2
0 1 -2 |]
0 R2−2 R1
0

1 2 -1 1

[
Ab = 0 1 - 2
0 1 -2 |]
0 R2 ↔(−R 2)
0

1 2 -1 1

0 0 0[
Ab = 0 1 - 2
|]
0 R3 −R 2
0

⇒ z=free∨orbitrary ,
y−2 z=0
x +2 y −z=1
Let;
z=t

So,
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 Assignment No. 01
y−2t=0
⇒ y =2t
&
x +2 y −z=1
⇒ x +2 ( 2t )−t=1
⇒ x +4 t−t =1
⇒ x +3 t=1
⇒ x=1−3 t
So,
x=1−3t , y=2 t , z=t

Question No. 03
x +2 y −z=3
2 x− y +2 z =6
x−3 y +3 z=4

Solution;
Write the equation in the form of matrix.

1 2 -1 x 3

[ 2 -1 2 y = 6
1 -3 3 z 4 ][ ] [ ]
Let

1 2 -1 x 3

1 -3 3[ z ] [] []
A= 2 -1 2 , X= y , B= 6
4

AX=B
The Augmented matrix is,

1 2 -1 3

[
[A|B] = 2 -1 2
1 -3 3 |]
6
4

Applying row-operation.

1 2 -1 3

[ 0 -5 4
0 -5 4 |]
0 R2−2 R1∧R 3−R1
1

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 Assignment No. 01
1 2 -1

[ 0 1
-4
5
0 -5 4
|]
3
0 R2 ↔(
1
−1
R)
5 2

1 2 -1

[ 0 1
-4
5
0 0 0
|]
3
0 R 3 +5 R 2
1

Rank of [A|B] = 3
Rank of A = 2
Since
Rank of [ A|B ] ≠ Rank of A
So it is an inconsistent system of linear equation, so it doesn’t have any solution.

Nature of matrix
To check it Either it is singular or not.

1 2 -1

[
A= 2 -1 2
1 -3 3 ]
1 2 -1
| |
| A|= 2 -1 2
1 -3 3

1 2 -1
| |
| A|= 0 -5 4 R 2−2 R 1∧R3−R1
0 -5 4

Since two rows are identical. So, determinant is 0.

| A|=0
So, it is a non-singular matrix.
Since | A|=0 and rank of A < number of variables. So, it is linear dependent.

Question No. 04

Reduced echelon form;

A matrix is in row echelon form (ref) when it satisfies the following conditions.
 The first non-zero element in each row, called the leading entry, is 1.
 Each leading entry is in a column to the right of the leading entry in the previous row.

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 Assignment No. 01
 Rows with all zero elements, if any, are below rows having a non-zero element.
Note: Some references present a slightly different description of the row echelon form. They do not require
that the first non-zero entry in each row is equal to 1.

Reduced echelon form;

A matrix is in reduced row echelon form when it satisfies the following conditions.
 The matrix is in row echelon form (i.e., it satisfies the three conditions listed above).
 The leading entry in each row is the only non-zero entry in its column.

Example;
1 2 -1

[ 0 1 - 2 …(a)
0 0 0 ]
1 2 0 0

[ ] 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 …(b)
0
1

Matrix (a) is in echelon form and (b) is in reduced echelon form.

Now, find rank.

1 -2 3 4 5

[
M = 2 -3 4 5
-1 0 1 2
6
3 ]
Applying row operation

1 -2 3 4 5

[
~ 0 1 -2 -3 -4 R2 -2 R1 & R3 + R1
0 -2 4 6 8 ]
1 -2 3 4 5

[
~ 0 1 -2 -3 -4 R3 +2 R 2
0 0 0 0 0 ]
1 0 -1 -2 -3

[0 1 -2 -3 -4 R1 + 2 R 2
0 0 0 0 0 ]
As the number of non-zero rows is ‘2’ when the matrix is reduced to reduced echelon-form. So, the rank of
the matrix is “2”.

Page | 6
 Assignment No. 01
Question No. 05
1 3 -1 2

[ 0
2
4
11
-5
1
-5
3
1
3
1
5
]
Let

1 3 -1 2
A= 0
2
4
[ 11
-5
1
-5
3
1
3
1
5
]
Then we need to find A−1 .
As we know that
Adj A
A -1 =
|A|
We first find the co-factor of matrix A.

11 -5 3
A11 =(−1 )
1+1

|
M 11 = -5 3 1
1 1 5 |
¿ 11 ( 15-1 ) +5 ( -25-1) +3 ( -5-3 ) =11 ( 14 ) +5 ( -26 ) +3(-8) = 154-130-24 = 0

0 -5 3
A12=(−1 )
1 +2
M 12=− 2 3 1
4 1 5 | |
= - [0(15 - 1) + 5(10 - 4) + 3(2 - 12)] = - [0 + 5(6) + 3(-10)] = - [30 - 30] = 0

0 11 3
1 +3
A13= −1 M 13= 2 -5 1
( )
4 1 5 | |
= 0(-25 – 1) - 11(10 – 4) + 3(2 + 20) = 0 – 11(6) + 3(22) = - 66 + 66 = 0

0 11 -5
A14 =(−1 )
1+4
M 14=− 2 -5 3
4 1 1 | |
= - [0(-5 - 3) - 11(2 - 12) - 5(2 + 20)] = - [0(-8) - 11(-10) - 5(22)] = - [110 - 110] = 0

3 -1 2
2 +1
A2 1= −1 M 2 1=− -5 3 1
( )
1 1 5 | |
= - [3(15 – 1) + 1(-25 – 1) + 2(-5 – 3)] = - [3(14) + (-26) + 2(-8)] = - [42 – 26 – 16] = 0

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 Assignment No. 01
1 -1 2
( ) 2 +2
A22= −1 M 22= 2 3 1
4 1 5 | |
= 1(15 – 1) + 1(10 – 4) + 2(2 – 12) = 1(14) + 1(6) - 2(10) = 14 + 6 – 20 = 0

1 3 2
A23=(−1 )
2 +3

| |
M 23=− 2 -5 1
4 1 5

= - [1(-25 – 1) – 3(10 – 4) + 2(2 + 20)] = - [1(-26) – 3(6) + 2(22)] = - [-26 -18 +44] = 0

1 3 -1
2+4
A24 = −1 M 24= 2 -5 3
( )
4 1 1 | |
= 1(-5 – 3) – 3(2 – 12) – 1(2 + 20) = 1(-8) – 3(-10) – 1(22) = -8 +30 -22 = 0

3 -1 2
A31=(−1 )
3 +1

|
M 31= 11 -5 3
1 1 5 |
= 3(-25 – 3) + 1(55 – 3) + 2(11 + 5) = 3(-28) + 1(52) + 2(16) = -84 + 52 +32 = 0

1 -1 2
( ) 3 +2
A32= −1 M 32=− 0 -5 3
4 1 5 | |
= - [1(-25 – 3) + 1(0 – 12) + 2(0 + 20)] = - [ -28 -12 + 40] = 0

1 3 2
A33=(−1 )
3 +3

|
M 33= 0 11 3
4 1 5 |
= 1(55 – 3) – 3(0 – 12) + 2(0 – 44) = 52 + 36 – 88 = 0

1 3 -1
3+4
A34 = −1 M 34=− 0 11 -5
( )
4 1 1 | |
= - [1(11 + 5) – 3(0 + 20) – 1(0 – 44)] = - [16 – 60 + 44] = 0

3 -1 2
A 41= (−1 )
4+1

|
M 41=− 11 -5 3
-5 3 1 |
= - [3(-5 – 9) + 1(11 + 15) + 2(33 – 25)] = - [3(-14) + 1(26) + 2(8)] = - [-42 + 26 + 16] = 0

1 -1 2
( ) 4+2
A 42= −1 M 42= 0 -5 3
2 3 1 | |
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 Assignment No. 01
= 1(-5 – 9) + 1(0 – 6) + 2(0 + 10) = -14 -6 + 20 = 0

1 3 2
A 43=(−1 )
4 +3

| |
M 43=− 0 11 3
2 -5 1

= - [1(11 + 15) – 3(0 – 6) + 2(0 – 22)] = - [16 + 18 – 44] = 0

1 3 -1
A 44=(−1 )
4 +4

|
M 44= 0 11 -5
2 -5 3 |
= 1(33 - 25) – 3(0 + 10) – 1(0 – 22) = 8 – 30 + 22 = 0
As we know that
det A=| A|=a11 A 11 +a 12 A 12+ a13 A 13+ a14 A14

| A|=1 ( 0 ) +3 ( 0 )−1(0)+ 2(0) = 0

Since | A| = 0. So, it is a singular matrix. So its inverse does not exist.

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