Camille Anne Alcazaren.

SSMC - IV

Applications of Strong Acids

Hydrochloric acid
A clear, colorless, fuming, poisonous, highly acidic aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl
used as a chemical intermediate and in petroleum production, ore reduction, food processing, pickling, and
metal cleaning. It is found in the stomach in dilute form.

Nitric Acid
Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate and phosphate fertilizers, nitro
explosives, plastics, dyes, and lacquers. The principal commercial process for the manufacture of nitric acid
is the Ostwald process, in which ammonia, NH3, is catalytically oxidized with air to form nitrogen dioxide,
NO2. When the dioxide is dissolved in water, 60% nitric acid is formed. Production of 90-100% nitric acid
is based on processes such as the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium nitrate (an older method of nitric
acid manufacture), dehydration of 60% acid, and oxidation of nitrogen dioxide in a solution of dilute nitric
acid.

Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric acid is used in the production of fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate (sulfate of
ammonia), (NH4)2SO4, and superphosphate,
Sulfuric acid is used to clean oxides from iron or steel prior to galvanising or electroplating
Concentrated sulfuric acid (18M) is used as a dehydrating agent
Sulfuric acid is also used for drying neutral and acidic gases such as N2, O2, CO2 and SO2
Sulfuric acid suck water out of carbohydrates and other organic compounds that contain oxygen and
hydrogen.
Sulfuric acid is used in the production of nitroglycerine, an inorganic ester & organic nitrate,
It is also used as a vasodilator, a substance that dilates blood vessels and can be used in the treatment of
certain types of heart disease:

Perchloric Acid
Perchloric acid is mainly produced as a precursor to ammonium perchlorate, which is used as
rocket fuel. The growth in rocketry has led to increased production of perchloric acid. Several million
kilograms are produced annually.

Hydroiodic Acid
This is the acid in your stomach that helps you digest your food.

Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrobromic acid is mainly used for the production of inorganic bromides, especially the
bromides of zinc, calcium, and sodium. It is a useful reagent for generating organobromine compounds.
Certain ethers are cleaved with HBr. It also catalyzes alkylation reactions and the extraction of certain ores.
Industrially significant organic compounds prepared from hydrobromic acid include allyl bromide,
tetrabromobis(phenol), and bromoacetic acid.

Applications of Weak Acids

Formic Acid
A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. In Europe,
formic acid is applied on fresh hay or other silage to promote the fermentation of lactic acid and to suppress
the formation of butyric acid; it also allows fermentation to occur quickly, and at a lower temperature,
reducing the loss of nutritional value. Formic acid arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to
retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle.[citation needed]
In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill E. coli bacteria.Formic acid is also used in the
production of textiles and leather because of its acidic nature. It is also used as a coagulant in the
production of rubber.Formic acid is also used in place of mineral acids for various cleaning products,[2]
such as limescale remover and toilet bowl cleaner. Some formate esters are artificial flavorings or
perfumes.
Beekeepers use formic acid as a miticide against the Tracheal (Acarapis woodi) mite and the Varroa
mite.The use of formic acid in fuel cells is also under investigation.

Acetic Acid
dilute ethanoic acid is used as a preservative in the preparation of pickles.
it is used for making cellulose acetate which is an important artificial fibre.
it is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes.
it is used in the preparation of dyes.
it is used to coaggulate rubber from latex.
it is used for making white lead which is used as a white paint.
it is used as a chemical reagent in chemistry lab.

Trichloroacetic Acid
Trichloroacetic acid is widely used in biochemistry for the precipitation of macromolecules such
as proteins, DNA and RNA. Its sodium salt is used as a weedkiller. Solutions containing trichloroacetic acid
as an ingredient are used for cosmetic treatments such as chemical peels and tattoo removal and the
treatment of warts, including genital warts. It can kill normal cells as well. It is considered safe for use for
this purpose during pregnancy. Salts of trichloroacetic acid are called trichloroacetates. Reduction of
trichloroacetic acid results in dichloroacetic acid, a pharmacologically active compound that shows promise
for the treatment of cancer.

Hydrofluoric Acid
A colorless, fuming, corrosive, dangerously poisonous aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride, HF,
used to etch or polish glass, pickle certain metals, and clean masonry.

Hydrogen Sulfide

Production of thioorganic compounds

Several organosulfur compounds are produced using hydrogen sulfide. These include methanethiol,
ethanethiol, and thioglycolic acid.

Alkali metal sulfides

Upon combining with alkali metal bases, hydrogen sulfide converts to alkali hydrosulfides such as sodium
hydrosulfide and sodium sulfide, which are used in the degradation of biopolymers. The depilation of hides
and the delignification of pulp by the Kraft process both are effected by alkali sulfides.

Applications of Strong Bases

Sodium
Sodium is the primary positive ion found in the blood and body fluids; it is also found in every cell
although it is mainly extracellular, working closely with potassium, the primary intracellular mineral. About
60 percent of body sodium is in the fluids around cells (extracellular), 10 percent is inside the cells, and
around 30 percent is found in the bones. Sodium is one of the electrolytes, along with potassium and
chloride, and is closely tied in with the movement of water; "where sodium goes, water goes." Sodium
represents about 0.15 percent of the body weight. Approximately 90-100 grams are present in the body,
most of which occurs in combination with chloride as salt, or sodium chloride.

Potassium
Potassium Is used for a lot! Its used in Soap, Glass, and Medications to clear your nose. Potassium
even helps your Metabolism.
Cesium
Cesium is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds.
•Cesium fluoride is widely used in organic chemistry as a base and as a source of anhydrous fluoride
ion.
•They are used in Atomic Clocks.
•They are also used in the Brachytherapy treatment

Calcium
component in lead alloys used in bearings
makes up and keeps bones,teeth,shells,and leaves strong
reducing agent or dehydrating agent in organic chemistry

Strontium
fireworks (red flame), flares
90Sr is a radioactive isotope produced by nuclear fallout. 90Sr has the potential for use as lightweight
nuclear producing electricity
used to produce glass for colour television tubes
refining zinc
optical materials

Barium
glassmaking
barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oil well drilling fluids, and in making rubber
the carbonate is a rat poison
the nitrate and chlorate give green colours (CARE!) in pyrotechnics
sulphide is a white pigment
making rubber
rat poison
used in television screens as an oxide with strontium
medical applications

Applications of Weak Bases

Ammonia
The largest use of ammonia is in fertilisers where it can convert carbon in the soil into nitrogen
which is essential for plant growth. It is also used in many industries such as water and wastewater
treatment, cold storage, rubber industry, pulp and paper and food and beverage. It is used as a stabiliser,
neutriliser and as a source of nitrogen.

Trimethyl Ammonia
Trimethylamine is used in the synthesis of choline, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, plant growth
regulators, strongly basic anion exchange resins, and dye leveling agents. Gas sensors to test for fish
freshness detect trimethylamine.

Pyridine
Pyridine is used as polar, basic, low-reactive solvent, for example in Knoevenagel condensations.
[15] It is especially suitable for the dehalogenation, where it acts as the base of the elimination reaction and
bonds the resulting hydrogen halide to form a pyridinium salt. In esterifications and acylations pyridine
activates the carboxylic acid halides or anhydrides. Even more active in these reactions are the pyridine
derivatives 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 4-(1-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine. Pyridine is also used as a
base in condensation reactions.

Ammonium Hydroxide
In concentrated form, ammonium hydroxide can cause burns on contact with the skin; ordinary
household ammonia, used as a cleanser.