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By:-
DR. ANJU JHA
MBBS. MD. PGDMCH
The existence of electrical potentials at
rest and during excitation in experimental
animals- proved by Dubois Reymond in
later half of 19th century.
Recording of electric potentials from the
biological fluid:
string galvanometer,
microelectrodes and
Particles / molecules
electrically charged
Anions
negatively charged
Cations
positively charged
ION DISTRIBUTION
Anions (-)
Large intracellular proteins
Chloride ions Cl-
Cations (+)
Sodium Na+
Potassium K+
The cell membrane separates the
intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.
+ Cl-
outside Na K+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Membrane
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
inside
- K +
A Na+ Cl-
RMP is primarily due to difference in
concentration of ions between intracellular
and extracellular fluid.
How is it generated?
1. Differential distribution of ions
inside and outside the cell.
Sodium pumps.
GIBBS- DONNAN MEMBRANE EQUILIBRIUM
Solution Solution
A B
Cations A Anions B
------------------ = ---------------------
Cations B Anions A
But if there is one or more non diffusible ions also present
in one solution what will be the result?
K+
K+
A Cl-
Cl- B
X-
(K+)A (Cl-)B
----------- = -----------------
(K+)B (Cl-)A
As there is more excess Anion in solution A
thus K+ will be more than Cl- ie more diffusible Cation
than diffusible Anion to maintain neutrality.
Hence
(K+)A > (K+)B
And
(Cl-)A < (Cl-)B
i) If the diffusible cation concentration on the side
of membrane containing non- diffusible anions is
greater than diffusible cation concentration on
other side.
RT [ X ]I
Ex ln
zF [ X ]II
Equilibrium Potential
of X ion (eg. K+) in Volts
Ion Concentration II
Valence of
ion (-1, +1, +2) Faraday constant
At normal body temperature at 37oC the
Nernst equation can be simplified by
substituting the constants (R, T & F) and
converting to common logarithms, then
C in
E ion = - 61.5 log -------------
C out
In a mammalian muscle cell, the K+conc. is
155mEq/L in intracellular fluid and 4mEq/L
extracellular fluid.
Channel blockers
Local potential
Summated potentials.
-55
-70
Time in
Millisec
+40
Depolarizatio
n
Repolarization
Millivolt
After
-55 depolarization Threshold potential
Time in
Millisec
+40
Depolarizatio
n
Repolarization
Millivolt
Time in
Millisec
Overshoot
(+20 to +30mV)
Pre-potential-
Also k/as foot of action potential.
After-hyperpolarization - intracellular
negativity overshoots the resting value -
70mV to -75mV. It takes 40msec before
returning to RMP.
Ionic basis of action potential
Na+ permeability.
K+ permeability.
Na K ATPase pump
Refractory period:
Absolute refractory period.
Refractory period.