INTRODUCTION

The heat exchange process between the fluids that are at distinct temperatures with a
separation of solid wall occurs in many engineering applications. Heat exchangers is a device
used to implement the exchange of heat between two fluids that are different temperatures while
keeping them from mixing with each other. It also has two types of flow arrangement which are
parallel and counter flow. A few applications may include space heating and air-conditioning,
waste heat recovery and chemical processing

Concentric tube heat exchanger is one of the most common conductive-convective types
of heat exchanger. The simplest type of heat exchanger contains two concentric pipes of varying
diameters called the double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger
flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the
two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. Parallel
flow can be study when the two fluids flow into the concentric tube heat exchanger from the
same sides and flow through the same directions. The counter flow is when both fluids enter
from the opposite sides and flow through the opposite directions.

In heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is the appropriate average temperature
difference to use in heat exchanger calculations. The equation is:

∆ T 1−∆ T 2
log Mean Temperature Difference , ∆ Tm=
∆T1
ln
∆T2
To calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient U, the value of power emitted, and power
absorbed must be determined first.
Power Emitted=V H ρ H Cp H ( T Hin −T Hout )

Power Absorbed=V c ρc Cpc (T Cout −T Cin)

Therefore, the power lost is:

Power Lost=Power Emitted−Power Absorbed

While the efficiency for the cold and hot medium are:

T c∈¿
ηc =T c out − ¿
T h∈¿−T c∈¿
×100 % ¿ ¿

T h ∈¿−T
ηh = hout
¿
T h∈¿−T c∈ ¿ × 100% ¿ ¿

The mean temperature efficiency is:

η c + ηh
ηmean =
2

Next, the overall efficiency (η) can be calculated by:

Power Absorbed
η= ×100 %
Power Emitted

The overall heat transfer coefficient,U:

Pabsorb
U=
A s × ∆ T lm

Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power
stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and
sewage treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion
engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air
flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another example is the
heat sink, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a
mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.