Running Head: SUMMARY AND ANALYZE EXPERIMENT DATA 1

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9.2 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

1. To understand how changes in glomerular capillary pressure affects the rate of

glomerular filtration.

2. To understand how changes in renal tubule pressure affect glomerular rate of

filtration.

3. To understand terms like renal tube, filtrate, startling, renal corpuscle, glomerular

capillary pressure, starling forces, glomerular filtrate rate, glomerulus and Bowman’s

capsule

Introduction

Both the filtrate pressure and blood pressure in glomerular capillaries in the renal

tubule might have a great impact on glomerular filtration rate. In glomerular filtration, blood

enters glomerulus form afferent arteriole. It is the starling forces hat drives protein free fluid

between blood in glomerular capillaries as well as the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule.

Glomerular filtration rate might be changed by altering the afferent arteriole resistance. In the

experiment, the effect of blood pressure on glomerular filtration was explored in a single

nephron.

Procedure

Open the valve that is between the collecting duct and urinary bladder. Glomerular

filtration is initiated to afferent radius of 0.50mm, efferent radius of 0.45mm with a pressure

of 70mmHg. Blood flows from the source beaker via the renal corpuscle and filtrate moves

via the renal tubule and to the collecting duct to the urinary bladder. The pressure is then

increased to 80mmHg and gradually increased by 10mmHg until it reaches 100Hg. Hence

glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume increases. The valve is

closed and pressure set at 70mmHg between the collecting duct and urinary bladder.
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Glomerular pressure becomes constant, there is decrease in filtration rate and hence no

urinary volume. Next, increase the pressure to 100mmHg again while the valve is closed.

There is increase in glomerular pressure, filtrate rate increases and no urinary volume. Lastly,

the valve with 100mmHg is opened and pressure is equal when the valve closes while the rate

of filtration becomes faster and urinary volume is collected.

Data analysis

From the data, when afferent radius is decreased, the glomerular filtration rate and

pressure decreases. Also, increasing the afferent radius, the pressure and filtration rate of

glomerular increases. When afferent radius decreases, filtration rate and pressure increase.

The reason is that activation of sympathetic nerves serves in decreasing the radius for the

afferent arteriole. The advantage is that there will be a decrease in the urine output. Kidneys

are blood filter and slows down the rate of filtration for long periods which might result to

abnormal blood composition. High blood pressures might result to damages on blood vessels

within the kidneys hence leading to kidney failure and reduce kidney function.

9.3 RENAL RESPOND TO ALTERED BLOOD PRESSURE

Introduction

Importantly, for the body’s homeostasis, there is maintenance of a constant

glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min despite a broad range of blood pressure that occurs in

the entire day based on human average. In activities one and two, there was details on

independent effects of arteriole radii as well as the blood pressure on the glomerular capillary

pressure and filtration. Therefore, within the human body, the effects happen simultaneously.

In the experiment both variables are altered to explore their effects on glomerular filtration as

well as observe how the changes from one variable might compensate changes in the other

for an adequate glomerular rate of filtration.

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Procedure

Open the valve that is between the collecting duct and urinary bladder. Glomerular

filtration is initiated to afferent radius of 0.50mm, efferent radius of 0.45mm with a pressure

of 90mmHg. Nephron was observed on how it operated to keep the glomerular filtration rate

relatively constant despite the large blood pressure. The blood pressure is decreased to

70mmHg and rate, pressure and urine decreases. Afferent radius is increased to 0.60mm and

three values are increased which are closely equal to the baseline’s values. Afferent radius

was decreased to 0.50 and the efferent radius is increased to 0.35mm. Thus, filtration rate and

pressure decrease, urine volume also increases. The afferent radius is increased to 0.60 and

the efferent radius is kept at 0.35mm. three values then increase above the baselines.

Data analysis

With increasing of afferent and decreasing of efferent, the glomerular filtration rate is

seen rising above the baseline values. Increasing blood pressure leads to increase in the

volume of blood. From this reason, increasing the urine volume, will definitely stabilize the

blood volume. Therefore, diuretics increases the amount of urine output hence blood volume

increases. Also, decreasing blood volume, would lead in a corresponding blood pressure

decrease.

9.4 SOLUTE GRADIENT AND THEIR IMPACT ON URINE CONCENTRATION

1. To understand the role of ADH for water reabsorption by nephron

2. To describe how kidneys would produce urine that is four times more concentrated

than the blood

3. To explain the process of water reabsorption in specific regions of the nephron

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4. To understand the terms antidiuretic hormone (ADH), collecting duct, interstitial

space, tubule lumen, loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries.

Introduction

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water of permeability for the collecting duct

enabling water to flow to places of higher solute concentration that is from tubule lumen to

the surrounding interstitial spaces. Reabsorption explains the movement of filtered ware and

solutes from lumen of renal tubules back to the plasms. Water and solutes that are reabsorbed

to move into interstitial space need to be returned to the kidneys or blood would rapidly swell

like balloons. In the experiment there was examination of the process of passive reabsorption

that occurs while filtrate moves via a nephron as well as urine would be formed. In

completing the experiment, it was assumed that when ADH is present, conditions favored

formation of most concentrated urine possible.

Procedure

A drop of ADH was put into a gray cap that was above the right side of the nephron

tank in dispensing ADH into the collecting duct. Therefore, the maximum total solute

concertation was dispensed in interstitial fluid to the 300mOsm due to the blood solute

concentration was also 300m0sm. Next, filtration was started and filtrate flowed through the

solute, nephron and water moved out of the tubules to interstitial space. Fluid moved back

into a peritubular capillary hence completing the reabsorption process. There was the same

urine concentration and concentration gradient in 300m0sm and urine 80.57ml. Maximum

concentration of solutes was increased in interstitial space to 600mOsm and also gradually

increased by 300mOsm until reaching at 1200mOsm.

Data analysis
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From the results, when solute concentration gradient within the interstitial space

increased, volume of urine decreases and the concentration of urine increases. Also, since

there are desert rats having limited water supply, there is decrease in urine volume because of

increased solute gradient hence concentrating significantly on their urine. Results shows

diuretics would work through inhibiting ADH or through changing the gradient of solute.

9.5 REABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE VIA CARRIER PROTEIN

1. To understand terms like carrier proteins, basolateral membrane, secondary active

transport, reabsorption and facilitated diffusion

2. To understand the role that glucose carrier proteins play in removing glucose from the

filtrate

3. To understand the concept of glucose carrier transport maximum as well as why the

glucose is not present in urine.

Introduction

Reabsorption is defined as a movement that involves filtered solutes as well as water

that is from lumen of renal tubules back to the plasm. Glucose is absorbed at the first place by

the secondary active transport through apical membrane of proximal tubule cells as well as

leaving tubule cell through the facilitated diffusion around basolateral membrane. Both of the

carrier’s proteins transporting molecules across tubule membranes are proteins of

transmembrane. In the experiment examined effect of varying a number of glucose transport

proteins within the proximal convoluted tubule. The number of glucose carriers was constant

in the human kidney and that was the plasma glucose that varies over the day. Plasm glucose

was held constant in the experiment and number of glucose carriers was varied.

Procedure
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The glucose carriers were equal to zero and the maximum total solute concentration

within the interstitial fluid was 1200mOsm. Filtrate was seen flowing via the solute, nephron

and water moved out of tubules into interstitial space. Also, fluid moved back to peritubular

capillaries hence completing the reabsorption process. Glucose concentration was similar in

Bowman’s capsule as well as urinary bladder due to glucose which cannot be reabsorbed in

carrier’s absence. The number of glucose carries were increased to 100 and put into

membrane of proximal tubule. Gradually the number of glucose carriers was increased by

100 till it reached 400. Hence the number of glucose concentration bladder and glucose distal

decreased.

Data analysis

From the results, as the glucose carriers get increased, the glucose concentration

dropped. Glucose is absorbed through the secondary active transport in apical membrane

based on proximal tubule cells thus leaves cells of tubule through facilitating diffusion across

basolateral membrane. Additionally, glucose concentration inside urinary bladder is zero due

to glucose carrier proteins becoming overloaded as well as they can do no longer carry any of

the glucose. Also, glucose can be found in the urine of diabetic due to being secreted within

the urine and cannot be reabsorbed via renal process of reabsorption. There could be

indications of diabetes mellitus.

9.6 THE EFFECT OF HORMONE ON URINE FORMATION

1. To understand the role of ADH in absorption of water by nephron

2. To understand the role of aldosterone in solute secretion and reabsorption by the

nephron.
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3. To understand how hormones aldosterone as well as ADH affect process of renal in

human kidney.

Introduction

The volume and concentration of urine excreted through kidneys would change

depending on what the body requires for homeostasis. Aldosterone is a hormone generated

through adrenal cortex that is under control based on renin-angiotensin system’s body. The

main action of hormone is to rise permeability of collecting duct based on water so water can

be reabsorbed in the body through inserting aquaporins or channels of water.

Procedure

The total solute concentration within the fluid was set at 1200mOsm. Filtrate flow via

the nephron, water and solute come out of tubules to interstitial space. Fluid moved back into

peritubular capillaries hence completing reabsorption process. Aldosterone was put to the

gray cap dispensed to the tank around distal tubule a well as collecting duct. The ADH was

put into the gray cap and dispensing it into the tank around distal tubule as well as duct was

collected. Additionally, both aldosterone and ADH into the tank surrounding the distal tubule

as well as duct was collected.

Data analysis

The results showed decrease in urine volume due to NaCl that moved out of the

collected duct and to the interstitial fluid. The reabsorption of potassium into urine was to its

concentration in urine increased. Ethanol is one of the diuretics that functions by ADH

inhibition. The inhibition of ADH rises the output of urine. The conversion of angiotensin I

to the angiotensin II is catalyzed by ACE. Also, the Angiotensin II has effects on varieties
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which results due to increasing the volume of blood as well as decreasing output of the urine.

Inhibition of the enzyme increases output of urine.