RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Department of Architecture

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
CEIT-01-1003P

S.Y. 2019-2020

SUBMITTED BY:

GADO, CHRISSON PAUL B. 2015-100808

YANGA, JASON C. 2014-105028

SUBMITTED TO:

PROF. PAULA ARGANDA SANTIAGO

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

1. Compare and contrast the following theories of emotion:

A. JAMES – LANGE THEORY
James Lange's theory of emotion states that emotion is equivalent to the range of
physiological excitations caused by external events. The two scientists suggested that for
someone to feel emotional, they must first experience physical reactions, such as increased
breathing, increased heart rate, or sweating of the hands. Once this physiological response is
recognized, the person will feel emotional. This is contrary to common sense thinking, which
believes that there is a causal relationship between emotional experience and its
manifestation. James and Lange emphasized that autonomous activities and behaviors caused
by emotional stimuli produce emotions, not the other way around.

This theory of emotion is caused by physiological responses to a stressor. “When a person saw
a bear in the forest” he/she may feel discomfort by the physical environment, the body will
start shaking or sweat and that may lead to emotion which can be nervous or threatened. The
cortex of our brain receives stimuli that can induce emotions, our autonomic nervous system
and somatic nervous system trigger our visceral organs and skeletal muscles respectively.
These systems will then stimulate our brain, which will interpret the response as an experience
of emotion.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

B. CANNON - BARD THEORY

In the early 1900’s, Walter Bradford Cannon (1871 – 1945), a physiologist at Harvard University,
was one of the scientists who proposed a number of criticisms against James-Lange Theory of
Emotion, the dominant theory of emotions at that time. He emphasized the role of the brain
in producing physiological responses and feelings through his experiments, which then gave
substantial support to his own theory of emotion. Cannon-Bard Theory states that emotional
experience depends not only on the body's input and the body's response to stimuli. Both
happen automatically at the same time. People recognize emotions and experience
physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and tension at the same time. This theory
states that a body will respond emotionally to a stressor at the same time the physiological
changes in a body happen. “When a person saw a bear in the forest” he/she may feel the
changes in the body like sudden sweat or shaking at the same time with the emotion he/she
may feel.

MODEL OF THE CANNON - BARD THEORY OF EMOTION

Walter Cannon supported his argument that individuals are able to feel emotions even before
the body responds to the emotion-arousing stimulus by surgically removing the sympathetic
nervous system of a cat. Even though the somatic signals of stimulation were removed, he
found that the cat still displayed anger, fear and pleasure. He suggested that emotional
experience involves two independent processes of the nervous system: the autonomic
nervous system is responsible for awakening, and the cortex is responsible for generating
subjective emotions. This only shows that autonomous stimulation and emotional
psychological construction occur simultaneously. This is different from the subjective state of
self-discipline directed by James Lange's theory. Cannon added that the body's reactions take
place so slowly that the brain cannot realize it before the emotional experience takes place.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

C. SCHLATER - SINGER THEORY

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E.
Singer. According to this theory, the element of reasoning plays an important role in the way
we experience emotions. Singh's theory holds that when an event causes physiological
arousal, we try to find the cause of this arousal. So, we experience and mark emotions. After
responding to a stressor, a person may appraise the threat at the same time as changes
happen in the body like sudden sweat in hands or faster heartbeat which leads a person to feel
the emotion. This theory is almost the same with Cannon & Bard theory the only difference is
that Schachter & Singer theory states that Physiological response comes with appraisal stage
which tells the brain what could go wrong in the situation that a person is facing, a quick
evaluation of the scenario finally, a feeling or emotion is being showed.

THE TWO-FACTOR THEORY

Like the James-Lange theory of emotion, and in contrast to the Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion, Schachter and Singer felt that physical arousal played a primary in emotions.
However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so
physical arousal alone could not be responsible for emotional responses. The two-factor
theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively
label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough, we also must identify
the arousal in order to feel the emotion. The immediate environment plays an important role
in how physical responses are identified and labeled.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

2. WHY ISN’T OPTIMISM ALWAYS THE BEST STRATEGY FOR GETTING MOTIVATED?
Before we dive into the reasons why it isn’t, let me first talk about how ‘optimism’ affect
people’s life on a daily basis. It is said that an optimistic person sees things in a positive way
and even in hardships they always have a smile on their faces. Researchers have studied some
benefits of optimism. The first in the list is having a good health, physically & emotionally, it’s
like ‘less stress & longer life’ and persistence to succeed. This is the effects of being an optimist
and it is quite promising to each person who believe it. This kind of mentality might not work
in some situation. Now we are going to discuss the negative side of being an overly positive.
An Optimistic person tends to break deadlines. An overly optimistic person will think it takes
them way less time to complete an assignment than it really does. They do this all the time.
How do you think this affects their co-workers, friends & family, and the general population?
Decrease in productivity, without carefully analyzing all the steps that take you from point A
to point B, you’re bound to have too many obstacles that you cannot cope with. Try getting
anything done when you’ve gone over budget, underestimated your resources, or got 5
unexpected monkeys on your back. There is a huge let downs if you are overly positive. If
you’re always the type of person that always expects the best to happen to you, you are very
much bound to be let down. To avoid this scenario never set those expectations so
unrealistically high. Confidence rather than fear but being overly positive put optimistic people
in a risky situation such as relationships, money and work.
Being a realist instead of optimistic is much safer. As a Realist, I see both positive and negative
things in life. I am flexible and doesn’t believe in miracles nor luck and to achieve success, a
person must work hard. Realist believe that good things come to those who work and go make
it happen and that’s exactly what I do. I always have a backup plan in place because I want to
be as prepared as possible. If the best outcome doesn’t turn out to be a reality, find a way, if
you can’t, then leave it, that’s life.
3. NAME AND DISCUSS AT LEAST 3 PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING THAT MOST LEARNING
THEORIST AGREE ON REGARDLESS OF THEIR THEORETICAL ORIENTATION.
Horne and Pine's (1990) Principles of Learning provide further
insight into what makes people effective. The principles have
been discovered, tested, and applied in practical situations.
3.a LEARNING IS AN EXPERIENCE WHICH OCCURS INSIDE THE
LEARNER AND IS ACTIVATED BY THE LEARNER.
Learning depends on how the individual; how he would respond
to the knowledge that came outside. It can be influenced
depending on an individual’s motivation to learn, his or her
ability to learn, or his or her interest in learning. This will result
in less amount of learning to take place if the student is not
interested in participating in the process.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

3.b LEARNING IS THE DISCOVERY OF THE PERSONAL MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF IDEAS.
This process states that the learning process is very active
when subjects or thought processes are personally relevant
and meaningful to the learner. If the subject or idea is
personally relevant and relevant to the learner’s idea, he or
she can easily deal with it.
When the teacher ask question, the learner keeps on
answering even if it is wrong until they get nearer to the
correct answer.
3.c LEARNING (BEHAVIORAL CHANGE) IS A CONSEQUENCE OF EXPERIENCE.
“Experience is the best teacher”. Because of the
individual’s experience, a learning or behavior
change occurs. It shows the role of the experience of
an individual’s learning process.
At this level, the learner needs a more realistic
surroundings and examples.

4. DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND GENDER ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT?

Gender and national culture are more deeply rooted in the human mid than occupational
cultures learned in school or at work. The main finding is that culture and personality are linked
however, these relationships should not be stereotyped the individual by only using culture
scores because each individual grows up with unique events. It is difficult to compress culture
in a single sense. Culture impacts many if not all aspects of life which makes definitions vague
and incomplete. Above all, one aspect is possibly indisputable: Culture influences personality.
It’s been said that men and women are so unlike each other, it’s as if they’re from the different
planets – a claim that continues to amuse and irritate. While our physical differences in size
and anatomy are obvious, the question of psychological differences between the genders is a
lot more complicated and controversial.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

Researchers Paul costa, Robert McCrae and Antonito Terracciano conducted a survey over
23,000 men and women from 26 cultures filling out personality questionnaires. Across these
diverse cultures, including Hong Kong, India and Russia, women consistently rated themselves
as being warmer, friendlier and more anxious and sensitive to their feelings than did the men.
The men, meanwhile, consistently rated themselves as being more assertive and open to new
ideas. In the jargon of personality psychology, the women had scored higher on average on
Agreeableness and Neuroticism and on one facet of Openness to Experience, while the men
scored higher on one facet of Extraversion and a different facet of Openness to Experience.
One obvious criticism was that the participants were rating their own personalities. Perhaps
the women and men differed simply because they were describing themselves in the way their
societies expected them to be.
While the debates about the size and causes of gender differences in personality are likely to
rumble on for many more years, it seems reasonable to conclude that for whatever reason,
there are at least some differences, however large or modest, in the personality of the average
man and woman. But that word “average” is important.
“For countless generations men have shaped women, women have shaped men, and here we
are – the product of this amazing, complicated history. If we understand this, our judgment
becomes broader and less superficial, whether we like the way we are or would like to change
it.” - Marco Del Guidice
5. WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE THAT STRESS IS LINKED TO ILLNESS? IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE
THAT STRESS CAN ACTUALLY CAUSE ILLNESS?
STRESS - We’ve all felt it. sometimes stress can be a positive force, motivating you to perform
well at your piano recital or job interview. Often when you’re stuck in traffic and it’s a negative
force. if you experience stress over a prolonged period of time, it could become chronic unless
you take action.
NATURAL REACTION - Have you ever found your sweaty hands on your first date or felt your
heart beating in a horror movie? Then you will know that your body and mind are stressed. This
automatic response was developed among our ancient ancestors to protect them from
predators and other threats. In the face of danger, the body begins to work, hormones are
filling the body, these hormones will increase your heart rhythm, increase blood pressure,
increase energy and prepare you for solving problems.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

PRESSURE POINTS - Even short-lived, minor stress can have an impact. you might get a
stomachache before you have to give a presentation. Multiple studies have shown that these
sudden emotional stresses especially “ANGER CAN TRIGGER HEART ATTACKS, ARRHYTHMIAS
AND EVEN SUDDEN DEATH”. Although this happens mostly in people who already have heart
disease, some people don’t know they have a problem until acute stress causes a heart attack
or something worse.
Example: More major acute stress, whether caused by a fight with your spouse or an event
like an earthquake or terrorist attack, can have an even bigger impact.
CHRONIC STRESS - When stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an
extended period, it becomes even more dangerous. the longer the stress lasts, the worse it is
for both your mind and body. You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate or irritable for no
good reason, for example. but chronic stress causes wear and tear on your body, too. Stress
can make existing problems worse. Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of
changes in your body or the overeating, smoking and other bad habits people use to cope with
stress.
Example: About half the participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after learning
how to stop the stress producing habit of “catastrophizing,” or constantly thinking negative
thoughts about their pain.

WHAT YOU CAN DO

In one study, researchers examined the association between “positive affect” feelings like
happiness, joy, contentment and enthusiasm and the development of coronary heart disease
over a decade.6 they found that for every one-point increase in positive affect on a five-point
scale, the rate of heart disease dropped by 22 percent.
While the study doesn’t prove that increasing positive affect decreases cardiovascular risks,
the researchers recommend boosting your positive affect by making a little time for enjoyable
activities every day.
Identify what’s causing stress - monitor your state of mind throughout the day. if you feel
stressed, write down the cause, your thoughts and your mood. once you know what’s
bothering you, develop a plan for addressing it.
Build strong relationships - Relationships can be a source of stress. Research has found that
negative, hostile reactions with your spouse cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive
hormones, relationships can also serve as stress buffers. Reach out to family members or close
friends and let them know you’re having a tough time.
Walk away when you’re angry - Before you react, take time to regroup by counting to 10. Then
reconsider. Walking or other physical activities can also help you work off steam. Plus, exercise
increases the production of endorphins, your body’s natural mood-booster.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

Rest your mind - According to APA’s 2012 Stress in America™ survey, stress keeps more than
40 percent of adults lying awake at night. To help ensure you get the recommended seven or
eight hours of shut-eye, cut back on caffeine, remove distractions such as television or
computers from your bedroom, and go to bed at the same time each night. Research shows
that activities like yoga and relaxation exercises not only help reduce stress, but also boost
immune functioning.
Get help - If you continue to feel overwhelmed, consult with a psychologist or other licensed
mental health professional who can help you learn how to manage stress effectively. He or she
can help you identify situations or behaviors that contribute to your chronic stress and then
develop an action plan for changing them.
5.a IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THAT STRESS CAN ACTUALLY CAUSE ILLNESS?
Stress doesn't only make us feel awful emotionally, It can also worsen just about any health
condition you can think of. Some of the most significant health problems related to stress listed
below.
HEADACHES - Stress is considered one of the most common triggers for headaches -- not just
tension headaches, but migraines as well.
DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY - It's probably no surprise that chronic stress is connected with
higher rates of depression and anxiety. One survey of recent studies found that people who
had stress related to their jobs -- like demanding work with few rewards -- had an 80% higher
risk of developing depression within a few years than people with lower stress.
ACCELERATED AGING - There's actually evidence that stress can affect how you age. One study
compared the DNA of mothers who were under high stress -- they were caring for a chronically
ill child -- with women who were not. Researchers found that a particular region of the
chromosomes showed the effects of accelerated aging. Stress seemed to accelerate aging
about 9 to 17 additional years.
OBESITY - Excess fat in the belly seems to pose greater health risks than fat on the legs or hips --
and unfortunately, that's just where people with high stress seem to store it. "Stress causes higher
levels of the hormone cortisol," says Winner, "and that seems to increase the amount of fat that's
deposited in the abdomen.
PREMATURE DEATH - A study looked at the health effects of stress by studying elderly
caregivers looking after their spouses -- people who are naturally under a great deal of stress.
It found that caregivers had a 63% higher rate of death than people their age who were not
caregivers.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Department of Architecture

Citation:
https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/jameslangetheoryofemotion/

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Krantz, d. s., Whittaker, K. s., & sheps, d. s. (2011). “Psychosocial risk factors for coronary artery disease: Pathophysiologic
mechanisms.” in Allan r., Fisher, J. (eds.), In Heart and Mind: Evolution of Cardiac Psychology, (pp. 91–113). Washington, dc: APA.

denollet, J., et al. (2010). “A general propensity to psychological distress affects cardiovascular outcomes: evidence from research
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https://www.slideshare.net/AllainJoseph/the-principles-of-learning-principles-of-teaching-1-
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http://varron.expertscolumn.com/article/some-principles-learning

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20161011-do-men-and-women-really-have-different-personalities

https://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/features/10-fixable-stress-related-health-problems#1

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUPWORK: THEORIES OF EMOTION