`A

Assalam u Alaikum & Good Morning

(May All Of You Gain A Better Understanding)
“Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do”
Building Construction
Engineering
Theory CE-120
Lecture 11

Engr. NASIM AYUB

Lecturer CED
UET Peshawar Campus III Bannu
3
FLOOR
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FLOOR
◼ The surfaces with their necessary supports which
provide accommodation to the user to live at
different levels in a building are called floors.
Basic types of floors
◼ Basically there are three types of floors.
◼ Ground floor
◼ Basement floor
◼ Suspended floor
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Ground floor
◼ The floor just above the ground level is called ground
floor.
Basement floor
◼ The floor constructed below ground level in one of
basement of a building is known as basement floor.
◼ Upper/suspended floor
◼ Any floor above the level of ground floor except the
terrace or roof of a building is termed as upper or
suspended floor . Such floors are named in ascending order
such as 1st floor, 2nd floor and so on
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Ground Floor
The floors constructed at plinth level of different
buildings are called ground floor.
◼ Since the ground floor rests directly on the soil
when not accompanied by a basement floor ,its base
usually consist of following two layers
◼ 100 mm thick layer of course sand over
consolidated earth.
◼ 100 mm thick layer of lean cement concrete (1:4:8)
or (1:8:16)
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◼ The purpose of providing a layer of course sand is to

prevent the rise of moisture and prevent dampness in the
building through floor.
◼ The various materials used for floor covering of ground
floor are tiles , bricks, concrete and timber etc.
Types Of Ground Floors
◼ Mud floor
◼ Brick floor
◼ Tile floor
◼ Flag stone floor
◼ Cement concrete floor
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◼ Terrazzo floor
◼ Mosaic floor
◼ Timber floor
◼ Linoleum floor
◼ Rubber floor
◼ Cork floor
◼ Asphalt floor
◼ Glass floor
◼ PVC floor
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Types Of Ground Floors

Mud Floor
◼ The ground floor having its topping consisting of
mud is called Mud Floor or Muram
◼ These floor are generally used for unimportant
Buildings And rural areas.
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Brick Floor
◼ The floor having its topping consisting or bricks is
called Brick Floor
◼ These floors are suitable for go downs & stores
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Tile Floor
◼ The floor having its topping
consisting of tiles is called Tile
floor
◼ The tiles used in a tile floor
may be of any desired quality,
Shape, Thickness & color
◼ these floor are used for paving
courtyard of buildings.
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Flag stone floor
◼ The floor having its topping consisting of stone slabs is called Flag
stone floor.
◼ These floor are suitable for shade, workshops, go downs and Stores.
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Cement Concrete Floor

◼ The floor having its topping consisting of cement
concrete is called Cement Concrete Floor
Types of Cement Concrete Floor:
◼ According to the method of finishing the topping,
Cement Concrete Floor can be classified into the
following two types
1- Non-monolithic or bonded floor finish concrete
floor
2- Monolithic floor finish concrete floor
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Terrazzo Floor
◼ The floor having their topping
consisting of terrazzo finish
are called Terrazzo Floors
◼ These floors are suitable for
most modern residential,
office & religious Buildings
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Timber Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of wooden
members (Planks, Strips or blocks) are known as Timber
Floor.
◼ These floors are used for buildings at Hills stations,
Auditoriums, Ball-Rooms etc.
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Linoleum Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of
Linoleum of plane or printed variety is known as
Linoleum Floor.
◼ These floor are suitable for hospitals , Canteen ,
Residential, Office & for floor of road transport
vehicle.
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Rubber Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of rubber
sheets.
◼ These floors are suitable for use in Shops, Offices,
Theatres.
◼ Such a floor should not be used as a basement or
Ground floor.
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Cork Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of Cork carpets or
Cork tiles.
◼ These floors are noiseless.
◼ These floors are suitable for use in Churches, Theatres,
Public libraries.
◼ Not be use as Ground or basement Floor.
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◼ Asphalt Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of Asphalt
mastic.
◼ These floors are suitable for used in School, Office
Building.
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Glass Floor
◼ The floor consisting of structural glasses fixed in a
frame work is known as Glass Floor.
◼ These floors are used in special situations wherever
it is desired to admit light into the basement.
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PVC Floor
◼ The floor having their topping consisting of PVC
sheets or tiles is known as PVC Floors.
◼ These floors are suitable for residential, office
building & railway coaches.
 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FLOORS

1- Initial cost
The cost of floor covering is the most important thing.
The expensive types of floor coverings are marble and teerrazzo (chips).
Tiles and asphalt are less expensive whereas concrete and brick are the cheapest and are commonly used.
2- Appearance
Colour, texture and architectural beauty are the factors taken into consideration
3- Durability
Resistance to wear and tear is an important factor for a floor covering.
Resistance to temperature changes, humidity, disintegration and decay has also to be taken into account.
.
Tiles, marble and concrete floor covering offer good resistance to these factors. Wherever heavy floor traffic is
not anticipated bricks and wood blocks can be used.
4- Cleanliness of Floor
A floor should be non absorbent and capable of being easily cleaned.
All joints should be simple so that they can be made water tight as possible.
Glass strips used for making panels, should not be more than 16 sq. ft. i.e. (4`x4`).
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5- Dampness
Moisture should not penetrate in the floor. They should be completely water tight.
Wood, Rubber are not suitable in damp places, whereastiles, bricks, concrete and
Terrazzo is suitable for use on flooring which are subjected to dampness.
6- Indentation
Marks, depression due to furniture legs or ladies shoes should not make any impression
on the floor.
7- Noiselessness
•This is not an important factor for ground floor constructions, but it should be noiseless
when traveled over.
•Rubber coverings and cork covering are most suitable.
8- Maintenance
For keeping floor in perfect condition it is necessary to clean, repair and apply any other
treatment from time to time. Marble and concrete floors require less repair whereas wood
blocks, need frequent maintenance. Concrete surfaces can not be repaired easily while
tiles can be replaced quickly.
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Roofs
•The structure forming the upper covering of a building.
Roofs are important be cause
•It provides protection from weather.
•It helps in reducing the heat loss from a building.
•It helps to keep the interior building cool.
•They are designed to accommodate stresses.
•They are designed to withstand movements from
temperatures.
•It provides lateral restraint & stability to walls around.
•It resists penetration & spreading of fire.
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TYPES OF ROOF
1. Flat Roof
• A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in
contrast to the many types of sloped roofs.
• Low pitched roof 10 degrees or less.
• Flat roofs are an ancient type of roof,
mostly used in arid climates.
• It is the cheapest to build but the maintenance
cost is high.
• Concrete, timber and steel are the common
materials used for flat roofs.
• Flat roof relies on some kind of membrane to
keep the moisture out
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2. Shed Roof
A shed roof is basically a flat roof with a greater angle allowing for
greater runoff.
•Has a single slope.
•Easy to build and inexpensive.
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Pitch Roof
• Is a roof that slopes downwards, typically in
two parts at an angle from a central ridge
• Pitch is calculated by the number of inches it
rises vertically.

• There are two basic methods of pitched roof

construction which are truss roof and cut roof.
• Rafters are connected into the wall or supported
on a wall plate.
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Pitch Roof
Members
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Roof Truss
• Trusses are designed based on a triangle
principle.

King Post Mansard Truss Queen Post

Truss Truss
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Hip Roof
• Is a gable roof with angled ends where all
sides slope downwards to the walls.
• It is a popular choice but is more difficult to
build than a gable roof.
• These type of roofs can handle strong winds.
• Suitable for hurricane-prone areas.
• Commonly used in bungalows and cottages.
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Gambrel Roof
• Gable roof design, two
slopping surfaces
• Also known as a barn roof.
• Provides extra space in the
attic.
• Difficult for ventilation
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Mansard
Roof
• Hip roof design,
double slope on all
sides
• A French design
• Allows for use of
dormers
• Accumulates water
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Butterfly
Roof
• An inverted gable
roof design
• Visually stunning
• Useful in climates with
severe winds
• Water drainage
problem
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Dutch Hip
Roof
• A hip roof with small gable
ends at the ridge
• Sometimes used as architectural
element
• Can be used for attic ventilation
• Costly
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Winged Gable
Roof
• Extended, variation for
winged gable roof over a
gable roof
• Give aesthetic look
• Advantages when a lot of
snow or rain

• Problematic in high wind

and hurricane areas
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• A common type of roof that is made from thin

Roof material.
Shell • The roof is curved and used to cover large,
one-story buildings.
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Advantages
•More area is covered without any
intermediate columns.
•There is no leakage problem in this
type of roof.

Disadvantages
•It can not be used to construct the upper
floor.
•It has problems of natural light and
ventilation.
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• A roof which has been moulded to a
shape.
Folded Plate • Meant for large covering of an open
Roof •
space.
A roof constructed of flat plates, joined at
various angles
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Geodesic roof construction consist of

Geodesic a triangular frame placed together to
form a dome.
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Advantages
•Easy to build.
•Uses less material and are as structurally
strong as
traditionally built homes.

Disadvantages
•Doors and windows must be specially made
and may be expensive.
•The spherical design creates a lack of usable
space.
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A dome is an architectural element that

Dome Roof resembles the hollow upper half of a
sphere.
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Advantages
•Striking appearance
•Energy efficient
•Wind resistant

Disadvantages
•Quirky roof shape may affect resale
appeal
•May be more expensive to construct
Types of Roof Covering

Tile
Covering
• Clay, Concrete
(overlapping
technique).
• Pitches from 15° to
45°.
• Pitch of tiles are less
than pitch of the
rafters.
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Thatch
Covering
• Thatch – made of plant
stalks in overlapping layer
• Wheat & Rye straw –
widely used in Europe
country
• Seagrass – longer life than
straw
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Shingles • Shingles – like the scales of a fish

• Red cedar – life expectancy (30
Covering years), high cost
• Hardwood – durable
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• Slate – naturally dense material.
Slate • Every sheet should be nailed twice.
• Minimum pitch of 25°.
Covering • Central is nailed to overcome vibrations (wind).
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Sheet cover – zinc, aluminium, lead
Sheet •
• Cheaper alternative.
Covering • Short life.
• No creep light & ductile.
• Standard size : 2500mm x 1000mm,
thickness 0.80mm.
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Asphalt
Covering
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Advantages
•Affordable Asphalt
•Variety of styles
•Easy installation
Covering
Disadvantages
•Not an environmentally friendly roofing material
•Gets damaged if installed at below freezing
temperatures.
•Not resistant to extreme temperature variations
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Concrete
Covering
Advantages
•Long Lasting
•Can accommodate with other floors

Disadvantages
•Leakage problems
•Maintenance can be problematic
•No room for multiple design patterns
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Stone Slab
Covering
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Advantages
•Excellent insulation
Stone Slab
•Unique looks Covering
•Stormproof
•Solid

Disadvantages
•Heavy load on the walls
•Hard to transport
•Hard to construct
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Green
Roofs
• A vegetative layer grown
on the rooftop.
• Provide shade and remove
heat from the air.
• Can be installed on a wide
range of buildings.
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Components of a Typical
Roof
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Ridg
e
• The horizontal top area where two
sloped roof areas meet.
• Spine of a roof
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Rafter
s
The members which support the
covering material of a sloping roof are
called rafters
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Hip • The rafter lying along the hip in

a sloping roof is termed as hip
Rafters rafter.
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Jack
•
Rafters
The shortened rafters running from
hip rafters to plate & from ridge to
valley rafters.
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Valley • Used at internal angles of

roofs.
Rafters
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Common •
•
Main load-bearing members of the roof.
Spans between a wall plate at eaves &
Rafters ridges.
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Wall Plate / Plate

• Provide the bearing & fixing
medium for various roof
members.
• Distribute the loads evenly over
the supporting walls.
• Bedded in cement mortar on top
of load-bearing walls.
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Eaves

• Bottom portion of the roof

overhanging the wall.
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• Roof covering that overhangs at the

gable end.

Verge
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• Horizontal roof members which give intermediate

Purlin support to rafters.
• Acts as beam, reducing the span of rafters & enabling
economic
section to be used
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Overall Rafters
Thank You