Wahid SherAni

PhD Scholar

Multivariate
Data Analysis
Lecture 2
Lecture outline
❑What is MVA?
❑Measurement scales
❑Descriptive Statistics
❑Measures of central tendency
❑Question & Answers Session
❑Assignment
 What is Data Analysis ?

&
What Multivariate Analysis ?

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Multivariate analysis
DEFINITION & BASIC CONCEPT

» Multivariate analysis refers to all statistical techniques

that simultaneously analyze multiple measurements on
individuals or objects under investigation.
» Thus, any simultaneous analysis of more than two variables
can be loosely considered multivariate analysis .
» Uni-variate analysis (analysis of single-variable
distributions)
» Bivariate analysis (cross-classification, correlation,
analysis of variance, and simple regression used to analyze
two variables)

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 EXAMPLES

❖Uni-variate analysis
❖Bivariate analysis
❖Multivariate Analysis

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 T H E VA R I AT E

»The building block of multivariate

analysis is the variate, a linear
combination of variables with
empirically determined weights

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
How Research Variable can be measured???
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Measurement of variable

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Scale for measurement Four types of scales are used in
of variables research, each with specific
applications and properties
1.Nominal Scale.
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Nominal Scale
• A nominal scale assigns numbers as a way to label or identify objects.
• The numbers assigned to the objects have no quantitative meaning
beyond indicating the presence or absence of the attribute or
characteristic under investigation.
• Therefore, Nominal scales, also known as categorical scales, For
example, in representing gender (male or female) the researcher might
assign numbers to each category (e.g., 0 for females and 1 for males).
Example of Nominal Scale
SCALE FOR M E A S U R E M E N T O F VA R I A B L E S

Ordinal Scales
➢Ordinal scales are the next “higher” level of measurement
precision.
➢ In ordinal scales, variables can be ordered or ranked in relation to
the amount of the attribute possessed.
➢ Every subject or object can be compared with another in terms of
a “greater than”
➢ Ordinal scales provide no measure of the actual amount or
magnitude in absolute terms, only the order of the values. The
researcher knows the order, but not the amount of difference
between the values.
SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Ordinal Scales Example

SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Interval Scales
• This scale Contains the information available in ordinal scales
(ranking) but with the added benefit of magnitude of ranking.
• Interval scales have equal distances between the points of a scale.
• These scales can contain a zero point, but they are subjective and
are not meaningful (0° C = 32° F). Temperature is an example of
a interval scale
• Permitted statistics; mean, median, mode, as well as more
advanced tests.
 SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Interval Scales
On a scale of one to five, with five meaning you strongly agree, and one meaning you
strongly disagree consider this statement ‘I believe my college education has
prepared me well to begin my career’.

1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Somewh Somewhat Strongly

disagree at Neither agree agree
disagree

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 SCALE FOR MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Ratio Scale
• The most comprehensive scale
• Has all of the characteristics of the other three with the additional
benefit of an absolute, meaningful zero point.
• Examples include:
– Weight
– Sales volume
– Income
– Age
• Permitted statistics same as with interval data
Wahid SherAni
Learning
Thank You
Abdul Wahid SherAni
+92 300 383 4040
Sherani.scholar@gmail.com
What's App +92 300 383 4040