UCSP REVIEWER

CULTURE
Is the custom, social forms, and traits that define a special racial, religious or social group.
 Religion
 Gender
 Sexual Orientation
 Race
 Education
 Soc
 io-economic Status
 Generation
 Age
 Ethnicity
 Nationality
Material Culture
Created by human person or is tangible.
Example: food, clothing and technology
Non-material Culture
Learned and observed by humans.
Example: religion, folk, behavior, gesture and customs

SOCIETY
Comes from the Latin ‘socious’ which means comrade, companion or friend.
Pertains to a group of individuals involved in social interaction or sharing the same geographical
or social territory.

POLITICS
Act of influencing.
Comes from the Greek word ‘politika’ which means affairs of the cities.
Refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance over a human community.

Social, Political and Cultural Behavior and Phenomenon

Occurrence or events that affects our personal life.

Social Behavior and Phenomena

Broad and complicated sociological concepts.
These involve every event between at least two individuals and include all knowledge and
experiences a person acquires in the entirety of his or her lifetime.
Social Phenomena
Are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person’s life.
1. Food Taboo
An act of prohibiting the consumption of certain food and drinks.
Some food is prohibited during certain religious beliefs and periods (lent, Ramadan), at a
certain stage of life (pregnancy, sickness) or to certain classes of people (priest, infants).
2. Kotong (Bribery, Extortion)
 Practice of obtaining something especially money through force or threat.
It is usually done by law enforcers to drivers or any citizens
3. LGBTQI Discrimination

Political Behavior and Phenomena

Include events through which authority, governance, political opinion.
Influence by their political views, ideologies, and levels of political participation.
Examples: Voting (practiced also by other institutions like school, churches, companies are run
and governed).
Political Phenomena
1. Elections (Positive Phenomena)
Formal and organized process of electing or being elected especially members of..
2. Political Dynasty
Term used in politics to refer to family in which several members are involved in public
governance.
3. Political Candidate Endorsed by a Celebrity
It is when a political candidate seeks the help of a well-known or influential personality
in a campaign.

Cultural Behavior and Phenomena

Also known as the bandwagon effect, a cultural behavior is an event where certain individuals
behave a certain way merely because another person does well.
Happens when someone or something gains widespread popularity.
It is noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomenon but rather the process of
being or becoming famous.

1. Popularity
State of being liked, admired or supported by many people. Formation of fan bases is a
clear manifestation of popularity.
Singers, actors, actresses, athletes, and musical bands have their group of fans.
2. Social Media Buzz
Term used in viral marketing.
Social networking sites where many people are members and interact through
information, pictures, music and video sharing.

10 Weird Socio-cultural Phenomena

1. Filipino Ability to Smile During Disasters
’Bahala na’ trait is positive because it makes us courageous during disasters. It is
negative because it makes us dependent.
2. Aswang
The Spaniards humiliated the Babaylan or the spiritual leaders
Lubag
People tend to pinpoint a problem to aswangs.
Leads people to false statements, assumption.
Social negative issue.
3. Text Messaging
 Raised the existence of sub-culture ‘jejemon’ (decreases the quality of using the correct
spelling of words)
Communicating with people becomes easy.
4. Social Media Buzz
Big platform to express our opinions.
Addresses social issues.
Bandwagon and cancelled culture made a culture of hate.
Filipinos lives exist in social media.
“Woke culture” where there’s a discrimination.
We seek validation through social media. We understand the culture of others through
social media.
5. Tingi-tingi
For convenience, it’s handy.
The less fortunate can afford to buy.
Negative side is that it is not eco-friendly.

6. Filipino Teleserye
We can reate to the story.
Repertoire (play/dances).
Way to relax after work.
They offer a glimpse of what is happening in the society.
All teleseryes gives us lessons and we learn from what we watch.
7. My Way Killings
Number of fatal disputes.
Frank Sinatra.
8. Querida Syndrome
It became a tradition of men.
Men are naturally polygamous.
They want to prove their masculinity.
9. Istambay
Lazy people and lack of job opportunity.
Government’s fault.
10. Pacquiao
Gambling.
Less crime rates.

Cultural, Societal and Political Changes

It is possible to gain knowledge and experiences without interacting with other members of the
society.
It is a collective process because you learn from other people and they also learn from you.
How does changes in the society takes place?
By interaction and learning from others.

Interaction within Society

Social, cultural and political behaviors and phenomena and changes in the society are results of
interaction within society.
People talk and share stories.
People share ways of living among others.
People do things together and work for the attainment of the common good and social order.

Changes in the Society

Along with time, persons, environment and ideologies (beliefs) change.
People move in and move out.
People live and die.
People’s stories and experiences change.
People make discoveries and innovations.
The environment changes as well as nature, water, earth, minerals, climate, seasons and sources
of raw materials and energy.
New knowledge replaces old ones.
Slavery has been banned.
Civil rights were granted to those who were deprived.
Same-sex marriage is on its way to worldwide recognition.
Change is constant.

Social Change
Is the transformation of social institutions over time.
Refers to any significant alteration over time.
Communication is a vital human process. Through communication people exchange
information and thoughts.
Nowadays, communication is made easier.
People can share information in just a click. New-media, social networking sites, text
messaging, e-mail have defied time and distance.

Cultural Change
Is the transformation of culture or the way people live.
Refers to the changes in the culture of the society.
It is the modification or discontinuance of existing “tried” and “tested” procedures transmitted to
us from the past culture as well as the introduction of new procedures.
Clothing before were conservative, now they’re open.
Transnational Families
Where in one or both parents live and work in another country while the children remain
In their country of origin.
While these families remain secured financially, their members are also exposed to setbacks.
Children who become overly unsupervised find themselves facing peer pressure, too much
independence and lack of family orientation.
These may result in alcohol or drug abuse, unwanted pregnancy, mood swing or early marriage.

Some of Socio-cultural changes in the Philippines

 Job Opportunities
 The Pattern of Infrastructure
  Marriage Patterns
 Social Get Together
 Health Awareness
 Eating Habits
 Technology

Political Change
Happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of governance in the country
change.
May occur as initiated by the citizens of the country (e.g. elections, rebellions, coup d’etat
(military take over the government)) or initiated by the country.
Local Public Services
Provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the
public sector) or by financing the provision of services.
Youth Volunteerism
Is use or involvement of a volunteer or free labor in community services.

Mechanism of Change
1. Diffusion
A process through which culture traits of one society are borrowed, transmitted and
adapted by another and considered as its own.
Example: Migration, Globalization
2. Invention
A process where new cultural elements are created to solve cultural problems.
Example: Internet, Medicines, Electricity
3. Discovery
Process where people recognize or gain a better understanding of already existing
elements present in the environment.
Example: Scientific Research

Norms
Something that is usual, typical or standard.
Social Norms
Are simply the behaviors or attitudes of the majority of people in any community or
group.
Deviant
People who don’t follow social norms.
Examples:
 Monogamy is a social norm.
 A meal with no rice is not a meal.
 We do the “mano po” all the time.
 We say “po” and “opo”.
 Obedience to elders.
Gender specific norms
 Girls wear pink; boys are blue.
 Men should be strong and not show emotions.
Norms of Decency (Appropriateness)
This norm includes the manners and the behaviors that show a person’s refinement and civility
and it is the distinction between rude and a good behavior.

Norms of Conventionality
Are beliefs and practices that are acceptable to certain but can be inimical (not acceptable) to
other cultures.

Folkways
The traditional behavior or way of life of a particular community or group of people.
Example:
 Do not put food in your mouth with a knife.
 Do not allow our flag to touch the ground.
 Shake hands when introduced to other people.
 Do not push people in the waiting line.
 Do not pass gas (fart) in public.

Mores
The essential or characteristics customs and conventions dictated by a society’s values, ethics
and religious influences.
They are the customs, norms, and behaviors that are acceptable to a society or social group.
Violation of mores are viewed as serious infractions that result in punishments or social
consequences.
In sociology, the conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group.
Example:
 Use of drugs
 Illegal parking
 Nudity in public
 Talking to oneself in public

Value
Is the culture standard that people use to decide what’s good or bad and what’s right or wrong.
The person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of what is important in life.
Example:
 Family Orientation
 Joy and Humor
 Flexibility, adaptability, creativity
 Faith and Religiosity
 Ability to Survive
 Hard work and Industriousness
 Hospitality

What are the Values of Different Generations?

1. Traditionalist (1922-1943)
Adherence to rules, discipline, family focus, hard work and trust in the government.
2. Baby Boomers (1946-1964)
Anti-war, anti-government, equal rights, involvement and personal gratification.
3. Generation X (1965 to early 80’s)
Balance, diversity, lack of loyalty to an organization and a global mindset.
4. Millenials (80’s to 90’s)
Achievement, fun, civic duty, sociability and self-confidence.

Sanction
A threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule (negative). It is an official permission
or approval/reward (positive).

Types of Sanctions
1. Formal
Are imposed through formal
means by an organization (or representative) upon individuals. They are normally clearly
defined and can include fines or rewards for deviation or compliance. They are often
documented in policy, rules or regulations.
2. Informal
Are imposed by individuals or
groups upon other individuals or groups without the use of a formal system. Scornful looks
(glare), shunning (isolating someone), boycotts (stop supporting someone) and other actions are
forms of informal sanctions.

Social Control
Social processes by which the behavior of individuals or groups are regulated.
It is used to help us understand and reduced level of criminality.

Conformity
Is the state of having internalized norms as part of the social expectation.

Deviance or Non-conformity
Forms of behavior that is relatively or distinctly set away from a norm.
Formal (robbery, theft, graft, rape, etc.) and informal (picking one’s nose, belching
loudly, spitting on the street).

Why do you think deviance is seen as a form of power struggle?

The powerful people want to maintain their power.
Political Dynasty is an example of deviant behavior because it is not acceptable yet still
practiced.
Political Monotony is a form of power struggle.