In Plane Shear Strength of Cross Laminated

Timber (CLT): Test Configuration,

Quantification and Influencing Parameters
R. Brandner, T. Bogensperger, G. Schickhofer

CIB-W18/46-12-2
Vancouver | Canada, 26th-29th August 2013

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 1
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 2
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 3
 INTRODUCTION: Shear Mechanisms

Shear Mechanisms on a RVSE

ƒ Mechanism I „net-shear“
transfer of shear via board‘s cross sections τnet = 2 · τ0
ƒ Mechanism II „torsion“
torsional shear stresses in gluing interface τtor = 3 · τ0 · (tl / a)

mechanism I mechanism II
nominal shear forces shear forces
RVE and RVSE of a CLT element idealised RVSE without checks RVSE with checks or gaps, without edge bonding
with edge bonded boards Æ τ0 half system!
tCLT

a = wl a a

Y Y Y
RVE
a = wl a Mtor a
RVSE
X Z X Z X
Z
tl
tl tl
tl
2

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 4
 INTRODUCTION: Tests on CLT Elements

Investigations on CLT Elements

ƒ Bosl (2002)
ƒ 5-layers | 1,200 x 1,200 x 85 mm³
ƒ 4-hinged steel-frame | loading diagonally in tension
Î no shear failure Æ τnet,mean ≥ 5.6 N/mm²

ƒ Traetta et al. (2006) | Bogensperger et al. (2007)

ƒ 3-layers | 560 x 560 x 120 mm³
ƒ hinged steel-frame, 2 squared test fields
ƒ loading in three-point-bending
Î no shear failure Æ τnet,mean ≥ 6.0 N/mm²

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 5
 INTRODUCTION: Tests on CLT Elements

Investigations on CLT Elements

ƒ Andreolli et al. (2012)
ƒ 3 & 5-layers
ƒ loading diagonally in compression
Î one of four tests failed in shear
perpendicular to grain
Î NET SHEAR fv,net = 12.7 N/mm²
(interaction shear & compression perp.)

ƒ CUAP (2005) | Jöbstl et al. (2008)

ƒ 3-layers
ƒ four-point-bending test acc. to EN 408
for determination of „net-shear“ strength
Î mostly bending failures
exceptions: rolling shear, shear II in top layers
Î τnet,mean ≥ 5.4 to 11.5 N/mm²
Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 6
 INTRODUCTION: Tests on CLT Nodes

Investigations on Nodes
ƒ Wallner (2004)
ƒ 3-layers | 2 nodes | focus: rolling shear strength & stiffness
ƒ three-point-bending test | loading in compression
Î several shear failures parallel to grain in core layer
Î τnet,mean ≥ 5.9 to 7.0 N/mm²

ƒ Jöbstl et al. (2008)

ƒ 3-layers | 2 nodes
core layer wl x tl = 200 x 10 mm²
ƒ focus: “net-shear” capacity
ƒ basis: Wallner (2004) & CUAP (2005)
Î 100 % failures in „net-shear“
Î fv,net,mean = 13.9 N/mm² (13.5 %)

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 7
 INTRODUCTION: Conclusio

Introduction – Conclusions
ƒ shear resistance of CLT elements in plane hard to verify
Î missing data

ƒ motivation to define bearing models for shear in plane

based on properties of the base material (board) or single nodes
Î missing quantification of fv,net (mech. I)

ƒ current design procedures verify shear resistance on single nodes

(e.g. Bogensperger et al., 2010)

ƒ need for reliable test procedure for mech. I

allowing variation of test parameters in practical relevant range

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 8
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 9
 TEST CONFIGURATION

Test Configuration for Shear Perpendicular to Grain

Master Thesis B. Hirschmann (2011)
ƒ on basis of Jöbstl et al. (2008), EN 789 & EN 408
ƒ loading in compression or tension (14 angle) Æ no significant influence!

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 10
 TEST CONFIGURATION

Test Configuration for Shear Perpendicular to Grain

PROS
ƒ resultant forces of loading & support in-line
ƒ rotation 14 equal to EN 408
ƒ testing single nodes Æ no further data processing (e.g. MLE) required
ƒ applicable for wide range of test parameters (wl, tl, tgap, AR, …)

CONS
ƒ interaction of shear and compression perp. to grain
Æ influence judged as small!

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 11
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 12
 FAILURE PROCESS: FE-Analysisl

Failure Process – Sequence of Fracturing

I linear elastic (≈ 20 to 80 % of Fmax)
II regressive, non-linear until Fmax Æ locally mech. I & II
III softening, steady state (≈ 40 to 50 % of Fmax) Î loading in bending & tension
Î shearing parallel to grain & successive dissolution by separation
of annual rings
30
Fmax I II III
25

shear force F [kN]

20
steady state

15

10
realisations | „EN_C“
average | „EN_C“
5

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
deformation [mm]

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 13
 FAILURE PROCESS: FE-Analysisl

Failure Process – Sequence of Fracturing

I linear elastic (≈ 20 to 80 % of Fmax)
II regressive, non-linear until Fmax Æ locally mech. I & II
III softening, steady state (≈ 40 to 50 % of Fmax) Î loading in bending & tension
Î shearing parallel to grain & successive dissolution by separation
of annual rings
50
45
fgB, 10/150, tgap=5
40

global load F [kN]

35
fgB, 10/150, tgap=5
30

MOVIE
25 rgB, 10/150, tgap=5
rgB, 10/150, tgap=0
20
15
10
5 steady state
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
global deformation [mm]

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 14
 FAILURE PROCESS: Conclusions

Failure Process – Conclusions

ƒ shear forces perpendicular to grain lead to
shear failures parallel to grain!

ƒ Fmax (1st peak) governed by interacting mech. I & II

Î confirmed by numerical model

ƒ tremendous possibilities for load redistribution (steady state)

ƒ successive dissolution, separation of annual rings at transition zone

of early- and latewood Æ fixed-end beams active in bending & tension
Î confirmed by simple engineering model

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 15
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 16
 TESTS

TESTS
ƒ Norway spruce | C24 | u = 12 % | density matched samples

ƒ top layers wl x tl = 150 x 40 mm²

ƒ fracture zones free of knots, checks, reaction wood, …

ƒ test parameters (core layers)

ƒ width wl 150 mm vs. 200 mm
ƒ thickness tl 10 mm vs. 20 mm vs. 30 mm
ƒ annual ring orientation AR flat grain (fgB), rift grain (rgB), heart boards (hB)
ƒ gap width tgap 1.5 mm vs. 5.0 mm vs. 25.0 mm

ƒ 10 tests per series

ƒ comparison of configurations
„EN“ (Hirschmann, 2011) and „CIB“ (Jöbstl et al., 2008)
Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 17
 RESULTS

RESULTS „EN“ 12 fv,net,50,MLE | setup „CIB“

shear strength fv,net,12 [N/mm²]

fv,net,05 | setup „EN“

11

10

6 „B“ „C“ „D“ „B“ „C“ „I“ „C“ „F“ „G“

„A“ „H“
10 20 30 150 200 1.5 5.0 25.0 fgB rgB hB
thickness tl [mm] width wl [mm] gap tgap [mm] AR [–]

constant wl = 150 | tgap = 5 tl = 10 | tgap = 5 wl = 150 | tl = 20 wl = 150 | tl = 20

base parameters fgB fgB fgB tgap = 5
ρmean [kg/m³] 401 399 395 401 396 413 399 419 399 397 443

fv,net,mean [N/mm²] 11.2 8.9 7.5 11.2 10.8 9.5 8.9 8.0 8.9 7.2 8.8

CV[fv,net] [%] 6.3 4.9 9.3 6.3 6.0 8.5 4.9 5.6 4.9 10.1 4.2

fv,net,05 [N/mm²] 10.3 8.5 6.7 10.3 10.1 8.5 8.5 7.2 8.5 6.3 8.3

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 18
 RESULTS: influence of THICKNESS

RESULTS „EN“ 12

shear strength fv,net,12 [N/mm²]

shear strength fv,12 [N/mm²]

11 10

10

9 Brandner et al. (2012) | literature survey

Brandner et al. (2012) | test data
8 Bröker et al. (1987) | block shear; clear wood
Gaspar et al. (2008) | block shear; clear wood
7 Hirschmann (2011) | setup „EN“
1
6 100 1,000 10,000
„B“ „C“ „D“ shear area As [mm²]
10 20 30
thickness tl [mm]

constant wl = 150 | tgap = 5 ƒ high significant influence!

base parameters fgB
ƒ two reasons
ρmean [kg/m³] 401 399 395
9
fv,net,mean [N/mm²] 11.2 8.9 7.5 ƒ size effect on shear strength (+)
CV[fv,net] [%] 6.3 4.9 9.3 ƒ locking effect (+)
fv,net,05 [N/mm²] 10.3 8.5 6.7 ƒ decrease with power ≥ 0.2
Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 19
 RESULTS: Conclusions

Results – Conclusions
ƒ significantly influencing parameters
ƒ lamella thickness tl Æ decreasing fv,net with increasing tl
ƒ gap width tgap Æ decreasing fv,net with increasing tgap
ƒ annual ring orientation AR Æ fv,net,rgB ≤ fv,net,hB ≤ fv,net,fgB
ƒ not significant parameter
ƒ lamella width wl Æ 150 mm ≤ wl ≤ 200 mm

Proposed Reference Material and Geometric Parameters

ƒ tl,ref = 30 mm (tl,st = 20, 30, 40 mm)
ƒ wl,ref = 150 mm (100 mm ≤ wl ≤ 240 mm)
ƒ tgap ≤ 5 mm (0 mm ≤ tgap ≤ 4 (6) mm)
ƒ AR = fgB

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 20
 CONTENT

ƒ Introduction

ƒ Test Configuration

ƒ Failure Behaviour

ƒ Test Results

ƒ Conclusions

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 21
 CONCLUSIONS: general

CONCLUSIONS
ƒ proposal for test configuration net-shear on single nodes

ƒ shear perpendicular to grain …

ƒ failure in shear parallel to grain | interaction mech. I & II
ƒ high potential of load redistribution
ƒ analogies with shear parallel to grain, e.g. AR, tl, wl

ƒ proposal for net-shear of single nodes for …

ƒ tl ≤ 40 mm, wl = 150 mm, AR = fgB, tgap ≤ 6 mm
ƒ assuming CV[fv,net] = 15 %, fv,net ~ 2pLND
Î fv,net,05 = 5.5 N/mm²
latest series 2013 (12 #)
30 x 150 mm², fgB, tgap = 0 mm, ρ12,mean = 438 kg/m³ Æ fv,net,05 = 6.4 N/mm²

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 22
 CONCLUSIONS: engineering judgement concerning fv,net,CLT

Proposed Reference CLT Diaphragm

ƒ reference lamella wl x tl = 150 x 30 mm²
ƒ reference CLT element
serial parallel
ƒ 5 layers | tCLT = 150 mm
one of three gaps two nodes
ƒ 4 x 4 nodes | wCLT = 600 mm
nxy

wCLT,ref = 600 mm
Net Shear in CLT Element

four RVEs
parallel
ƒ net shear failure only if all nodes nxy nxy
in x-direction fail (parallel)
ƒ serial system action in y-direction
ƒ high potential for load transfer x
nxy
y tCLT,ref
wl,ref = 150 mm 150 mm
Î current verification of shear in plane

30 mm
on single nodes judged as reliable!

tl,ref
Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 23
 CONCLUSIONS: tests on CLT Elements

3 Tests on CLT Elements

ƒ Norway spruce C24
ƒ wl = 105 mm | layup 20 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 20 mm
ƒ CLT element 120 x 600 x 1,200 mm³
ƒ config. & analysis acc. to Kreuzinger (2013)
Î failure acc. to mechanism I „net-shear“
Î interaction compression perp. to grain
and shear considered
F

τgross,12 fv,net,12
[N/mm²] [N/mm²]
test 1 3.95 7.89
test 2 4.16 8.32
test 3 4.20 8.40

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 24
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

ƒ Master Thesis: Bernhard HIRSCHMANN (2011)

ƒ Master Thesis: Ingo FEICHTER (2013)

ƒ Prof. Roberto TOMASI

Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 25
Contact
Dipl.-Ing.(FH) Dr.techn. Reinhard Brandner
Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology, Graz University of Technology | Graz | Austria
Competence Centre holz.bau forschungs gmbh | Graz | Austria
Inffeldgasse 24/I
A-8010 Graz
reinhard.brandner@tugraz.at
P: +43 316 873 4605

Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Thomas Bogensperger

Competence Centre holz.bau forschungs gmbh | Graz | Austria
Inffeldgasse 24/I
A-8010 Graz
bogensperger@tugraz.at
P: +43 316 873 4608

Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Gerhard Schickhofer

Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology, Graz University of Technology | Graz | Austria
Inffeldgasse 24/I
A-8010 Graz
gerhard.schickhofer@tugraz.at
P: +43 316 873 4600
Brandner, Bogensperger, Schickhofer CIB-W18/46-12-2 Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 26